VIRTUAL GO GREEN: CONFERENCE AND PUBLICATION (v-GOGREEN 2021)

“Rethinking Built Environment: Towards a Sustainable Future”

29th-30th September 2021

Balcony Design Parameters on Passive Design Strategy

Fatin Nursyafiqah Khairul Anuar1, Asniza Hamimi Abdul Tharim2 and Wan
Samsul Zamani Wan Hamdan3
1
Centre of Postgraduate Studies, Department of Built Environment Studies and Technology, Faculty
of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar
Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, Malaysia
2
Department of Built Environment Studies and Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and
Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610
Perak, Malaysia
3
Department of Built Environment Studies and Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and
Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Mara, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, Seri Iskandar, 32610
Perak, Malaysia

ftn.nrsyafiqah227@gmail.com

Abstract
An ideal form of natural ventilation in the tropics is the cross-ventilation strategy for dense urban areas.
However, for a building with a deep layout plan in terrace houses, in particular, a single-sided ventilation
strategy is inevitable, resulting in a substantially reduced ventilation efficiency compared to a cross-
ventilation strategy. Hence, one of the most desirable architectural features for improving indoor air
velocity in space is the implementation of a proper balcony architecture with the aid of a wing wall which
acts as an effective façade treatment in enhancing the ventilation flow rate. Studies on how a balcony as
a façade treatment influences the performance of indoor natural ventilation are limited in literature, and
unlike other openings such as windows, a balcony as a passive ventilation strategy is not adequately
explored particularly in double-story terraced houses. The primary aim of this study is to identify the
effects of balcony design and its integration with wing walls in a double-storey terrace house, whereas
the purpose of this paper is to review numbers of prominent publications in identifying the parameters
and variables measured to carry out CFD simulation afterward. Several parameters and variables have
been discovered in balcony design as a passive ventilation strategy. Through a Systematic Literature
Review (SLR) method, this paper will examine these parameters and variables to propose appropriate
wing walls configurations as an effective façade treatment in balcony design for simulation work.

Keywords: Natural Ventilation; Passive Design; Balcony; Residential; Systematic Literature Review

1.0 Introduction

Countries located in the tropics experience high temperatures and high humidity with minor
temperature fluctuations during the year and such climate conditions often cause problems in terms of
thermal comfort, thus it means that the use of mechanical cooling devices results in higher energy
consumption and a rise in greenhouse gas emissions. Residentials in Malaysia, therefore, are proven to
be unsustainable, as 62% of terraced houses in Malaysia have air conditioners as a direct consequence
of ignoring appropriate environmental conservation measures in significant built environments (Kubota
et al., 2009). Consequently, in Malaysian dwellings, passive-based design has not been actively
presented, most of which are terraced houses inspired by western design features with much less
engagement to climate conditions.
Natural ventilation is acknowledged as a sustainable housing solution that significantly reduces
household energy reliance that solely depends on mechanical ventilation to provide indoor thermal
comfort and air quality. Principally, natural ventilation is a process that uses natural forces such as wind
and buoyancy to import fresh air from outdoor to indoor areas without even using mechanical
components (Passe & Battaglia, 2015). Designers must therefore consider different passive design

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29th-30th September 2021

elements including windows, ventilation grills, wind catchers, solar chimneys, wing walls, and the
entire building geometry for natural ventilation.

2.0 Passive-Based Natural Ventilation Design

Passive design is believed to be a fundamental component of a building that leads to improved

environmental quality such as shelter or insulation from the hot, tropical sun, thus, enhance a better-
quality environment for the occupant. According to Izadyar et al. (2020), implementing the natural
ventilation strategy via passive design to contemporary architecture and measuring its influence on
current comfort expectations could display a significant impact on reducing mechanical ventilation
utilisation. Hence, naturally ventilated buildings must be designed, controlled, and regulated differently
from mechanically ventilated buildings, using a well-considered natural ventilation design strategy
(Passe & Battaglia, 2015).
Variables that can influence natural ventilation performance take the form where they can be
controlled by an appropriate design approach which includes building height and orientation, size and
configurations of opening, internal obstacles, and façade design. In contrast, climate, wind speed, wind
direction as well as temperature are the variables that cannot be manipulated by architects (Omrani et
al., 2015). Façade design can affect the performance of the airflow and, consequently, the natural
ventilation, while also altering the distribution of the pressure on the façades and this can be achieved
through geometrical details with protrusions and indentations (Mirabi et al., 2020). One of the façade
design features that can significantly enhance natural ventilation performance is the balcony. Balconies
are an influential architectural element as they provide outdoor space while also potentially benefiting
indoor airflow as it has been proven in previous studies to significantly influence the indoor air
movement as they will increase the internal air velocity (Ribeiro et al., 2020; Wales & King, 2011).
Hence, balconies are acknowledged as a façade relief that was designed to reduce energy consumption
in a wide range of climatic conditions, particularly tropical climates.

3.0 Systematic Literature Review Methodology

By adopting a consistent, scientific, and transparent approach, systematic literature review (SLR)
distinguishes itself from traditional narrative reviews. It assists in gathering all pertinent papers and
materials that meet the pre-defined inclusion criteria to address the established research questions
(Mengist et al., 2020). This searching effort, therefore, was conducted to review number of prominent
publications in identifying the parameters and variables of balcony design as a passive ventilation
strategy. SLR, therefore, is divided into four phases (Figure 1).

(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

Figure 1. Phases in the SLR method

3.1 Phase 1: Identification

In identifying relevant studies that solely focus on the balcony as a natural ventilation design strategy
for this research paper, a rigorous searching effort was conducted in Scopus as the main database while
Web of Science as the supporting database. The search string is listed in Table 1 and concentrates
mainly on the "natural ventilation”, “balcony”, and “residential”. This search was conducted in the
following field: article, title, abstract, and keywords, while the operator used “AND” as well as “OR”

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29th-30th September 2021

was used to combine keywords related to the element of this research topic. Hence, 72 journals were
discovered throughout this phase.

Table 1. SLR Search String

Database Keywords
Scopus TITLE-ABS-KEY (“natural ventilation” AND “balcony” OR “balconies” AND “residential”)
World of Science TITLE-ABS-KEY (“natural ventilation” AND “balcony” OR “balconies” AND “residential”)
(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

3.2 Phase 2: Screening

During the whole screening phase, duplication, non-English publications, and publications not relevant
to residential buildings were excluded. In the beginning, a collection of 72 papers were collected (51
from Scopus and 21 from Web of Science). After omitting works with similar authors and research
titles, as well as non-English and non-residential related publications that were restricted to 2014 until
2020, the total number of publications was greatly reduced to 25, while 49 were also omitted from the
literature screened.

3.3 Phase 3: Eligibility and Exclusion

All the articles selected in the previous phase were thoroughly analysed for sufficient information. As
a result, only 23 publications were identified during this phase as being eligible for additional abstract
reading. Further to the abstract reading, only 18 papers remained for the main body reading. Among
those papers, only 16 papers were downloaded and assessed for further screening steps for much
extensive main body reading. Throughout the main body reading, duplications of papers and papers
that lacked balcony ventilation design strategy assessment were manually removed. To conclude, a
total of 9 publications were omitted throughout this phase where the literature recorded was not
exclusively related to balcony ventilation design strategy.

3.4 Phase 4: Data Abstraction

In this final phase, only 9 papers met all the inclusion criteria employed in this SLR study. This
searching analysis, therefore, highlights the parameters and variables that are known to be the
contributing factors of balcony design strategy on ventilation performance. These elements however
have not yet been extensively studied in other circumstances such as in a landed type of building as
these previous publications were mostly conducted in a high-rise building.

4.0 Analysis and Discussion

The results of this search effort emphasized the use of balconies as a passive design strategy as it is one
of the passive design strategies that significantly influences the wind velocity and pressure distribution
around the building façade. As previously claimed by past scholars, substantially fewer papers have
been published related to the provision of balconies for natural ventilation, when compared to other
design elements such as windows, chimneys, atriums, and so much more. However, designers and
earlier researchers have not regarded balconies as potential passive design elements in enhancing
natural ventilation performance (Izadyar et al., 2020b).
Hence, as a result of this systematic searching effort, 9 papers by prior researchers have been
retrieved between the years 2014 and 2020 that were solely studied on balcony utilisation as a passive
design element. The table above summarizes the parameters and variables that have been recognized
as contributing factors of balcony design strategy on ventilation performance throughout this searching
effort (Table 2).

Table 2. Balcony Design Parameters on Passive Design Strategy

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Type of
Parameters/Variables
building

Wing wall size/depth, angle, location

Balcony location and wind angle

Opening location or Orientation

Double-storey residential
Medium-rise residential
Single-sided ventilation

Availability of balcony

High-rise residential
Cross ventilation

Balcony depth
Balcony type

Opening size
Wing wall
Authors/

Opening
Balcony

Vents
Factors

1. Mohamed et
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
al. (2014)
2. Cui et al.
(2014) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
3. Omrani et al. ✓
(2015) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

4. Omrani et al.
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
(2015)
5. de Faria et al.
(2018) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
6. Mirabi &
Nasrollahi ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
(2019)
7. Mozaffari
Ghadikolaei ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
et al. (2020)
8. Izadyar et al.
(2020) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
9. Mirabi et al.
(2020) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

TOTAL 8 4 9 3 2 1 4 2 3 1 2 1 3 7 2 0
(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

The most effective and desirable ventilation mode that improves the ventilation performance with
the provision of the balcony is leaning towards to single-sided ventilation mode with a total of 8
publications, as recorded in Figure 2. On the contrary, when the case study was operated in cross-
ventilation mode, balcony addition reduced indoor air velocity (Omrani et al., 2017). In the previous
paper, cross ventilation was also evaluated in comparison to single-sided ventilation; nonetheless,
single-sided ventilation still performs well in the provision of balconies. Omrani et al. (2017)
discovered that ventilation performance of single-sided ventilation was found to be much more
sensitive to the parameter’s alteration compared to cross-ventilation particularly on balcony type and
wind angle. Even so, it may not be as effective as changing the balcony type and wind angles. The
results are therefore dependent on the integrations with other parameters measured within the balcony
design strategy.

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(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

Figure 2. Preferred Natural Ventilation Mode in Balcony Design Strategy

Throughout the data extraction process, which involved identifying and extracting relevant data
from the selected papers to obtain the conclusion, only 9 papers were obtained that focuses on the
integration of balconies with other passive design elements, such as those listed below (Figure 3).
Balconies and openings such as windows are two commonly employed elements in residential
buildings according to the research papers reviewed. Meanwhile, the integration of balcony and wing
wall was recently developed in a recent publication, where it is known as a new balcony design concept
(Mozaffari Ghadikolaei et al., 2020). It has been demonstrated that wing walls situated near apertures
can significantly improve indoor ventilation effectiveness, hence increasing air velocity and flow rate.
On the other side, the researchers discovered only one recent major publication that includes vents in
balcony design, making it the least frequently employed passive design element of all. Balconies with
upper and lower vents, on the other hand, can increase natural ventilation by altering the airflow pattern
within and around the building, according to a previous researcher, hence it contributes to the reduction
of pollutant concentrations in general (Cui et al., 2014).

(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

Figure 3. Balcony Integration with Other Passive Design Elements

Based on a limited number of papers reviewed (Table 2), only a few articles focused on the effects
of balcony design on natural ventilation performance. These studies primarily studied the impacts of
balcony availability and the integration of various balcony design features on natural ventilation

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performance. This review looked at balcony type, balcony depth, opening location and orientation,
opening size, wing wall size or depth, wing wall angle, wing wall placement, and wind angle or
direction. Figure 4 depicts the results of these studies.

(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

Figure 4. Design Parameters of Balcony Design

Most of the publications investigated the availability of balconies, as well as other criteria such as
balcony type, balcony depth, opening position, and opening size. The previous studies assessed the
availability of balconies as a façade treatment and the effect of natural ventilation performance on
interior spaces (Cui et al., 2014; de Faria et al., 2018; Mohamed et al., 2014; Omrani et al., 2015).
Previous researchers explored the availability of balconies as well as the effect of the location of the
balcony opening using validated simulation and empirical studies from both full-scale and small-scale
experiments. These studies demonstrate that the provision of a balcony can significantly improve
natural ventilation performance. Nevertheless, the outcomes are dependent on the mode of natural
ventilation used on the balcony, as well as other balcony parameters.
This research review demonstrates that the depth of balconies is an essential parameter that has a
significant impact on the performance of natural ventilation. The depth of the balcony improves the
balcony's efficiency as a wind scoop in both natural ventilation modes (Mohamed et al., 2014).
According to research findings, a deeper balcony may result in a lower performance of natural
ventilation in the indoor area (Izadyar et al., 2020a). The ideal depth scale is also depending on the type
of balcony as well as the location of the balcony. Excessively deep balconies should therefore be
avoided, as they cannot perform rather well compared to the shallower balcony and would negatively
affect the ventilation performance. Hence, the previous researchers concluded that variant depth scales
influenced the change of Indoor Air Distribution (IAD) and Indoor Air Velocity. Nevertheless, the
effects of balcony depth in varying balcony orientations have not yet been studied, implying that this
interaction's research gap is worthwhile to investigate.
Building orientation, balcony location as well as wind angle influence the ventilation performance
(Omrani et al., 2017). This research reviews concluded that the average indoor velocity is mainly
influenced by the incident wind angle followed by the type of balcony and the depth of the balcony
respectively. According to Omrani et al. (2017), the highest indoor air velocity occurs when the
prevailing wind is normal to the openings and the lowest occurs when the prevailing wind is parallel to
the openings. Moreover, balcony location on leeward walls does not have a remarkable overall impact
on pressure fluctuations (Mozaffari Ghadikolaei et al., 2020). A previous study highlighted that the
change in wind direction and balcony location improves better ventilation performances compared to

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altering other parameters. As a result, this demonstrates the significant importance of orienting
buildings toward the prevailing wind direction to maximise natural ventilation.
According to the publications reviewed, balcony type, such as open or semi-enclosed, does affect
natural ventilation performance. The type of balcony may influence the pressure distribution on a
building's opposing facades, resulting in a greater or lesser pressure differential between these two
facades (Mirabi et al., 2020). The availability of the type of natural ventilation mode has a significant
impact on its performance. In prior studies, for example, the addition of an open balcony to a building
with single-sided ventilation enhanced ventilation performance, whereas an open balcony in cross-
ventilation mode reduced internal air velocity (Omrani et al., 2017).
Relative openings’ sizes also influence the natural ventilation performance (Chimi et al., 2019).
The study reported that airflow penetration decreased in wider openings and that some spots may have
not obtained any airflow. Conversely, smaller opening size and larger opening size in comparison
results in better air circulation in the smaller opening scale. Whereas due to the smaller scale opening,
lower internal air is expected to flow into the house, leading to a lower amount of escaped airflow, the
velocity distribution level will not be significantly decreased in the entire indoor space (Izadyar et al.,
2020a). To summarize, the smaller opening size may lead to better natural ventilation performance
compared to a bigger opening size. Mohamed et al. (2014) mentioned that the correlation between the
balcony and the size and location of the opening is significant to emphasize enhancing the ventilation
performance.
The wing wall was perceived to be an effective façade treatment for inducing fresh air into the
building. Aflaki et al. (2015) mentioned that the impact of vertical shading devices on indoor velocity
could optimize ventilation performance in tropical climates. Moreover, earlier research has been
conducted in both cases with balcony and without balcony while utilizing well-configured wing wall,
therefore it is recommended that a residential unit with a balcony is highly suggested and a balcony
with a wing wall should be considered in enhancing the ventilation flow rate (Chungloo & Tienchutima,
2011). However, wing wall configurations are not intensively studied. A recent study has therefore
analysed wing wall and the different combinations of its configurations such as wing wall size and
depth, wing wall angle as well as wing wall location (Mozaffari Ghadikolaei et al., 2020). According
to the recent study findings, wing wall integration with the provision of a balcony can be significantly
improved natural ventilation efficiency, where pressure differences can be substantially established
across the openings particularly in a single-sided ventilated room with the appropriate combinations of
the wing wall configurations. The provision of the balcony in utilizing wing walls as part of the façade
treatment is highly recommended and should be perceived for further study due to its potential.

(Source: Author’s Research, 2020)

Figure 5. Type of Building

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Most of the earlier research was conducted in high-rise and mid-rise residential buildings (Figure
5), the provision of balconies in landed properties is overlooked due to the rare use of balconies
according to the number of review studies. Unfortunately, as people are restricted to going outside
during this pandemic, efforts in enhancing the balcony provision and its effects on a landed property
such as a double-storey terrace house should be significantly highlighted as dwellers are therefore more
likely to spend their time indoors. Additionally, increasing the use of balconies helps initiate and
maintain connections with the surrounding landscape during global confinement promotes auditory and
visual interaction during the prolonged stay at home (Aydin & Sayar, 2020; Ribeiro et al., 2020). In
general, it is important to optimize the performance of the balcony ventilation as a bridge between the
internal and the external environment.
Hence, the significance of this systematic literature review (SLR) throughout this paper is to
identify the parameters that should be measured in balcony design as a passive ventilation strategy for
double-storey terrace houses through CFD simulation work. The integrations between the parameters
mentioned are therefore examined to determine its performance, thus, establishing the appropriate
configurations in enhancing natural ventilation performance.

5.0 Conclusion

A rigorous searching effort via SLR was initiated throughout the whole study to determine significant
research papers on balcony ventilation design and its parameters in enhancing natural ventilation
performance. The researcher employed this SLR methodology to generate proposed design features for
balcony ventilation, with a particular emphasis on residential building balconies.
To conclude, balcony design parameters that can influence natural ventilation performance take
the form where they can be controlled by an appropriate design approach which are: 1) ventilation
mode; 2) balcony type; 3) balcony depth; 4) opening size; 5) wing wall depth, angle, and location and
also 6) balcony location and wind angle. In contrast, climate, wind speed, wind direction as well as
temperature are the variables that cannot be manipulated by the architect. According to the findings of
this review concluded that facade design could affect the performance of the airflow and, consequently,
the natural ventilation, while also altering the distribution of the pressure on the façades and this can
be achieved through geometrical details with protrusions and indentations such as a balcony. A balcony
is therefore established as a façade relief along wing walls, louvers, overhang, and many more which
can improve indoor air ventilation performance. Thus, balconies require appropriate parameters
integrations and configurations to optimize their efficiency as a space for dwelling and as a connection
between the internal and external environments.

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