PAKISTAN STUDIES FINAL

SUBMITTED BY: ADNAN HAIDER

REG NO: SP20-BSE-037
SUBMITTED TO: SIR NASRULLAH KHAN
SECTION: BSE 2B
CAMPUS: ABBOTTABAD
DATE: 07-01-2020
Short Questions

Question 2 (5marks, CLO2-A3)

How water logging and salinity control can improve the agricultural sector of
Pakistan.

Ans:
Logging and salinity control can improve the agricultural sector of Pakistan:
Waterlogging and salinization are major impediment to the sustainability of
irrigated lands and livelihoods of the farmers, especially the smallholders, in the
affected areas of the Indus Basin. These problems are the result of a multitude of
factors, including seepage from unlined earthen canals system, inadequate
provision of surface and subsurface drainage, poor water management practices,
insufficient water supplies and use of poor-quality groundwater for irrigation.
About 6.3 million ha are affected by different levels and types of salinity, out of
which nearly half are under irrigated agriculture. Since the early 1960s, several
efforts have been made to improve the management of salt-affected and
waterlogged soils. These include lowering groundwater levels through deep tube
wells, leaching of salts by excess irrigation, application of chemical amendments
(e.g., gypsum, acids, organic matter), and the use of biological and physical
methods. However, despite huge investments, the results have in general been
disappointing and the problems of waterlogging and salinity persist. This paper
reviews sources, causes and extent of salinity and waterlogging problems in the
Indus Basin. Measures taken to overcome these problems over the last four
decades are also discussed. The results reveal that the installed drainage systems
were initially successful in lowering groundwater table and reducing salinity in
affected areas. However, poor operation and maintenance of these systems and
provision of inadequate facilities for the disposal of saline drainage effluent
resulted in limited overall success. The paper suggests that to ensure the
sustainability of irrigated agriculture in the Indus Basin, technical and financial
support is needed and enhanced institutional arrangements including coordination
among different federal and provincial government agencies to resolve inter-
provincial water allocation and water related issues is required.
Management of salinity and waterlogging:
The threat of waterlogging and soil salinity in the Indus Basin was recognized
soon after the introduction of large-scale irrigation systems. The first observation
wells to monitor the effect of irrigation on the groundwater table depth were
installed as early as in 1870. Based on these studies, various remedial measures
were tried. These measures included closure of canals in the monsoon season,
construction of surface drains in waterlogged areas and lowering of full supply
levels of canals (Ahmad and Chaudhry, 1988).
Extent of saline and waterlogged soils in the Indus Basin:
The introduction of a large-scale irrigation network without adequate drainage
altered the hydrological balance of the Indus Basin. At the time of construction of
the network, the groundwater table depth in different canal command areas ranged
between 20 and 30 m below the soil surface. Therefore, the need for provision of
drainage for salt management as a part of the irrigation system was not envisaged
at that time. The topography of the Indus Basin is relatively flat and characterized
by a lack of any well-defined natural surface and subsurface drainage.
Managing the problem—building livelihoods:
Despite significant investments, waterlogging and salinity remain as major threats
to the livelihoods of millions of poor in Pakistan, and to national food security of
the country which has to produce more food for a growing Despite significant
investments, waterlogging and salinity remain as major threats to the livelihoods
of millions of poor in Pakistan, and to national food security of the country as a
whole which has to produce more food for a growing.

Question 3(5 marks, CLO3-A1)

What was the factor that led to creation of All India Muslim League?

Ans:

Loss of Sovereignty by Mughal Rulers:

The British established their absolute rule over the Indian peninsula when they
dethroned the Mughal rulers. Since the Mughal throne had a symbolic importance
and emotional value for common Muslims in India it was seen as an attack on
Muslim identity itself. As a result, Muslims became bitter critics of British rule
and vigorously participated in the 1857 rebellion. The British in response
persecuted Muslims after quelling the rebellion. However, after 1870 there was a
sea change in their attitude as there was a realization that dividing Hindus and
Muslims was necessary to quell the rising tide of nationalism. As a result, the
colonial government adopted a policy of appeasement towards the Muslims and
encouraged them to form their own political associations.

British Policy of Divide and Rule:

To maintain their hold over India, the British government began to follow their
infamous policy of ‘Divide and Rule’. In 1871, the government adopted a
resolution which made Urdu the medium of instruction for Muslims in primary
and secondary schools and increased the government aid to Muslim education
institutions. Muslim rulers were portrayed as plunderers and Hindu rulers as cruel
to their Muslim subjects. The partition of Bengal was also publicized as a move in
the interest of Muslims. Caste and religion fault lines were magnified on purpose
through the Press, posters, literature, etc., and communal leaders were accepted as
authentic representatives of their communities.

Relative Backwardness of Muslim Community:

The communal and separatist trend of thinking grew among the Muslims because
of their then relative backwardness in education, trade and industry. Because of the
hostility of upper class Muslim zamindars and aristocrats towards the British,
Muslim largely remained aloof from modern western education. Since the British
also regarded them as responsible for the 1857 rebellion, they were discriminated
against. Muslims were not very involved in the growth of any organized industry
and didn’t take advantage of western education to enter government services. As a
result, they did not get influenced with liberalism as the Hindus of that time did.

The Muslim Deputation presented Lord  Minto with the following three

demands:
i. Representation for the Muslim community in elected bodies based on its
political preeminence rather than its supposed numerical strength.
 ii. Separate electorates for Muslims in the Provincial and the Imperial
Legislative Council.
iii. Preference for Muslim candidates in nominations to the Viceroy’s Council.

The aims and objectives of the Muslim League:

i. To promote among the Indian Muslims, support for the British government
and to remove any misconceptions regarding the intention of the
government in relation to Indian Muslims.
ii. To protect and further the political interests and rights of the Muslim
community and to represent their needs and aspirations to the government
in mild and moderate language.
iii. To prevent the rise of hostile feelings between the Muslim community and
other communities in India.

Question 4 (5 marks, CLO2-A3)

Briefly describe your project on “Current Social, Economic and Political
Challenges related to Industrial Sector of Pakistan”. State the particular challenge
you chose and describe your findings and your proposed solution.
Ans:
Current Social, Economic and Political Challenges related to Industrial
Sector of Pakistan:

Basic purpose to make this study

was to find out the determinants of
industrial sector growth in
Pakistan.
Factors were collected from the
existing empirical literature.
Annual data from 1950 to 2017
was chosen
to make the analysis. Trade (% of
GDP) and Personal remittances,
received (% of GDP) showed
positive
and significant association with
Industry, value added (% of GDP)
and lag value of industry, value
added
(% of GDP) showed negative and
significant relationship with
Industry, value added (% of GDP)
in long
run. But in short run we also went
through a lot of security issues
during different times. Like the
Pakistan went through wars with
India in 1998, 1965, 1971 and then
we went through terrorism from
2011 to 2017. Graphs are shown to
represent the downfall of our
industry during those crucial times.
Basic purpose to make this study
was to find out the determinants of
industrial sector growth in
Pakistan.
Factors were collected from the
existing empirical literature.
Annual data from 1950 to 2017
was chosen
to make the analysis. Trade (% of
GDP) and Personal remittances,
received (% of GDP) showed
positive
and significant association with
Industry, value added (% of GDP)
and lag value of industry, value
added
(% of GDP) showed negative and
significant relationship with
Industry, value added (% of GDP)
in long
run. But in short run we also went
through a lot of security issues
during different times. Like the
Pakistan went through wars with
India in 1998, 1965, 1971 and then
we went through terrorism from
2011 to 2017. Graphs are shown to
represent the downfall of our
industry during those crucial times.
Current Social Challenges:

Pakistan is confronting numerous natural difficulties, which present genuine

dangers to human wellbeing and life. To begin with, environmental change is a
non-customary danger for Pakistan. Pakistan has been announced among top ten
nations generally influenced by environmental change. Environmental change is
contrarily influencing wellbeing, farming and by and large economy of the nation.
The primary reasons are fossil fuel byproduct, deforestation, populace blast and
absence of accounts to relieve and adjust to environmental change impacts.
Some of these problems are;
 1.over population.
 2.pollution.
 3.child marriage.
 4.child labor.
 5.begging.
 6.unemployment.
 7.inactiveness of youth in politics.
 8.inactiveness of women in politics.
 9.feminism.
 10.racicism.
 11.corruption.
 12.dirty politics.
  13.early marriage of girls.
 14.unequal development on the basis of region.
 15.education problem
 16.nepotism.

Economic Challenges:
 We Consume More and Save Less
 We Import More and Export Less.
 Government Spends More than it Earns as Revenues.
 Our Share in the World Trade is Shrinking
 We Badly Lag in Social Indicators.
 We Face Energy and Water Shortages.
 Cost of Doing Business is High.
 Crisis of Governance and Implementation Weaknesses.
 Uncertainty and Unpredictability due to Lack of Continuity.
 Political Stability, Law and Order/Security.

Political Challenges:
Political instability has affected development in all economic and social sectors.
Unfortunately, the political situations in Pakistan are not stable. It creates unrest among the
farmers to sell the productions to various industries as raw material. On the other hand,
people hesitate to invest in the agriculture sector due to political unrest.
 Lack of Credit.

 Illegal intimidation

 Imperfect approaches

 Global confinement
 Political flimsiness
Long Question

Question 5 (10 marks, CLO3-A1)

Discuss how in proximity of great powers and being a transit economy adds to the
geostrategic importance of Pakistan.

Ans:

Geostrategic importance of Pakistan:

The Islamic Republic of Pakistan enjoys a position of immense geostrategic importance,
bordered by Iran on the west, Afghanistan on the northwest, China on the northeast, India on the
east, and Arabian Sea lying in the south. Its geographical location has not only evoked much
interest among the major powers of the globe but also promoted the multi-lateral trade with
neighboring countries, by leaps and bounds. Pakistan, geographically blessed serves as an
essential hub operating as a focal point of logistics to the neighboring states, especially land-
locked Afghanistan. The Central Asian Republics (CARs) of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, possessing rich oil and gas assets need a corridor and
a transit route to export their energy resources to South Asia. Pakistan and Afghanistan have
reached an understanding on the broad parameters of Afghan exports to Pakistan and India and
the use of Afghan territory for Pakistan’s exports to the Central Asian states.

This is a major break-through as Pakistan has been in pursuit of gaining access to Central Asia
since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, which yielded fifteen new states, including five
landlocked countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, thus
offering new markets, with vast economic and trade potential. Geographically, routes to the
south for Central Asia are most feasible for trade, as other directions involve long distances, lack
of infrastructure or prohibitive climate and topography. If Pakistan is successful in penetrating
the Central Asian markets, it can become a major trade corridor through the seaports of Karachi,
Port Qasim and Gwadar. Similar attempts are being made by Iran through development of
Chahbahar seaport, which is located on the Makran coast in the Sistan-Balochistan province in
Iran, just a few kilometers away from Gwadar across the border. It has been officially designated
as a Free Trade and Industrial Zone by the Iranian government. In such a competitive
environment, better transit services and more developed infrastructure will give an edge to
Pakistan. Tapping this potential is of critical importance for Pakistan’s heavily aid-dependent
economy.

Pakistan’s strategic location is also crucial for China for its trade movements to the Indian Ocean
and Arabian Sea through the Karakorum Highway. To maintain a rapidly growing economy,
China imperatively needs access to other states for trade expansion. Pakistan provides China
with the transit trade routes for western region, energy corridor to import oil from the Gulf
region and naval facilities on the Arabian Sea coast to protect its energy supply line from the
Middle East. International law makes it binding on the neighboring nations of landlocked
countries to provide transit trade facilities. Since the commencement of War on Terror (WOT) in
Afghanistan by the United States and other major powers, Pakistan has catered to the
voluminous logistics of containerized goods, military equipment, vehicles and general cargos to
NATO, ISAF and allied forces deployed in Afghanistan. The development and reconstruction of
Afghanistan’s infrastructure has further fueled the logistics movement from Pakistan. The bi-
lateral Afghan-Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement (APTTA) with both commercial and non-
commercial logistics has added to the importance of Pakistan as a prominent trade corridor.
Pakistan, as an important logistics hub for transit trade will undoubtedly bring prosperity to
South Asia along the trade routes and beyond, as nothing opens up an area to economic
development better than good transportation networks with good transit rules and an ability to
transport goods and people effectively.

Pakistan's Geographical Location:

Pakistan is situated in southern Asia. It is situated somewhere in the range of 24 and 36.5
Northern scope and somewhere in the range of 61 and 75.5 eastern scope. The region of Pakistan
is assessed at 803,940 square kilometers. Pakistan is the scaffold between South Asia and South
West Asia.

Towards the North western piece of Pakistan there lies Afghanistan. Pakistan's limit with
Afghanistan is around 2,250 kilometers in length. In the north, it runs along the edges of the
Hindu Kush (which means Hindu Killer) mountains and the Pamirs, where a tight piece of
Afghan domain called the Wakhan Corridor stretches out among Pakistan and Tajikistan.

From the eastern finish of the Afghanistan-Pakistan line, a limit of around 520 kilometers runs
commonly southeast among China and Pakistan, finishing close to the Karakoram Pass. This line
was resolved from 1961 to 1965 of every a progression of arrangements among China and
Pakistan. By common understanding, another limit deal is to be haggled among China and
Pakistan when the disagreement about Kashmir is at long last settled among India and Pakistan.

The India-Pakistan Border, referred to locally as the International Border (IB), is the global limit
among India and Pakistan that delineates the Indian conditions of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat
from areas of Punjab and Sindh. Pakistan borders India in the East. The boundary came about
because of the Partition of India in 1947.

The Line of Control (L.O.C) isolates The Indian directed Jammu and Kashmir from Pakistan
regulated Azad Kashmir.
Wagah, the stylized purpose of going among India and Pakistan lies along this line between the
Indian city of Amritsar and the Pakistani city of Lahore, and is inside close distance of the two
urban communities' metropolitan sprawl.

The limit with Iran, nearly 800 kilometers long, was first delimited by a British commission in
1893, isolating Iran based on what was then British Indian Baluchistan. In 1957 Pakistan
consented to a boondock’s arrangement with Iran, and from that point forward the line between
the two nations has not been a subject of genuine contest.

Toward the South of Pakistan, Arabian ocean and Indian sea are found. The costal belt of
Pakistan is around 700 kilometers. Pakistan importance is upgraded as it situated close to the
Persian Gulf from where 65% oil of the world is delivered.

Question 6 (10 marks, CLO3-A1)

Discuss how international organizations play an effective role in determining the

foreign policy of Pakistan.

Introduction
Foreign policy is one of the wheel with which the system of international politics works. It is
part of national policy. It comprises of national concerns that are to be facilitated in relations to
other states other states. All the states decide the line of their foreign policies inside the breaking
points of their qualities and the actualities of the international environment.
Foreign Policy guides a state in satisfying its national concerns and securing lawful place along
with comity of homeland states. So, it would be remarked that foreign policy would live as long
as independent states work in international circle.

Objectives and Determinants of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy:

The concept of objective, which is essentially an ‘image’ of a future state of affairs and future set
of conditions that governments through individual policy makers aspire to bring about by
welding influence abroad and by changing or sustaining the behavior of other states (Snyder,
et.al, 1962). All the objectives of foreign policy are to be explained by one single word, that
word is undoubtedly the ‘National Interest’, but this word is too ambiguous to lead us to any
clear understanding. Paul Seabury opined that ‘the national interest can indicate such ideal
objectives which the states pursue through their foreign policy or it can simply be the
interpretation of the policy makers or its meaning may be different to different individual and
groups

National Security
The main objective and determinant of foreign policy of Pakistan is its national security or
independence. Pakistan was a new born state, and there was a need to make plantings for its
security. So Pakistan formulated its foreign policy on the basis of national security. It gave due
importance to the national security, establishing external relationships with other countries.
Pakistan respects the national integrity and the political independence of other countries, and
expects from others the same (Yousaf, & Tabassum, 2003). The main preoccupation of Pakistan
from the very beginning has been to ensure its security from India (Mehmood, 1987). Pakistan
has to spend more on defense as compared to others. Defense against India had has been a major
concern of Pakistan. Since the very beginning of creation of Pakistan, India adopted hostile
policies against Pakistan and started occupying the princely states one after the others.
Resultantly, this trend created a fear in Pakistan that India would take advantage of her
weakness. Indian aggressive designs in Kashmir, Hyderabad and Junagadh had created security
threats for newl independent state. Pakistan had to look for friends to boost her defense and
economy and also to enhance her diplomatic pressure.

Financial Factor
At her very birth, economically and financially, Pakistan was a weak country. Hostility of Indian
National Congress to Pakistan had destroyed any basis of cooperation between India and
Pakistan. Efforts were made by the Indian government to strangulate Pakistan by the disputes of
cash balances, defense stores, and Kashmir and canal water. The Hindu leadership reckoned with
the idea of partition in the hope that Pakistan was not economically viable and by their
antagonistic policies they tried to hasten Pakistan’s collapse Pakistan needs to establish close ties
with those states with whom she could obtain economic benefits.

Ideological Factor
Pakistan is an ideological state and its foreign policy is based upon the ideology of Pakistan or
Islam. The foreign policy is meant to protect the ideology. The stability of Pakistan is also
dependent upon ideology. So it had has been one of the major determinants of Pakistan’s foreign
policy to develop close relations with Muslim countries. The establishment of brotherly
relationship with Islamic countries and to raise voice for the promotion of solidarity of Islamic
brotherhood in regional and international forums is the cornerstone of Pakistan’s foreign policy.

Historical and Psychological Factor

Historical and Psychological factors had has always impacts on Pakistan’s foreign policy. Pakistani nation
had faced bitter experience in the history of subcontinent. The Hindus left no stone unturned to curb
and crush the political, economic, social and religious rights of Muslims which paved the way towards
the demand for partition of subcontinent of separate homeland for Indian Muslims. The history of
Pakistan India relations is a witness to the fact that India has not reconciled to fact that Pakistan is a
sovereign state.

Unity of Islamic World

Being an ideological state, Pakistan has been adopting basic principle of her foreign policy to
develop cordial and friendly relations with Muslim countries. Pakistan is the supporter of the
unity of Islamic world and is following the policy to establish good relations with Muslim
countries. Pakistan has always tried to solve the conflicts of Islamic world and played very
important role in Iran – Iraq war, Palestine’s, and Afghanistan’s liberation. Pakistan is an active
member of the Organization of Islamic Conference

Good Relations with Neighbors

No country could change her neighbors. Till 1971, Pakistan had a unique geographical location
having one thousand miles distance between East and West Pakistan. East Pakistan was
surrounded by India in three sides with only approach from the sea which could not be difficult
for India to control. This geographical factor caused heavy defense burden for Pakistan
(Mehmood, 2000). West Pakistan (now present Pakistan) is also surrounded by three big powers,
Russia, former USSR at the top, the people republic of China in the North-East and India in the
South and East. No other small country in the world has such dubious distinction with three
mighty neighbors. No doubt, such a kind of geographical location could be considered as a
source of weakness in physical term but could also be converted into a source of strength by
establishing normal and mutually acceptable relations with such neighboring countries.

Conclusion
. Pakistan is one of the established policies of the world states to develop friendly relationship
among each other in the perspective of their national interests. This study shows that even in the
very early years of her independence, Pakistan had to face series of problems due to Indian’s
antagonistic design against the newly established state of Pakistan which compelled her for
developing close relations with the US, especially, for the former’s security and economic
concerns. On the other hand, the US was also looking for a friend in the region to counter the
spread of communism in South Asia. Hence, the mutual interests of both countries focused to
develop close relationship. This research work reveals that despite the complete tilt of Pakistan’s
early leadership towards the US, the former could not gain much as she had expected from the
relationship with the later. Nonetheless, today in our country there is a crying need to revisit and
redefine foreign policy in such a way that must improve the image of the country worldwide and
be in the interest of mass public. Dynamic changes are must in our country. Foreign policy
makers need to formulate policy independent rather than at the behest of the outside powers
especially U.S. the policy must be brought to parliament forum so that the transparent, free and
fair foreign policy could be crafted in the larger benefits of its people. Moreover, the current
global trend focuses on the nations, better economic relations then the political hegemonies and
point scoring. Pakistani foreign policy makers reorient its ties with other nations accordingly, so
that the nation may be fall behind in the growing reemergence of Asia in the 21 centauries. The
ideal foreign policy of Pakistan is only possible if political will and pragmatic approach is
constructed on strong footing.