THE NEW MAIDS transnational women and the care economy Helma Lutz sransleted by Deborah Shannon Zed Books open | new vorfay tale Within ehe family abe has kept the name gen to herby ‘is woman, Marg nsead of Blagda and Magda has adopted for henelt Since the anda’ death she as Been seaing forthe koe constructed by the employe, even if Magda Niemen never ‘cual sed uch form of address (Granda to theo is fae 5.5 Provstonelconcsionsegaltaian arprtions versus Boundary work ‘Te postion taken op by our esearch derenits i rom the wore of othe scholars who nase the readonshipBeeween employers and somes employes asa reatonshipefexploation 0 efeudalizaton. ‘aioe of our care studies have shown tat the reatonatis between the pares inte ar tremely comple, and cannot be hoehorned Into stalghtorward exploter-emplote achems. Morar the eal Taran tents of presentday Wester society ae ingrained im thee resins, wth consequences forthe organization of eatonshipe in ‘he privat households lear om he mutual uncertain reat ‘modes of address and designations (ele ene, ster, daughter oF Parnes) thar drawing uncial parle with hire pecorors |S no a tenable opin, since the Murrchies of the masterserant society hae no pice ina modem basis. Buc atthe same tne ei ‘voting relationship that Is chartered by multiple iteoskng Tetwen the putes concerned inthe frm of emily designations cen ‘erefore also be ken aan temp by employers to gloss over and ‘man the real erarhie that ens Te lack of rule seemed fstablahed behavioural conventions andthe esting uncertainties, To tis chaperW alo becomes dear thatthe soda interaction bennen employes and migrant emploees represents etl form of ‘ntereluralcommuniation, which cane asd as ene bound sy work reoes around the conatotion of cult sategori, with heb ef which boundaries as et in the pate pete. oundary-setng tales place on the art ofboth employers snd em lojes, bt need not necessary be complementary Ther isa tos ter ete between the abovementioned process of dong render and ‘hat of doing ety, tha etn station model are esred ‘0 in order olegmize asymmecel power rations. ee) 6| Transnational motherhood Ce ‘As lready mentioned in Chapter 2, coneroltant of feminized Imigration i hat «growing umber of mgs Ieee behind usb i cde nth chidoen ic counties of TSE Inicts gendengy for women to asum= franc obliga Foyt towards loved ones ef hind Al nal pleure emerges ‘arias undarcored in hs sedis och as Henkes 15s Hari som), Neethless, single female migans ag ~ probly harder han inthe past = exalsh a of ir own, concerD thats expec fraught problem thay ar fred to continue Ting in ondtons of tepalty ethene cape) i gee then, our nerves plans hele mlgraon es a npor measure anna way does migratn inde them 10 gee {Sp ektinshigg ath iy members et beta i the ome count, ‘bs women have o itentono Wong cmigton, and parla forthe who lene eden behind in thet home counties, the prime once to rersome sate som andor sol problems. They ‘eamp Hm hme, Muna Massa 5) pts pei a {Noean of sayings OR GPT ening Sable Home rotton fst which enable them comme rather than having to emit, whereas women ftom Latin Amc en the (sual vai) hope of ing ale orem ome efor to Long (oan ate sey rar sn: Reh sb) Temi ea smut atachd othe fis of rginastos wee SORT. lstnees whe taking very enero eeonomse obgatos Upon Susans LameLaEeesy Gor Oo a oT Ae etn a Ta Teanters OF RaMSRESS wich not infrequent Become the most TapOnT tures income forthe Routenols i the home loeation. een eaeitons fr eastern Barge ave been pushed which “Tppeeie ge Diane half te epultion bene om ioss of lose sca and emotional rlatonsip (Vertovee 20092 ‘Bibsay Terie mipane ae omals asada eal SITS Wl hearing veeponeilies and snd a TET (esr ec re era near oa raphe dances hat sepa fe? How tenable an aes Zaateat rence nih) FETTER? How and to what degre does ake or sonal si ins chapeey refering wo examples central tosh capter wll agsnational moeher06d) 41 esennatcal moter continent ned Inher employer Fossa Within tis employ Unless they wanted to opr th Jobe, hey hed to ae thee hide nee eae oer, olen pat minders ewe, the female _miganstecrlted Ino Germanys nde! workoree trie Tre are Gemaayathou Wer Posie soe are eee rel zona) another cape fom more recent Rs HSS ae In South aig who aay ha ae they hen UFR —onTF Tee eeenty has “ransnatoral motherhood Become a topic oF wsereh ena ured more depth onder in senton ‘ith tasnatina hetoods Studie to date Rave primary focsed ington [Hondagne Soto 00% Honda new St SEA OT Chambean v7 Fog Oli 195 am) For he Barpesn conte, recent sles have ob jn iveiged the migration movements of hers benef Sp various gtr ATT SHU, epe alone RI 04 domestic worsre. The sles by Race Slr ares (Panes 21s, 200,203, 2065) i this reat have ten nent nmap ing out the conceptan ei Thesestudles niall emphasie the nile motion nanicape pres Fy others and elena a result of long-distance meteting Tm sone, oer die oT arte Soe OPER Rte, ad er that coma, | Hos si opposed the eaten of spe for actin ei | ‘national migration egies, apdchis cannot simply be ignore (oe cei? sana aoa: 3) Since this suatin means hat ini EME ese tt ihe same family maybe granted ery afte rights of etenship, sina amis, which alo. = [alse gender spesidiferences (ve Pare :00) hac] PanSTay PhS isrves inher study ofthe Pipes hae he bags of thers has FS impacts TTTETMS OTTOR ST Talia, but they are hardly blamed for EES es pe oon Dane of alee gs \ Seaepie ia rare tte “Lhe dunt si oe nile mea se so dc, ee ‘Gos epted ara emtgengy sation Whur Domes dea at ide Poe dite wh CT RP tandibe monersconeed_ 7 oe nc atgn evel of dln familys national bodes the aeparure Se, pine of te ahs. has found lite resonance so (ar on the mon“ “Honalaachacnisbenaenubemenbessfa tansational ami act ‘oteaened by mipation. om ihe aes the questionat how hese { sp ananet a sna ‘ony at stiong and evbst-e runt te deve 1 | we ing evo case examples The mucking isha nenational mole and howeeold mgpagementar sbseantl nfueneed iy Boag a rein ies ton 7 The net section wil ona of ‘antes say of he nena fami ves aaa aes Sod uaa Suse, wo ong fom erent mig ‘Ania RESP tom asmaltova he lhe of Up “Silesia Bei, and izelba Senne cones fom a city noes {6.3 Opportunities ond sks of sytem change: Anite Borner ‘anita Borer leaves her sll Upper Silesian home tow In 1989 to move to Betin for he fst time ae age of twenine. A tis Dine in sine, she hasbeen mared fren eas and has to son ‘The ede on, Tones, i ne yar ld and the younges Andes fix Anita Borers decision to migrate hs been mating oe ong etiod of ime, she considers the proces that lads ths decision ot so much as an individ, ita ary decslon-making process buts a racion fa mass phenomenen Ling conten in Poland tr the tine hive Been deteriorating desta for nine years. The ct repime change ina trned er life spside downs Nero fe Simos excusly on mining, pte ae desing down, unemployment is epending ke wire, and te eal stem subsidized by the Sammi Py who fering we «Wal wma for Ani bonnes, ling spar. = on het Upper Slesian home town, many residents ean ivoke & A. Seeman ances which ents then t migate or comme {9 2 cermany at migrants of Garman decet? Tis leat migration bas 4" Agonsequenes forthe inegla migration of oles to Germany. May {hd many ate ging ober Migaton Besar 2 oss pena on, and evering 4 haoskon eect among those lt behing, since Imove and more people ad caeled fo wock in Germany, accord Ing to Anita Dorner, thei foie we enjoying a beer standard of ving and mote consumer choice Thee options are many tes reser than fc those who have stayed behind, ond ewaken dreams tf soil advancement in everyone. gation is also taking pace fn anita Boroer’ pereonal maleu: her ober, who met 2 German roman during the aga, moves to Manish and oes eo fetch beetime, she sys, she tamed down the oft. But Gay Ania Bonar's sal amily also took steps to emigrate. Her husband submited an ppt frst repatriation’ aban ethnic German, but this was ‘elused by the German authries# fo dhs scatio, a woman fend fered Anis Brme the opportunity to work in Belin households Following the fale ofthe ear eters, her husband agreed ‘0 this projet since he hope wo improve the Ting tara “es ocin gs Hn coent not mateo oe, es that reeponile fr bunging up ts clden. Fr instance, bout a year ser the bith of er fs aon when she wes working a8 8 mate Sir inpecoe i a chemi ple, she had been recommended for = "Te degree programme was to be Banced bythe frm and unde taken by means of weekend cous, Her husbend had dened her hie suppor, howeves, with the words: ‘My we doen need to be of jal, be ha ako boyeoted her desire to ake French lessons ‘he ai, because she might hive come int contact with ther me, ‘bvieusl he husband ges his consent to her migration In 369 because the new consumption forse tht ate Becoming apparent 1 mater of needing to secure te fami Inelhood, bens unlike ‘ay ater, he husband has kept his ob a6 a chemist and ean fl ie role a the familys brexduinnes, “The couples hope of using Ante Borer’ income as & domestic worker totale consumption destes that wer previously beyond ‘sn apy flied Ase ae ‘xr an apartment neoding al orishing language ein fo hee ‘ons, and later thee university edvston he woul rec fom Ret working ayn Bein ‘oaded up tke a dromedary with a hoosand ‘ica of shopping fo him fo my chlien, ood toe ‘once she hae anived, anita Boner works with te Plsh fend, whom she pasa Dison inzocucton ee eutalento her husban’s ‘monty salary a tha time, Inzetura for which seis promised js owe, nd Anita ores rr ome to her fay ater ee ‘months, But she does not give up and a fev months ace mid-a990,, fhe ges Brin second ty She cep opeon aa apa th 2 Gxmantolsh family ie ntresing bat she cal at toe bavatouph by ten te lea types ed ar op ect wich might hae lined be wring hous r made Sion fr tngugeeoune tends, Enel. hs 2 fr 9 Iveta employment eons specie Gemary whch gin prelence oer the couse othe ton a edly Joop not equi chosen orm of mipaton (eet Paber snd falta Borers new enpoer Posh woman, bs van ft te anor to ly king er ee tre eles sod ering ut dames dte Her rig ae ompurainey gpd, Disco per mont sins attach se her Iusbnd mates and she ssf wi her weston She on wry wel with her employer and deveap s dae cts "lanl wit he ogee lc see 1A: he sume tne, cng for these Cen reminds her of he vn sons back home te sprson cots br pl. Arson Ions, ons Crista se cn ne lone sand he stony he trl ack o Flan. Se eo ley hj im Bein Wy ding 2 young folsh woman andlor fer ad plat induce Tato sre ith hee Thea lane aes he ‘hte do note along ih the new cages aed tome er ployer der not wate sues here econ changes cf there a Obvious ste fel exon for Anta Bore ‘bough, and suppor he i lotng fr oi 2 Somes Gener afer she returns: There follows step phase doin ich Ae one sony» fe caning jet eg heal she svcceeds in esaboig best so wl hr she on see clap ‘ih whom to she Ber wo At replant fa me sand her own home, inbetween these vist, the eilren are left be- hind inte cate o her Rosana be moter ke most domesic weirs om Poland in Bin de Boner ene et mignon «commuting bast. the stng oration of wor “ne mont in Poland pe month in ern obiwsl wor ry vl ove ne Ant Bore: opie eps af pete Sd $Ssenen Bela with help afvenoue leagues internode Se becomes an employe er ina sein se, On fee ‘ons Anita Bor apes have acon he wnstonrmiro-enneprencuship very scessfuly. But her own aceount by fhe means entirely upbeat ‘he cout of toncraional mcherhood remember tat Thad no mich courage Op 1 at aie tha soupy ape, mich Wot eos mea. ‘these ae the words with whith Anta Borer suns up tore thn ten Yeats of espricnee a anrastional we and mother In reopes, be aeesoment ofthe consequences of her absence fr her eilren (Shuinty negate The cmt of whith abe open re etrely emote ‘fom the material plan. Obvious, tusing in er own personal Strengths (1 had ot tc erage) abe only gradually relied what Slnadvatages would ecrue Kom the arrangement a he long tm. ‘To the inervieners allow question, she replies: or enampl onesie twa sting ih both my cidenoen when Teome home te Poland the ue ten ody. nl enous, een though toy bn grown p now When get Bed witha Dok Toca andy et sont grown on gs And ai: (oi Hes ot child tyme! He as Site hiked “This sequence nil shove chat aia Borner must have managed could paver lose eaneip wth er ren and uphold it lis oer mary yess ones they ere intodvced Thi story dlestes hat he eltonship with es some, despte or peraps prety becouse of he long absences enabled genes during the pses when she was hime which few ther moters would have had with heir pubesten one ving te te motes lang sbtonces, eis ali obviously ‘iperenced bythe sons a omethingpreious which they eeebrate vith their moter Anis Bere, however, presents this memory a8 TNidence tat she lst touch th er ehlden's daily development Fer son reached adultood and she was aot heen essence she i rot so much pointing out he lose ofa momentary imprstion, which ‘he would probbly have seine uso suddenly had se Deen there very iy, instend thie wense of missing’ something symbolizes the low se holed throug her tansnatonal maherbod. She was also absent for otter bogaphial turing pins in the les of Net Chilren for sample, er youngest sons say at shoo tn iw of ‘he fet has Ana Boner constantly been avaluble to her len Ap uml these of her commuting mig, sac she had already bens housewife for some year (oe fre below) the experi ‘Show be read as het own luton ofthe years before her depart She was aay here for her eileen, Theuncondonalcommitent that she gue to her own cle for yrs obviously transferred tothe two lite gl se looks afer dus her time working 2 a8 tu pie This subtate motherhood, howeer, ses co amplify her ‘toner the seperation frm her own ren even farther, bees Shoe nd eae tha se sero seangers een prose {etn pyial remote fom scenes, in ede tobe able 0 provide them with «beter future, she campensts fr the closeness ‘Shemies by means of the stenton that ake devotes othe subst Children Ts eaves er ina quandary ter sx months she decides to go tock home, and by the time she returns to Sern, se Has ‘desde to avoid thi for of intensive aeivng to smal hire, “the dscipon pve by Ania Borererops up ih sila patern In ther ties, pio domestic works in Rome an Los Anges fel hepa, gly and lonely and res about sing the develop trent of tet chien and he los a nny, Paras aoob: 08) ‘Taw the conciosion that these woter develop sense of seal tielenmess: gen hat watching eel len grow up ifn longer puro te domestic wore evel eperences, seeing them again Fr ofen an upscingexpeence because Ie prompts the realization hava evelopment, onc teed cant be tepested o espe Working ura carege other ele crete an especialy pain arenes of er physical remoteness fom ther own cen, which ‘hire’ can lz compenate forthe feings of ui since Chey ap the Denefer of he sutogt ov.” ‘mportanediferences rst between the pe of sek onyanzation ot tansnatonal motherhood peated by Filipinos and by easter European, While the Plpncs can bridge the geographical distance ita bly is guaranteed Inthe el employment eons, te geo- tsaphiea! pony of Germany 0 counts ie Poland o the Czech Republic emer those migrants the posi of ule and relatively Frequent wists home pocypayou ouoyUsUoH 9 ————————————‘This was dhe case for Ait Brrr whose adoption ofthe sateey cof commuting migration enables her to say close to her eden tn Foland despite working In Bertn. The geographic] proxmiy of ‘Upper esis and Bevin ve fee rave and good comparatively esp “ranpor links ll het a degree mobili not aalbl to nan {fvct mers rom Latin Ame, thi form of migration eases Sena! com for Anita Borer fo aon tothe separation fom Fer chldren the price of nt being abe to put down proper rots in erlin Oni afer ten years does se ge up the reps commting tnd emai in Belin, A he pie er eer son has embarked 00 heey seein another iy and Re younger som is een years (ls nal he can fn her deere to atend a lnguage course i> eln an Yarn ecran. Th In tam eegles esto maintain Ber Furthermore Ana ormer developed satis of transnational motherhood which are compart ith those familie from other ‘Rosie sides her egularsomrrting to Poland and her ehilrens ‘iis to Bertin, se Beeps ia touch with them via daly telephone “iis A considerable porton of te money she ears is spent om ber Seduction, edional langue eoutses and subsequent ane ‘iy stuien she presente the tthe cece if not the sole er thor miaton. supporting her cir seems to be important. er Beet she beives that hess ae highly alented Se pres this this genes as he consruing eect ofthe genalogy of Der (urea amie both she and ber broter had been extraordinary ‘ined, she ye Several mess empales that her brothe, who ow works aba lwye in South Ae, speaks several languages; abe enlf had stood out fom the ewd owing to her unosul maturity hone acs A look at anka omer’ fal history underscores {he fami biographical slevance of Ber mote fr migration, 9 make {r pone for he sons fo sdvane fo eel ghfol sci stat. iaineion and avancement = perptating an ete scat herbage Anita Borer’ patents come fom fames who, as she tps, longed te bese of Polish soiety before the Second werld Wat. Hee pate: tha grondfthes an ofcer in the Second World War, was murdered Th ows at regime opponent and capitalist hs wif she reouDt, wrote iegmate child of = bron. The maternal grandparents had (orgs up ther land omneriip In Ukraine and are compensated i Foknd for this los, Disposed dung the Geran ecupation and oncrpted as foreedInboures, they lose their wo daugiers, Ant omer’ mather and sunt, who are removed fom them and sent 10 fp Aastra aie The fei seule on afer he war with the Telpof he Red Cows. Derite thelr masse sacl descent ve the Second Word War and the subsequent change of regime, both Ani owners patents ty to cing om tote elite Url of hele families nee prewar ery peng ae on eueaion. although they were ot steel professionally sine they wer rede fom stodyng Ten on books, se describes her oom fe er = proressvestempt to ecape fom the as hes of communist Plan, which em Paste the advation of workings eilfen above the ofspring fof the former elite, The fariy Rabies Is tl elated to categories fiom the sci onder of the prewar er, Distinction i relied vin ‘Shs edventon, and fre Anita Borer woes the topos of the poor intleral The ern, Le. Anita and her broths, ae urged to gta good education to compen for the fll Insts endured bythe fais: Her, to, the parents ppea to st thir sights on enderdierente, grand bourgeois oF aiaocratic role models: he [rhc is supported in hit lw stdles andthe learing of foreign Tungueges: Anta Borer herself Broo pa 'genteworan: he teens dancing, piano-plyng aod rene, bts at destined oa. She competes an apprenticeship aa ypeseer an inal work 36 {potrapher, arate whlch alae keeps be In contce with books Inthe course of ber oscuption. Later he employed a «nursery tse, teacher ad poredain factory worker ‘vious the imperaie of eheving thesia advancement that wns denied to her parents and here nom eansited fhe sons. ‘Today both ons are tying fare creme abet namely econo ice th Chinese an panes. One son has pent ov years immersed in neat The intergenerational rinse of edueaonl ambitions Is ppurently suet and Ana Borer pigs her parts honouring fer svi heritage by means of er migration. The ple she pays the sscie for many pa, of «geopraphly compact fame, tut Anita Borer nurtutes the hope ta, hanks to her migration, the aly projet of soil rerugence can aly be continued inthe thie generation. Her sons, he sys play tei own pat in overcome Ing the protlemati aspects of anenasona motherood. Today she the mor of er sng Mother, staple Normally we coud ever have hded up where we are today you had done what yu did? Now this commuting migration coud be onsered 2 sucess sry for pooqiqo fovoymusesitAnita Borner suceeded in fll adonl aspects of motethood. ‘Nevertheless, he torments hevelf even today wit feelings of guilt tomar Ber so. ‘roiional motherhood and maker laning uct sy icles ul igh ples Fora mothe Andes eS year Toman nie OK ated my husband eoghe ‘MEingnas OX Ad dd now hat my sband was able “hing lee Ti know hat he cul eae he hire heal in that nee yom goa merous sore, ‘ony inthe course ofthe ntenew does Anta Borner arcuate the ame of the serious nenous dsrder she is alling above: emer. ‘by mentioning I nly besa, se ges expression to feings of li which she ofds atti pot By eminshing its moc 8 & Ger Sots no nl lost momate of opetneness oF missed res of essage and developmental lay wich have romped Ane Borer’ ‘tgs opis Rahe, she es he feng that er son, mare han tayone neve paid the price fr ber migration. although the nia pation may be tha she bles her husband for the deepen ‘ther nn ines pyehosiae reaction (his parenting methods, ‘Eiscr becomes har that th Binsiht she ses her deparure ‘su eagey forthe eiren and my husband realy diet sw that he couldnt manage on bis own Ulnately she blames best {or ot having antcpted thee problems. Nether her hosband nor ter nau ween her opin, 8 eke charge of the ens pbingg. My pte ware bok grease, pln, ers, ‘hing an orerisatimorant, eon ord, a What es Tova people ke, hyve be eings. He cones om AT oon, btetcouse tat aamenn very Row can pat _me imervewe ofr hes the wor tring and ‘demanding, but ita Botner docs not tink they Se her mening. sen, sbe continues wt he serio ee ee ee gue bth of them, oe ers nonin yeas and igen 1 goer even fe a syn, exes te pon. ty ane was lye he gt angry wth ne and dt mater wa append be loced hime in be azo gs} and thaw nob and ine peding cons} Andes cone and see me, Andee, ‘Not lugs) Tats how was ~ We bate came om very le newer And le i wth he cider before tate ha thing Soe ine go i ealan he cold pl wt te le, ast {hort ee, or oa course whatever heared (-]The chien wae ‘als passage i seeing 9 many respec ei prmaiy «see esrpton by anita Borer and eluldater compe amy dys ‘Te face that she tmared tan who does not match vp to her om ‘soca background cbvioutly Becomes problem a the moment “ahem the eat of he sons, whom se consis to belong tothe seit Tneage theron fal aber tan ber shan, bas tobe eneasted to hn side of the fai canbe assed that he clas dierences rein the Borers’ massage nete abaya pests, But only Deane Nite at de moment in which Anta Beer had 10 elingush es “domain of power to het purenteiniaw abt her shana she has se elf par fom het husbands family for eas by passing on ec telned veles to her sone and sing ther to be ee fom sternal ‘epresson In tie decipon, ber Bosbard features more as # ues Tels own house than as the an ofthe Rouse ~ all the important clio ce made by Anta Bore wo takes cae tha er “ighly [Bee soa ned netfee primi eating practice fe arent nore orig her oi! gc) wo ition in the ons, Inte Somer boul forged parole lose bond with he cleo (the were ava with espe ten’ imate In order exp ‘her a rom the ba infuences of he husbands fi therapy: tases anywbere where the mathers ease background i+ higher than the fathers. a the case of Anta Borer, becomes ce thot she despises her usband's fry ao has taken on a mission © le them The foal sractare i therfore lead chatactrized Dy latent enon, and Anta Bore tigaon fal esa ata {he conics become visible. tft, Anita Borner els fa series of ban ehings in he eng desripon ef the ragedy he mother Into ad het husband ure paholoie mses which is manifested oqo jovoyousun-?in he fact est they make te fay nthe da every morning In a bid sve eles, orth they init on Teutonic Oder 2nd thereby terra’ the cdr. Por her song, she explain, that had been a shock’ fom which dey sad strapped co recover rom the taro her migration onwards nt only des anita Borer ny eo vii he children once a month at home, but als bas het hushand and sos wise her In Bein On one of these ocasons, he sn Tomsk, aged et the ime, ants ota with is moter rather than returning ¢9 Poland with his father and brother. When fucsdoned,howerey he cannot epiain what en his mind. ania omer mentions ei inelden further evidence tht er eilcen tim othe family routine aud y the mcs migration is obviously perceed as dase by the eulen because, pit to het depart, ‘Anita Borner was notin paid employment but 3 housewife, in charge ‘Of managing family ie; wa se who dealt wth al fariy mate, the ofc! forming, he chiles education and the wel being of her husband (he had avery comfortable fe wth me, fryers and sr This desertion inlets chat nthe gen srmatances her husband had sucha elevated nome that he could super fm liye the sole bresdnner In Foland before the tem reform, the triton! mol” tat ese inthe Borer fami was commonplace fn the other hand, had to ake up employment, nly Because one {lary wae not enough to Ine on The sate propgated the model of the woman wih two professional role: housewife and employe” Since the transformation ofthe rem, however ee wadtonl mode iden the husband isnot cpabl of ing he za ef by Anis ormer at leat not in the way ct she would wish, She expects ee to defend ber parenting sole, ching the mileetamiy babes ‘at eho hae ond, ede hr mtd and ol i gaint bm cote peste alls odo se appre fom her nae that ths expectation wae Unelisie from the outset, beease xen tefore her migtion her husband was Rot empered and worked of hie agresson a home ee Uy hat she pushed her worl the bak of her mind so ano to jeopardize the migration project ta whole in oder to oid hing wo delegate share of the care wort her mother, she oginal looks fora diferent solton nd cle someod ees home. They were to pwd. ‘the sine of Ata Bones ign a he end ofthe es, cutscurng eee and hossennk to mater oman isnt Commonpaes in Pals ley, and nt seeped. To ayo och ‘otk as pa employment sabre degrading they wee to pou) neonate Seon ef ere ind chs or ihn the etended family newer api eae of wantin fame, swiderread tn the rentine e ston has ange. Thus th coum of he gm domeaticand cate wok in wea Polish miles aes msncresingh outsourced © non tam members ~ Ukranian women, foreach ny female Subsion model has gradually become enabled hee ton is fa come to be Enown the gel cre chu ruc soe, Paras 2m 208) andi als om may cues ch ‘ij economic and seca parties ex "or Ants Bore, howe he trnroand comes to ne. She vient hs on with the gen heunstances sad eae the Gar of her cident their father and gndmosbee i aking owee th she has oe fat Ine ee pied y= ene than by be own fly obser wt be management et serats fom ses et by her ov gare oes toe heeping withthe air ise to whch se fees she Belongs These statement cold be sen ny avarectens te fhe hc een the mage fhe Polish ny shana, ong community shaly an omewht ode wi ell” ‘Anta Homers nate cine nf evepion which wi ‘be anabeed more preci in he flowing She devetbes beset 2 woman vith» motheranimas inti ho ha lea om ‘ection th he Sone {8h ts higher ming infoton mcr cen seamed someting ht a apne oa bn ith ny clterrandyoucan ble doe eb an ioe ‘os, red oe sto hn thing nay eee {ea bi eee wth the el nd nd Sey of cee Bin fiherand now hae he sme ng with rycen Wome pen ve ceed hoi dt tn ee] enon ttn y eideen nthe tin came et abt nating ecyseqrensouyoursanao Ss = at happened, people unt lit meno al owes, ‘tape joelooking foreach ote eeone voce at bed erred tone no wd eshng wal ut east nd Tomas. And veya td my Ann shand igh here's sc ‘he usm and tun By som And know bes fing So ‘lpn phoned Poland ad aked ny sand Whats BaP eon nahn hat as pe tsb So te turned ut tha er son ha been Rosptaied as en of a wer husound oan iene 0 wor ee an ep Seer tm ber ts toni fala behaou pater ofthe es mer ace er ac avng ti pecs elepehi’ ai vec se spline items fhe song ental an emotional bond Tea ethers ellen: she pays no heed to theming Eelam ner uaband and veles on her sulon. On areing the sei Teme thot Toms had een heal sede fot t00 jg th supe dg stop Mists ying wae ses endued byte eh, she epain, which eed er mgnmare Inthe oops she mets the doctor in charge of hit ‘nd strangely he dct she ale te om a sang postion. varie ave ach ase wh aver eren soe beast Thun [andthe beta ones she has al Kinds of ries Tenses me Jt igh heen pal Pls he damned ‘ete se hr por chidten tend wg of and be snc tine te choice of words and tums of phrase in ths fae cers sist fom the eo of ber naratve, IF we ad the impression ct now eat anita Borne tormented herself with eproathes and lesioned fer own gully te 2 super mother wha surfaces bere SeENine wow around her elo has avery ea dea of ow a good potter should behave: ote eyes of he outside world ~ epresened fre bythe doctor she has ald other Whereas the azath= ita apogee he impression tat nia Borner shares his Wy ooking a igs hat Re elperepion and pereption in he naa aS aS eC. es of hers esse, ere se dances Berl emphately from this dominant point of ew (Dinh blah Ha), which sbegeneanes {5 ppl Pot. The doctor, an autbrty Sure conons he with the mage tat becoming familie om mas counties witha high tate of female enigrain: the women lave husbands and eilren ‘ehind fonder to realize thet wm poral (Rave # wee ne In Berlin) The consequence of migration, nts eae the ld’ mental breakdown, are not Hamed onthe crepes who remained behing the teponsbiy sad slely and exe athe door ofthe absent Inother The existence ofan equivalent discourse on transnational Inotherhood hat has even been taken v> Byte med, no nl in the Pilpines (Paredas 2005 Slings oe) but als tank (Gamburd ooo) snd in Meso (Hondapne-Sotlo oo) indicate that this phenomenon sain actus type Poi but he expression ofthe paar srcture of adilonaland modern sockets wich alte wormen' migration process dierent rom men’ n each ‘these counties thee ls long tadion af ale mgtaton, bu it Is only when womenimothers lee that aarms are sounded about the Consequence ffl denegraon and chen and husbands ate Viewed as cts. The undering concept of this atonal family Tnodel whichis no ar served om the cominant as Geran, i that of ‘inensve mothering as anabeed by Sharon Hays 0998) ‘ih eference tote example of US society. Te Inensne mothering Dardigm denotes «histiallyconsrueed clr ode, gender Specie iesgy and pracice of mothahood, which comprises the {Blowing elements 2 cove mother-child bond as te preconltion forthe les heiby development, ane the idea that he mothe is primarily response forthe sl eareand ypbeinging. and should Pte thee with eile devoion bi) vey sot in which tis {tteosire motherhood and women's employment In POSH scien, thee the combination of paid emplayent wih «housewife work scons complete unstable ‘above we bane aeady ropested tut he discourse of intense matting ie notin he interest of governess re reliant on rei ‘ance ftom fale migrants, The evtabshmenr of oun dsouse, tthich maybe one motive of he Philippine ovement eduction medal ceremonles for domestic wakes OF ts designation ofthese ‘women af Reaes ofthe nation, appears oes eounterwcight othe Tegnive ages ofthe bad mother‘ th other hangs knows om pooysayououoyoutuas 9 tuethe esearch studs cited sbovetat onthe level of he family coping with mothers migration, theredoubs tend tolinger, noon among Family members but slo mong tasatone mothers themselves, then fhe women concerned ees the pi cours, ten feelings ‘tgult ena. And thee ae alte roger where sl perception snd peception inthe ees of ote are ented othe tadiional view Ut mtherhond. Most mthers efend temseles by ponsng out te Economic surpurae and he anna educational and development ‘Spporsnities they ate proving for hel fais by mens of thelr Sti In anita Borner nese ye! another posible mens of using esc se resort to he eatery accepted paradigm of ines mothering, atin an indo orm ct was ely fous Hold a9 amoment! i ot doe bua Ade sn by nell me wha ely ge for my The ‘dw conte anyway Bese ofthe ight beween is paren Sh ase what a vey tat es? What has happened 0) the hl war treed ty his ander? Dido know wha the {hid we though en ws there? Bayou think sal yf, Jt rcs we were par, dou But Twas realy ie a. Inne ak me hom hinge re Since part of the tition’ understanding of mothetood isthe idea that only the boogie ther can aiatly ow what good for her shld she insists on ner gh to squall ether people's Jndgemens ofthe ston, Moreoey, in standing up to the docton, the rings the fats ofthe fer and the paresis Inc the CShuatlon Such a state i seeing in several respects. Fis it ‘See aain arts the role allaeton as eleven yes, umately fhe is he main perm to bla an to be eld responsible for the Welrbing of her chien; secondly she counters wih che image of the distarbed family crimatances, by pointing ov that her eaties hd nov ten on the caring dis Ian appropriate manner. Her ‘motheranmal Instinct neve: ald he, but she wat lt down by the people she had tues tat was Arita Borers justeation i Important o not ere that he doer nt depart rom the discourse of teaivonal materhood, bu shai seenghen her own positon Mati olka Vow $6 possible i Poland t reconcile the concept tt inensve mothering wth womens paid employment? Dees the futsime employment of women not prenppot the eutoucing of Imporent maternal fundons ether o profesional nursery teachers orto husbands? a Iola Plsh history nd gener esearch shes this Likewise, is ee stervens with Ada Boren, Polish cultural oncept i ound which seama to reonee the iesonelbe: Matte Pal. Asia Borer Inuedoces this sip with which the identifies a diferent pins, hal onal, haf ser ooay nthe descipcen of the elaionship wih er hosband hand On the ote and he ert war yt ae ae oer and~oba domes (athe wie, thet forthe ‘ashing forthe coking fr he cin nr county we al the “ark Fit; he ‘mother a8 Polish woman, which Anite Borer presents het the Pas mate, isa mllfaeted figure which sy brill binds a gender wih aman rere oth tothe fail where i ino ntensve merng ofthe oid and her hos {nd to woman’ devotion tothe nation the phrase goes back othe famous poem ‘Matta Pls by the Plith national pote Adam Mice lew, extolling the parole oe of women during Poland's aoyeae history of patton. While men were Selig, imprisoned, eed or working in Wester countries broad wen were dear response fer he entice runing of he Bome andthe pao upbringing ofthe hile. Te image ofthe "tka Pal’ snjured up by Mickewie re retdines forsarfce and sefles lov, node o uphold ees uch af honout, courage and lp eo pines in the husbands sence (Hach gpa) The Mata Ads ‘ays appeared + tri gre, who steed because exeetngly ret Gules forced et Int a ef of sele dena (iid 99 Sk os unre ary ove salen oes and th he slo eee Sin. Miclewers figure of heroic womanhoed served a a pnderspeie pte role rode inthe further oureof try, and sen nance symbole Polish gender dente hie day. Miosawa Maroy an Anna Ge oles (2s) tied gender ‘elatons and parulty the image of women before and afer the ‘system form, Formally women were pled onan equ focing with ‘men under communism, and high proportion of working women Serve oconkem this propaganda This hed to consequence first, the fle of the man a bead ofthe fay and ste breadwinner pecqiewon eumpeunvee-9‘yas underune second while # pve women sees o worn Trcomes and advancement porns were slow tha profession sneotred no aerate terol of starting fry (ht) sy rabrrngon working fe, women wee burdened with dona! ace whos any ret nthe domes sphere, a phenomencn th ‘he aupote call selective modeminton’ ofthe woman's ol, Men for aheie pre, ost tse tran” polon in the fly without eis sadone possible for sal recognition. Tis sewning ‘Tude between the bole a the el dimension ofthe role asp ane elighed by the ahors a8 past and preset) case of ‘Gosia beeen the sses (ds 8: even sche woman wots on The upbeging of her horban(edsaton, manners, et) athe ow we Tenino she makes an important contbuton to ber fy soa sonarde th he feeling ha she has helped er husband and anesthe ene fay to gin prestige. This aconal and oily mage image ote ats Pi! has nom been wansformed In eremnonVetweee husband anew nc the image of the alla vee tebane war acento the womans double burden, while ‘he postural, ciminatory ons word in bot oesupuional end famip pets, mede her "sin" yen today, he Poi reser aoe eben morn of beings ismanifestedin everday Ucar heme bag lof hopping, ising ep and ortcom- tas oheton this ace compensated ty he belie in being ME replace manage ffi fe (8: 59 “Is devepion of every fe shows astonishing pals with anita novner desuipion. he, f]2 yes herself asthe "allan tng whose work Bernt done enizely for the sake of es Tami and whe lets her buband tke ie ean “Like éromedy’ ea giohandedly hauls hae" thousand utes’ fal of sop sine forthe whol fully. ex poral er Husband is weak (2 Piel he somes trom + ttally patarchal fans whieh bas a an omen ls om priate! bebo nd hate Cours hee asa ala ot she obo also draws on i Rereoype beret an ets ke lg ch the course of TRIM, Anta Borner dese the deterioration of et mariage vieenl her dios inthe rar 200 ~ coloured by ee recoltion TP recen dre asa constant bate ‘He didn gh fF me, te tought wih me! Thi e Row sbe sums up the scenes of @ ma Tage tr ich bales mere fought ot only over gender rles eee tami cltore and soil las. For Anita Bornes, was Say oo ose to ear he arent able of er aii ws ea ee, 4 of origin into nested family elu tnsmission of De aca erage the most important thing for het, because that sogethet wich nesta! prowess and clr reserene i the basso Ber ‘Rispreegon, which she has easmited to her fons In contast, The consoce het horband' family a heother (rile working ‘Shes cute) om which her cilren must be protected, While abe ‘Gretes Herta courageous ambos a geinelendersip 8, fer orband i eomplaently and neurteal focused on confor tg tthe prevaling one, These deseotions sugges that een is the soca forme af soley im which ches dierenes allegedly no longer made any diferene, sca cases were maintained by means of fall aisinctions. ecaling the personally clashes betwen busband and wie Anita owner denier tas loieal consequence that she her ater than fer husband, lve for Been as ¢ migane woke, About (Gur sep solr her ambitious personals, Aaa Borers evalation rik semana ambivalent. Shel proud of having reversed the alloc lon a ole tin the family by migratg search of emplyent, ‘epostoning et hsband the family breve, he nese. BL ‘Tee wih her husband that she alone wesces the estat ftom ene Be fr everyone. By ti, se des not mean her eomome “Shevement lon, but ls he comumiment to binging Wp, ean for and edueating er sons, Hee, aga a similar ambivalence is gpa On the one band, Anta Borer expects ber hesband take eine rai of he eater who ts he len emotional ssity Ra sunt onthe her hand he lags othe image ofthe a0 Bie household breadwinner, whois simply incapable of iling the ‘lre gap opened up by her absence. Fc him to rake on ber dies Tut fort start, be ineconeible wt er intensive mothering sel option and her tmotheraninal sie. The bling of the ii Teak alocion work hee only through an expansion of one sie f {hr gender iach, namely the femiin side, which can also ake 08 hasclinc tai The ssurption ot reminine caring a waingog tanks ty husbands i either considered impossible, simpy because tna mothe knows what er eileen ed ores the work nes to penton because Ii ited aba ented ae ir tne mian of eoditons lke these, wtic are presented toe Seatnty to atk about deep ated ers of masculiny wih read {Se rwordring of gener eto. Men ean po longer osupy tele Ttaional psion athe fal Breadvnney, wile no new positon i i i i i i