Cambridge Physics PhD Tutor IB DSE IGCSE SAT

UC Math MA, HKU Chemist hinwahk@gmail.com

HKU 1st Hons Engineer 93197825 AP MCAT GCE

 tan  sec n d
m

If n is an even natural number  2, transform int o a polynomial of t by :

tan   t , sec 2   1  t 2
sec 2  d  dt

Example 1:

 tan  sec  d
4 2

  t dt
4

tan  t,
t5
 K  dt  sec 2 d
5
tan 5 
 K
5


Example 2:

 tan  sec  d
4 4

  t sec  dt
4 2

  t (1  t ) dt
4 2
tan   t ,
  (t  t ) dt
4 6
 1  t 2  sec 2  , dt  sec 2  d
t5 t7
  K
5 7
tan 5  tan 7 
  K
5 7
  tan  sec n d
m

If m is an odd natural number , transform int o a polynomial of s by :

sec   s, tan 2   s 2  1
tan  sec  d  ds

Example 3:

 tan  sec  d
5 3

  tan  sec  d sec

4 2

  ( s  1) s ds
2 2 2
tan   t ,
  ( s  2s  1) s ds
4 2 2
 1  t 2  sec 2  , dt  sec 2  d
  ( s  2s  s )ds
2
6 4

s 7 2s 5 s 3
   K
7 5 3
sec  2 sec 5  sec 3 
7
   K
7 5 3

 tan  sec n d
m

If n is an even natural number  2 and m is an odd natural number , transform int o a polynomial of t or s by :
tan   t , sec  s

Example 4:

 tan  sec  d
3 2

  tan  sec  tan  sec d

 tan  sec  d
3 2 2 1

  t dt
3
t  tan    (sec   1) sec  d sec
2 1

t4 or   ( s  1) s ds
2
s  sec
1
  K1
4
  ( s  s)ds
3

tan 4 
  K1 s4 s2
4    K2
4 2
sec  sec 2 
4
   K2
4 2

Example 5:
 Cambridge Physics PhD Tutor IB DSE IGCSE SAT
UC Math MA, HKU Chemist hinwahk@gmail.com
HKU 1st Hons Engineer 93197825 AP MCAT GCE

 tan  sec  d
3 4
 tan sec  d
3 4

  tan  sec  sec

3 2 2
 d t  tan    tan sec  tansec d
2 3

  t (1  t ) dt
3 2
  (sec  1)sec  dsec
2 3

  (t  t ) dt
3 5 or   (s 1)s ds
2
s  sec 3

t4 t6   (s  s )ds
5 3

   K1
4 6 s6 s4
   K2
tan 4  tan 6  6 4
   K1
4 6 sec 6 sec 4
   K2
6 4


If n is an odd natural number and m is an even natural number for  tan
m
 secn d , partial faction and

natural log are needed in the integration. It is out of scope of this text.

Integrals of the type  cot are handled in the same manner as  tan x secn xdx .
m
x cscn xdx m

The important identity here is 1 + cot2x = csc2x

Your Turn!

Evaluate the integrals.

1.
2.

3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

8.
9. Graph and then find the volume of the solid that results when the region enclosed by

and is revolved around the x-axis.

10.

a. Prove that
b. Show that it can also be written in the following two forms:

11. 
tan xdx   log cos x  c
or log sec x  c

12. 
cot xdx  log sin x  c

Answers

1.

2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

7.
8.
9.