Land Asset Accounts For Tree-Covered Areas of The Philippines

TECHNICAL REPORT ON PHYSICAL ASSET ACCOUNTS
ASSET ACCOUNTS FOR

LAND COVER: TREE-COVERED AREA
OF THE PHILIPPINES
2010 to 2015
Environment and Natural Resources Accounts Division

Macroeconomic Accounts Service
Sectoral Statistics Office
Philippine Statistics Authority
The report on Asset Accounts for Land Cover: Tree-Covered Area of the Philippines is a publication prepared
by the Environment and Natural Resources Accounts Division of the Macroeconomic Accounts Service under the
Sectoral Statistics Office of the Philippine Statistics Authority
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ISSN 2094-179X 2672-2771
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Foreword
The Tree-covered Area Accounts of the Philippines are environmental accounts developed
and compiled by the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) under the Philippine Economic-
Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (PEENRA) Project. The PEENRA is a
system established through Executive Order No. 406 which aims to compile environmental
accounts to generate macro-indicators that reflects the relationships and interactions between
the environment and the economy.
This preliminary technical report on Tree-covered Area Accounts is considered a milestone in
the history of the PSA, being a pioneering effort to develop the environmental accounts
estimates of the Philippines. As with other initiatives of the institution to develop operational
frameworks and methodologies, the PSA deemed it wise to create linkages and partner with
organizations of the United Nations, the private sector, civil society organizations, academe,
and stakeholders within concerned industries. The call to support the operationalization and
institutionalization of the framework on environmental accounting turned out to be a success
with the help of various stakeholders in this PSA endeavour.
The PSA would like to express its sincerest gratitude to the Forest Management Bureau
(FMB), the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA), and the
Knowledge and Information Systems Service (KISS) of the Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (DENR) for providing data on land cover statistics and other parameters
used for the estimation of the accounts. It also wishes to acknowledge the assistance provided
by the members of the Technical Working Group on Land and Soil Resources Statistics
(TWG-LSRS) and also the Interagency Committee on Environment and Natural Resources
Statistics (IACENRS) for their cooperation and effort.
The inputs of these institutions are indispensable on the development of the Tree-covered
area accounts of the Philippines and in keeping with the PSA’s mandate to compile
environmental accounts and statistics.
LISA GRACE S. BERSALES, Ph.D.

Undersecretary
National Statistician and Civil Registrar General
Quezon City, Philippines

January 2019
i
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ENR Environment and Natural Resources
ENRA Environment and Natural Resource Accounting
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FDES Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics
GIS Geographic Information System
IEMSD Integrated Environment and Sustainable Development Programme
NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
NEDA National Economic Development Authority
NGP National Greening Program
PDP Philippine Development Plan
PEENRA Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting
PSA Philippine Statistics Authority
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SEEA System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
SNA System of National Accounts
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Philippines is an archipelagic country with a total land area of about 30 million hectares
(FMB, 2017). In line with the PSA’s mandate to compile environmental statistics, the
development of physical asset accounts for land cover in the Philippines was undertaken
through the Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting
(PEENRA) Project.
One of the objectives of this report is to account the land cover of the Philippines, specifically
the tree-covered areas as defined in the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic
Accounting (SEEA) 2012. The SEEA 2012 is a satellite framework of the System of National
Accounts (SNA) developed by the United Nations. It aims to integrate the relationship of the
environment and the economy through a comprehensive environmental accounting system.
Following its objectives, this technical report presents a short background on the status of
forests at the global and at the country level. The next section discusses how the UN
conceptual framework was operationalized in the Philippines, specifically: the scope and
coverage, and operational framework for the physical asset accounts on land cover. This is
followed by the vital part of the report, focusing on the estimation methodology, data sources,
analysis and discussion on the main findings, as well as the limitations and data gaps. The
last part presents suggestions on the way forward.
The SEEA has seven different environmental accounts, one of which is the land accounts.
One of the primary aspects of land accounts is its land cover classification system which
consist of 14 categories, developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). This
report focuses on one of the land cover classifications, the tree-covered areas for the period
2010 to 2015.
Based on the SEEA 2012, tree-covered areas are defined as areas dominated by natural tree
plants with a cover of at least ten percent. To be able to locally adapt to the international
definition, a bridge table was constructed with the help of the National Mapping and Resource
iii
Information Authority (NAMRIA) of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
As operationalized, tree-covered areas are equivalent locally, to open and closed forests. A
land cover change matrix was constructed to see the changes to stocks of different land cover
classes over the periods covered.
The inputs for the accounting structure of tree-covered areas include the following: opening
and closing stocks; additions to stocks which consist of managed expansion, natural
expansion, and upward reappraisals; and reductions to stock which consist of managed
regression, natural regression, and downward reappraisals. The estimation methodology
together with the data sources and disaggregation of the inputs are discussed specifically in
the full report.
Preliminary estimates generated based on the land cover change matrix for the years 2010 to
2015, placed the opening stock for 2010 at 6.52 M ha. This served as the baseline in
accordance with the NAMRIA land cover statistics, and revalidated on the ground. The trend
for land cover increases steadily with an average area for managed expansion at 0.21 million
hectares and an average area for managed regression at 0.006 million hectares. The annual
average growth rate for land cover is 3.63 % which can be attributed to the implementation of
Executive Order No. 26 series of 2011, otherwise known as the National Greening Program
(NGP). The closing stock reached a total area of 7.8 million hectares in 2015. The constructed
land cover change matrix in 2010 and 2015, showed that shrubs had the highest growth rate
recorded at 79.84 %, while the fishponds had the lowest growth rate at -3.84 %. A growth rate
of 2.76% was obtained for tree-covered areas. In summary, while all land classes have had
net increases, mangrove forest, annual crop land, and fishpond suffered net losses.
As discussed in the full report, limitations on the estimates exist, that necessitate
improvements on the estimation methodologies for the physical accounts of land cover. It is
recognized that being an on-going research which calls for further development, there is a
need to identify a proper indicator for natural expansion and regression, as well as for the
upward and downward reappraisals. Further research on proxy indicators or suitable
iv
parameters could be a subject for exploration. It is likewise recommended to apply geospatial
analysis on the estimation for better understanding and utilization of these statistical data.
v
Table of Contents
Foreword ..................................................................................................................... i
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................ ii
Executive Summary ................................................................................................... iii
List of Tables, Figures, and Appendices ................................................................... vii
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
A. Objectives ........................................................................................................ 1
B. Global Status of Forest .................................................................................... 1
C. Philippine Status of Forest ............................................................................... 2
Review of Related Literature ...................................................................................... 4
A. Land Asset Accounting on selected countries (Case study) ............................ 4
B. Philippine Initiatives on Land Asset Accounting .............................................. 5
Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................. 7
A. Scope and Coverage ....................................................................................... 7
B. Framework for the Physical Asset Account on Land Cover: Tree Covered
Area ................................................................................................................ 7
Operationalizing the Framework .............................................................................. 10
A. Scope and Coverage (geographical, time coverage, sectoral coverage) ...... 10
B. Sources of Data ............................................................................................. 12
C. Estimation Methodology ................................................................................ 14
Analysis, Results, and Discussion ............................................................................ 17
A. Tree Covered Area ........................................................................................ 17
B. Land Cover Change Matrix ............................................................................ 18
C. Limitations on the Estimates .......................................................................... 20
Summary and Next Steps ........................................................................................ 21
Appendices .............................................................................................................. 23
References ............................................................................................................... 42
Definition of Terms ................................................................................................... 44
vi
List of Tables
Table 1. Land Cover Classification ........................................................................................ 7
Table 2. Physical Account Structure...................................................................................... 8
Table 3. Bridged Table of the Land Cover Classification ....................................................... 9
Table 4. Land Cover Change Matrix .................................................................................... 10
Table 5. Locally used Land Cover Change Matrix ............................................................... 14
Table 6. Land Cover Change Matrix, 2010 to 2015, in million hectares ............................... 17
List of Figures
Figure 1. 2010 Forest Cover of the Philippines...................................................................... 3

Figure 2. Closing stock and Changes in stock, 2010 to 2015, in million hectares ................ 15
Figure 3. Growth Rate, in percent, of the Tree-covered area from 2011 to 2015 ................. 15
Figure 4. Land Cover Change, in million hectares and Growth rate, in percent for 2010 and
2015.................................................................................................................................... 16
List of Appendices
Appendix 1. UN SEEA 2012 – Central Framework Land Cover Basic Rules and
Classification (interim) ......................................................................................................... 21
Appendix 2. DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-05: Adopting Forestry Definitions
Concerning Forest Cover/Land Use ................................................................................... 24
Appendix 3. Data Inputs ...................................................................................................... 29
vii
Introduction
Forests contribute greatly to both the economy and the environment, however for the past
25 years, the global area for forest has decreased, from what was once 4.13 million
hectares in 1990, is now down at 3.99 million hectares in 2015 (FAO, 2016). Thus,
monitoring the forest area is needed for policy making and formulating activities that will
regenerate or improve the state of forest. This report tackles the tree-covered area of the
Philippines and its remaining stocks.
A. Objectives
The paper aims to account for the tree covered area of the Philippines using the System
of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012- Central Framework. In addition, it aims to
report, identify, and recommend certain actions for the identified limitations for further
improvement and data support.
B. Global Status of Forest
Forest is one of the world’s greatest assets. It provides 40 percent of the world’s oxygen
and accommodates 1.6 billion people who depend on the forest for livelihood (FAO, 2018).
More than the resources it provides, it has the potential to contribute to global climate
change, conservation of soil and water resources, and biological diversity (FAO, 2013).
From 1990 to 2010, the world population increased by 30% from 5.2 billion to 6.9 billion,
while the percent of forest area decreased by two percent (World Bank). Due to the
increase of population and expansion of economic activities, the need to develop
residential space and industrialization have led to the conversion of forest land. Edenhofer
et al. (2014) claimed that deforestation and forest degradation in tropical developing
countries are the leading causes of global climate change. Thus, the need to assess
changing shares of land uses and forest cover arises. Monitoring these characteristics will
help policymakers to deal with origins of pressures in the environment such as
afforestation, deforestation, and other direct and indirect use of forest.
1
C. Philippine Status of Forest
The Philippines has a total of 30 million hectares land area. Prior to Spanish colonialization
90 percent of the land area was made up of forestland1 (DENR, n.d.). The Philippine forest
is home to different species of flora and fauna, has helped in carbon sequestration, and is
also a source of livelihood, food, fuel and/or shelter for Filipinos (Manila Times, 2015).
However, over time, forest land has decreased due to deforestation, increased population,
conversion to agricultural lands and logging (ESSC, 1999). This had an adverse effect to
the ecosystem, one of which is the loss of biodiversity (ESSC, 1999), along the presence
of soil erosion as well as landslides. It also resulted to an increase in the number of
typhoons that the country experiences in a year together with water insecurity. (Walpole,
2012)
To date, the Philippines’ forestland is at 57.2 percent (15.8 million hectares), while
alienable and disposable land is at 47.3 percent (FMB, 2017). However, not all forest lands
have forested areas. In 2010, the Philippines has a reported 6.84 million hectares forest
cover2 which is composed of open forest, closed forest and mangrove. As shown in Figure
1, of the Philippine’s forest cover, open forest had the greatest scope at 4.6 million
hectares (67 percent), followed by closed forest at 1.9 million hectares (28 percent) and
lastly by mangrove, which had the least coverage, at about five percent or three hundred
thousand hectares.
1 Includes public forests, permanent forests or forest reserves, and forest reservations. (FMB, 2017)
2 Forest cover- Natural and man-made forest, including forests within wetlands and built-up areas. (FMB, 2017)
2
Figure 1. 2010 Forest Cover of the Philippines
5%
28%
67%
Open Forest Closed Forest Mangrove
Source: DENR, Philippine Forest at a Glance 2017 Edition
Accounting for the tree-covered area of the Philippines can serve as an indicator in order
to monitor the forest cover of the Philippines as indicated in the Philippine Development
Plan (PDP) 2017 to 2022 (Chapter 20: Ensuring ecological integrity, clean and healthy
environment). Likewise, this accounting will aid in monitoring the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), specifically, goal 15, life on land, which deals with two targets:
(1) target 15.1 which is ensuring the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of
forest; and (2) target 15.2, promoting the implementation of sustainable management of
all types of forest, halt deforestation, restore degraded forest and substantially increase
afforestation and reforestation globally.
3
Review of Related Literature
A. Land Asset Accounting on selected Countries: A case study
Sweden, a country in the Northern Europe, conducted land accounting from 1980 to 1995.
The study used the compilation guideline of Eurostat entitled “A Framework for Land
Accounting”. The report consists, mainly, the status of land use and, partially, the land
cover of their country. Accounting of stocks for land use were disaggregated according to
the economical use of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, energy, commercial land,
education and research, social and health services, and non-defined buildings. The results
presented the change and percent change in stock from 1980 to 1995 and did not include
the causes of the changes such as the disaggregation of the reduction and addition to
stocks.
Indonesia, the Southeast Asian nation that lies across the equator, pursued its national
land accounts from 2009 to 2014 which was compiled by Badan Pusat Statistik. The
accounts were only limited to physical units. Moreover, 23 classifications of land cover
were used. Based on the results, the forest area was reduced by 1 percent from 2009 to
2014.
South Africa published its own land accounts entitled, Natural Resource Accounts. It
compiled data from 1994 to 1995 and used the SEEA as the main guideline. The
classification that was adopted in the study was based on the UN-ECE classification. To
be exact, the seven classifications were: agricultural land; forest; urban/built-up land;
wetlands; grasslands; barren rock; and waterbodies. Moreover, both the land cover and
land use were presented in the report. Based on the results, the majority of the land area
was used for natural vegetation. Since the scope of the study covers a short span, it was
assumed that the land cover and land use did not change that much from 1994 to 1995
because it takes a long time before they alter significantly.
4
Queensland, the second largest state in Australia, also created its land accounts covering
2011 to 2016 estimates. The compilation produced was in accordance with the framework
of SEEA. The land cover was classified into 9 descriptions: urban areas and extraction
sites; waterbodies; wetlands; irrigated lands; rain-fed lands; grasslands; woody shrubs;
trees; and no data. Based on the results, the tree-covered area decreased by 10.8 percent
from 2010 to 2015.
B. Philippine Initiatives on Land Asset Accounting
In the Philippines, efforts to compile the land accounts have strengthened during 1995 to
1997 through the establishment of the Environment and Natural Resource Accounting
(ENRA) Subprogramme in which the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)
piloted environmental accounting in compliance with its mandate to develop the national
accounts. The ENRA Subprogramme is a component of the Integrated Environment and
Sustainable Development Programme (IEMSD), which is a three - year joint project of the
DENR, NEDA and UNDP wherein the operational framework for Philippine SEEA (PSEEA)
has been developed for the establishment of environmental accounts.
In June 1998, the NSCB led once more in the development of environmental and natural
resources accounting through the ENRA II Project. Following the ENRA Subprogramme,
the ENRA II Project aims to institutionalize the Philippine Economic-Environmental and
Natural Resource Accounting (PEENRA) system in order to consolidate environmental
concerns to decision-making and policy planning.
Through the project, a publication of “Philippine Asset Accounts” was done covering five
environmental accounts namely: forest; land and soil; fishery; mineral; and water. The
sustainability of these major resources were considered to be significant for the well-being
of the people.
The national accounts developed for land and soil resources covered physical and
monetary estimates related to food production or agricultural land uses for the years 1988
5
to 1993. For Philippine forest resources, the accounts consisted of physical and monetary
estimates for old growth dipterocarp forests, pine forest and rattan from the years 1988-
1994.
In 2013, the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), requested for funds to continue efforts
towards the institutionalization of PEENRA accounts and statistics. Thus, focusing on
updating and development of environmental accounts and statistics, based on
international frameworks, such as the UN SEEA 2012 and the UN Framework for the
Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) 2013. Currently, the PEENRA project aims
to update and compile environmental accounts in the country, particularly the asset
accounts of land, energy, and water resources.
6
Conceptual Framework
A. Scope and Coverage
The report follows the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting
(SEEA) 2012 Central Framework (UN, 2014), a framework that describes the relationship
between the economy and the environment. The framework covers seven different
environmental assets, one of which is Land.
B. Framework for the Physical Asset Account on Land Cover: Tree Covered Area
Land is described “as a unique environmental asset that delineates the space in which
economic activities and environmental processes take place and within which
environmental assets and economic assets are located.” (UN, 2014) It has two primary
aspects which are land use and land cover.
As defined by the SEEA-2012 Central Framework, land use refers to “activities which are
undertaken, and the institutional arrangements put in place for a given area for the purpose
of economic production, or the maintenance and restoration of environmental functions.”
On the other hand, land cover is defined as “the observed physical and biological cover of
the Earth’s surface and includes the natural vegetation and abiotic surfaces.” (UN, 2014)
A land cover classification was created by the Food and Agriculture Organization which
contains 14 different land cover classification classes, one of which is the tree covered
area, which is the focus of this report.
7
Table 1. Land Cover Classification
1. Artificial surfaces (including urban

8. Shrub-covered areas
and associated areas)
9. Shrubs and or/herbaceous vegetation,
2. Herbaceous crops
aquatic or regularly flooded
3. Woody crops 10. Sparsely natural vegetated areas
4. Multiple or layered crops 11. Terrestrial barren land
5. Grassland 12. Permanent snow and glaciers

6. Tree-covered areas 13. Inland water bodies
14. Coastal water bodies and intertidal
7. Mangroves
areas
Source: System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 Central Framework
Accounting for the land cover, specifically for tree covered area followed the structure
prescribed by the framework. Shown in Table 2 is the general structure in accounting for
the physical account of land cover.
The opening stock of resources are based from the closing stock of the previous year,
while the additions and reductions to stock are the changes in stock in the accounting
process. By doing the appropriate arithmetic method, a closing stock for a period is
obtained by adding the opening stock of the period to its additions to stock and subtracting
its sum to the reductions to stock.
8
Table 2. Physical Asset Account Structure
Opening stock of resources
Additions to stock
Increase in the area of a land cover type due to human
Managed expansion
activity.
Increase in area resulting from natural processes
Natural expansion
including seeding, sprouting, suckering or layering.
Reflects the changes due to the use of updated
Upward reappraisals information that permits a reassessment of the size of
the area of different land covers
Total additions to stock
Reductions in stock
Decrease in the area of a land cover type due to human
Managed regression
activity
Decrease in the land cover type due to natural reasons
Natural regression
(e.g., loss of land due to erosion by the sea)
Reflects the changes due to the use of updated
Downward
information that permits a reassessment of the size of
reappraisals
the area of different land covers
Total reductions in stock
Closing stock
Source: System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 Central Framework
9
Operationalizing the Framework
A. Scope and Coverage (geographical, time coverage, sectoral coverage)
The physical asset accounts on land cover focuses on one of the land cover classifications
which is the tree covered area of the Philippines. The report covered its accounting for the
period 2010 to 2015.
As defined by the SEEA 2012 Central Framework, a tree covered area is an “area
dominated by natural tree plants with a cover of ten percent or more. Other types of plants
(shrubs and/or herbs) can be present, even with a density higher than that of trees. Areas
planted with trees for afforestation purposes and forest plantations. Tree-covered area
also includes seasonally or permanently flooded with freshwater and excludes coastal
mangroves.”
To be able to locally adapt the international definition provided by SEEA, it was bridged
with the help of the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) as shown
in Table 3.
The categories adapted locally were based on the DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-
005. It was identified that locally, tree-covered areas are equivalent to the close and open
forests, which was used as the basis for accounting in the study.
10
Table 3. Bridged Table of the Land Cover Classification
SEEA CF Land Cover Classification DENR
Artificial surfaces (including urban and
Built-up
associated areas)
Herbaceous crops Annual cropland
Woody crops Perennial cropland
Multiple or layered crops Annual cropland/Perennial cropland
Grassland Grassland
Wooded grassland
Tree-covered areas Closed Forest
Open Forest
Mangroves Mangrove forest
Shrub-covered areas Shrubland
Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation,
Mashland
aquatic or regularly flooded
Terrestrial barren land Open/barren area
Inland water bodies Inland water
Fishpond
Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas
Sparsely natural vegetated areas
Permanent snow and glaciers
Source: SEEA-2021 CF & DENR
Closed forests are those that have “formations where trees in various storeys and
undergrowth cover a high proportion (greater than 40 percent) of the ground and do not
have a continuous dense grass layer. They are either managed or unmanaged forest in
advance state of succession and may have been logged- over one or more times, having
kept their characteristics of forest stands, possibly with modified structure and
composition” (DENR, 2005). Meanwhile, closed forests are “formations with discontinuous
tree layer with a coverage of at least 10 percent and less than 40 percent. They are either
managed or unmanaged forests, in initial state of succession.” (DENR, 2005)
11
A land cover change matrix was also constructed in order to see the changes between
the different land covers classifications at two periods. The opening area records the
area of the land covers at the reference period, followed by the recorded changes in the
conversions, if there are any, in the land covers. The area of each land covers after the
respective changes are then recorded at the closing stock
B. Sources of Data
B.1 Opening and Closing Stock & Land Cover Change Matrix
Table 4. Land Cover Change Matrix
Source: System of Environmental Economic Accounting 2012 Central Framework
In determining the opening and closing stock, data were sourced from the Land Cover
Statistics of NAMRIA, for both 2010 and 2015, and were used as basis for the accounts.
The data were reported in hectares and disaggregated in different land classification
categories specifically: Closed Forest; Open Forest; Mangrove Forest; Shrubs; Fallow;
Wooded Grassland; Grassland; Annual Crop; Perennial Crop; Open or Barren; Built up;
Marshland or Swamp; Fishpond and Inland Water. For the 2015 land cover statistics, the
two categories of fallow and wooded grassland were removed.
12
B.2 Additions to stock (Managed Expansion)
Different data sets from the DENR were used in accounting for the managed expansion.
For 2010, the data used were the reported annually adjusted area reforested in hectares,
with appropriate reductions on mangrove removed. For the period 2011 to 2014,
reforested areas under development for the National Greening Program were used. This
contained seven areas for development, all of which were reported in hectares, as follows:
Ancestral Domain; Forestland, Forestland/Riverbanks; Military Reservation; Other
Suitable Lands; Protected Area; and Urban areas, School Parks, and Roadside. For 2015,
data on area reforested by sector, reported in hectares and aggregated by either
government or non-government, were used.
B.3 Reductions to stock (Managed Regression)
As input for managed regression, data sourced from the DENR’s annual publication of
Compendium of ENR Statistics on Forest Disturbance by Cause, were utilized. These
include the extent of damage reported in hectares, the estimated value in peso, and the
causes of forest disturbance. For years 2010 to 2014, the causes of forest disturbance
were categorized into fire, kaingin or illegal entry, illegal cutting and others unknown. In
2015, however, the categories were changed, namely as follows: Hunting (honey
collection); Smoking; Incendiarism; Kaingin/slash-and-burn/illegal entry; Forest Fire/Grass
fire/wildfire; Long dry spell; Unknown; and Others (torch, children, pasture, outdoor
cooking).
13
C. Estimation Methodology
To account for the stocks of the tree-covered area, Equation 1 based on the given
equation for land cover in the SEEA 2012- Central Framework was used.
Equation 1. Accounting for the Tree-Covered Area
Closing Stock = Opening Stock + Additions to Stock (Managed Expansion)
− Reductions to Stock (Managed Regression)
C.1 Additions to stock (Manged Expansion)

For managed expansion, deductions were made, to exclude data on the mangrove area.
C.2 Reductions to stock (Managed Regression)

The entry for reductions to stock contained different categories such as kaingin/illegal
entry, illegal logging/cutting, forest fire and others unknown.
C.2.1 Kaingin/Illegal Entry
While available data for kaingin/illegal entry were only for the period 2000 to 2009, a proxy
indicator was used to cover the accounting period of 2010 to 2015, for the report. The
growth rate of area harvested for temporary crops was used as proxy to estimate the extent
of damage by kaingin for years with no data. The growth rate of area harvested was
computed for each year of the covered period using the proxy indicator.
To compute for the growth rate of area harvested for temporary crops, Equation 2 was
used.
Equation 2. Growth rate for area harvested for temporary crops
Area Harvested for Temporary Crops (t) − Area Harvested for Temporary Crops (t − 1)
Area Harvested for Temporary Crops (t − 1)
14
C.2.2. Illegal Logging/Cutting
Due to the lack of data on area affected by illegal logging/cutting for the covered period, a
proxy indicator was used. Data were sourced from the amount of confiscated goods
reported by DENR as reflected in the Annual Financial Report of the National Government.
To derive the real value of the amount of confiscated goods reported by DENR yearly, the
Implicit Price Index for Forestry sector was used as deflator3. Equation 3 as shown below
was used to come up with the real value.
Equation 3. Real value
Confiscated Goods (t)

X 100
Area Harvested for Temporary Crops (t)
Imputation was then used to be able to come up with the final value to be used as the
input for Illegal logging/cutting as shown below in Equation 4.
Equation 4. Imputation for Illegal logging
Real Value (t)

X Imputed growth year (t − 1)
Real Value (t − 1)
C.2.3 Forest Fire

Since 2011 was the only year with missing data, interpolation was used. Forest fire data
used for 2015 consisted of the causes such as smoking, incendiarism, and forest
fire/grassfire/wildfire. This was done due to limitation of data on forest disturbance as
stated above.____________________________________________________________
C.2.3. Others/Unknown
No adjustment was made on area affected by other forest disturbances as there was no
clear explanation on disaggregation of the said classification.
3
Philippine Statistics Authority. Implicit Price Index – Forestry Sector
15
C.3 Land Cover Change Matrix
Computation of the land cover change matrix involved subtracting the obtained values
based on the different land classification categories in the 2015 land cover statistics, from
their corresponding equivalent land classification categories for 2010. The difference is
then placed in the matrix, and further identified as either a net increase or decrease.
A local land cover classification was adopted based on DENR’s Memorandum Circular
2005-005. Shown in Table 5 is the constructed land cover change matrix adapted in the
Philippines.
Table 5. Locally used Land Cover Change Matrix
16
Analysis, Results and Discussions
A. Tree Covered Area
Based on Figure 2, there is an increasing trend in the closing stock for the tree-covered
area through the years. The highest tree-covered area was reported in 2015 at 7.8 million
hectares. The average area for managed expansion is at 0.21 million hectares, while the
average area for managed regression is at 0.006 million hectares.
Figure 2. Closing stock and Changes in stock, 2010 to 2015, in million hectares
8.0000 0.3219 0.3500

7.8025
0.3259
7.5043 0.3000
0.3148
7.5000
0.2209 7.1846 0.2500
7.0000 6.8626 0.2000

6.6506
6.5292
0.1500
6.5000 0.1272
0.1000
6.0000
0.0500
0.0019
0.0041 0.0058 0.0089 0.0039 0.0023 0.0165
5.5000 -
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Closing Stock Managed expansion Managed regression
As shown in Figure 3, the yearly growth rates based on the closing stock of the tree
covered areas from 2011 to 2015. Results showed an annual average growth rate of
3.63 percent.
17
Figure 3. Growth Rate, in percent, of the Tree-covered area from 2011 to 2015
5.00% 4.69%
4.45%
4.50%
3.97%
4.00%
3.50% 3.19%
3.00%
2.50%
1.86%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
It should be noted, that the increase in the stock of tree-covered area and higher area
gathered from managed expansion is attributed to the implementation of Executive Order
no.26 series of 2011, or the National Greening Program (NGP) aimed at planting trees in
the 1.5 million hectares area of the Philippines for a period of six years (2011 to 2016).
B. Land Cover-Change Matrix
The results of the changes in the different land cover classifications is shown in Figure 4. Of
these classifications, shrubs had the highest growth rate recorded at 79.87 percent, while
fishpond had the lowest growth rate at -3.83 percent. The closed forest and open forest had
a growth rate of 7.86 percent and 1.88 percent, respectively. On the other hand, the tree-
covered area had a growth rate of 2.76 percent between the years 2010 and 2015.
18
Figure 4. Land Cover Change, in million hectares and Growth rate, in percent for 2010
and 2015
7.00 6.28 6.18
6.57
90.00%
79.87% 6.12
80.00%
6.00
4.60 6.04 70.00%
5.00 4.68
60.00%
50.00%
4.00
3.36 37.07%
40.00%
3.00 1.93
24.51% 23.08% 30.00%
2.03 1.96 6.48%
2.00 6.57% -3.83%
20.00%
1.43
0.31 0.30 6.42% 0.69 0.51
0.85 10.00%
1.00 4.86% -2.54% 0.14
0.48
0.10 0.12 0.13 0.25 0.24
0.00%
1.88% -2.32%
- -10.00%
2010 2015 Growth Rate
The constructed preliminary land cover change matrix between 2010 and 2015 is shown
in Table 6. Almost all classes had a net increase except for three categories: mangrove
forest; annual crop; and fishpond.
19
Table 6. Land Cover Change Matrix, 2010 to 2015, in million hectares
C. Limitations on the Estimates
There were no up-to-date data that would satisfy accounting for the natural expansion and
regression. Hence, in this study, only managed expansion and managed regression, were
accounted for. Furthermore, the categories on forest disturbance had no clear definition,
while data are lacking for some of the categories used for reductions to stock, for specific
years. Lastly, there were no reported cases of kaingin for the period 2010 to 2014, as well
as illegal cutting for the period 2010 to 2015.
20
Summary and Next Steps
Despite being able to generate the physical asset account estimates for land cover, with
focus on tree-covered area of the Philippines, further improvements are needed to
strengthen the estimates. Primarily, there is a need to identify an appropriate indicator and
obtain data for natural expansion and regression as well as for upward and downward
reappraisals. Estimates that used proxy indicators can likewise be improved through
further research on suitable parameters, or by identifying other items that may be added
as changes to stock.
Other areas that need attention deals with capacity building issues of the data source
agencies. Providing trainings on the SEEA 2010-Central Framework to the concerned
agencies could be explored, in coordination with experts on the field. In doing so, the
different agencies will have a better understanding and deeper appreciation on how the
environmental assets are compiled. This is meant to ease coordination and compilation of
needed data. The staff responsible for the compilation of the different environmental
accounts should also be trained on the Geographic Information System (GIS) technology
as well as on statistical analysis and methods for better analysis, management, and
reporting of the data.
21
APPENDICES
Appendix 1. UN SEEA 2012 – Central Framework Land Cover Basic Rules and
Classification (interim)
Land cover basic rules
Category Basic Rule

Artificial surfaces The category is composed of any type of artificial surfaces.
(including urban and
associated areas
Herbaceous crops The category is composed of a main layer of cultivated
herbaceous plants.
Woody crops The category is composed of a main layer of cultivated tree
or shrub plants.
Multiple or layered crops The category is composed of at least two layers of cultivated
woody and herbaceous plants or different layers of cultivated
plants combined with natural vegetation.
Grassland The category is composed of a main layer of natural trees
with a cover from 10 to 100 percent.
Tree-covered areas The category is composed of natural trees with a cover from
10 to 100 percent.
Mangroves The category is composed of natural trees with a cover from
10 to 100 percent in aquatic or regularly flooded areas in salt
and brackish water.
Shrub-covered areas The category is composed of a main layer of natural shrubs
with a cover from 10 to 100 percent.
Shrubs and/or herbaceous The category is composed of natural shrubs or herbs with a
vegetation, aquatic or cover from 10 to 100 percent in aquatic or regularly flooded
regularly flooded areas with water persistence from 2 to 12 months per year.
Sparsely natural vegetated The category is composed of any type of natural vegetation
areas (all growth forms) with a cover from 2 to 10 percent.
Terrestrial barren land The category is composed of abiotic natural surfaces.
Permanent snow and The category is composed of any type of glacier and
glaciers perennial snow with persistence of 12 months per year.
Inland water bodies The category is composed of any type of inland water body
with a water persistence of 12 months per year.
Coastal water bodies and The category is composed on the basis of geographical
inter-tidal areas features in relation to the sea (lagoons and estuaries) and
abiotic surfaces subject to water persistence (intertidal
variations).
22
Description of Land Cover Classes
The following descriptions of different land cover types are based on the FAO Land Cover
Classification System (LCCS).
01 Artificial surfaces (including urban and associated areas)
The class is composed of any type of areas with a predominant artificial surface.
Any urban or related feature is included in this class, for example, urban parks
(parks, parkland and laws). The class also includes industrial areas, and waste
dump deposit and extraction sites.
02 Herbaceous crops
The class is composed of a main layer of cultivated herbaceous plants

(graminoids or forbs). It includes herbaceous crops used for hay. All the non-
perennial crops that do not last for more than two growing seasons and crops
like sugar cane, where the upper part of the plant is regularly harvested while
the root system can remain for more than one year in the field, are included in
this class.
03 Woody crops
The class is composed of a main layer of permanent crops (trees or shrub crops)
and includes all types of orchards and plantations (fruit trees, coffee and tea
plantation, oil palms, rubber plantation, Christmas trees, etc.).
04 Multiple or layered crops
This class combine two different land cover situations:
Two layers of different crops. A common case is the presence of one layer of
woody crops (trees or shrubs) and another layer of herbaceous crop, e.g., wheat
fields with olive trees in the Mediterranean area and intense horticulture, or oasis
or typical coastal agriculture in Africa, where herbaceous fields are covered by
palm trees.
Presence of one important layer of natural vegetation (mainly trees) that covers
one layer of cultivated crops. Coffee plantations shadowed by natural trees in
the equatorial area of Africa are a typical example.
05 Grassland
This class includes any geographical area dominated by natural herbaceous
plants (grasslands, prairies, steppes and savannahs) with a cover of 10 percent
or more, irrespective of different human and/or animal activities, such as grazing
or selective fire management. Woody plants (trees and/or shrubs) can be
present, assuming their cover is less than 10 percent.
06 Tree-covered areas
This class includes any geographical area dominated by natural tree plants with
a cover of 10 per centpercent or more. Other types of plants (shrubs and/or
herbs) can be present, even with a density higher than that of trees. Areas
planted with trees for afforestation purposes and forest plantations are included
in this class. This class includes areas seasonally or permanently flooded with
freshwater. It excludes coastal mangroves (--07).
23
07 Mangroves
This class includes any geographical area dominated by woody vegetation
(trees and/or shrubs) with a cover of 10 per centpercent or more that is
permanently or regularly flooded by salt and/or brackish water located in the
coastal areas or in the deltas of rivers.
08 Shrub-covered areas
This class includes any geographical area dominated by natural shrubs having
a cover of 10 per centpercent or more. Trees can be present in scattered form
if their cover is less than 10 per centpercent. Herbaceous plants can also be
present at any density. The class includes shrub-covered areas permanently or
regularly flooded by inland freshwater. It excludes shrubs flooded by salt or
brackish water in coastal areas (--07).
09 Shrubs and/or herbaceous vegetation, aquatic or regularly flooded
This class includes any geographical area dominated by natural herbaceous
vegetation (cover 10 per centpercent or more) that is permanently or regularly
flooded by fresh or brackish water (swamps, marsh areas, etc.). Flooding must
persist for at least two months per year to be considered regular. Woody
vegetation (trees and/or shrubs) can be present if their cover is less than 10 per
centpercent.
10 Sparsely natural vegetated areas
This class includes any geographical areas were the cover of natural vegetation
is between 2 per centpercent and 10 per centpercent. This includes permanently
or regularly flooded areas.
11 Terrestrial barren land
This class includes any geographical area dominated by natural abiotic surfaces
(bare soil, sand, rocks, etc.) where the natural vegetation is absent or almost
absent (covers less than 2 per centpercent). The class includes areas regularly
flooded by inland water (lake shores, river banks, salt flats, etc.). It excludes
coastal areas affected by the tidal movement of saltwater (--14).
12 Permanent snow and glaciers
This class includes any geographical area covered by snow or glaciers

persistently for 10 months or more.
13 Inland water bodies
This class includes any geographical area covered for most of the year by inland
water bodies. In some cases, the water can be frozen for part of the year (less
than 10 months). Because the geographical extent of water bodies can change,
boundaries must be set consistently with those set by class 11, according to the
dominant situation during the year and/or across multiple years.
14 Coastal water bodies and intertidal areas
The class is defined on the basis of geographical features of the land in relation
to the sea (coastal water bodies, i.e., lagoons and estuaries) and abiotic
surfaces subject to water persistence (intertidal areas, i.e., coastal flats and
coral reefs).
24
Appendix 2. DENR Memorandum Circular 2005-05: Adopting Forestry Definitions
Concerning Forest Cover/Land Use
In view of the recent developments in forestry and consistent with internationally accepted
definitions of forestry terminologies, the following forestry definitions concerning forest
cover/land use are hereby adopted for common understanding among forestry and other
stakeholders.
A. Forest - land with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and tree crown (or equivalent stocking
level) of more than 10 percent. The trees should be able to reach a minimum height of 5
meters at maturity in situ. It consists either of closed forest formations where trees of various
storeys and undergrowth cover a high proportion of the ground or open forest formations with
a continuous vegetation cover in which tree crown cover exceeds 10 percent. Young natural
stands and all plantations established for forestry purposes, which have yet to reach a crown
density of more than 10 percent or tree height of 5 meters are included under forest.
These are normally forming part of the forest area which are temporarily unstocked as a result
of human intervention or natural causes but which are expected to revert to forest. It includes
forest nurseries and seed orchards that constitute an integral part of the forest; forest roads,
cleared tracts, firebreaks and other small open areas; forest within protected areas;
windbreaks and shelter belts of trees with an area of more than 0.5 hectare and width of more
than 20 meters; plantation primarily used for forestry purposes, including rubber wood
plantations. It also includes bamboo, palm and fern formations (except coconut and oil palm).
Reference: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000.
1. Natural forest - forest composed of indigenous trees, not planted by man.

Reference: Forest Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000.
1.1. Broadleaved forest - forest with a predominance (more than 75 percent of

tree crown cover) of trees of broad-leaved species.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture Organization,
2000.
1.1.1. Closed forest - formations where trees in the various storeys and
the undergrowth cover a high proportion (>40 percent) of the ground
and do not have a continuous dense grass layer. They are either
managed or unmanaged forests, in advanced state of succession and
may have been logged -over one or more times, having kept their
characteristics of forest stands, possibly with modified structure and.
composition.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture
Organization, 2000.
1.1.2. Open forest - formations with discontinuous tree layer with a

coverage of at least 10 percent and less than 40 percent. They are
either managed or unmanaged forests, in initial state of succession.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture
Organization,2000.
25
1.2. Coniferous forest - forest with predominance (more than 75 percent of tree
crown cover) of trees of coniferous species.
2000.
1.3. Mixed forest - forest in which none of the species groups such as conifer,
broadleaved, bamboo and palm accounts for more than 75 percent of the tree
crown cover.
2000.
1.4. Bamboo/palm formation - forest in which more than 75 percent of crown

cover consists of bamboo j palm species.
Reference: Forest: Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture Organization,
2000
1.5. Mangrove forest - forested wetland growing along tidal mudflats and along
shallow water coastal areas extending inland along rivers, streams and their
tributaries where the water is generally brackish and composed mainly of
Rhizopora, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Avicenia, Aegiceras, and Nipa species.
Reference: Centre for International Forestry Research and Section 3 of
Presidential Decree No. 705, 1975.
1.6. Mossy forest - forest stand found principally on high elevations and very
rough mountainous regions characterized by steep ridges. The trees are mostly
dwarfed with stems and branches usually covered by epiphytes and dominated
by Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae, and Fagaceae.
Reference: Natural Forest Resources of the Philippines, Philippine-German
Forest Resources Inventory Project Report, 1988.
1.7. Beach forest - a narrow strip of wooded land along the sandy and gravelly
beaches of the seacoast dominated by Terminalia catappa, Casuarina
equisetifolia, Barringtonia asiatica, Sonneratia caseolaris, Acacia famesiana
and Erythrina orientalis.
2000.
2. Plantation forest - forest stands established by planting or/and seeding in the

process of afforestation or reforestation. It may be composed of broadleaved,
coniferous, and/ or mixed forests.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000.
2.1. Young plantation forest - forest plantation where trees have, not yet
reached a height of five (5) meters.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment Food and Agriculture Organization,
2000.
26
2.2. Open broad-leaved plantation forest - forest plantation where the crown is
between 10 to 40 percent of the area.
2000.
2.3. Medium closed broad-leaved plantation forest – forest plantation where the
crown cover is at least 40 percent of the area and less than 70 percent.
2000.
2.4. Closed broad-leaved plantation forest - forest plantation where the crown
cover is above or 70 percent of the area.
2000.
B. Other Wooded land - lands either with a crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of
5- 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity; or a crown cover (or
equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent not able to reach a height of 5 meters at
maturity (e.g. dwarfed or stunted trees); or with shrubs or bush cover of more than 10 percent.
1. Shrubland - where the dominant woody vegetation are shrubs, generally of more
than 0.5 meter and less than 5 meters in height in maturity and without a definite crown.
The growth habit can be erect, spreading or prostrate. The height limits for trees and
shrubs should be interpreted with flexibility, particularly the minimum tree and
maximum shrub height, which may vary between 5 and 7 meters approximately.
Reference: Forest Resource Assessment, Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000
2. Wooded grassland - areas predominantly vegetated with grasses, such as Imperata,

Themeda, Saccharum and where the trees cover is between 5 to 10% of area and their
height may reach 5 meters at maturity.
3. Fallow - refers to woody vegetation resulting from the clearing of natural forest for
shifting agriculture. It is an intermediate class between forest and non-forest land uses.
Part of the area, which is not under cultivation, may have the appearance of a forest.
C. Other Land with Tree Cover - the land primarily not under forest having more than 0.5
hectare with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters
at maturity. It includes urban parks and gardens.
D. Other Land - Land with tree cover less than 5%. It includes agricultural land, pastures, built
up areas, bare areas, grassland, etc.'
27
1. Natural - land not classified as forest or other wooded land undisturbed by man.
1.1 Bare areas - land not covered by (semi-) natural or artificial cover. These
include, among others, sand dunes, riverwash, lahar laden areas and rocky or
stony areas.
2000.
1.2 Grassland - areas predominantly vegetated with grasses such as Imperata,

Themeda, Saccharum spp., among others.
Reference: Inter-Agency Task Force on Geographic Information Resolution
No.1, Series of 1995.
2. Cultivated - land not classified as forest or other wooded land used by man for
agriculture or pastures.
2.1. Annual cropland - land cultivated with crops with a growing cycle under
one year, which must be newly sown or planted for further production after
harvesting.
2000.
2.2. Perennial cropland - land cultivated with long term crops that do not have
to be replanted for several years after each harvest; harvested components are
not timber but fruits, latex and other products that do not significantly harm the
growth of the planted trees or shrubs; orchards, vineyards and palm
plantations, coffee, tea, sisal, banana, abaca, etc.
2000.
2.3. Pastureland - land managed for raising livestock.

2000.
3. Built up area - composed of areas of intensive use with much of the land covered
by structures. It includes cities, towns, villages, strip developments along highways,
transportation, power, and communication facilities, and areas occupied by malls,
shopping centres, industrial and commercial complexes, and institutions that may, in
some instances, be isolated from urban areas.
Reference: Food and Agriculture Organization, 2000._________________________
28
E. Wetlands - areas of marsh, fen, peat land or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent
or temporary, with water that is static, flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine
water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six meters.
Reference: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Article 1.1 as amended in 1982 and 1987,
Ramsar, Iran, 1971.
1. Marshland - natural area usually dominated by grass-like plants such as cat tails
and sedges which are rooted in bottom sediments but emerge above the surface or
the water. It contains emergence vegetation and usually develop in zones progressing
from terrestrial habitat to open water.
Reference: Convention on Biological Diversity, Rio de Janeiro, June 2, 1992.
2. Inland waters - bodies of water surrounded by land (e.g. rivers, lakes, streams,
mudflats, ponds/fishponds, dams and reservoirs).
Henceforth, all DENR personnel shall use consistently and that no other forest-related
terminology be used for the categories herein stated and share it with all forestry stakeholders
within their jurisdiction for common usage and understanding.
29
Appendix 3. Data Inputs
Table 3.1. 2010 Land Cover Statistics by Region, Philippines, In hectares
Closed Open Mangrove Wooded Annual Perennial Open/ Built- Marshland/ Inland
Fallow Shrubs Grassland Fishpond Total
Forest Forest Forest Grassland Crop Crop Barren up Swamp Water
TOTAL 1,934,032 4,595,154 310,531 7,247 3,355,180 3,829,046 1,431,342 6,275,993 6,168,360 97,303 692,079 131,499 244,968 481,421 29,554,156
PERCENTAGE 6.54 15.55 1.05 0.02 11.35 12.96 4.84 21.24 20.87 0.33 2.34 0.44 0.83 1.63 100.00
CAR 255,552 517,640 - 128 284,093 320,913 135,559 230,121 2,192 13,101 15,829 - - 23,716 1,798,843
ABRA 43,316 103,384 - 100 56,117 128,551 19,379 29,748 434 6,946 2,035 - - 7,630 397,640
APAYAO 118,982 99,358 - 18 95,347 29,749 3,451 40,277 565 1,580 2,125 - - 4,547 396,000
BENGUET 3,196 116,430 - - 10,281 67,829 15,822 32,545 - 897 5,891 - - 2,606 255,495
IFUGAO 13,692 88,705 - - 24,019 44,715 31,325 55,044 172 720 2,145 - - 5,438 265,974
KALINGA 48,888 49,974 - 10 57,981 36,475 42,735 42,487 275 2,949 1,814 - - 2,244 285,833
MT.PROVINCE 27,478 59,787 - - 40,348 13,594 22,848 30,019 745 10 1,819 - - 1,252 197,900
NCR - 2,008 115 - 346 962 1,466 655 26 5 51,618 35 1,090 1,231 59,556
METRO
- 2,008 115 - 346 962 1,466 655 26 5 51,618 35 1,090 1,231 59,556
MANILA
REGION I 18,390 105,060 1,028 111 162,373 306,945 79,481 414,386 56,639 14,898 60,376 71 18,999 20,735 1,259,492
ILOCOS
14,266 53,583 - 16 66,118 69,137 29,588 82,413 2,393 8,689 5,718 - 71 5,201 337,193
NORTE
ILOCOS SUR 78 31,723 211 94 29,900 93,609 19,547 63,480 1,455 2,561 8,244 - 343 4,514 255,758
30
LA UNION - 5,760 120 1 24,776 50,864 216 49,977 1,077 1,308 8,315 - 1,574 1,692 145,681
PANGASINAN 4,046 13,993 697 - 41,579 93,335 30,130 218,517 51,714 2,341 38,100 71 17,011 9,327 520,859
REGION II 485,262 553,344 5,902 112 117,027 331,218 162,856 839,214 39,167 10,635 48,214 1,734 1,565 35,787 2,632,037
BATANES - 1,819 - - 8,268 1,208 6,858 1,641 - 95 156 - - 6 20,049
CAGAYAN 206,475 131,341 5,179 - 35,236 117,452 95,239 230,489 17,517 5,692 20,062 1,701 1,565 15,164 883,110
ISABELA 69,444 308,106 723 97 35,294 69,763 11,457 498,829 8,592 1,429 21,632 33 - 15,137 1,040,536
NUEVA
122,615 71,093 - 15 3,932 125,803 32,258 51,660 3,573 2,765 3,019 - - 2,260 418,994
VIZCAYA
QUIRINO 86,729 40,986 - - 34,297 16,992 17,044 56,595 9,486 655 3,345 - - 3,221 269,349
REGION III 225,352 294,331 955 1,355 151,950 216,924 164,529 729,421 105,455 11,706 103,712 1,129 61,257 47,611 2,115,687
AURORA 132,548 85,518 521 12 26,173 11,982 2,465 19,741 21,540 2,347 2,072 - 69 2,299 307,287
BATAAN 10,618 20,791 208 - 9,194 8,166 14,916 30,534 24,420 132 6,846 233 5,256 689 132,002
BULACAN 35,266 23,387 - 1,311 7,338 21,287 2,148 88,855 23,189 - 26,519 6 24,388 4,790 258,484
NUEVA ECIJA 9,530 65,074 - - 31,605 66,811 43,502 288,527 4,919 1,231 21,055 - 10,681 542,937
PAMPANGA 773 6,607 85 - 1,893 15,496 4,726 108,257 6,271 1,027 27,845 890 29,634 4,518 208,022
TARLAC 5,407 29,435 - 33 22,183 51,919 13,349 151,356 9,030 - 11,570 - 101 7,520 301,902
ZAMBALES 31,209 63,519 140 - 53,564 41,263 83,422 42,151 16,086 6,970 7,805 - 1,809 17,113 365,053
Table 3.1 (Continuation)
REGION IV-A 69,544 181,226 18,937 1,051 242,444 48,566 39,730 247,821 585,941 2,751 114,784 - 9,856 127,721 1,690,372
BATANGAS 334 2,761 413 - 29,544 6,137 2,684 92,697 131,260 671 27,703 - 841 24,116 319,159
CAVITE - 2,305 150 - 13,513 5,050 9,962 32,150 29,889 153 33,489 - 917 216 127,794
LAGUNA 1,234 15,193 - - 37,727 9,612 3,720 31,990 39,800 47 27,954 - 51 94,222 261,550
QUEZON 63,838 148,285 18,374 1,051 128,735 2,342 8,890 82,912 376,560 1,337 8,400 - 8,023 8,347 857,093
RIZAL 4,139 12,682 - - 32,926 25,424 14,475 8,071 8,432 542 17,238 - 25 820 124,774
REGION IV-B 97,810 744,530 73,324 29 521,609 255,536 215,151 286,060 412,560 11,079 30,709 7 10,211 31,270 2,689,884
MARINDUQUE - 12,255 2,877 - 14,652 5,160 4,635 8,357 40,197 1,300 1,791 - 580 775 92,580
OCCIDENTAL
1,968 101,424 1,594 - 141,738 86,649 140,893 86,122 5,699 6,686 5,583 - 4,696 7,682 590,734
MINDORO
ORIENTAL
5,301 77,731 3,949 - 41,983 24,995 17,694 78,160 147,448 1,144 8,564 - 2,828 16,281 426,079
MINDORO
PALAWAN 86,877 541,590 63,821 29 294,731 125,728 36,038 101,201 175,460 1,788 13,642 7 1,698 5,965 1,448,575
ROMBLON 3,664 11,529 1,084 - 28,506 13,003 15,891 12,220 43,755 161 1,128 - 408 568 131,916
REGION V 39,646 143,416 24,953 110 187,297 102,873 119,370 322,077 718,325 9,551 32,262 421 17,571 17,904 1,735,776
ALBAY 11,196 29,831 1,072 - 9,354 4,660 6,634 47,247 115,421 2,963 10,286 337 502 1,892 241,396
31
CAMARINES
9,466 15,079 3,559 - 42,013 32,403 2,855 22,303 72,335 596 5,531 - 4,245 1,893 212,279
NORTE
CAMARINES
8,221 45,861 7,264 - 58,076 10,759 22,139 123,546 235,165 189 8,346 40 2,498 9,277 531,381
SUR
CATANDUANES 10,763 32,249 1,995 - 56,618 2,063 3,191 9,262 26,451 198 1,709 - 307 1,331 146,137
MASBATE - 140 6,638 - 18,926 51,656 80,973 97,548 127,628 4,983 2,327 44 7,099 1,454 399,415
SORSOGON - 20,256 4,425 110 2,309 1,332 3,579 22,171 141,326 621 4,063 - 2,919 2,057 205,169
REGION VI 67,167 110,146 10,006 221 327,274 346,618 63,529 812,739 153,517 8,351 34,068 - 60,308 16,055 2,010,001
AKLAN 12,599 23,098 702 - 30,429 72,460 4,101 15,756 8,706 593 3,336 - 7,581 1,907 181,267
ANTIQUE 20,380 31,223 792 18 20,872 125,342 12,239 42,498 8,367 1,944 2,726 - 319 5,458 272,178
CAPIZ 14,728 6,865 1,399 - 53,447 18,034 1,504 118,403 17,626 - 2,450 - 20,979 1,183 256,617
GUIMARAS - - 776 - 5,921 1,795 19 15,058 34,206 12 468 - 1,430 42 59,728
ILOILO 2,954 21,397 1,316 10 106,152 64,725 15,729 186,614 35,772 3,982 10,306 - 13,938 3,442 466,337
NEGROS
16,506 27,563 5,021 193 110,454 64,262 29,937 434,410 48,839 1,820 14,782 - 16,062 4,023 773,874
OCCIDENTAL
Fallow Grassland Fishpond Total
Forest Forest Forest Shrubs Grassland Crop Crop Barren up Swamp Water
REGION VII 11,464 35,798 14,804 545 272,224 205,686 54,324 364,772 398,780 2,166 41,665 172 10,124 5,619 1,418,142
BOHOL - 10,267 10,622 - 61,947 29,985 27,004 76,453 166,489 133 6,324 - 5,779 1,362 396,364
CEBU 8,723 2,650 3,034 - 117,123 20,746 18,811 99,933 178,074 1,624 31,226 172 1,981 1,833 485,930
NEGROS
2,741 22,074 1,051 545 86,365 150,902 6,848 180,559 44,205 341 3,553 - 2,354 2,421 503,960
ORIENTAL
SIQUIJOR - 806 96 - 6,789 4,054 1,662 7,826 10,011 67 562 - 11 4 31,888
REGION VIII 45,948 426,863 41,654 165 193,051 283,181 21,668 246,439 781,775 2,203 18,732 3,848 4,747 12,349 2,082,622
BILIRAN - 8,383 286 - 3,277 192 1,991 5,437 32,127 12 1,164 - 126 121 53,116
EASTERN
21,828 156,539 7,834 131 26,480 37,278 4,653 31,023 132,980 1,653 3,246 12 12 2,872 426,541
SAMAR
LEYTE 17,170 52,773 8,279 - 59,721 57,299 2,527 121,586 223,084 206 7,379 3,836 2,168 3,038 559,066
NORTHERN
- 35,494 10,787 - 34,563 889 2,500 51,325 192,879 212 2,075 - 970 2,654 334,348
SAMAR
SAMAR 3,748 147,835 13,880 - 27,191 148,900 3,688 27,188 164,627 101 2,937 - 1,348 3,287 544,730
SOUTHERN
3,202 25,839 589 34 41,818 38,623 6,308 9,879 36,078 20 1,930 - 124 377 164,821
LEYTE
REGION IX 29,906 120,488 26,523 - 112,464 221,431 96,758 166,589 627,449 1,387 16,642 137 26,390 10,659 1,456,825
ZAMBOANGA
9,032 73,133 592 - 61,554 85,928 57,284 40,857 285,293 596 5,442 - 1,863 4,254 625,828
32
DEL NORTE
ZAMBOANGA
18,352 21,516 11,914 - 35,614 116,169 29,104 76,777 208,910 759 8,702 137 13,380 4,718 546,051
DEL SUR
ZAMBOANGA
2,523 25,839 14,018 - 15,297 19,335 10,371 48,955 133,245 32 2,498 - 11,147 1,687 284,946
SIBUGAY
REGION X 173,962 197,517 6,379 4 136,208 169,414 76,374 532,205 407,422 458 29,092 - 4,797 10,892 1,744,723
BUKIDNON 125,361 76,961 - - 60,082 121,735 45,206 396,406 51,119 - 11,703 - - 4,854 893,428
CAMIGUIN 3,994 1,705 19 - 37 324 399 585 16,339 49 659 - - 286 24,395
LANAO DEL
11,934 52,122 2,328 - 33,851 11,607 1,591 55,111 129,386 189 4,025 - 2,870 1,935 306,950
NORTE
MISAMIS
23,859 16,146 3,739 4 3,917 9,376 262 19,662 107,357 11 2,340 - 1,264 1,048 188,985
OCCIDENTAL
MISAMIS
8,814 50,583 293 - 38,321 26,370 28,916 60,440 103,221 208 10,365 - 662 2,769 330,965
ORIENTAL
REGION XI 160,083 265,754 2,879 21 252,222 273,426 37,287 127,738 708,804 725 31,966 29 5,767 17,796 1,884,497
COMPOSTELA
54,106 90,338 209 - 68,799 36,927 268 35,834 155,370 379 3,781 - 250 5,064 451,326
VALLEY
DAVAO DEL
10,149 42,327 670 - 53,683 33,716 18,762 42,740 132,996 225 8,635 29 1,700 6,371 352,001
NORTE
DAVAO DEL
17,570 50,891 132 - 34,960 160,713 14,126 27,588 277,368 6 18,194 - 2,485 3,484 607,519
SUR
DAVAO
78,258 82,198 1,868 21 94,781 42,070 4,130 21,576 143,070 115 1,356 - 1,332 2,877 473,652
ORIENTAL
REGION XII 54,247 193,202 1,601 - 115,943 444,211 94,214 533,971 336,012 672 28,817 22,495 3,054 18,949 1,847,387
NORTH
7,896 31,381 670 - 34,231 117,141 35,268 237,064 143,792 59 7,000 21,347 1,417 4,343 641,609
COTABATO
SARANGANI 1,776 38,037 147 - 24,145 91,128 27,312 17,613 115,768 218 1,973 - 905 3,274 322,295
SOUTH
26,465 37,839 24 - 26,507 143,554 19,547 141,935 22,826 279 13,319 143 189 3,604 436,232
COTABATO
SULTAN
18,111 85,945 760 - 31,060 92,388 12,087 137,360 53,626 116 6,525 1,005 543 7,728 447,251
KUDARAT
REGION XIII 99,812 557,402 25,898 3,396 193,566 209,208 32,265 188,099 469,790 5,313 21,948 45,270 7,392 36,161 1,895,520
AGUSAN DEL
2,217 47,433 1,231 - 21,106 42,320 6,606 29,184 130,254 209 5,787 - 3,959 17,462 307,768
NORTE
AGUSAN DEL
57,208 285,529 - 3,396 87,463 122,683 16,134 104,096 54,795 525 9,165 45,270 - 10,353 796,615
SUR
DINAGAT
5,641 19,418 2,360 - 16,702 19,058 2,614 3,059 9,979 440 561 - 24 287 80,144
ISLANDS
SURIGAO DEL
7,139 14,896 13,234 - 34,664 14,491 4,480 22,385 81,669 3,131 2,957 - 1,511 2,258 202,817
NORTE
33
SURIGAO DEL
27,606 190,127 9,072 - 33,632 10,656 2,432 29,374 193,092 1,008 3,478 - 1,898 5,802 508,176
SUR
ARMM 99,889 146,431 55,574 - 85,087 91,934 36,782 233,687 364,507 2,303 11,645 56,151 1,839 46,966 1,232,794
BASILAN 11,442 1,003 8,875 7,012 74 1,358 1,164 79,341 1,216 1,160 576 741 132 114,094
LANAO DEL
80,245 69,442 464 18,796 9,666 4,556 83,613 54,024 36 2,914 6 36,917 33 360,712
SUR
MAGUINDANAO 8,202 43,087 1,061 33,424 50,922 27,775 139,211 115,904 9 4,683 1,152 7,698 55,987 489,115
SULU 757 30,083 4,330 28,357 1,466 8,266 75,049 811 1,657 80 1,080 151,936
TAWI-TAWI 32,142 15,091 21,526 2,914 1,627 1,434 40,189 230 1,231 26 528 116,937
Note: 2010 Land cover data was generated from the interpretation of 10m resolution ALOS/AVNIR and SPOT satellite imageries taken from 2007 to 2011 with ground validation.
Administrative boundary was based from NAMRIA data.
Land cover classification was based from FAO 2009 International Standard and aggregated into 14 categories.
Source: National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA)

Table 3.2 Forest Cover Statistics by Region, Philippines, 2010, In hectares
Area (In hectares)
Philippines
Closed Forest Open Forest Total
CAR 255,552 517,640 773,191
REGION I 18,390 105,060 123,449
REGION II 485,262 553,344 1,038,605
REGION III 225,352 294,331 519,683
NCR 0 2,008 2,008
REGION IV - A 69,544 181,226 250,769
REGION IV - B 97,810 744,530 842,339
REGION V 39,646 143,416 183,062
REGION VI 67,167 110,146 177,314
REGION VII 11,464 35,798 47,261
REGION VIII 45,948 426,863 472,811
REGION IX 29,906 120,488 150,395
REGION X 173,962 197,517 371,479
REGION XI 160,083 265,754 425,837
34
REGION XII 54,247 193,202 247,449

REGION XIII 99,812 557,402 657,214
ARRM 99,889 146,431 246,320
Total 1,934,032 4,595,154 6,529,187
Forest plantation
(Broad-leaved and -
Coniferous) 3/
Grand Total 6,529,187
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources, National Mapping and Resources Information Authority. 2010 Forest/Land Cover Statistics
Table 3.3. Area Reforested/Planted, Adjusted, Philippines, 2003-2010, In hectares
Area (in ha)
Item Removed
Year
(Name of Activity/Project)
Original Adjusted Change
2003 15,088 14,650 438 FSL II-JBIC-Mangrove
2004 20,338 20,338 0
2005 16,498 15,821 677 Mangrove Rehabilitation
2006 7,223 6,786 437 Coastal Rehabilitation
2007 27,837 26,223 1,614 Coastal/Mangrove

35
2008 43,609 42,373 1,236 Mangrove
2009 54,792 53,133 1,659 Mangrove
2010 36,877 34,942 1,935 Mangrove

Source: DENR-FMB. 2003-2010 Area Reforested/Planted by Region and by Sector.
Table 3.4. Reforested Areas for Development under the National Greening Program, Adjusted, Philippines, 2011-2015, In hectares
Areas for Development
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
(In hectares)
Ancestral Domain 4,820 5,733 15,142 18,980 14,205
Forestland 104,192 199,028 289,232 267,442 0

Forestland/Riverbanks 0 0 3,892 3,988 0
Military Reservation 295 0 0 640 0
Other Suitable Lands 0 0 0 3,988 0
16,395
Protected Area 12,835 11,475 14,544 28,052
Urban Areas, School Parks,

5,080 4,670 3,072 1,199
Roadside 0
Tenured Areas 0 0 0
32,553 18,091
36
Untenured Areas 0 0 0
152,964 311,544
Grand Total 127,222 220,906 325,882 321,910 360,235
Note: Only reforested areas under "Mangrove Areas" were excluded.

Source: DENR-FMB. 2011-2015 Reforested Areas for Development under the National Greening Program.
Table 3.5. Area Affected by Forest Disturbances, Philippines, 2003-2014, In hectares
Extent of Damage (in ha)
1/
Cause Year
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Fire 1,042 1,376 2,715 3,005 903 77 1,200 1,561 (no data) 5,822 1,016 794.65
Incendiarism 131 97 239 191 228 0 0 - - - -

-
Hunting (Throwing Cigarette
0 146 0 0 0 0 0 - - -
Butts)
Forestfire/Grassfire/Fire 911 1,133 2,476 2,814 675 77 1,200 - - - -
Kaingin/Illegal Entry 0 11 1 0 34 105 0 - - - -
Illegal Cutting 0 0 0 0 1,552 0 0 - - - -
Others/Unknown 0 312 0 0 87 367 0 - - - -
Total 1,042 1,700 2,716 3,005 2,576 549 1,200 1,561 5,822 1,016 794.65
Source: DENR-PMED. 2000-2014 Forest Disturbance by Cause.
37
Note:
- No report.
a. Upon inquiry, PMED only consolidates data from regional accomplishment reports. No official classification system used in reporting extent of damage of forest
disturbances.
b. No data was indicated for 2011 due to start of the NGP per OIC-Chief of PMED.
Table 3.6. Area Affected by Kaingin and Imputation Made for Missing Values, Philippines, 2003-2015, In hectares
Imputed Area
Area Harvested Growth Rate of Affected by Kaingin
Area Affected using growth rate 4/
Year for Temporary Area Harvested for
by Kaingin 1/
Crops 3/ Temporary Crops
Figures in red are
imputed values.
2015 1727 8,378,264 -0.018 1,727
2014 8,527,789 0.003 109
2013 8,502,844 0.002 108
2012 - 8,482,504 0.023 108
2011 - 8,293,593 0.04 106
2010 - 7,973,503 -0.049 102
2009 - 8,383,016 0.013 107
2008 1052/ 8,278,057 0.026 105
2/
2007 34 8,066,676 0.025 34
2/
2006 0 7,867,777 0.03 1
38
2/
2005 1 7,641,201 -0.02 1
2/
2004 11 7,798,819 0.031 11
2003 -2/ 7,565,529 0.003 755
2002 7532/ 7,544,270 -0.01 753
2/
2001 37 7,621,922 -0.002 37
2/
2000 875 7,636,416 -0.018 875
1999 45 7,774,817 0.189 45
- No report.
1/
Source of data on Area Affected by Kaingin data
For the year 1999: DENR Forest Disturbance by Cause. CPES 2002, 2006, and 2008
For the period 2000-2012: DENR Forest Disturbance by Cause.
2/
In CPES 2014, forest disturbance cause was reported as Kainging/illegal entry
3/
PSA. Area Planted/Harvested. Available in countrystat.psa.gov.ph Retrieved on 19 April 2016
4/
Growth rates of area harvested for temporary crops that does not account for double counting due to inter cropping were used.
Table 3.7. Area Affected by Illegal Logging and Imputation Made for Missing Values, Philippines, 2003-2015, In hectares
Growth Rate of Imputed Area Affected by

Amount of Amount of Illegal Logging/ Cutting
Area Affected by Illegal Implicit Price Amount of
Confiscated Goods Confiscated Goods using growth rate
Year Logging/ Cutting 1/ Index – Forestry Confiscated Goods
Reported by DENR 4/ Reported by DENR
Reported by DENR
(Nominal) 3/ (Real)
(Real)
Figures in red are imputed
values.
194.5
2015 208,995 107,452 0.1826 1619
2014 174,363 191.9 90,861 (0.5011) 1369
2013 157,641 86.55 182,135 (0.080) 2,744
2012 - 166,621 84.15 198,017 0.458 2,984
2011 - 139,766 102.94 135,779 (0.173) 2,046
2010 - 149,405 90.98 164,219 0.339 2,474
2/
2009 - 118,261 96.45 122,615 0.029 1,848
2/
2008 - 107,124 89.86 119,216 0.157 1,796
2/
2007 1,552 109,901 106.70 102,998 0.069 1,552
39
2/
2006 - 95,736 99.36 96,355 0.045 1,452
2/
2005 - 95,200 103.21 92,241 (0.083) 1,390
2/
2004 - 101,913 101.28 100,628 (0.184) 1,516
2/
2003 - 94,858 76.94 123,285 2.014 1,858
2/
2002 - 33,428 81.71 40,909 (0.702) 616
2/
2001 - 124,804 90.86 137,355
2/
2000 4,920 100.00
- No report
1/
Source of data on Area Affected by Illegal Logging/Cutting data
For the period 2000–2012: DENR. Forest disturbance by cause.
2/
In CPES 2014, forest disturbance cause was reported as Illegal cutting.
3/
Commission on Audit. 2001 - 2014 Annual Financial Report of the National Government.
4/
PSA. Implicit Price Index. Forestry Sector
Table 3.8. Area Affected by Forest Fire and Imputation Made for Missing Value, Philippines, 2003-2015, In hectares
Imputed Area Affected by

Area Affected by Forest Forest Fire using Interpolation
Year
Fire1/
Figures in red are imputed values.
2015 4110 4110
2014 795 795
2013 1,016 1,016
2/
2012 5,822 5,822
2/
2011 - 3,692
2/
2010 1,561 1,561
2/
2009 1,200 1,200
2/
40 2008 77 77
2/
2007 903 903
2/
2006 3,005 3,005
2/
2005 2,715 2,715
2/
2004 1,376 1,376
2/
2003 1,042 1,042
2/
2002 2,465 2,465
2/
2001 776 776
2/
2000 4,878 4,878
- No report
1/
Source of data on Area Affected by Illegal Logging/Cutting data: Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Forest disturbance by cause.
2/
In CPES 2014, forest disturbance cause was reported as Fire
REFERENCES
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Land Account: Queensland, Experimental Estimates,

2011-2016. Retrieved from:
http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/4609.0.55.003Main+Features12011
%20-%202016?OpenDocument
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2017). Land Accounts in Indonesia.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (nd). Saving Philippine Forest. Retrieved
6 November 2018 from http://denr.gov.ph/news-and-features/latest-news/597-saving-
philippine-forest.html
Food and Agriculture Organizations of the United Nations (2016). Global Forest Resources
Assessment 2015. Second edition. Rome 2016
Forest Management Bureau (2017). Philippine Forest at a Glance 2017 Edition.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. (2005) DENR Memorandum Circular

2005-005. Adopting Forestry Definitions Concerning Forest Cover/Land Use. Quezon
City
National Statistical Coordination Board. (1998). Philippine Asset Accounts: Forest, Land/Soil,
Fishery, Mineral, and Water Resources.
Environmental Science for Social Change. (1999). Decline of the Philippine Forest. Quezon
City, Philippines: Bookmark, Inc
Forest Stewardship Council. (2013). The Increasing Importance of Forest to the Prosperity of
People, 2. Germany: FSC International
Harris, N. (2016). Global Forest Watch Climate: Summary of Methods and Data.
Washington, DC: World Resource Institute
International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2018). Forests. Retrieved November 6,

2018 from https://www.iucn.org/theme/forests
Statistics South Africa. (2004). Natural Resource Accounts Land: Land accounts – including
land-use and land-cover – for South Africa, 1994/1995
Statistics Sweden (2003.). Land Accounting.
The Manila Times (2015). One for the Philippine forests. Retrieved 6 November 2018 from
https://www.manilatimes.net/one-for-the-philippine-forests/171455/
41
Peter Walpole (2012). Low forest cover in the Philippines: Issues and responses at the
community level. Retriever 6 November 2018 from
http://essc.org.ph/content/lview/579/1/
World Bank. (2017). Population, total. Retrieved November 8, 2018, from

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?end=2010&start=1990
United Nations. (2014). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 Central

Framework. New York
42
Definition of Terms
A store of value representing a benefit or series of

benefits accruing to an economic owner by holding or
Asset using the entity over a period of time. It is a means of
carrying forward value from one accounting period to
another
Formation where tress in various storey and
undergrowth cover a high proportion (>40 percent) of
the ground and do not have a continuous dense grass
layer. They are either managed or unmanaged forest, in
Closed forest
advance state of succession and may have been
logged over one or more times, having kept their
characteristics of forest stands, possibly with modified
structure and composition.
Reductions in the stock due to the use of updated
Downward reappraisals information which permits a reassessment of the physical
size of the stock
Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than
Forest land 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent. (FAO
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010)
A unique environmental asset that delineates the space in
which economic activities and environmental processes take
Land
place and within which environmental assets and economic
assets are located
Refers to the observed physical and biological cover of the
Land cover Earth's surface and includes natural vegetation and abiotic
(non-living) surfaces
Reflects both (a) the activities undertaken and (b) the
institutional arrangements put in place for a given area for
Land use
the purposes of economic production, or the maintenance
and restoration of environmental functions
Additions to stock due to human activity (e.g. conversion of
Managed expansion
crop areas into tree-covered areas)
Managed regression Reductions in stock due to human activity
Natural expansion of
An increase in area of forest and other wooded land resulting
forest and other wooded
from natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering
land
Natural regression of
A decrease in an area of forest and other wooded land that
forest and other wooded
occurs for natural reasons
land
Formations with discontinuous tree layer with coverage
of at least 10% and less than 40%. They are either
Open forest
managed or unmanaged forests, in initial state of
succession.
Additions to stock due to the use of updated information that
Upward reappraisals
permits a reassessment of the physical size of the stock
43

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TECHNICAL REPORT ON PHYSICAL ASSET ACCOUNTS

ASSET ACCOUNTS FOR

Environment and Natural Resources Accounts Division

For technical inquiries, please contact us at: (632) 376-2041

TERMS OF USE OF PSA PUBLICATIONS

ISSN 2094-179X 2672-2771

LISA GRACE S. BERSALES, Ph.D.

Quezon City, Philippines

ENR Environment and Natural Resources

ENRA Environment and Natural Resource Accounting

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FDES Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

GIS Geographic Information System

IEMSD Integrated Environment and Sustainable Development Programme

NAMRIA National Mapping and Resource Information Authority

NEDA National Economic Development Authority

NGP National Greening Program

PDP Philippine Development Plan

PEENRA Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting

PSA Philippine Statistics Authority

SDGs Sustainable Development Goals

SEEA System of Environmental-Economic Accounting

SNA System of National Accounts

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

through the Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting

the tree-covered areas as defined in the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic

environment and the economy through a comprehensive environmental accounting system.

last part presents suggestions on the way forward.

classes over the periods covered.

regression, natural regression, and downward reappraisals. The estimation methodology

the full report.

upward and downward reappraisals. Further research on proxy indicators or suitable

Figure 1. 2010 Forest Cover of the Philippines...................................................................... 3

Philippines and its remaining stocks.

of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012- Central Framework. In addition, it aims to

improvement and data support.

B. Global Status of Forest

increase of population and expansion of economic activities, the need to develop

help policymakers to deal with origins of pressures in the environment such as

afforestation, deforestation, and other direct and indirect use of forest.

of soil erosion as well as landslides. It also resulted to an increase in the number of

Open Forest Closed Forest Mangrove

Source: DENR, Philippine Forest at a Glance 2017 Edition

environment). Likewise, this accounting will aid in monitoring the UN Sustainable

afforestation and reforestation globally.

A. Land Asset Accounting on selected Countries: A case study

the economical use of agriculture, mining, manufacturing, energy, commercial land,

because it takes a long time before they alter significantly.

from 2010 to 2015.

B. Philippine Initiatives on Land Asset Accounting

(ENRA) Subprogramme in which the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB)

accounts. The ENRA Subprogramme is a component of the Integrated Environment and

has been developed for the establishment of environmental accounts.

the ENRA II Project aims to institutionalize the Philippine Economic-Environmental and

Natural Resource Accounting (PEENRA) system in order to consolidate environmental

concerns to decision-making and policy planning.

towards the institutionalization of PEENRA accounts and statistics. Thus, focusing on

updating and development of environmental accounts and statistics, based on

accounts of land, energy, and water resources.

A. Scope and Coverage

The report follows the United Nations System of Environmental-Economic Accounting

environmental assets, one of which is Land.