Cpes2000 0 PDF

Compendium of Philippine
Environment Statistics
Republika ng Pilipinas
PAMBANSANG LUPON SA UGNAYANG PANG-ESTADISTIKA
(NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD)
hile the Philippines continues to experience accelerated economic
growth, the environmental quality is fast deteriorating as dramatized by the
increased incidence of environmental disasters associated with mine tailings,
deforestation, pollution, drought, salt water intrusion and other destructive
activities. This has
prompted the Philippines to adopt the strategy of sustainable development and growth with
equity, bringing to fore the need for environment statistics.
However, the lack of an organized and integrated framework in the collection and
utilization of environment statistics has become a major deterrent in man’s struggle to
effectively manage and conserve the natural environment. To address this concern, the
Asian Development Bank (ADB) initiated efforts to help the Philippines as well as other
developing member countries (DMCs) to develop and collect environment statistics on a
continuing basis. Thus, the Philippine Framework for the Development of Environment
Statistics (PFDES) was developed. The PFDES is a systematic organization of the
interdisciplinary nature of environment statistics and focuses on the identification,
description and presentation of data variables which are useful for tracing and verifying
interrelationships among human activities and natural events.
This compendium is an initial attempt to compile priority environment

statistics/indicators based on the PFDES. It covers data for the period 1990 to 1998,
whenever possible. Latest figures presented vary depending on the availability of data.
Updating of the compendium will subsequently be done every two years.
Although the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) is the implementing

agency, this compilation is a result of the collaborative work of all government agencies
generating environment-related statistics. We are very much grateful to our colleagues for
providing the data and other relevant information. We hope that the fruits of our efforts
will be useful in the formulation and evaluation of socio -economic and environmental
programs and policies. We wish to emphasize, however, that the immense task of saving our
environment and our future for that matter demands the contribution and support of each
one of us. Through this publication, we hope that we were able to impart to the public a
sense of inspiration to personally share in the conservation efforts.
ROMULO A. VIROLA
Secretary General
E
nvironment statistics in the Philippines is a new area that has recently
been introduced as a vital component of sustainable development
management. At present, statistical agencies are just starting to
incorporate this new concern in their surveys and censuses. Agencies
from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and
environment-related agencies have been collecting environment data mostly
through their administrative reporting systems. Recently, the DENR started to
improve and redesign its internal reporting system to meet its information
requirements for planning, policy formulation and management. This effort is
being done jointly with statistical agencies.
Despite these, environment statistics in the Philippine is still considered

inadequate. While several agencies collect subsets of environment-related data, no
single agency is coordinating the collection of environment statistics. Moreover, in
the Philippines, there is no conceptual framework for compiling and organizing
environment statistics and the methodology for data collection is not well
developed.
In response to the broad issue of inadequacy of environment statistics,

several efforts were undertaken to address it. One such effort is through the
implementation of the Philippine Economic-Environmental and Natural Resource
Accounting (PEENRA) which focuses on the proper valuation of the country’s
environmental and natural resources. The institutionalization of the PEENRA
system will serve as a tool and mechanism to integrate environmental concerns in
planning, policy-making and project implementation. Aside from the PEENRA,
the formulation of the Philippine Framework for the Development of Environment
Statistics (PFDES) was undertaken to solve the inadequacy in the collection and
compilation of environment statistics. This effort was initiated by the Technical
Assistance of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) through RETA 5555
“Institutional Strengthening and Collection of Environment Statistics in Selected
Developing Member Countries”. The primary objective of the project is the
development of the PFDES and the institutionalization of its compilation.
The PFDES provides a systematic approach to the development of

environment statistics and is an instrument by which data coming from various data
collecting institutions are compiled and integrated in such a way as to be more
useful in the formulation and valuation of socio-economic and environmental
programs and policies. Statistics presented in the succeeding chapters were thus
based on the PFDES.
The document is divided into seven chapters corresponding to the following

components of our natural environment: Flora; Fauna; Atmosphere; Water; Land
and Soil; Mineral and Energy Resources; and Human Settlements. The first six
chapters concern our natural resources while the last chapter, Human Settlements,
deals with the “habitat” or environment of human beings encompassing both rural
and urban areas where man settles to live.
Each chapter/component contains: (a) an introduction about the

environmental media covered and highlights of its importance, status and
interventions being implemented to protect it; (b) the conceptual framework
defining the more specific and more detailed environmental concerns and issues
under each information category; (c) the statistical framework showing the specific
variables and the measurements needed to quantify the topics/items in the
conceptual framework; (d) data assessment where every variable is assessed in
terms of availability, disaggregation, periodicity and manner of collection; (e)
situational analysis discussing the major issues and concerns supported by data
collected; and (f). additional statistical tables reflecting the sequence of events from
human activities and natural events creating an impact on the environment and
individuals and social responses to avoid or mitigate these impacts. The levels of
disaggregation vary depending on the availability of data.
Additionally, the List of Acronyms and Abbreviations of terms used in the

compendium and the members of the different Technical Working Groups (TWG),
are provided as appendices.
The Glossary of Terms, which contains the terminologies and definitions

used in the compendium, is included as a supplementary publication. Inclusion of
the Glossary is a way by which we hope to enhance the usefulness of the statistics
presented in the compendium. As work on the institutionalisation of the PFDES
continues, we hope to expand and improve our future publications, including the
standardization of terms to conform with internationally-accepted definitions while
at the same time maintaining relevance to the local situation.
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The PFDES is a systematic organization of the interdisciplinary nature of
environment statistics and focuses on the identification, description and
presentation of data variables which are useful for tracing and verifying
interrelationships of human activities and natural events with the environment. As
agreed upon during the Inception Workshop on the Institutional Strengthening and
Collection of Environment Statistics in selected developing member countries
(RETA 5555) held in Manila on September 18-21, 1995, the United Nations FDES
(UNFDES) will serve as a guide in formulating the PFDES. The UNFDES was
then realigned to the Philippine setting to meet the country’s specific concerns.
The PFDES relates each component of the environment (Flora, Fauna,

Atmosphere, Water, Land and Soil, Mineral and Energy Resources, Flora and
Human Settlements) to four information categories, namely: (1) Social and
economic activities and natural events; (2) Environmental impacts of activities and
events; (3) Responses to environmental impacts; and (4) Stocks and inventories.
Social and economic activities and natural events include human activities
and natural events which directly affect the different components of the
environment, thus, producing environmental impacts. Human activities like the
production and consumption of goods and services affect the different components
of the environment through the direct use or misuse of natural resources or
through the generation of waste and the emissions in production and consumption
processes. Likewise, natural events such as typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions also have impacts on the different environmental media. Natural
disasters, largely caused by human activities, also stress the balance of the
environment.
Environmental impacts of activities and events, as the name suggests,

attempts to quantify the negative effects on the environment of man’s activities and
natural events. Negative impacts are manifested in the depletion of natural
resources (measured in terms of changes in the quantity), environmental
degradation (measured in terms of the changes in the quality) and the consequential
health and welfare effects.
Man’s various attempts to curb and mitigate these negative impacts gives
rise to the third information category, namely, responses to environmental impacts.
These responses can either be defensive/curative such as cleaning up or preventive
such as regulating human behaviour. Further, responses may be in the form of
policies, programs and projects designed to monitor and control pollutants,
develop and apply environmentally sound techniques, change the production and
consumption patterns, manage and use properly the natural resources, prevent and
mitigate the effects of natural disasters and improve the living conditions in human
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settlements. Such efforts are, in turn, carried out either through individual actions
in the case of households and entrepreneurs, or through collective actions in the
case of government organizations such as UNESCO.
The fourth category, stocks and inventories, is intended to provide

“benchmark” data for possible linkage with other subject areas.
Within each information category are statistical topics which formed the
basis in identifying relevant statistical variables to be included in the framework.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 FLORA
Page
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-ii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-iv
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Section 1 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

1.1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
1.2 Statistical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-7
1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
1.3.1 Social and Economic Activities and
Natural Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities
And Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20
1.3.3 Responses to Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . 1-21
1.3.4 Stocks and Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22
Section 2 Situational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25

2.1 Highlights of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Forest Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25
Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26
Wildlife Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26
2.2 Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Title Page
A Conceptual Framework on Flora 1-2
B Statistical Framework on Flora 1-8
C Data Assessment of the Flora Component 1-14
1.1 Land Classification: 1976-1996 1-27
1.2 Roundwood Production: 1990-1997 1-28
1.3 Log Production by Region: 1990-1995 1-28
1.4 Lumber Production by Region: 1990, 1992-1995 1-29
1.5 Veneer Production: 1990, 1992-1995 1-31
1.6 Plywood Production: 1990, 1992-1995 1-31
1.7 Production of Processed Wood Products: 1990-1995 1-32
1.8 Paperboard and Paperboard Production of PICOP: 1990-1995 1-32
1.9 Production of Non-Timber Products by Region: 1990-1997 1-33
1.10 Marine Municipal Fish Production by Species: 1992-1996 1-41
1.11 Seaweeds Culture, Volume of Production by Region: 1992-1996 1-42
1.12 Seaweeds Culture, Value of Production by Region: 1992-1996 1-43
1.13 Forest Destruction: 1992-1997 1-44
1.14 Forest Destruction by Cause: 1969-1987 1-45
1.14a-d Forest Destruction by Region: 1987, 1991, 1996-1997 1-46
1.15 Number of Wildlife Local Transport Permits Issued: 1990-1997 1-50
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1.16 Forestry Licenses, Leases and Permits by Region: 1990-1997 1-51
1.17 Number of Plants Confiscated: 1991-1997 1-59
1.18 Area Reforested by the Government and Private Sectors 1-60
1.19 List of Protected Area Sites with Approved Interim PAMBs: 1-62
1994-1996
1.20 List of Policy Issuances: 1995-1997 1-64
1.21 DENR Administrative Orders: 1995-1997 1-67
1.22 DENR Memorandum Circulars: 1995-1997 1-69
1.23 DENR Memorandum Orders: 1995-1996 1-69
1.24 Volume Accounts of Old Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-70

1988-1994
1.25 Volume Accounts of Second Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-71

1988-1994
1.26 Area Accounts of Old Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-72

1988-1994
1.27 Area Accounts of Second Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-73

1988-1994
1.28 Volume Accounts of Pine Forests: 1988-1994 1-74
1.29 Area Accounts of Pine Forests: 1988-1994 1-75
1.30 Volume Accounts of Rattan: 1988-1994 1-76
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. Title Page
1 Philippine Land Classification: as of 1996 1-25
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INTRODUCTION
Flora is a term taken from the name of the Roman goddess of flowers. It is
defined to be the plant life that is present in a particular region or habitat or at a
particular time. It refers to plants in general including ferns, lycopods, lichens, fungi, and
mosses (based on Webster's Dictionary).
Flora is a vital component of symbiotic life. Flora lives on the other components
as much as it exists for the other components in a natural cycle of mutual dependence
called symbiosis.
While flora refers to plants in general, flora as discussed in this chapter covers
only the existing plant wildlife in the Philippines and is primarily focused on the forest −
its cover or vegetation − and to a limited extent, on marine plant resources.
Flora is often associated with the forest although the latter is far more complex
than being a mere assemblage of trees, bushes, flowers, and rare plant species. A forest
provides the main watersheds of rivers. It is home to a great variety of fauna and witness
to many of nature’s phenomena. It is a major source of food and other commodities of
social and economic significance to human life. From an ecological perspective, life may
indeed have come from the forest.
The importance of flora emanates not from its own unique attributes but from its
role in the collective cycle of life, its role as a vital component of life magnified through
the forest.
Because of these inherent characteristics, issues and concerns on flora are

typically found integrated in general environmental concerns. This however, does not
prevent discussion and resolution to focus on issues specific to flora but rather provides a
more dimensional study of flora and its relationships with the other components.
Among the most critical issues on the state of flora in the Philippines and its
impact are as follows:
• Continued degradation of natural forests or whatever is left of these resources;

• Soil erosion that often leads to disasters on human and economy;
• Low productivity or diminishing returns from forest resources and products;
• Access to natural resources and security of tenure;
• Appropriate environmental legislation and policy reforms; and
• Awareness and advocacy.
Efforts have been initiated to address these issues with the goals of arresting the
rapid degradation of the environment, reviving depleted resources, and promoting the
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propagation of certain resources. The Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) of
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) spearheads the
formulation and implementation of policies and programs for the salvation and
propagation of depleted and endangered wildlife species and the management and
protection of existing stocks of wildlife resources. Among the key programs that PAWB
has pursued are the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) and the
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) which have been established
for the efficient management, monitoring, protection and revival of natural habitats for
the maintenance, growth, and proliferation of wildlife resources, including flora species.
The private sector and non-government organizations academic/scientific

institutions both in the local and international communities likewise contribute in the
monitoring of biological resources and in elevating issues and concerns to stakeholders.
The Philippines also implements and is signatory to the Convention on International
Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of wild flora and fauna which aims to curb the
exploitation of wildlife resources through regulation and restrictions on trade of selected
species in 51 countries. Despite these efforts though, the battle to keep whatever is left of
the forests and its wildlife inhabitants intact and to bring them back to its original luscious
state continues.
1 Framework
1.1 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework on the development of flora statistics (Table A), as

with other components discussed in this document, follows the basic classification of the
United Nations Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (UNFDES).
This classification identifies major information categories under which activities, issues,
and solutions and their inter-relationships are presented.
Through this classification, the Philippine framework on the development of flora

statistics describes the general scope and content of the Philippine flora setting ranging
from the social and economic activities that affect its existence − proliferation, extinction
and survival, to the impacts that these activities place on existing stocks, to the remedial
and preventive measures, to the existing stocks and inventories.
The framework is a product of research based on existing literature and discussion

among key informants from selected institutions that are engaged in the monitoring,
protection, and conservation of flora and other wildlife.
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1.1.1 Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events
The activities identified in the framework on the development of flora statistics

are those of human activities and natural events that have impact on flora and its
environment. Human activities primarily include the production and utilization of flora
and its environment for economic gains while natural events refer to environmental
phenomena that occur beyond human control that affect flora and other resources.
The framework focuses on six (6) human activities and natural events as follows:
(1) agriculture; (2) forestry and logging; (3) informal hunting, trapping, and gathering; (4)
naturally-growing flora; (5) natural events; and (6) land use.
Agriculture, forestry, and fishery are major economic activities in the Philippines.
Together, these activities comprise more than twenty percent of the country’s gross
domestic product and more often influence the direction of economic growth. With
renewed government thrust on food production amidst the increasing population demand
and industrial development, the production and consumption of goods and services
through these activities are expected to intensify in the future. This poses a potential
environmental concern especially in the wake of continued expansion of industries and
the demands of human settlements that necessitate the transformation of the agricultural
and forest lands and fish habitat for such purposes. For instance, to improve agricultural
and livestock production at the level required for long-term sustainable yields, the area of
cultivation is continuously being expanded to cover the rich soil of forest land in lieu of
improving agricultural yield per unit area. Forest industries on the other hand, stimulate
other attendant activities that further lead to the conversion of forest lands into
communities that depend mostly on harnessing trees for forest products manufacturing
and fuelwood and charcoal production. These not only deplete a potential resource for
wood and habitat but also threaten the capacity of the biosphere to regulate atmospheric
and hydrospheric cycles.
Another major aspect of forest activities is hunting, trapping and gathering of flora
and fauna wildlife. Hunting is considered to be the very first economic activity of
mankind. Wildlife hunting which necessitates trapping and gathering of wildlife directly
contributes to the decline in population and reduction of habitat when it exceeds the
extent of the potential for natural growth and replenishment. Excessive gathering or
overharvesting of wild plants for commercial purposes threatens the continued existence
of rare and endangered species.
Fishery is progressively becoming a major factor in the degradation of the

environment. This consists mainly of fishing and seaweed harvesting. The use of illegal
means such as dynamite fishing directly affects undersea plant life as it destroys fish
habitat consisting of corals and seaweeds. Seaweed farming on pristine sites greatly
contributes to changes in the biota of such areas. Seaweed farms may cause disruption in
the regeneration/recolonization of hard corals and/or destruction of the seagrass beds that
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serve as nursing ground for fishes and crustaceans. Seaweed farming can result in
damage or loss of irreplaceable and limited critical areas.
Commercial and leisure activities such as deepsea/scuba diving, snorkeling,

proliferation of beach resorts, and unabated eco-tourism activities may have also
contributed to the depletion of undersea flora species.
These activities can result to unregulated human settlements on fragile island

ecosystem that could wreck havoc on both the terrestrial and marine areas due to the
generation of garbage and sewage.
The natural growth of certain flora affects the environment in two ways. It can be
an addition to the stock of flora or a stimulus that can reduce the stock of other flora.
Some of the plants can grow naturally in the forest and propagate themselves or with the
help of other media such as insects. There are however, certain flora species that feed on
other plant life naturally impeding growth and propagation or threatening extinction such
as dominant wildlife or parasitic plants.
Natural events, as defined in the framework, identify the variables associated with
non-human stresses on human production, consumption, and well-being, and on the
environment. Wild fauna and flora have usually adapted to normal ranges of natural
events but extreme conditions present risks to their survival. While human activities may
have inadvertently weakened the resilience of natural systems to natural events, the
factors identified in the framework are primarily considered naturally-occurring. These
consist of weather and climatic factors, geological changes, and hazardous biological
phenomena.
1.1.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events
The topics under this information category represent the impacts of relevant social
and economic activities and natural events which may either be harmful or beneficial and
are classified according to the following: (1) proliferation, depletion, and extinction of
species; (2) depletion/growth of forest resources; and (3) changes of habitat/ecosystem.
Proliferation and growth of previously declared rare and/or endangered species or

new species as well as flora resources are generally good for the environment as they
provide for sustainability of natural forest and marine flora resources. Economic
prospects likewise increase with the continuous propagation of species and preservation
or expansion of natural resources that can become important economic commodities.
Taken in another context, proliferation and growth may also be harmful as these may
result to overpopulation and/or domination of inferior/destructive plant species.
Depletion and extinction of species and diminishing of resources draw the more
immediate and current environmental concerns. These refer to the continuous reduction
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of important plant species to the point of extinction and degradation of vital flora
resources due to unabashed extraction or overharvesting for economic gains, irresponsible
land use, and unfortunate natural calamities and disasters.
Changes in habitat or ecosystem pose the greater risks to flora development. The
loss of seagrass bed for instance, does not constitute mere depletion or extinction of
natural marine resources but depicts far greater effects on the life and existence of both
flora and fauna species and on the symbiotic undersea environment. Similar outcomes
result in the restructuring of the forest due to other impacts such as loss of forest
cover/vegetation.
1.1.3 Responses to Environmental Impacts
This information category incorporates the responses to environmental impacts

brought about by the aforementioned socio-economic activities and natural events.
Responses to environmental impacts are always geared towards generating beneficial
effects. The topics under this category are classified into: (1) management, protection,
and conservation; and (2) rehabilitation of degraded habitat/ecosystem.
These consist mostly of strategies and approaches to combat, arrest, control,

reverse or avoid the harmful effects and to generate, promote and reinforce the positive
impacts on the flora environment. Responses are typically in the form of policies,
programs and projects designed to implement and support the management, protection,
and conservation of flora resources or rehabilitation of degraded habitat/ecosystems.
Individuals, government and non-government institutions, and social groups assume
important roles and responsibilities in generating such responses.
1.1.4 Stocks and Inventories
The topics under this category provide ‘benchmark’ and background information
as well as illustrate links with other information categories to further analyze their
relationships. These topics are classified as: (1) forestry stocks; and (2) other flora
inventory. Information on forest resource stocks is of critical importance in the analysis
of sustainable development. As concern over the continuing destruction of forest
ecosystem grows both at the global and local levels, the ecological significance of forests
and their role in the overall ecosystem are given more attention. Forests, among others,
serve as habitat for diverse flora and fauna species as well as regulate water flows to
prevent soil erosion and siltation of water bodies.
Forestry resource stocks describe the current in-place inventory of flora resources.
To enable assessment of the current resource stocks, information on forest inventories to
include timber and non-timber is necessary. Supplemental information on genetic
resources as well as manmade capital stocks are also important to describe and
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monitor the changes in infrastructure capacity to exploit the natural flora resources and
the technology employed.
Careful protection of the diminishing genetic flora resources is also important. A

genetic resource data base will track the level of the ever-narrowing gene pool and
provide information on the rate of diffusion of new and/or adopted flora varieties - as well
as record the loss of genetic materials due to disappearance of traditional plants and
breeds.
As a key variable in the measurement of the technological transformation of

agriculture, man-made capital stock is also one of the most important factors in making
changes in the state of the environment.
The status of non-cultivated plant life is provided by flora inventories. The most
natural habitat is usually described by the species composition of the rare and endangered
plants. In response to the accelerating rate of extinction of rare, endangered, extinct and
exotic species, the government has increased its monitoring activities. There is a need to
identify and list these species to aid in the protection and conservation as well as serve as
early warning indicator of the state of ecosystems. The extinction of these species would
indicate a depletion of the genetic stocks/resources. Severe degradation may result from
overhunting or overharvesting of species. An example is the selective felling of high-
value trees that results to the removal of high quality genetic stocks thus leaving only the
inferior species to regenerate.
1.2 Statistical Framework
This section presents the topics/items covered in each of the information

categories through statistical indicators and variables and their attributes, (refer to Table
B).
Specifically, human activities and natural events are measured in terms of the
extent of agriculture, forestry, and land use activities, wildlife gathering, changes in the
naturally-growing terrestial and marine flora, and characteristics and patterns of naturally-
occurring events. Environmental impacts are basically measured by the changes in the
stock of plant species and their habitat while responses to such impacts include the
policies and programs implemented, financial resources poured into environmental
efforts, and other interventions from local and international entities concerned with the
management and of flora and other resources. Information on stocks and inventories
consist of existing forestry resources and other flora.
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1.3 Data Assessment
The following discussion presents a description and assessment of the specific

indicators and variables identified in the statistical framework, (refer to Table C).
The environmental impact of increasing agricultural yield is manifested in the

increasing conversion of forest area to agricultural lands. Kaingin or illegal clearing is a
concern that can be seen from an economic or social perspective. It is economic in nature
as it provides a means for human survival, and a social issue that reflects the lack of
human livelihood opportunities. Kaingin is a portion of forestland that is subjected to
shifting and/or permanent slash and burn cultivation having little or no provision for
preventing soil erosion. Data on forest area cleared for agricultural production and area
harvested/used in kaingin are available in the Forest Management Bureau (FMB) of the
DENR. These are measured in hectares and are available down to the regional level.
Roundwood production, non-timber production, and wood production provide

vital supply of resources to various industries such as construction and paper
manufacturing. The variables are usually measured in the volume of log production and
its annual rate of change. Log production provides an indicator of the extent of
roundwood harvesting while rattan production gives information on the extent of non-
timber production. The volume of production and annual rate of change of wood
production used for paper is also monitored. These indicators are released annually by
the FMB of the DENR with national and regional disaggregation.
Deforestation which is caused by either natural events or man-made activities or

both, is typically regarded as the prime indicator of forest degradation. The average
annual deforested area measured in hectare depicts the actual condition of forestlands in
the country which, unfortunately, is progressively deteriorating. Annual data on
deforested area are also provided by the FMB of the DENR.
While informal hunting, trapping and gathering have been identified as possible
threats to rare and endangered plant species, the development of statistics on these aspects
is made difficult by the unorganized character of the activities. Hunters and poachers
tend to evade the regulations of wildlife management, which leads to the underestimation
of wildlife mortality. Barangay surveys could be a useful source of data on the informal
economy generated by hunting, trapping and gathering. Furthermore, data collected from
the commercial sector on the purchase of furs and skins, licenses issued for sport hunting,
and surveys of wildlife can ascertain the magnitude and trends of these activities. [While
primary data are not currently available, data on the sales of furs and skins used in
manufacturing, sport hunting licenses, and wildlife holdings can be sourced from the
DENR.]
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Statistics on land use are also indicative factors of the depletion of forest resources. The
area of land conversion which can be due to forestry and industrial expansion is available
at the FMB of the DENR.
Information on naturally-growing flora can be categorized into two major aspects:

(1) non-marine; and (2) marine resources. The annual rate of change of firewood and
charcoal production provides further indication of the harvesting and utilization of
roundwood. Production of ornamentals and bamboo stumps are identified to describe the
extent of non-timber harvesting. The production of seagrass, mangroves and seaweeds
are the main interest in measuring marine plant life gathering. National and regional data
on fuel production and bamboo stumps are available at the FMB while ornamentals
production data are available at the Ecosystems Research and Development Bureau
(ERDB) of the DENR. Statistics on marine resources are also available but on a limited
scale through various studies of the University of the Philippines in Diliman and in the
Visayas, Siliman University in Dumaguete City, FMB, and the Bureau of Agricultural
Statistics (BAS) of the Department of Agriculture (DA).
Natural events refer to the natural or non-human occurring phenomena that affect
flora and its environment. These are divided into three sub-topics as follows: weather
and climate hazards, geological hazards, and biological hazards. Potential and actual
environment hazards can be caused by weather and climatic hazards which are measured
in magnitude and changes in the precipitation, temperature, cloud cover, wind, and forest
fires. Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, tidal waves, and landslides which destroy
habitat for flora are also measured in terms of the number and intensity of occurrence as
well as estimated area damaged and cost of such damages to environment. Weather and
climatic data are available at the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical,
Service Administration (PAGASA), earthquakes and volcanic eruptions at the Philippine
Volcanology and Seismology Institute (PHIVOLCS), landlides, tidal waves, and floods at
the National and Regional Disaster Coordinating Councils (N/RDCCs), and forest fires at
the FMB of the DENR.
Biological hazards on the other hand consist of infestations such as insect and rat
infestation, red and green tide phenomena, and disease outbreaks which cause the
depletion of flora resources and destruction of flora environment. Data are generated by
the Bureau of Plant Industry (BPI).
This section identifies the variables or statistical indicators to describe the impacts
of social and economic activities and natural events on the flora environment. There are
three (3) categories of variables depicting quantity changes (expansion and reduction) in
flora resources and changes in habitat/ecosystems.
1-16
Flora
1-17
Flora
Proliferation, depletion and extinction of flora species are primarily gauged

through the quantity changes in identified threatened, endangered, and extinct flora
species (both terrestial and marine). The size of the additional or remaining population of
these species is sufficient to measure the impacts of socio-economic activities and natural
events on flora wildlife resources.
The depletion and growth of natural forests and marine flora resources are
generally indicated by the rates of change in the loss/gain of forest cover and extent of
reforestation. Changes in habitat/ecosystems are more difficult to determine. At present,
the degradation of forests and the succumb of sea grass to destructive interventions are
measured only through the area and corresponding value of denuded (structural change)
and defoliated seabed.
There is however, lack of indicators on the specific factors that contribute to the
proliferation, depletion, growth, or extinction of flora species and resources. Another
limitation of the data system is its inability to provide information on the replacement of
superior with inferior species.
A list of threatened, endangered, rare, protected, and extinct species by region is

released annually by the Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) and ERDB of the
DENR. The DENR also monitors the changes in the forest cover and area reforested.
The loss of seagrass is measured through special studies periodically conducted by the
DENR, University of the Philippines in Diliman and Visayas, and Siliman University.
This section defines the variables or measures adopted to address the impacts of
social and economic activities and natural events on the flora environment. This consists
mainly of the number of interventions and extent of efforts to curb or to prevent further
degradation of wildlife flora and to promote sustainability of the benefits of responses to
environmental impacts.
Policies and other administrative issuances are largely and often dictated by needs
as identified through environmental assessment of concerned institutions as well as the
demand from individuals, sociocivic groups, and the public at large for preventive or
defensive measures/reforms. The number of administrative issuances, licenses, permits,
certificates, agreements and leases manifest government efforts to effectively regulate the
utilization of the environment for socio-economic purposes. Furthermore, the
prescription of quotas especially on the harvesting of forest resources such as annual
allowable cut and confiscation of banned and protected flora such as wild orchids provide
some control to regulate these activities.
1-18
Flora
1-19
Flora
1-20
Flora
Protection and conservation are perhaps the more popular responses to environmental
degradation. Through the number and span of protected areas, in both domestic and
international perspectives, and its share of the total forest area, the extent of protection
and conservation efforts is discerned. The expansion of identified/classified NIPAS sites,
IUCN categories, world heritage sites, and biosphere reserves and the level of budget and
expenditure on protection and conservation ensure sustainability of protected flora and
increase chances of being classified/reclassified as mainstream flora species.
A far more complex problem that is being addressed by current programs is the
deterioration of habitat/ecosystems. Rehabilitation programs that seek to revive or
reinforce degraded natural habitat/ecosystems for flora species and resources offer some
relief in the wake of the increasing rate of habitat/ecosystem destruction. Some of the
typical modes adopted by the government and some concerned sectors are afforestation
and reforestation. Afforestation refers to the rehabilitation of barren or non-forest lands
while reforestation refers to the revival of degraded forest areas or seagrass beds to
expand wildlife habitat.
Issuances and other regulatory measures are formulated, implemented, and

monitored by the DENR and its constituent bureaus and attached agencies. Specifically,
the number and list of banned and protected flora species are being generated and
maintained by the FMB of the DENR. Protected areas are identified/classified by the
DENR, PAWB, and Bureau of Forest Administration (BFA). Information on
rehabilitation programs is available at the DENR.
In general, as shown in Table C, the natural resources stocks for flora are
measured in physical terms, that is, either by weight, by volume, number or by area.
These data are usually location-specific, e.g., by region. The assessment of forestry stocks
and inventories involves the appraisal of the stock of forest trees by variables of species
type and productivity and to the extent possible, the measurement in terms of high-value
trees.
Ideally, a distinction should be made between actual conditions of forests and

their potential capability for maintenance and growth based on soil quality, climate
variables and topographic characteristics. A good forest inventory database also requires
additional variables that characterize the service function of forests in terms of wildlife
habitat, water catchment, recreational uses and local fuelwood sources.
Initially, base information on stock of forest resources was made available in the
country through a Philippine-German Forest Inventory Project in 1988. This initial
activity paved the way for the preparation of new forest maps for the whole country based
on aerial photographs and satellite imagery, the inventory of standing volume,
1-21
Flora
1-22
Flora
regeneration, and minor forest products and the compilation of forest statistics by region
and province. From the 1988 base information, the FMB extrapolates the value of forest
resources stock for the succeeding years. Data on these are contained in the annual
publication of the Philippine Forestry Statistics and are considered as the official data for
stocks. For timber and non-timber inventories, area and volume statistics are compiled for
dipterocarp and pine forests and only volume account for rattan. There is no forest area
account for rattan since they thrive in the same area as the dipterocarp forest.
For its part, DENR has adopted a policy of community-based management of

forest resources to provide upland dwellers access to forest resources. In this respect,
utmost cooperation and active participation by the communities are encouraged to have
effective control over forestland activities and realize equal access to forest resources.
A specific concern arises from the assessment of non-timber inventories covering

the kaam and endemic species for rattan. An evaluation of past research on rattan in the
country reveals that the current information is still inadequate to provide meaningful
guidelines for the proper development and management of rattan plantations. The ERDB
has identified among others, the following as recommended research and development
strategies for rattan: (1) resource exploration and assessment; (2) selection of
phenotypically-superior rattan strains and establishment of provenance trials; (3)
improvement of cultivation methods for sustainable production; (4) ex-situ conservation;
and (5) growth and yield studies.
Manmade capital stock is another variable that describes stocks and inventories
for the flora sector measured in terms of the number of machinery and equipment utilized
for felling and hauling of trees and/or technology applied/ utilized for forestry activities.
This information can be sourced from the DENR. This information can be supplemented
by appraising the capacity to produce seedlings for reforestation, for example, silviculture
capacity of tree nurseries which can be sourced from the BPI and FMB. For known and
endemic species, risk and uncertainties associated with a long gestation period as well as
the limited production technology pose constraints to investment decisions for rattan
plantation development. However, with the trend towards community-based
development, the feasibility of incorporating rattan with agroforestry development
schemes at the community level could be a promising approach.
“The distribution of genetic material is a function of evolutionary processes,

natural selection and habitat conditions” (UN Concepts and Methods, 1991). Human
activities influence the promotion of desirable and suppression of undesirable species and
these affect the stock of resources. Depletion of genetic resources is caused by harvest,
logging damage and illegal logging. While additions to stocks include natural growth and
regenerations, genetic stocks per se are measured in terms of the number of tree species in
natural forests or in terms of the number of rare species by type of species and forest
communities. Statistics on tree species are available at the FMB while data on other plant
species are generated by the BPI on an annual basis.
1-23
Flora
Flora inventories as discussed here refer to the popular notion of wildlife. Ideally,
flora inventories should record the status of non-cultivated plant life. Flora inventories
are affected by the impacts of forestry, hunting and trapping and fishing which results in
its depletion. The conservation and protection of flora otherwise known as wildlife
management is the primary aim of the PAWB. The establishment of inventories of flora
for well-defined areas such as national parks is its responsibility. Lists of rare, threatened
and endangered Philippine wildlife for flora are prepared by PAWB on an annual basis at
the national level. This information is supplemented by a list of Philippine flora under the
CITES of Flora and Fauna (I and II), the commercial export/trade of which is strictly
regulated, as well as the list and number of confiscated wildlife and its by-products.
Other variables on flora inventory include area covered by aquatic plants which is
measured in terms of hectare and the list of aquatic plants sourced from the BPI which are
available at the national level.
1-24
Flora
2 Situational Analysis
2.1 Highlights of Results
Forest Resources
Forests refer to an ecosystem with a minimum of 10.0 percent crown cover of

tress, shrubs, grasses generally associated with wild flora, fauna, and natural soil
conditions and not subject to agricultural practices. Forest lands on the other hand, refers
to public lands which have not been declared as alienable and disposable and presumed
needed for forest uses. Fifty (50.0) percent of the Philippines' total land area of 30,000
hectares is characterized as forest land.
Figure 1 Philippine Land Classification:

as of 1996
Certified A &
Forest Land
D
50%
47%
Unclassified
3%
Certified A & D Unclassified Forest Land
Source: NAMRIA
In 1996, only 5,493,148 hectares can be characterized as still stocked with forest
trees. Conservation and protection of these areas have been placed under the NIPAS
since 1992. Since then, logging activities in these areas have not been allowed.
Out of these total forest areas, 805,000 hectares remained as old growth or virgin
forests as placed under the NIPAS. Areas planted to second growth forests decreased
from 3,413 thousand hectares to 2,963 thousand hectares. Pine forest was estimated at
232 thousand hectares. The total estimated volume of timber in the commercial forest
was 412,427 thousand cubic meters while dipterocarp pine forest was estimated to have
24,252 thousand cubic meters.
An analysis of forest resources reveals that for the period 1988 to 1994, the value
of forest resources at current prices increased from P250M to P756M registering an
annual growth rate of 6.4 percent. Depletion measured in terms of logging/harvest, waste
and damage from logging, declined from P24,529M in 1988 to P271M in 1994
1-25
Flora
decreasing at an annual rate of 52.8 percent. This could be mainly attributed to the
restriction of logging activities enforced by government in 1992 which ultimately resulted
in the imposition of the log ban on old growth forests.
Protected Areas
In the list of protected areas, it was reported that ninety five (95) sites nationwide
were under the supervision of the PAWB. Out of these sites, 29.0 percent can be found in
Central and Eastern Visayas. Mt. Apo National Park and Mt. Matimtim were identified in
Southern Mindanao to be included in the list.
Wildlife Resources
Out of the 27 Philippine wildlife species listed in CITES Appendix I, only 4

species or 15.0 percent are flora. The commercial export or trade of the following species
are strictly prohibited:
Family Common Name Scientific Name

Araceae Sander's alocasia Alocasia sanderiana
Orchidaceae Slipper orchids Paphiopedilum spp.
Zingiberaceae Camia Hedychium philippinense
Nepenthaceae Pitcher plant Nepenthes rajah
Source: PAWB
Of the total 99 Philippine wildlife species included in the CITES II Appendix II,
eleven (11) species or 11.0 percent are flora. The commercial export or trade of these
flora as listed below are strictly prohibited:
Family Common Name Scientific Name
Liliaceae Sabila or aloe Aloe spp.

Orchidaceae All species of orchids except Paphiopedilum spp Orchidaceae spp
Palmae Bungang ipot Areca ipot
Cycadaceae Common pitogo Cycas circinalis
Chamberlain pitogo Cycas forma chamberlainii
Pitogong dagat Cycas forma maritima
Oliva Cycas revoluta
Culion pitogo Cycas wadei
Cyatheaceae Tree ferns (all species) Cyatheaceae spp
Cactaceae Cactus (all species) Cactaceae spp
Euphorbiaceae Lumbang family Euphorbia spp
Source: PAWB
1-26
Flora
2.2 STATISTICAL TABLES

Table 1.1
LAND CLASSIFICATION
1976-1996
(In hectares)
Year Total Area Total Unclassified Forest Land

Classified
Certified Total Established Established National Military Civil Fish-
A&D Forest Timberland parks & naval reserv'n pond
Reserve GRBS/WA reserv'n
1996 30,000,000 14,117,244 15,882,756 881,157 15,001,599 3,272,912 10,015,866 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1995 30,000,000 14,117,244 15,882,756 881,157 15,001,599 3,272,912 10,015,866 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1994 30,000,000 14,117,244 15,882,756 881,157 15,001,599 3,272,912 10,015,866 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1993 30,000,000 14,117,244 15,882,756 881,157 15,001,599 3,272,912 10,015,866 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1992 30,000,000 14,117,244 15,882,756 881,157 15,001,599 3,272,912 10,015,866 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1991 30,000,000 14,117,729 15,882,271 881,157 15,001,114 3,272,912 10,015,381 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1990 30,000,000 14,117,729 15,882,271 881,157 15,001,114 3,272,912 10,015,381 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,548
1989 30,000,000 14,117,729 15,882,271 881,157 15,001,114 3,272,912 10,015,402 1,340,997 130,330 165,946 75,527
1988 30,000,000 14,117,753 15,882,247 881,157 15,001,090 3,271,504 10,015,427 1,342,416 130,330 165,935 75,478
1987 30,000,000 14,108,087 15,891,913 881,297 15,010,616 1,494,844 11,801,970 1,342,919 130,330 165,935 74,618
1986 30,000,000 13,852,398 16,147,602 1,186,575 14,961,027 3,605,045 9,586,039 1,267,996 130,330 320,521 51,096
1985 30,000,000 14,659,760 15,340,240 1,319,794 14,020,446 3,472,252 8,805,144 1,264,364 129,911 306,291 42,484
1984 30,000,000 14,515,393 15,484,607 1,827,335 13,657,272 3,496,041 8,423,881 1,265,422 129,911 306,291 35,726
1983 30,000,000 14,467,592 15,532,408 5,060,139 10,472,269 3,496,041 4,959,417 1,571,403 129,911 306,291 9,206
1982 30,000,000 13,370,546 16,629,454 5,553,178 11,076,276 3,431,480 5,553,455 1,647,911 129,911 312,503 1,016
1981 30,000,000 13,327,630 16,672,370 5,846,639 10,825,731 3,256,421 5,535,869 1,591,027 129,911 312,503 -
1980 30,000,000 13,269,340 16,730,660 7,025,490 9,705,170 2,907,972 5,835,818 518,966 129,911 312,503 -
1979 30,000,000 13,093,263 16,906,737 7,578,178 9,328,559 8,630,007 a/ - 316,117 b/ 129,911 252,524 -
1978 30,000,000 13,070,886 16,929,114 7,627,924 9,301,190 8,602,638 a/ - 316,117 b/ 129,911 252,524 -
1977 30,000,000 12,990,866 17,009,134 7,738,919 9,270,215 8,571,688 a/ - 316,092 b/ 129,911 252,524 -
1976 30,000,000 12,974,969 17,025,111 7,759,023 9,266,008 8,567,481 a/ - 316,092 b/ 129,911 252,524 -
Source: National Mapping and Resource Information Authority; Forest Management Bureau.
a/ Forest reserve & timberland
b/ National parks only
Table 1.2
ROUNDWOOD PRODUCTION
1990 to 1995
(In cu.m.)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 2,595,625 2,140,595 1,757,237 1,151,588 1,063,369 868,490 804,322 592,917

Log 2,502,625 1,921,595 1,438,237 1,021,588 957,369 758,490 771,322 555,917
Fuelwood/Firewood 93,000 219,000 319,000 130,000 106,000 110,000 33,000 37,000
Source: Forest Economic Division, FMB

Table 1.3
LOG PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1995
(In cu.m.)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

CAR 960 3,227 2,536 12,355 11,387 18,534
Region I 7 45
Region II 497,537 274,931 40,845 51,728 21,661 28,482
Region III 5,238
Region IVa 335,041 158,200 100,341 22,352 50,054 61,770
Region V 1,258 213 191
Region VI 11 4,475
Region VII 486
Region VIII 32,275 27,730
Region IX 108,309 100,379 50,015 33,980 35,349 44,875
Region X 319,741 223,172 552,820 244,881 61,557 73,273
Region XI 922,212 791,186 586,279 496,983 644,542 426,726
Region XII 281,294 41,588 301 27,784 23,698 29,466
ARMM 295,404 105,100 131,312 108,930 74,878
Philippines 2,502,625 1,921,595 1,438,237 1,021,588 957,369 758,490
Table 1.4
LUMBER PRODUCTION
1990, 1992 to 1995
(In cubic meters)
Region/Province 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995
NCR
Metro Manila 224,319 192,120 100,234 61,216 25,999
CAR
Benguet 5,228 4,414 4,092 2,282 11,687
Kalinga-Apayao 8,027
Region I
Pangasinan 3,832 925 784 3,764
Region II
Cagayan 9,755 11,609 5,066 4,654
Isabela 88,797 36,831 28,649 7,810 21,820
Quirino 5,367 116 1,653
Region III
Bulacan 83,970 89,003 31,676 50,866 6,309
Nueva Ecija 2,918
Zambales 3,263 1,508
Region IV
Aurora 30,204 17,599 30,676 23,942 23,059
Batangas 2,592 716 1,651 2,031 2,349
Palawan 6,840 6,596
Quezon 34,859 16,529 12,849 12,882 13,296
Region VI
Capiz 10
Negros Occidental 319
Region VII
Cebu City 6,816 4,351 1,370 320
Table 1.4 (continued)…
Region/Province 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995

Region VIII
Leyte 4,762
Region IX
Zamboanga del Norte 15,274 76 256 1,982
Zamboanga del Sur 12,331 6,422 17,048 8,854 6,874
Region X
Agusan del Norte 76,561 77,948 71,592 72,421 45,542
Agusan del Sur 2,128 7,659 6,961 13,583
Bukidnon 6,657
Misamis Occidental 391 73 3,735 127 16,918
Misamis Oriental 34,008 47,053 9,583
Region XI
Davao del Norter 18,378 9,429 19,576 22,287 9,311
Davao del Sur 38,271 14,540 18,301 33,741 32,370
Davao Oriental 22,621 360 411
South Cotabato 12,609 2,755 3,425 1,492 889
Surigao del Sur 62,836 55,971 58,307 54,960 61,143
Region XII
Lanao del Norte 21,054 12,678 3,441 2,724
ARRM
Maguindanao 4,332 42,614 10,066 10,982
Philippines 842,963 647,186 439,965 406,952 288,031

Table 1.5
VENEER PRODUCTION
1990, 1992 to 1995
(In cubic meter)
Region 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995
NCR 2,975 -- 4,425

Region II 1,603 102 1,917 1,260
Region IV 1,500 1,251
Region VII 44 4,054 3,986 4,114
Region IX 12,506 3,889 322 1,842 2,873
Region X 16,956 50,562 54,264 5,179 5,868
Region XI 13,248 19,929 4,264 24,459 4,943
Region XII 35 -- 2,860
Philippines 48,867 79,787 64,753 38,765 19,058

Table 1.6
PLYWOOD PRODUCTION
1990, 1992 to 1995
(In cubic meter)
Region 1990 1992 1993 1994 1995
NCR 8,444 7,975 1,220 3,684 2,686

Region II 10,033 1,909 1,364 3,795
Region III 2,704 3,433
Region IV 2,830 3,975 3,684 5,565 5,686
Region IX 27,400 15,760 8,646 24,867 35,867
Region X 112,343 139,319 105,026 99,036 131,351
Region XI 208,832 161,642 130,047 119,522 105,137
Region XII 27,064 10,727 3,019 2,043
ARMM 12,480
Philippines 396,946 330,580 260,714 258,397 289,998

Table 1.7
PRODUCTION OF PROCESSED WOOD PRODUCTS
1990 to 1995
Wood product 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
In thousand cubic meters

Lumber 841 726 647 440 407 286
Veneer 49 542/ 802/ 65 39 19
Plywood 397 321 3312/ 273 258 290
In thousand metric tons

Paper & Paperboard1/ 175 392 -- -- -- --
Fiberboard -- -- -- -- -- --
Particleboard -- -- -- -- -- --
Blockboard 17 6 5 4 122 --
1/ Source: Pulpapel
2/ excluding data for ARMM
-- not available
TABLE 1.8
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD PRODUCTION OF PAPER INDUSTRIES
CORPORATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (PICOP)
1990 to 1995
Year Production
1990 99,866
1991 130,947
1992 128,089
1993 123,544
1994 118,046
1995 139,893
Source: PICOP
Table 1.9
PRODUCTION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS
1990 to 1997
Region Unsplit Rattan Almaciga Resin Bamboo Poles Palma Brava Nipa Shingles
(L.M.) (Kilo) (piece) (piece) (piece)
Yr. 1990
CAR 315,785
Region I 219,570
Region II 935,644 1,255,475
Region III 2,299 17,000
Region IV 3,263,116 753,081 200 26,714
Region V 96,653 3,212 1,530 3,109,000
Region VI 3,091,624
Region VII 900 147,500
Region VIII 1,626,959 172,600
Region IX 433,233 29,500
Region X 4,610,429 83,720 253,000
Region XI 7,646,862 333,120 110,500
Region XII 335,000
Philippines 19,265,980 942,681 640,722 1,530 8,023,313

Yr. 1991
CAR 543,890 19,300
Region I 31,380 390,899 29,000 5,582,134
Region II 4,360,817 1,585 1,700,704
Region III 180,962 25,000 115,080
Region IV 6,073,496 688,617 12,074 139,808
Region V 132,468 13,231 2,149,000
Region VI 10,800 4,437,223
Region VII
Region VIII 1,299,439 66,000
Region IX 1,072,588 16,000
Region X 1,540,408 329,020
Region XI 9,834,242 341,400 364,862
Region XII 662,241
Philippines 25,731,931 779,617 891,984 41,385 14,718,751

Yr. 1992
CAR 65,350
Region I 244,934
Region II 988,825 885 2,662,017
Region III 872,561 76,750
Region IV 2,406,879 567,421 19,940 128,000
Region V 75,093 2,050 32,341 1,734,850
Region VI 7,117,589
Region VII
Region VIII 1,003,514 66,500
Region IX 1,097,802 116,480
Region X 3,133,995 384,500
Region XI 12,207,314 360,402 490,600
Region XII 841,746
Philippines 22,693,079 633,921 704,076 33,226 12,634,036

Yr. 1993
CAR 602,300 8,000
Region I 29,760 17,180
Region II 647,264 9,000 10,000 2,701,647
Region III 587,287 79,960
Region IV 4,488,029 509,095 69,762
Region V 89,044 31,897 31,500 1,771,700
Region VI 3,291,164
Region VII
Region VIII 1,377,271 67,000
Region IX 455,665 73,164
Region X 3,122,147 446,000
Region XI 11,446,868 329,278 664,200
Region XII 1,310,801
ARMM 689,000
Philippines 24,845,436 576,095 475,315 41,500 9,017,637

Yr. 1994
CAR
Region I
Region II 1,814,027 3,767,356
Region III 27,750
Region IVa 55,000 79,690 130 1,000
Region IVb 2,007,603 1,087,827 33,885 10,581 5,700
Region V 24,734 510,250
Region VI 1,068,000
Region VII 171,500
Region VIII 1,355,442 63,500
Region IX 678,742
Region X 3,625,187 179,250
Region XI 8,049,216 326,416 579,700
Region XII 1,046,152
ARMM 431,500
Philippines 19,087,603 1,231,017 388,181 10,581 6,282,756

Yr. 1995
CAR 352,500
Region I 29,800 24,515
Region II 3,501,137 4,322,620
Region III 33,869
Region IVa 226,281 70,866 750
Region IVb 2,413,798 987,636 14,102
Region V 59,659 149,451 14,000 482,650
Region VI 3,157,750
Region VII 300 39,000
Region VIII 221,061
Region IX 389,687
Region X 3,159,635 295,200
Region XI 6,587,174 91,717 20,740
Region XII 482,844 40,000
Philippines 17,457,445 1,058,502 306,733 14,000 8,332,062

Yr. 1996
CAR 273,480 29,474
Region I 36,286 82,370 1,035
Region II 4,281,842 3,881 4,667,500
Region III 1,500
Region IVa 110,996 950 13,200
Region IVb 2,589,388 751,283 12,500
Region V 30,477 58,913 1,916,080
Region VI 1,215,126
Region VII 278,000
Region VIII 1,677,615 139,100
Region IX 270,044
Region X 354,650
Region XI 5,003,786 453,682 13,090
Region XII 549,161
Region XIII 8,399,391 313,500
ARMM 1,035,766
Philippines 24,612,882 890,383 626,889 4,916 8,428,996

TABLE 1.9 (continued)…
Yr. 1997
CAR 124,497 11,736
Region I
Region II 2,447,260 12,000 1,140 3,226,750
Region III
Region IVa 3,750
Region IVb 1,761,417 200,974 13,842
Region V 14,640 293,360
Region VI 1,058,500
Region VII
Region VIII 1,787,452 97,500
Region IX
Region X 528,293 10,140
Region XI 3,498,064 123,227
Region XII 797,358
Region XIII 7,833,844 306,500
ARMM 741,000
Philippines 19,519,185 310,474 163,493 1,140 4,898,952

Table 1.10
MARINE MUNICIPAL FISH PRODUCTION BY SPECIES
1992 to 1996
Species 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Seaweeds and Miscellaneous

Aquatic Plants 1,049 1,144 1,062 919 884
Gozo (Eucheuma spp.) 670 533 730 359 363
Gulamang Dagat 188 164 42 40 40
Lato 191 447 112 326 321
Others 178 194 160
Source: Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.

Table 1.11
SEAWEEDS CULTURE PRODUCTION BY REGION
1992 to 1996
(In metric tons)
Region 1992 1993 R 1994 R 1995 R 1996
Region I 42 -- -- -- --
Region II 88 -- -- -- --
Region III
Refgion IV 5,277 24,514 80,634 93,925 164,958
Region V 27 1,144 2,678 10,813 8,845
Region VI -- 2,152 1,683 1,279 1,311
Region VII 23,154 75,653 51,139 20,146 26,372
Region VIII 3,233 131 81 60 65
Region IX 316,938 24,037 53,707 87,402 93,845
Region X 183 276 155 42 43
Region XI 563 471 461 441 432
Regio XII -- 147 134 22 16
CARAGA * 272,395 290,330 343,749 335,060
ARMM ** 628 493 391 440
Philippines 349,505 401,548 481,495 558,270 631,387

* included in Region IX and XII
** Included in Region X and XI
-- No sample indicator
R revised
TABLE 1.12
SEAWEEDS CULTURE PRODUCTION BY REGION
1992 to 1996
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1992 1993 R 1994 R 1995 R 1996
Region I 435 -- -- -- --
Region II 1,405 -- -- -- --
Region III
Region IV 34,978 61,397 183,442 205,250 406,195
Region V 222 3,168 7,635 30,557 25,795
Region VI -- 10,704 8,815 6,832 7,384
Region VII 151,298 404,990 256,361 100,662 134,887
Region VIII 20,677 586 370 283 325
Region IX 1,313,604 77,025 155,728 231,800 263,520
Region X 1,253 1,324 818 240 257
Region XI 3,024 1,716 1,607 1,722 1,759
Region XII -- 731 670 122 94
CARAGA * 633,375 614,914 747,998 780,112
ARMM ** 3,050 2,430 1,990 2,337
Philippines 1,526,896 1,198,066 1,232,790 1,327,456 1,622,665

* included in Region IX and XII
** Included in Region X and XI
-- No sample indicator
R revised
Table 1.13
STATISTICS ON FOREST DESTRUCTION
1992 to 1997
(In Hectares)
Year Forest Destruction
1992 12,806.23
1993 17,862.09
1994 10,341.85
1995 24,102.48
1996 5,185.59
1997 22,362.22
Source: Regional Accomplishment Reports, FMB

Table 1.14
FOREST DESTRUCTION
1969-70, 1987
(In hectares)
Year Kaingin Illegal Logging Pest & Diseases Forest Fire Others
1987 570 676 2 5,386 512

1986 1,991 90 1,344 4,257
1985 941 1,918 30 11,743
1984 1,137 478 6 3,177 97
1983 2,241 1,015 119 117,951
1982 3,286 4,934 351 8,063
1981 5,826 6,108 200 12,471
1980 6,302 7,348 112 18,324
1979
1978
1977
1976
Total
FY 1974-75 100,000
1973-74 140,000
1972-73 170,000
1971-72 170,000
1970-71 170,000
1969-70 170,000
Table 1.14a
FOREST DESTRUCTION BY REGION
1987
(In hectares)
Region Kaingin Illegal Logging Pest & Diseases Forest Fire Others
Region I
Region II 103 400 357 74
Region III 876
Region IV
Region V
Region VI 35 3,409
Region VII 123 6 1 481
Region VIII 2 70
Region IX 194 184
Region X
Region XI 59 16 7 368
Region XII 56 254 1 70
Philippines 570 676 2 5,386 512

Table 1.14b
1991
(In hectares)
Region Kaingin Illegal Logging Typhoon Forest Fire
CAR 605
Region I 45 458 398
Region II 303
Region III 270 3 2,707
Region IV 87 1,694
Region V 12 27
Region VI 81 72 78
Region VII 5 22 45
Region VIII
Region IX 72 36
Region X
Region XI 187 20 6
Region XII
Philippines 759 72 530 5,872

Table 1.14c
1996
(In hectares)
CAR 2 322 20
Region I 958
Region II 172 80
Region III 25 2,325
Region IV 37 82
Region V 0 2
Region VI 167
Region VII 196
Region VIII 10
Region IX 53
Region X 5 5
Region XI 2 204
Region XII
Region XIII 519
Philippines 94 10 524 4,558

Table 1.14d
1997
(In hectares)
CAR 228 342

Region I 719
Region II 699 691
Region III 1,141 1,306
Region IV 4,453 162
Region V
Region VI 99
Region VII 90 62
Region VIII
Region IX 154 3 38
Region X 86 75
Region XI
Region XII 27
Region XIII 14,500 17
Philippines 4,693 93 16,567 3,539
Source: Regional Accomplishment Reports, FMB

Table 1.15
NUMBER OF WILDLIFE LOCAL TRANSPORT PERMITS ISSUED
1990 to 1997
Region Orchids Plants Derivatives

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
CAR 1 3 18 20 114 19 10 50
Region I
Region II
Region III
Region IV
Region V 2 25 2 780 7,765 601 1 1,075
Region VI 2 5 51 41 41 456 169 3 65 20
Region VII 15 18 29 5,171 1,980 1,479 4,634 9,903 6 29 521 140 35 6
Region VIII 1 1 367 507 27 233 173 55
Region IX 3 15 150 171 517 421 331 7 3 40
Region X 16 55 48 957 1,138 699 588 1,134 4 22 8 8 689
Region XI 26 28 26 342 1,083 1,124 1,299 5,383
Region XII 8 7 18 498 252 163 722 3
Region XIII 70 244
Source: PAWB, DENR
Table 1.16
FORESTRY LICENCES, LEASES AND PERMITS
1990 to 1997
(Area in hectares, AAC in cubic meters, linear meter)
Rattan Cutting Grazing Leases

Region TLA ITPLA Contracts AFFLA TFA and Permits
No. Area AAC No. Area No. Area AAC(lm) No. Area No. Area No. Area
(Yr. 1990)
CAR 2 123,760 115,544 2 10,400 7 6,178,912 96,480 1 294 6 274 91 30,153
Region 1 - - - 7 8,532 6 899,256 19,082 11 3,595 25 1,926 63 15,656
Region 2 23 680,476 901,448 5 16,203 33 8,792,636 215,000 9 3,606 7 306 250 74,186
Region 3 9 9,711 1 6,897 1,169 16 6,329 16 1,204 83 36,261
Region 4 7 315,968 409,440 13 26,696 69 22,704,276 455,614 16 14,577 7 2,753 218 80,892
Region 5 - - - 2 3,030 4 414,000 13,939 3 6,301 6 836 103 36,759
Region 6 - - - 5 5,559 1 423,912 5,000 - - 15 517 28 8,303
REgion 7 - - - 4 2,244 - - - - - - - 13 7,051
Region 8 1 26,600 80,000 3 2,275 42 13,919,240 256,750 2 4,210 - - 4 3,201
Region 9 11 300,178 321,925 8 18,401 33 5,227,452 188,300 2 590 2 604 2 2,796
Region 10 18 749,755 1,095,293 14 83,667 21 7,572,609 106,618 15 45,263 11 1,463 90 30,479
Region 11 21 808,050 1,511,823 7 105,428 56 40,785,193 354,999 13 22,278 5 2,496 108 62,446
Region 12 10 588,115 570,239 2 11,935 14 33,345,841 143,010 6 3,219 1 960 24 25,369
Region 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Philippines 93 3,592,902 5,005,712 81 304,081 287 140,270,224 1,855,961 94 110,262 101 13,339 1,077 413,552
Table 1.16 (continued)...

Region TLA ITPLA Contracts AFFLA TFA and Permits
(Yr. 1991)
CAR 1 69,000 25,000 2 10,400 8 106,480 6,388,318 3 606 7 278 81 24,754
Region 1 - - - 5 6,906 6 19,082 899,256 7 2,459 21 1,764 59 14,127
Region 2 20 635,670 845,522 5 16,203 34 245,000 9,235,036 9 3,642 6 274 187 62,804
Region 3 - - - 12 15,055 3 10,000 3,147,808 14 5,297 24 1,524 76 29,321
Region 4 9 383,973 522,743 11 32,379 81 584,756 29,244,408 16 14,577 7 2,753 200 74,352
Region 5 - - - 3 3,630 3 9,464 323,017 3 6,301 6 836 109 36,341
Region 6 - - - 4 5,111 1 5,000 423,912 - - 15 517 27 7,410
REgion 7 - - - 5 2,510 - - - - - - - 13 7,057
Region 8 1 26,600 80,000 3 2,275 44 288,750 14,791,019 2 4,210 - - 2 840
Region 9 6 154,375 255,485 16 26,495 36 219,413 5,885,955 2 590 2 604 2 2,796
Region 10 13 661,437 1,293,874 15 104,524 21 106,618 7,572,609 15 46,084 10 1,446 91 30,375
Region 11 15 578,218 1,306,347 11 106,234 70 535,456 60,664,977 13 22,278 6 3,836 83 47,828
Region 12 4 116,215 271,659 3 23,797 16 153,010 34,439,263 6 3,219 1 960 23 24,270
Region 13 - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Philippines 69 2,625,488 4,600,630 95 355,519 323 2,283,029 173,015,578 90 109,263 105 14,792 953 362,275

Region TLA ITPLA/IFMA Contracts AFFLA TFA and Permits
Yr. 1992
CAR 1 69,000 25,000 2 10,400 8 106,480 6,388,318 3 606 7 278 85 25,255
Region 1 - - - 8 8,641 6 19,082 899,256 7 2,459 21 1,764 52 12,151
Region 2 18 569,660 238,779 6 17,198 34 245,000 9,235,036 9 3,642 6 274 195 64,392
Region 3 - - - 12 15,055 3 15,000 3,147,808 14 5,297 25 1,555 62 25,125
Region 4 7 333,153 120,527 11 28,700 85 602,206 30,070,066 15 7,189 7 2,753 202 75,195
Region 5 - - - 3 3,630 3 9,464 323,017 3 6,301 6 836 111 38,442
Region 6 - - - 4 5,111 1 5,000 423,912 - - 15 517 29 7,612
REgion 7 - - - 5 2,510 - - - - - - - 13 7,057
Region 8 - - - 4 3,095 44 293,262 14,791,019 2 4,210 - - 2 840
Region 9 5 134,050 68,462 22 28,807 41 256,234 6,752,685 2 590 3 622 2 2,796
Region 10 12 542,577 524,318 18 147,864 38 222,960 18,069,541 15 46,084 10 1,446 99 32,035
Region 11 11 458,428 450,719 44 148,514 79 637,508 68,889,490 12 20,587 6 3,836 87 49,516
Region 12 1 14,080 21,996 3 23,797 6 30,000 2,758,871 6 3,219 1 960 23 24,270
Region 13 5 138,865 257,455 - - 8 115,845 27,828,008 - - - - - -
Philippines 60 2,259,813 1,707,256 142 443,322 356 2,558,041 189,577,027 88 100,184 107 14,841 962 364,686

Yr. 1993
CAR 1 74,500 60,000 2 10,400 9 106,480 6,388,318 3 606 7 278 79 24,076
Region 1 - - - 9 8,981 6 19,082 899,256 7 2,459 21 1,764 49 11,259
Region 2 9 324,935 151,604 17 27,754 35 255,000 9,805,692 9 3,642 6 274 172 54,980
Region 3 - - - 10 14,451 3 15,000 3,147,808 13 4,033 26 1,655 60 23,865
Region 4 4 152,455 48,881 12 29,600 85 602,206 30,070,066 14 7,044 7 2,753 177 61,859
Region 5 - - - 3 3,630 3 9,464 323,017 3 6,301 6 836 108 37,483
Region 6 - - - 4 1,042 1 5,000 423,912 - - 15 517 27 6,834
REgion 7 - - - 4 2,244 - - - - - 1 234 13 7,057
Region 8 - - - 4 3,095 44 293,262 14,791,019 2 4,210 - - 2 840
Region 9 5 131,695 52,226 36 38,858 41 256,234 6,752,685 2 590 4 632 2 2,796
Region 10 7 417,247 222,467 24 154,856 39 231,535 18,717,370 15 46,084 10 1,446 93 29,055
Region 11 10 445,998 478,748 59 161,031 90 1,073,080 87,188,235 12 20,587 6 3,836 80 44,168
Region 12 1 54,170 33,422 3 24,685 6 30,000 2,758,871 6 3,219 1 960 21 21,050
Region 13 4 64,037 123,070 - - 8 115,845 27,828,008 - - - - - -
Philippines 41 1,665,037 1,170,418 187 480,627 370 3,012,188 209,094,257 86 98,775 110 15,185 883 325,322

Yr. 1994
CAR 1 74,500 27,782 2 10,400 11 174,780 7,719,759 3 606 9 681 76 22,496
Region 1 - - - 10 9,971 6 18,513 899,256 7 2,459 24 1,835 50 10,067
Region 2 4 145,965 36,306 17 27,754 29 223,370 10,493,102 9 3,642 8 698 154 48,553
Region 3 - - - 14 16,654 2 10,000 1,200,114 13 4,033 29 2,087 69 23,826
Region 4-A 5 203,806 53,888 12 17,186 13 122,789 6,557,767 14 7,044 7 2,753 4 414
Region 4-B - - - 5 15,392 69 519,991 23,076,675 6 4,122 4 2,350 143 50,937
Region 5 - - - 3 3,630 3 9,464 323,567 3 6,301 6 836 98 31,717
Region 6 - - - 5 1,583 1 5,000 423,912 - - 15 517 17 3,165
REgion 7 - - - 5 3,522 44 293,262 14,791,119 - - 1 234 8 4,718
Region 8 - - - 6 3,367 34 222,295 6,413,280 2 4,210 2 840
Region 9 5 131,695 52,226 45 47,696 39 247,417 18,900,493 2 590 4 632 2 3,020
Region 10 7 409,642 223,871 31 163,928 93 1,030,187 85,232,974 15 46,084 10 1,446 77 24,071
Region 11 9 479,730 389,142 65 167,111 7 37,200 3,562,781 12 20,587 6 3,836 74 39,129
Region 12 2 66,020 38,750 7 28,220 13 154,270 31,426,954 6 3,219 1 960 18 19,191
Region 13 4 64,037 123,070 - - - - - - - - - - -
Philippines 37 1,575,395 945,035 227 516,414 364 3,068,538 211,021,753 92 102,897 124 18,865 792 282,144

Yr. 1995
CAR 1 74,500 27,782 2 10,400 11 174,780 7,719,759 3 606 9 681 75 21,735
Region 1 - - - 10 9,971 6 18,513 899,256 7 2,459 24 1,835 39 7,778
Region 2 5 160,315 48,842 18 25,450 29 223,370 10,493,102 7 1,418 11 1,251 142 43,639
Region 3 - - - 19 21,206 2 10,000 1,200,114 13 4,033 33 2,601 49 19,128
Region 4-A 5 163,451 75,315 12 17,186 13 122,789 6,557,767 8 2,922 3 403 4 414
Region 4-B - - - 5 15,392 69 519,991 23,076,675 6 4,122 3 2,194 133 47,056
Region 5 - - - 2 1,630 3 9,464 323,567 3 6,301 6 836 87 27,447
Region 6 - - - 5 1,583 1 5,000 423,912 - - 15 517 14 2,232
REgion 7 - - - 6 4,154 44 293,262 14,791,119 - - 3 366 8 4,718
Region 8 - - - 7 4,295 30 165,376 4,320,436 2 4,210 2 840
Region 9 5 131,695 52,226 48 55,165 44 298,214 12,916,511 2 590 4 632 1 1,720
Region 10 9 487,607 265,165 34 168,044 100 1,125,492 95,890,630 15 46,084 10 1,446 79 24,457
Region 11 7 340,783 335,530 72 174,807 10 68,460 7,284,037 12 20,587 6 3,836 71 37,019
Region 12 2 72,270 38,750 8 28,944 8 115,845 27,858,751 6 3,219 1 960 18 19,191
Region 13 3 66,495 218,735 - - - - - - - - - - -
Philippines 37 1,497,116 1,062,345 248 538,227 370 3,150,556 213,755,636 84 96,551 128 17,558 722 257,374

Yr. 1996
CAR 1 74,500 20,611 2 10,400 11 174,780 7,719,759 3 606 9 681 73 18,509
Region 1 - - - 11 10,966 5 15,115 674,982 7 2,459 24 1,835 42 8,155
Region 2 5 160,315 45,488 18 25,450 46 393,170 15,451,437 7 1,418 32 2,867 164 41,732
Region 3 - - - 19 21,206 2 10,000 1,200,114 13 4,033 32 2,561 46 15,727
Region 4-A 5 163,451 75,315 12 17,186 13 122,791 6,550,764 8 2,922 3 403 3 334
Region 4-B - - - 5 15,392 68 441,367 23,284,605 6 4,122 3 2,194 111 39,079
Region 5 - - - 2 1,630 3 9,404 323,567 3 6,301 6 836 82 26,490
Region 6 - - - 5 1,583 1 5,260 423,912 - - 20 1,057 13 2,102
Region 7 - - - 6 4,154 - - - - - 3 366 5 1,990
Region 8 - - - 7 4,295 44 293,262 14,791,119 2 4,210 - - 1 560
Region 9 4 114,865 36,433 43 48,372 16 125,704 3,767,108 2 590 4 632 1 1,720
Region 10 2 96,055 42,471 10 51,240 15 79,005 5,320,186 4 4,189 3 404 76 23,067
Region 11 2 72,575 26,055 60 109,444 74 1,039,990 85,080,210 12 20,587 6 3,836 65 32,333
Region 12 1 54,170 33,422 8 28,944 10 63,851 5,020,872 6 3,219 1 960 17 15,191
Region 13 12 659,760 489,888 25 174,414 38 318,528 24,992,002 11 41,895 7 1,042 1 460
ARMM 3 66,495 218,735 - - 9 115,645 29,352,966 - - - - - -
Philippines 35 1,462,186 988,418 233 524,676 355 3,207,872 223,953,603 84 96,551 153 19,674 700 227,449

Yr. 1997
CAR 1 74,500 27,782 1 10,080 3 82,840 820,979 3 606 9 681 67 17,190
Region 1 - - - 11 10,966 5 15,115 675,032 7 2,459 24 1,835 30 6,055
Region 2 5 160,465 42,984 18 25,450 24 260,670 11,575,261 7 1,418 30 2,767 148 37,819
Region 3 - - - 18 16,980 - - - 12 3,533 31 2,455 39 12,494
Region 4-A 3 120,870 24,930 11 17,006 14 100,330 6,480,364 8 2,922 3 403 4 444
Region 4-B - - - 5 15,392 41 296,041 14,024,846 5 2,347 2 2,146 77 25,940
Region 5 - - - 2 1,630 2 5,619 278,550 3 6,301 5 236 70 21,648
Region 6 - - - 5 1,583 - - - - - 20 1,057 12 1,944
REgion 7 - - - 6 4,154 - - - - - 3 366 5 1,990
Region 8 - - - 7 4,295 18 - 4,555,455 2 4,210 0 0 1 580
Region 9 3 84,535 40,960 42 48,265 39 205,878 6,045,310 2 590 4 632 1 1,720
Region 10 2 96,055 42,471 6 42,302 13 67,320 4,237,313 4 4,189 3 404 64 20,971
Region 11 - - - 43 71,518 78 685,598 77,584,116 12 20,587 6 3,836 58 27,121
Region 12 1 54,170 33,422 8 28,944 10 63,851 5,020,872 6 3,219 1 960 12 11,332
Region 13 8 574,390 473,257 23 173,334 45 284,561 28,102,135 11 41,895 7 1,042 - -
ARMM 2 42,915 136,026 - - 3 - 13,038,015 - - - - - -
Philippines 25 1,207,900 821,832 206 471,899 295 2,067,823 172,438,248 82 94,276 148 18,820 588 187,248
Note:
TLA - Timber License Agreement
IFMA - Industrial Forest Plantation Management Agreement
AFF - Agro Forestry Farm Leases
TF - Tree Farm Leases
Table 1.17
NUMBER OF PLANTS CONFISCATED
1991 to 1997
(In piece)
Wildlife Unit of Annual Total

Measure 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Assorted Orchids Piece 1,447 339 4,847 124 96 39

Assorted Orchids Pots 7 5 35 10
Assorted Orchids Flask 2 15
Compots Orchids Pots 7
Birds' Nest Piece 1 7
Cactus Piece 2 2
Cycas or Pitogo Piece 25 17 5
Fern Piece 1 10
Orchids Flask
Pitogo Piece 5
Sabila or Aloe Vera Piece 10 2 5 14 1 11
Sabila Flask 8
Source: Report of NAIA Wildlife Monitoring Team, PAWB.

Table 1.18
AREA REFORESTED BY THE GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE SECTORS
FY 1960-61 TO CY 1996
(In hectares)
Year Government Non-Government Sector

Grand Total DENR Other Government Total Timber 1/ ITP/TP/AFF PD 1153 Others
Total Agencies Licensees
CY 1996 46,096 18,869 18,869 - 27,227 20,005 3/ - - 7,222 2/

1995 65,233 21,841 7,840 14,001 43,392 30,380 3/ - - 13,012 2/
1994 49,551 18,032 18,032 - 31,519 9,468 18,729 - 3,322 2/
1993 19,211 6,347 6,347 - 12,864 12,692 172 - -
1992 40,593 24,304 24,304 - 16,289 11,683 4,606 - -
1991 93,039 73,602 72,238 1,364 19,437 18,089 1,348 - -
1990 191,663 153,949 146,718 7,231 37,714 33,443 3,749 - 522
1989 131,404 89,452 82,966 6,486 41,952 32,087 6,526 - 3,339
1988 64,183 31,226 30,890 336 32,957 23,126 9,831 - -
1987 39,811 28,843 27,558 1,285 10,968 7,956 1,118 1,296 598
1986 32,998 24,426 22,495 1,931 8,572 6,572 1,625 368 7
1985 24,231 12,684 12,201 483 11,547 8,148 1,500 1,228 671
1984 38,935 16,088 15,520 568 22,847 14,186 7,011 1,650 -
1983 78,538 42,239 27,155 15,084 36,299 31,703 3,554 1,042 -
1982 63,262 35,201 31,202 3,999 28,061 21,588 972 5,501 -
1981 64,541 33,296 30,707 1,589 31,245 20,096 6,482 4,667 -
1980 60,516 39,881 32,956 6,925 20,635 15,579 1,162 3,894 -
1979 79,397 51,858 35,305 16,553 27,539 20,132 545 6,017 845
1978 78,425 44,686 34,343 10,343 33,739 22,006 5,001 6,523 209
1977 53,263 33,365 23,677 9,688 19,898 17,276 1,088 500 1,034
1976 31,733 23,228 20,977 2,251 8,505 8,275 - - 230
Year Government Non-Government Sector

Grand Total DENR Other Government Total Timber 1/ ITP/TP/AFF PD 1153 Others
Total Agencies Licensees
FY 1974-75 15,280 15,280 15,280 - - - - - -
1973-74 4,994 4,994 4,994 - - - - - -
1972-73 5,787 5,787 5,787 - - - - - -
1971-72 4,831 4,831 4,831 - - - - - -
1970-71 6,458 6,458 6,458 - - - - - -
1969-70 11,801 11,801 11,801 - - - - - -
1968-69 7,511 7,511 7,511 - - - - - -
1967-68 6,869 6,869 6,869 - - - - - -
1966-67 5,327 5,327 5,327 - - - - - -
1965-66 7,396 7,396 7,396 - - - - - -
1964-65 11,709 11,709 11,709 - - - - - -
1963-64 16,822 16,822 16,822 - - - - - -
1962-63 11,543 11,543 11,543 - - - - - -
1961-62 7,474 7,474 7,474 - - - - - -
1960-61 11,543 11,543 11,543 - - - - - -
as of 1960 54,531 54,531 54,531 - - - - - -
Source: 1996 Philippine Forestry Statistics.

1/ 1990 -1994 Including Enrichment Planting of Timber Licensees
2/ Including accomplishment of ITPLA and IFMA holders
3/ Private Lands and other organizations
Table 1.19
LIST OF PAS WITH APPROVED INTERIM PAMB's*
1994 to 1996
Region / Protected Area Date Approved Region / Protected Area Date Approved
CAR 3. Bataan National Park 01/16/95
1. Cassamata Hill National Park 11/08/94 4. Minalungao National Park 06/29/95
2. Mt. Pulog National Park 01/16/95 5. Roosevelt National Park 08/04/95
3. Mt. Data national Park 01/16/95 6. Lake Malimanga BFS 12/09/95
4. Busol WFR 12/09/95 7. Biak na Bato NP 12/09/95
5. Marcos Hi-way WFR 12/09/95 8. Palanas Watershed 06/11/96
6. Balbalasang-Balbatan NP 12/09/95 Region 4-A
Region 1 1. Mt. Palay-Palay Mataas na Gulod 02/02/94
1. Manleluag Spring National Park 10/15/94 National Park
2. Agoo-Damortis National Park 10/18/94 2. Taal Volcano National Park 06/27/95
3. Paoay Lake National Park 02/07/95 3. Quezon National Park 06/27/95
4. Bessang Pass National Park 04/18/95 4. Alibijaban Wilderness Area (PD 2131) 08/04/95
5. Northern Luzon Heroes Hills National Park 05/15/95 5. PD 1636 (Rizal side) 08/04/95
6. Tirad Pass NP 07/23/96 6. Aurora Memorial National Park 08/04/95
7. Hundred Island 02/28/97 7. Mt. Banahaw-San Cristobal National Park 08/04/95
Region 2 Region 4-B
1. Peñablanca Protected Landscape 02/21/94 1. * Apo Reef Marine Reserve 10/94
2. Salinas Deer Refuge 02/21/95 2. Ursula Island Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary 02/07/95
3. Fuyot Spring National Park 02/21/94 3. Naujan Lake National Park 05/15/95
4. Magapit Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary 02/02/94 4. Mts. Iglit-Baco National Parks 05/25/95
5. * Palanan Wilderness 02/21/94 5. Tubbataha Reefs National Park 06/29/95
6. * Batanes Protected Landscape 02/09/94 Region 5
7. Palaui Island Protected Landscape/Seascape 06/02/95 1. Bicol National Park 04/21/94
Region 3 2. Libmanan Caves National Park 07/20/94
1. Masinloc and Oyon Bays Protected 12/27/93 3. Bulusan Volcano National Park 06/28/94
Landscape/Seascape 4. Mt. Isaraog National Park 06/24/94
2. Mt. Arayat National Park 11/04/94 5. Caramoan National Park 09/13/94
Region / Protected Area Date Approved Region / Protected Area Date Approved
6. Mt. Mayon Volcano National Park 12/14/94 Region 8
7. Catanduanes WFR 10/11/96 1. McArthur Landing Memorial National Park 02/16/94

8. Lagonoy WFR 10/11/96 2. Sohotan Natural Bridge National Park 04/22/94
9. Abasig-Matogdon-Manang 10/11/96 3. Mahagnao Volcano National Park 07/08/94
10. Mt. Masaraga WFR 10/11/96 4. Lake Danao National Park 10/05/94
Region 6 5. Kuapnit-Balinsasayao National Park 05/30/95
1. Bulabog-Putian National Park 06/20/94 6. Pan-as Falls Hayiban WFR 08/04/95
2. * Mt. Canlaon National Park 09/05/94 7. Jicontol Watershed Forest Reserved 08/04/95
3. Taklong Island National MP 12/16/94 8. Palumpon Watershed Forest Reserve 07/05/96
4. Sagay Protected Landscape/Seascape 06/01/96 9. Guiuan Protected Landscape/Seascape 12/09/95
Region 7 10. Hinabian Watershed Forest Reserve 02/08/96
1. Sudlon NP 11/01/95 11. Bulosao Watershed Forest Reserve 02/08/96
2. Central Cebu NP 11/01/95 Region 9
3. Rajan Sikatuna NP 11/01/95 1. Basialn National Park 09/09/94
4. Olango Island WS 11/01/95 2. Rizal (Dapitan) NP 01/26/96
5. Mangrove WA (Bantayan Island) 11/01/95 3. Sta. Cruz Island 01/26/96
6. Mangrove Swamp Forest Reserve 11/01/95 4. Pasonanca Watershed 01/26/96
7. Loboc WFR 11/01/95 5. Buug Watershed Forest Reserve 01/26/96
8. Mananga River WFR 11/01/95 6. Slocon Watershed Forest Reserve 01/26/96
9. Alijawan-Cansuhay-Anibongan WF 11/01/95 Region 10
10. Kotkot and Lusaran WFR 11/01/95 1. * Mt. Kitanglad National Park 09/09/94
11. Apo Island 06/11/96 2. Initao National Park 07/28/94
12. Alburquerque, Loay, Loboc MSFR 06/20/97 3. Mt. Malindang National Park 09/14/94
13. Sandigan Island MSFR 06/20/97 Region 11
14. Panglao Island MSFR 06/20/97 *1. Mt. Apo National Park 11/94
15. Pangangan Island WA 06/20/97 2. Mt. Matuntum Protected Landscape/Seascape 03/05/96
16. Tubigon Group of Island 06/20/97 Region 13 (CARAGA)
17. Clarin Group of Islets 06/20/97 1. Siargao Wilderness 01/16/95
Region 8 2. Agusan Wildlife Sanctuary 01/25/95
1. McArthur Landing Memorial National Park 02/16/94 Source: PAWB, DENR

2. Sohotan Natural Bridge National Park 04/22/94 Note: * PAMBs were organized starting in 1994.
IPAS sites
Table 1.20
LIST OF POLICY ISSUANCES
1995 to 1997
PROCLAMATIONS TITLE
No. 552 - March 20, 1995 Establishing as Mt. matutum Protected Lanscape the parcels of
land of the public domain situated within the municipalities of Tupi,
Tampakan, and Polomok, Province of South Cotobato, and the
Municipality of Malungon, Province of Sarangani
No. 592 - June 1, 1995 Declaring the islands of Molocaboc, Diutay, Matabas, and
surrounding reefs and the reefs of Carbin and Maca, situated in
the municipality of Sagay, Province of Negros Occidental as
Protected Lanscape/Seascape
No. 746 - February 20, 1996 Declaring as protected area a certain parcel of land of public
domain to be known as the mount GUITING-GUITING Natural
Park embraced and situated in the municipalities of Cajidiocan,
Magdiwang and San Fernando, in the island of Sibuyan, Romblon
No. 756 - March 5, 1996 Establishing Sarangani Bay and a portion of the municipal waters
of Maitum, Kiamba and Maasim Sarangani provice as protected
sescape for the purpose of protecting and maintaining its coastal
and marine resources for the benefit and enjoyment of
the people of the Philippines
No. 868 - September 6, 1996 Amending Presidential Proclamation No. 1801, Series of 1980, by
declaring certain parcels of land of public domain and reef areas
covering Apo Reef situated in the municipality of Sablayan,
Occidental Mindoro as protected area under the category of
natural park
No. 882 - September 24, 1996 Amending Presidential Proclamation No. 59, dated May 9, 1936
by declaring certain parcels of land of the public domain covering
Mt. Apo situated in Kidapawan, Makilala and Magpet in Cotobato,
Bansalan, Digos, Sta. Cruz, Davao del Sur, Davao,
Island Mindanao as protected area under the category of Natural
Park
Table 1.20 (continued) ...
PROCLAMATIONS TITLE
No. 896 - October 24, 1996 Amending Proclamation No. 677 dated December 14, 1990 by
declaring certain parcels of land of the public domain covering Mt.
Kitanglad range situated in Talakag, Baungon, Libona, Manolo
Fortich, Sumilao, Impasug-ong, Malaybalay and
Lantapan, all in the province of Bukidnon as protected area under
the category of Natural Park and its peripheral areas as buffer
No. 901 - October 10, 1996 Declaring a certain parcel of land within the coverage of
Proclamation Nos. 1636 and 1687 dated 18 April 1977, situated in
the municipality of Rodriguez, Rizal, as Pamitinan protected
landscape
No. 902 - October 10, 1996 Amending Proclamation No. 1801 dated August 30, 1979,
Proclamation No. 2151 dated December 29, 1981, and
Proclamation No. 2152 dated December 29, 1981 by declaring the
terrestrial, wetland and marine areas of Siargao and its
surrounding islets in
northeastern part of Mindanao, province of Surigao del Norte as
protected area under the category of protected landscape and
seascape
No. 923 - November 19, 1996 Amending Proclamation No. 235, dated July 22, 1967, by
declaring the Taal Volcano island national park, province of
Batangas, Island of Luzon as protected area under the category of
protected landscape
No. 978 - March 10, 1997 Amending Letter of Instruction 917-A dated September 7, 1779 by
declaring certain parcels of land of the public domain and its
coastal waters covering northern Sierra Madre situated in
Palanan, Dunlacan, Maconacon and portions of San Pablo,
Cabagan, Tumauni, Iligan, San Mariano and Dinapigue, all in the
province of Isabela as protected area under the category of
Natural Park.
PROCLAMATIONS TITLE
No. 1005 - May 8, 1997 Amending Presidential Proclamation No. 721, dated August 08,
1934, by declaring certain parcels of land covering mount Kanla-
on situated in the municipalities of Murcia and La Castellana and
cites of Bago, La Carlota, Canlaon and San Carlos, all within
the Negros island as protected area under the category of natural

park.
No. 1030 - June 23, 1997 Declaring the Philippine Tarsier as a specially protected faunal
species of the Philippines
No. 1037 - July 1, 1997 Establishing the 1,776 hills, more or less, popularly known as
Chocolate hills and the areas within around and surrounding them
located in the municipalitiesof Carmen, Batuan and Sagbayan,
Bilar, Valencia and Sierra Bullones, Province of Bohol
as a natural monument to protect and maintain its natural beauty
and to provide restraining mechanisms for inappropriate
exploitation.
No. 1125 - November 4, 1997 Declaring an area of the public domain situated in the
municipalities of Calbiga, Wright and Hinabangan, Province of
Samar, as Calbiga caves protected landscape
Source: PAWB, DENR
Table 1.21
DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDERS
1995 to 1997
ORDERS TITLE
No. 95-03 - January 13, 1995 Procedural and/or documentary requirements, guidelines and/or
criteria to be observed and/or criteria to be observed and/or followed
in the selection of representatives of Local Government units, Non-
government Organizations and Peoples Organization to the
Protected Management Board (PAMB)
No. 95-05 - February 2, 1995 Guidelines in the selection, Awards, monitoring and evaluation of
Host Non-government Organization in the Conservation of Priority
Protected Areas Project
No. 95-06 - March 03, 1995 Creation of a National Biodiversity Unit under the Office of the
Director, Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
No. 95-10 - March 29, 1995 Amendment of DENR Administrative Order No. 42, series of 1994
No. 95-22 - June 30, 1995 Guidelines on the Accreditation and Registration of Zoos and Wildlife
Facilities of Private Collector/s Including Wildlife Stocks thereat
No. 95-28 - November 17, 1995 Amendment to Section 22, 25 and 26 of DAO, 25, Series of 1992 RE:
Composition and Authorityof PAMB Executive Committee and the
Role of PASu
No. 96-02 - January 23, 1996 Amendment to DENR Administrative Order No. 95-28 Re :
Composition and Authority of PAMB Executive Committee and the
Role of the PASu
No. 96-16 - April 15, 1996 Amending DENR Administrative Order No. 95-22 dated 30 June
1995 RE : Guidelines on the Accreditation and Registration of Zoos
and Wildlife Facilities of Private Collector/s including Wildlife Stocks
Threat
No. 96-17 - April 19, 1996 Creating the NIPAS Evaluation Committee (NEC) to Assess the
Performance of the Protected Area Superintendents
No. 96-20 - June 21, 1996 Implementing Rules and Regulations on the Prospecting of Biological
and Genetic Resources
No. 96-22 - June 21, 1996 Guidelines on the Establishment and Management of Integrated
Protected Area Funds (IPAF)
ORDERS TITLE
No. 96-28 - September 19, 1996 Requirements for the Deputation of Barangay Volunteers and
Members of Tribal Communities as Field Officers within Protected
Areas
No. 96-31 - October 15, 1996 Amendment of Section 61 of Administrative Order No. 25, September
1992 RE: Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 7586 (National
Integrated Protected Areas Act of 1992)
No. 96-34 - November 12, 1996 Guidelines on the Management of Certified Ancestral Domain Claims
No. 97-12 - April 11, 1997 Amendment of DENR Aministrative Order No. 56, Series of 1993
No. 97-14 - April 21, 1997 Amending DENR Administrative Order Nos 95-22 and 96-16 RE:
Guidelines on the Accreditation and Registration of Zoos and Wildlife
Facilities of Private Collector/s including Wildlife Stocks Threat
No. 97-16 - April 28, 1997 Addendum to the Guidelines on the Establishment and Management
of the Integrated Protected Area Fund.
No. 97-17 - April 29, 1997 Establishing the Disposition Program for Confiscated and Donated
Wildlife in the Custody of DENR Wildlife Rescue Centers and Similar
DENR Facilities and Providing Guidelines Therefor
No. 97-27 - July 31, 1997 Amendment of Section 15, Transitory Provisions of Department
Administrative Order No. 96-20 also known as the Implementing
Rules and Regulations on the Prospecting of Biological and Genetic
Resources
No. 97-33 - November 24, 1997 Guidelines on the Issuance of Permit for the Collection and Transport
of Biological Specimens From Protected Areas for Use by DENR
Biodiversity Conservation Programs/Projects
No. 97-36 - December 15, 1997 Institutionalizing the Dalaw-Turo of the Protected Areas and Wildlife
Bureau (PAWB) as an Environmental Education Strategy for Nature
Conservation and Environmental Awareness Projects and Activities
No. 97-42 - December 29, 1997 Transferring the Tamaraw Conservation Program (TCP) from the
Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB) to DENR Region IV
Source: PAWB, DENR

Table 1.22
DENR MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS
1995 to 1997
MEMORANDUM CIRCULARS TITLE
No. 95-19 - December 05, 1995 Suplementary guidelines on the granting of additional monkey breeders quota
as provided for in DENR Administrative Order No. 29, Series of 1994
No. 96-02 - February 9, 1996 Interim Guidelines Governing the Issuance of "Muyong Resources Permit" in
the Province of Ifugao
No. 96-09 - November 27, 1996 Clarification on who shall take lead in the Implementation of NIPAS Activities
within Protected Areas under the Administrative Jurisdiction of Other
Government Instrumentalities including the Organization of Individual
Protected Area Management Boards.
No. 97-17 - September 11, 1997 Criteria for the Identification of Wetlands critical to Biodiversity Conservation
No. 97-18 - September 12, 1997 Fifty Percent (50%) Discount on all National Park Fees
Source: PAWB, DENR
Table 1.23
DENR MEMORANDUM ORDERS
1995 to 1996
MEMORANDUM ORDERS TITLE
No. 95-08 - April 04, 1995 Clarification on the provision of the NIPAS law regarding the modification of
boundary of the protected area and its buffer zone
No. 289 - July 5, 1995 Directing the integration of the Philippines strategy for biological diversity
conservation in the sectoral plans, programs and project of the national
government agencies and the operationalization of the objectives of
sustainable biological diversity resource management and development as

embodied in the strategy
No. 96-02 - January 23, 1996 Reiterating the Creation of Filed NIPAs Coordinating Office
No. 96-07 - March 20, 1996 Attention all Regional Executive Directors
No. 96-15 - September 11, 1996 PAMB Membership
Source: PAWB, DENR
Table 1.24
VOLUME ACCOUNTS OF OLD GROWTH DIPTEROCARP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
(In thousand cubic meters)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING VOLUME 1/ 318,739 243,105 227,123 212,416 198,792 198,792 198,792
Changes due to economic activity (24,152) (12,411) (8,688) (8,688) 0 0 0

Reforestation n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Afforestation n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.
Depletion (-)
Logged 2/ 24,152 12,411 8,688 8,688 0 0 0
Other Accumulation (+/-)

Forest converted
to non-forest use 3/ (3,475) (2,482) (2,433) (2,408) 0 0 0
Other volume changes (+/-) (48,007) (1,089) (3,587) (2,529) 0 0 0

Natural growth 4/
Natural mortality 4/
Other changes (s.d.) (48,007) (1,089) (3,587) (2,529) 0 0 0
Net Change in Volume (75,634) (15,982) (14,707) (13,624) 0 0 0
CLOSING VOLUME 243,105 227,123 212,416 198,792 198,792 198,792 198,792
Source: Philippine System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (PSEEA), National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB).
Note: 1/ Opening volume for a given year is based on the volume of old growth forest in the preceding year (PFS).
2/ Volume logged equals logged area multiplied by 248.22 cu.m./ha. (mean harvestable volume of old growth forest).
3/ Volume of forest converted equals converted forest area multiplied by 248.22 cu. m. / ha.
4/ Net stand growth is zero in old growth forest: tree growth equals tree mortality.
Table 1.25
VOLUME ACCOUNTS OF SECOND GROWTH DIPTEROCARP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING VOLUME 1/ 588,753 475,991 467,125 458,137 449,161 435,695 423,480
Changes due to economic activity (1,068) (978) (503) (352) (352) 0 0

Depletion (-)
Damage from logging 2/ 1,068 978 503 352 352 0 0
Other Accumulation (+/-) 2,704 2,191 (1,179) (1,960) (1,893) (3,812) (3,745)
Old growth converted to
second growth 3/ 6,054 5,541 2,848 1,993 1,993 0 0
Forest converted
to non-forest use 4/ (3,350) (3,350) (4,027) (3,953) (3,886) (3,812) (3,745)
Other volume changes (+/-) (114,397) (10,079) (7,306) (6,665) (11,222) (8,403) (7,308)
Net stand growth 5/ 22,961 18,564 18,218 17,867 17,517 16,992 16,516
Other changes (s.d.) (137,359) (28,643) (25,524) (24,532) (28,739) (25,395) (23,823)
Net Change in Volume (112,762) (8,866) (8,988) (8,976) (13,466) (12,215) (11,053)
CLOSING VOLUME 475,991 467,125 458,137 449,161 435,695 423,480 412,427
Note: 1/ The Opening volume in a given year is based on the volume of old growth forest in the preceding year.
2/ Area damaged from logging multiplied by the harvestable volume of 67.0 cu.m./ha.
3/ Area logged in old growth forest in the previous year multiplied by density of 67.0 cu.m./ha.
4/ Area converted to other uses multiplied by the residual density of 67.0 cu. m./ha.
5/ Net stand growth equals opening volume multiplied by annual growth rate taken from the Revilla study (Yeal 10).
Table 1.26
AREA ACCOUNTS OF OLD GROWTH DIPTEROCAP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
(In thousand hectares)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 1,219.689 988.300 922.000 861.200 804.900 804.900 804.900
Changes due to economic activity (97.300) (50.000) (35.000) (35.000) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Depletion (-)
Logged Area 2/ 97.300 50.000 35.000 35.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Forest area converted
to non-forest use 3/ (14.000) (10.000) (9.800) (9.700) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Other volume changes (+/-) (120.089) (6.300) (16.000) (11.600) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Additions 4/
Other changes (s.d.) (120.089) (6.300) (16.000) (11.600) 0.000 0.000 0.000
Net Change in Area (231.389) (66.300) (60.800) (56.300) 0.000 0.000 0.000
CLOSING AREA 988.300 922.000 861.200 804.900 804.900 804.900 804.900
Note: 1/ Based on the RP-German Forest Inventory as indicated in the Philippine Forestry Statistics (PFS). The Opening area in a given year
is based on the area of old growth forest in the preceding year (PFS).
2/ From Master Plan for Forestry Development (MPFD): Appendix 15
3/ 1988 and 1989, from Table 9 of Tonie Balangue's paper; 1990-1991 : from MPFD, Appendix 8 (Current trends scenario:total logging ban)
1992 onwards assumed to be zero.
4/ There is no additional area for old growth forest.
Table 1.27
AREA ACCOUNTS OF SECOND GROWTH DIPTEROCARP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 3,618.919 3,412.800 3,350.900 3,287.600 3,224.300 3,131.900 3,041.758
Changes due to economic activity (15.945) (14.595) (7.500) (5.250) (5.250) 0.000 0.000
Depletion (-)
Damage from logging 2/ 15.945 14.595 7.500 5.250 5.250 0.000 0.000
Other Accumulation (+/-) 40.355 32.705 (17.600) (29.250) (28.250) (56.900) (55.900)
Old growth area converted to
second growth area 3/ 90.355 82.705 42.500 29.750 29.750 0.000 0.000
to non-forest use 4/ (50.000) (50.000) (60.100) (59.000) (58.000) (56.900) (55.900)
Other volume changes (+/-) (230.529) (80.010) (38.200) (28.800) (58.900) (33.242) 0.000
Other changes (s.d.) (230.529) (80.010) (38.200) (28.800) (58.900) (33.242) 0.000
Net Change in Area (206.119) (61.900) (63.300) (63.300) (92.400) (90.142) (55.900)
CLOSING AREA 3,412.800 3,350.900 3,287.600 3,224.300 3,131.900 3,041.758 2,962.655
Note: 1/ Based on the RP-German Forest Inventory as indicated in the Philippine Forestry Statistics (PFS). The Opening area
is in a given year is based on the area of old growth forest in the preceding year (PFS).
2/ Equivalent to 15% of logged area in previous year, for logged landings, roads, skidding/yarding trails
3/ Area logged in old growth forest in previous year less 15% for log landings, roads, skidding/yarding trails
4/ 1990 onwards: from MPFD, Appendix 8 (Current trends scenario:total logging ban); 1988 and 1989, from Table 9
of Tonie Balangue's paper
Table 1.28
VOLUME ACCOUNTS OF PINE FORESTS
1988 to 1994
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING STOCK 1/ 25,098 24,977 24,888 24,759 24,626 24,500 24,377

Closed 17,067 16,984 16,924 16,836 16,746 16,660 16,576
Open 8,031 7,993 7,964 7,923 7,880 7,840 7,801
Depletion (-) 28 23 0 0 0 0 0
Harvest 2/ 28 23 0 0 0 0 0
Other Accumulation (+/-) (123) (118) 0 0 0 0 0

Forest Conversion (123) (118) 0 0 0 0 0
Other Volume Changes (+/-) (26) 6 (129) (133) (126) (123) (125)
Additions 3/ 717 711 706 700 695 689 684
Reductions (618) (617) (609) (605) (600) (596) (591)
Stand Mortality 4/ (573) (572) (564) (560) (555) (551) (546)
Closed (390) (389) (384) (381) (377) (375) (371)
Open (183) (183) (180) (179) (178) (176) (175)
Forest Fires (45) (45) (45) (45) (45) (45) (45)
Other Changes (S.D.) (125) (88) (226) (228) (221) (216) (218)
Net Change in Stock (121) (89) (129) (133) (126) (123) (125)
CLOSING STOCK 1/ 24,977 24,888 24,759 24,626 24,500 24,377 24,252
Source: Philippine System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (PSEEA), National Statistical Coordination
Board (NSCB).
Note: 1/ Based on PFS data
2/ Harvest: zero harvest from 1990 - 1994 due to log ban
3/ Addition: 3.40 cu.m./ha/year (based on RP-German Inventory Project)
4/ Stand Mortality: 1.75 cu.m./ha. for open forests
2.95 cu.m./ha. for closed forests
Table 1.29
VOLUME ACCOUNTS OF RATTAN
1988 to 1994
(In thousand lineal meters)
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING STOCK 1/ 4,343,670 4,112,320 3,894,400 3,820,970 3,627,140 3,511,170 3,370,720
Depletion (-) 355,860 343,080 199,180 317,380 235,660 255,690 245,730

Harvest 2/ 205,070 197,710 113,810 181,360 134,670 146,110 112,450
Waste 3/ 150,790 145,370 85,370 136,020 100,990 109,580 133,280
Other Accumulation (+/-) (69,630) (65,450) (61,270) (59,870) (59,190) (57,790) (57,100)
Forest conversion 4/ (69,630) (65,450) (61,270) (59,870) (59,190) (57,790) (57,100)
Other Volume Changes (+/-) 194,140 190,610 187,020 183,420 178,880 173,030 168,530
Addition due to growth (+) 5/ 312,957 307,272 301,480 295,670 287,920 278,930 271,680
Reduction due to stand mortality (-) 6/118,817 116,662 114,460 112,250 109,040 105,900 103,150
NET CHANGE IN STOCK 7/ (231,350) (217,920) (73,430) (193,830) (115,970) (140,450) (134,300)
CLOSING STOCK 8/ 4,112,320 3,894,400 3,820,970 3,627,140 3,511,170 3,370,720 3,236,420
Note: 1/ closing stock of the previous year based on the RP-German FRIP (1988)
2/ split rattan harvest + unsplit rattan harvest * % of understatement * % of inventory per diameters
split & unsplit rattan harvest is based on PFS
% of inventory for large diameter rattan = 42% based on PFS
% of inventory for small diameter rattan = 58% based on PFS
% of understatement = 488% based on Silviconsult-ADB report
3/ % of waste * merchantable lengths felled
% of waste = 50% based on Virtucio & Sy (1987) Industry Representative
merchantable length = 150% of harvest
4/ forest area converted * rattan stock density in residual forest
forest conversion projection is based on MPFD
rattan stock density in residual forest is based on FRIP
5/ rattan stock density in residual forest * residual forest area * growth rate
residual forest area is based on PFS
growth rate is based on assumption of PCARRD (1988) which is 0.70 meter per year
6/ residual forest area * rattan stock density in residual forest * % of stand mortality
% of stand mortality = 5% of stand in residual forest based on Nur Supardi Md. Noor & Wan Razali Mohd. (1987)
7/ depletion +/- other accumulation +/- other volume changes
8/ opening stock - net change in stock
Table 1.30
AREA ACCOUNTS OF PINE FORESTS
1988 to 1994
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 238.89 238.88 237.60 236.40 235.20 233.90 232.70

Closed 162.45 162.44 161.57 160.75 159.94 159.05 158.24
Open 76.44 76.44 76.03 75.65 75.26 74.85 74.46
Depletion (-) 0.90 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Harvest 2/ 0.90 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Accumulation (+/-) (1.20) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Forest Conversion (1.20) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Other Volume Changes (+/-) 2.09 (1.13) (1.20) (1.20) (1.30) (1.20) (1.20)
Additions 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Reductions (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64)
Stand Mortality 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Forest Fires 3/ (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64) (0.64)
Other Changes (S.D.) 2.73 (0.49) (0.56) (0.56) (0.66) (0.56) (0.56)
CLOSING AREA 1/ 238.88 237.60 236.40 235.20 233.90 232.70 231.50
Source: Philippine System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (PSEEA), National Statistical Coordination
Board (NSCB).
Note: 1/ Based on PFS data
2/ Harvest: zero harvest from 1990 - 1994 due to log ban
3/ Forest Fires: 640 has./year
2
Fauna
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 2 FAUNA
Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-ii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-ix
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Section 1 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

1.1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
1.2 Statistical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Section 2 Situational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29

2.1 Highlights of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
a. Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events 2-29
a.1 Livestock and Poultry Production . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
a.2 Fish Catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
b. Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events . . . 2-31
b.1 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Wildlife
Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
b.2 Net Change in Fish Catch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
c. Responses to Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
c.1 Wildlife Species Protected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
c.2 Protected Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
c.3 Laws Promulgated and Implemented . . . . . . . . 2-36
c.4 NGOs’ Involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
c.5 Issuance of Wildlife Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
c.6 Confiscation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
c.7 Rehabilitation of Degraded Environments . . . . 2-38
d. Stocks and Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
d.1 Livestock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38
d.2 Wild Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
d.3 Fishery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
2.2 Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40
2-i
Fauna
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page

No.
A Conceptual Framework on Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
B Statistical Framework on Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
C Data Assessment for the Fauna Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
2.1a Carabao: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . 2-40
2.1b Cattle: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . . . 2-41
2.1c Goat: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . . . . 2-42
2.1d Hog: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . . . . 2-43
2.1e Chicken: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . 2-44
2.1f Duck: Total Inventory by Region (as of Jan.1, 1990-1999) . . . . . . . 2-45
2.2a Carabao: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
2.2b Cattle: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-47
2.2c Goat: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48
2.2d Hog: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
2.2e Chicken: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-50
2.2f Duck: Total Production by Region, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
2.3 BAI Stock Farms (as of June 1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52
2.4a Wildlife Species Exported Based on Cites/Non-Cites Permits

Issued, 1990 – 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-53
2.4b Government Revenues From Wildlife Export, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . 2-56
2.5 Wildlife Used by Indigenous Groups, And Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-57
2-ii
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
2.6 Total Fish Production by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58
2.6a Marine Fish Catch (Commercial and Marine Municipal Fishing):

Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-59
2.6a.1 Marine Fish Catch (Commercial Fishing): Quantity of Fish Landed

by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60
2.6a.2 Marine Fish Catch (Marine Municipal Fishing): Quantity of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61
2.6b Inland Fish Catch (Inland Municipal Fishing): Quantity of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62
2.6c Aquaculture Fishing: Quantity of Fish Production by Region, 1990-

1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-63
2.6c.1 Aquaculture Fishing (Brackishwater Fishpond): Quantity of Fish

Production by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
2.6c.2 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpond): Quantity of Fish

2.6c.3 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpen): Quantity of Fish

2.6c.4 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishcage): Quantity of Fish

2.6c.5 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishpen ): Quantity of Fish

2.6c.6 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishcage): Quantity of Fish

2.6c.7 Aquaculture Fishing (Mariculture): Quantity of Fish Production by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70
2.7 Total Value of Fish Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-71
2-iii
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
Value of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-72
2.7a.1 Marine Fish Catch (Commercial Fishing): Value of Fish Landed by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-73
2.7a.2 Marine Fish Catch (Marine Municipal Fishing): Value of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-74
2.7b Inland Fish Catch (Inland Municipal Fishing) Value of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-75
2.7c Aquaculture Fishing, Value of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 .

...................................................... 2-76
2.7c.1 Aquaculture Fishing (Brackishwater Fishpond): Value of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-77
2.7c.2 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpond): Value of Fish Landed

by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-78
2.7c.3 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpen ): Value of Fish Landed

by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-79
2.7c.4 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishcage): Value of Fish Landed

by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80
2.7c.5 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishpen): Value of Fish Landed by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-81
2.7c.6 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishcage): Value of Fish Landed by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82
2.7c.7 Aquaculture Fishing (Mariculture): Value of Fish Landed by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-83
2.8 Export of Fish and Fishery Products: Quantity and Value by Kind,
1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-84
2.9 Importation of Livestock and Poultry, 1994-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-86
2.10a Carabao: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . 2-97
2-iv
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
2.10b Cattle: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . 2-98
2.10c Goat: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . 2-99
2.10d Hog: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . 2-100
2.10e Chicken: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . 2-101
2.10f Duck: Percent Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . 2-102
2.11a Carabao: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . 2-103
2.11b Cattle: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-104
2.11c Goat: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-105
2.11d Hog: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106
2.11e Chicken: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . 2-107
2.11f Duck: Change in Population by Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-108
2.12 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Species, 1991-1997 . . . 2-109
2.13 Total Fish Production by Region: Percent Change in the Quantity

of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-110

Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-111
2.13a.1 Marine Fish Catch (Commercial Fishing): Percent Change in the

Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-112
2.13a.2 Marine Fish Catch (Marine Municipal Fishing): Percent Change in

the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-113
2.13b Inland Fish Catch (Inland Municipal Fishing): Percent Change in

the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-114
2-v
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
2.13c Aquaculture Fishing: Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish
Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-115
2.13c.1 Aquaculture Fishing (Brackishwater Fishpond): Percent Change in

the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-116
2.13c.2 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpond): Percent Change in the

2.13c.3 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpen ): Percent Change in the

2.13c.4 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishcage): Percent Change in the

2.13c.5 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishpen): Percent Change in the

2.13c.6 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishcage): Percent Change in the

2.13c.7 Aquaculture Fishing (Mariculture): Percent Change in the Quantity

of Fish Production by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122
2.14 Total Fish Production by Region: Change in the Quantity of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-123

Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . 2-124
2.14a.1 Marine Fish Catch (Commercial Fishing): Change in the Quantity

of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-125
2.14a.2 Marine Fish Catch (Marine Municipal Fishing): Change in the

2.14b Inland Fish Catch (Inland Municipal Fishing): Change in the

2.14c Aquaculture Fishing: Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by

Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-128
2-vi
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
2.14c.1 Aquaculture Fishing (Brackishwater Fishpond): Change in the
2.14c.2 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpond): Change in the

2.14c.3 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishpen): Change in the Quantity

of Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-131
2.14c.4 Aquaculture Fishing (Freshwater Fishcage): Change in the

2.14c.5 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishpen ): Change in the Quantity of

Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-133
2.14c.6 Aquaculture Fishing (Marine Fishcage): Change in the Quantity of

Fish Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-134
2.14c.7 Aquaculture Fishing (Mariculture): Change in the Quantity of Fish

Landed by Region, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-135
2.15a Wildlife Species Protected (Listed under CITES Appendix I and

whose Commercial Export/Trade are Strictly Prohibited), 1990-
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136
2.15b Wildlife Species Protected (Listed under CITES Appendix II and

whose Commercial Export/Trade are Strictly Regulated), 1990-
1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-136
2.15c Philippine Aquatic Species Listed Under CITES Appe ndix III,
1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-137
2.16a Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-138
2.16b Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-139
2.16c Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-140
2.16d Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-141
2.16e Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-142
2-vii
Fauna
Table Title Page

No.
2.16f Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-143
2.16g Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-144
2.16h Summary of Protected Areas by Region, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-146
2.17 International Protected Sites, as of 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-148
2.18 Policy Issuance, 1935–1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-149
2.19 NGOs Involved in the Conservation of Wildlife, 1997-1998 . . . . . . 2-150
2.20a Permits Issued for Wildlife Local Transport, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . 2-151
2.20b Permits Issued for Wildlife Export, 1990-1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-154
2.21 Number of Confiscated Wildlife and its By-Products, 1990-1997 . . 2-155
2.22 Allowable Quota for Certain Wildlife Species, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-156
2.23a Area Rehabilitated, 1991-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-159
2.23b Expenditure on Rehabilitation Programs Implemented in

Rehabilitated Areas, 1991-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-160
2.24 Operating Budget and Manpower Complement of Agencies

Involved in Wildlife Protection, 1990-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-162
2.25 Status of Known Mammals and Birds Species in the Philippines, as

of 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-163
2.26a Catcher Boats Issued CFBL by BFAR, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-164
2.26b Catcher Boats Issued CFBL by BFAR, 1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-165
2.26c Catcher Boats Issued CFBL by BFAR, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-166
2.26d Catcher Boats Issued CFBL by BFAR, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-167
2.27 Total Employment in Fishing Establishments by Type of Worker,

1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-168
2-viii
Fauna
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Title Page
No.
1 Fish Production by Type of Fishing, 1990 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
2 Percent Share of Fish Production, 1990 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
3 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species, 1991 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . 2-31
4.1 Wildlife Species Protected (Species Whose Commercial

Export/Trade are Strictly Prohibited), 1990 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
4.2 Wildlife Species Protected (Species Whose Commercial 2-34

Export/Trade are Strictly Regulated), 1990 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 Protected Areas in the Philippines, 1990 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
2-ix
Fauna
INTRODUCTION
The worsening environmental problems have increased awareness and concern

over our environment. Generally, environment refers to air, water and land/soil. Within
these environmental media are two very important biota, namely fauna and flora. This
chapter deals specifically with fauna which includes all species of animals whether
mammals, reptiles, birds, insects, fishes and amphibians. These species are found mostly
in protected areas which include wilderness areas, mangrove swamps, forest reserve,
virgin forest and marine reserve.
Human population cannot maintain itself without cultivating certain species of

animals and plants for food and other uses. The continued strength of this symbiotic
relationship depends on the stock of these wild resources. Aside from the fact that fauna
is a very important source of food and income, it also has other uses such as for
medicines, biotechnology and others.
Although the Philippines is blessed with a forest considered as one of the world’s
richest in terms of biodiversity, like many other countries, it is also beset by the current
widespread problems on environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity.
The dearth of information on wildlife resources presents difficulties in the proper

and effective conservation and management of the country’s wildlife species. Scientists
believe that there are a large number of species which have not yet been and may never be
identified due to their hastened extinction. The rapid rate of deforestation during the past
years has pushed a significant number of fauna species to the brink of extinction and still
a larger number to critically low levels.
The country’s coastal zone resources were likewise not spared from the ongoing
massive destruction of environment. According to the study made under the Philippine
Integrated System of Environmental and Economic Accounts (PSEEA), the serious
depletion of our fishery resources is mainly due to destructive fishing practices which
result in the destruction of coral reefs1, a fish habitat. ENRAP’s study on the Philippine
small-pelagic fishery pointed to excessive fishing as one of the reasons for the potential
collapse of the nation’s fish sector2. The PSEEA study further revealed that for the period
1988 to 1993, depletion of fishery resources at current prices surged from P9 million to
P3,517 million, posting an annual depletion rate of 134.57 percent.
Recently, the problem on biological pollution was identified in the National

Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan of the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) as a concern that needs immediate attention. Biological pollution
1
“Results of the Initial PSEEA Study”, Sustainable Development, Volume 1, Second issue, July to December 1996,
IEMSD.
2
“Are we using our fishery resources wisely?”, ENRAP Monthly Monitor, January 1995, ENRAP.
2-1
Fauna
refers to the disappearance of native species, particularly in the marine and agricultural
ecosystems, due to the introduction of exotic foreign species, either directly or indirectly 3.
Direct introduction of species is carried out through predation, competition and
hybridization while indirect introduction is induced through parasites and habitat
alteration.
Situation though of the country’s livestock and poultry resources is not as bleak
due to the continuous growth of the livestock and poultry industry. Positive average
annual growth rates were observed in both production and inventory for the period 1990
to 1998.
Cognizant of the need to curb the rapid depreciation of fauna resources, the
DENR, through its Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB), has formulated
policies and guidelines to save declining wildlife species and in general, for the
management of National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) and the
conservation of biological diversity. Considered as a milestone in the field of wildlife
management was the gradual phasing out of collection and exportation of fauna from the
wild by 1994. In a similar manner, the Department of Agriculture (DA), through its
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), has established various fish
sanctuaries to protect and conserve our marine resources.
As a result of government efforts to impart to the public a sense of ni spiration and

commitment to personally share in the preservation and conservation of wildlife
resources, a number of NGOs have actively involved themselves either as co-
implementors or sponsors of various projects on the conservation of wildlife.
International efforts were likewise mobilized through the ratification of the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of Wild Fauna and
Flora by 51 nations, including the Philippines. Its purpose is to restrict exploitation of
wildlife and plants by regulating and restricting trade in selected species. However,
despite this legal protection, it is reported that there are still widespread trading in other
countries due to lack of enforcement and support by people and courts.
1. FRAMEWORK

The conceptual framework (refer to Table A) based on the United Nations
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) presents fauna
statistics in four (4) information categories, namely: (1) Social and Economic Activities
and Natural Events; (2) Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events; (3) Responses to
Environmental Impacts; and (4) Stocks and Inventories.
3
"Biological Pollution Threatens Philippine Flora and Fauna", Women's Journal, May 2, 1998.
2-2
Table A Conceptual Framework on FAUNA
Social and economic activities and Environmental impacts of Responses to environmental

Stocks and inventories
natural events activities and events impacts
1. Livestock and Poultry Production 1. Proliferation, depletion, 1. Management, protection 1. Livestock inventory
extinction of species and conservation of wild
animals 2. Fauna inventory
2. Hunting/trapping and gathering of 2. Changes of habitats/
wildlife ecosystem 2. Rehabilitation of degraded 3. Endangered and
environments threatened species
3. Fishing 3. Human health and welfare inventory
impacts 3. Agencies involved in wildlife
4. Introduced species protection (PAWB, BFAR, 4. Fishery stocks
BAI)
5. Use of draught animals
6. Emissions hazardous to fauna
7. Natural disasters
(droughts, fire, pests)
Fauna
The social and economic activities that affect fauna are livestock and poultry
production, hunting/trapping and gathering of wildlife, fishing and introduction of
species. Hunting, trapping and gathering of wildlife, if not managed, lead to destruction
of fauna species. Wildlife hunting whether for food, for ethnic-cultural activities or for
the commercial values of the different parts of animals has resulted in over-harvesting and
extinction of some wild animal species. This happens where there is open access to
forests and wildlife resources. Furthermore, the continued loss of wildlife habitat, the
destruction of “pest species” and tourism activities all exacerbate the problem.
Aside from the above-mentioned activities, natural events and disasters such as
drought, fire and pests have likewise contributed to the loss of wild fauna species.
The management, protection and conservation of wild animals, the rehabilitation of

degraded environment and the creation of agencies involved in wildlife protection are
some of the responses of the government and private sectors to prevent further
damages/losses to our fauna species.
The government sector formulates policies, programs and projects to conserve the
environment. The declaration of highly valued natural/cultural assets, unique habitats and
wildlife as national parks or protected areas is an example of such efforts. On the other
hand, the private sector contributes to the protection of the environment through the use
of technology that prevents or minimizes pollution.
Households or individuals, due to increased awareness and concern for the

environment, also do their share through household waste recycling.
The stocks and inventories is the last information category in the framework and is
useful in analyzing the annual stocks of fauna resources. It includes inventories of
livestock, known bird and mammals species, endangered and threatened species, and
fishery stocks.

The statistical framework (shown in Table B), as differentiated from the conceptual
framework, shows the specific variables and the measurements needed to quantify the
earlier discussed concepts. However, not all variables identified in the statistical
framework are available, hence, the need for data assessment arises.
2-4
Table B Statistical Framework on FAUNA
Information Category : Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events

TOPIC/ITEM VARIABLES MEASUREMENT
1. Livestock and poultry production Livestock and poultry

(as it affects wild fauna) - population Quantity (number of head)
- production Volume (metric ton)
- practice of raising animals (feedlot, pasturage, Area (hectare)
rangeland, etc.)
Ranch area for stock farm Area (hectare)
2. Hunting/Trapping and gathering of Formal sector of hunting and trapping Quantity (number) and
wildlife - large mammals Value (peso)
- small mammals
- birds
- other animals
- reptiles
- amphibians
- fishes
- insects
Informal sector of hunting and trapping Quantity (number) and

- mammals Value (peso)
- birds
- other fauna (e.g., snakes, crocodile, frogs, etc.)
3. Fishing Fish catch Volume (metric ton) and

- marine Value (peso)
- freshwater
- invertebrate
- aquaculture
Table B Statistical Framework on FAUNA (continued) . . .
Information Category : Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events (continued) . . .
Export of fish and fish products Volume (metric ton) and

Value (peso)
Imputed value of informal fish catch Value (peso)
4. Introduced species Number of introduced species Quantity (number of species)
5. Use of draught animals Population of draught animals by type of activity Quantity (number)
used
6. Emissions hazardous to Fauna Population of affected fauna by type of emission Quantity (number of head)
Amount of emission Volume
7. Natural disasters Population of affected fauna by type of Quantity (number of head)

natural disaster
Number of animals affected by type of disease Quantity (number of head)

Information Category : Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events
1. Proliferation, depletion, extinction Net change in livestock and poultry population Percent change and
of species Change in quantity (no. of head)
Rare, threatened and endangered species Quantity (no. of species)
Net change in fish population Percent change and

- marine Change in volume (metric ton)
- freshwater
- invertebrate
- aquaculture
2. Changes of habitats/ecosystem Net change in habitat of

- large mammals Change in area (km2)
- selected small mammals Change in area (km2)
- birds Change in area (km2)
- fishery Change in area (km2)
3. Human health and welfare impacts Productivity/cost changes in Change in production (mt)
- livestock Change in cost (peso)
- hunting
- fishing
Impacts of wildlife on agriculture, recreation,

tourism
Information Category : Responses to Environmental Impacts
1. Management, protection and Wildlife species protected Quantity (no. of species)

conservation of wild animals
Areas protected (NIPAS sites) Number of sites
Area covered (hectare)
International protection sites Number of sites
Laws promulgated and implemented Cumulative number
NGO efforts on the conservation of wildlife Number of NGOs involved
Issuance of wildlife permits Number of permits

- local transport permits
- export permits
Confiscations Quantity (number)
Allowable quota for certain wildlife species Number
2. Rehabilitation of degraded Area rehabilitated Cumulative number of sites

environments Cumulative area (hectare)
Cumulative percentage to total
area rehabilitated
Rehabilitation programs implemented Cumulative number of programs

from a base year
Information Category : Responses to Environmental Impacts (continued) . . .
Expenditure for rehabilitation programs Life of program budget
3. Agencies involved in wildlife Operating budget Amount (peso)

protection (PAWB, BFAR, BAI)
Manpower complement Number of personnel
Information Category : Stocks and Inventories
1. Livestock Number of livestock and poultry Quantity (no. of head)

2. Fauna inventory Number of Quantity (no. of species)
- large/small mammals
- birds
- reptiles
- amphibians
- insects
3. Endangered and threatened species Rare, threatened and endangered species Quantity (no. of species)
inventory
4. Fishery stocks Fish stocks Volume (metric ton)

- marine
- freshwater
- invertebrate
- aquaculture
Capital Stocks Number
- fishing fleet
- fishing equipment
Employment in the fishery sector
- households dependent on fishing as source Number
of livelihood
- number of fishermen Number
Fauna
1.3 Data Assessment

Table C presents the data assessment for the fauna component presented by
information category. It includes information on the topic/item, variable as per statistical
framework, actual variable adopted, disaggregation, periodicity, manner of collection and
source of data.
The variables for livestock production as an economic activity are livestock and
poultry population and production. Data on population/inventory, as well as production,
are available from the Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS). These data were gathered
through surveys of both commercial and backyard livestock and poultry farms
nationwide. Population is measured by the number of animals (head count) while
production is measured in terms of the volume of slaughtered animals (liveweight). No
statistics are currently available regarding the practices of raising animals such as nomad
herding, rangeland, pasturage, feedlot and hatcheries. The Bureau of Animal Industry
(BAI) has administrative reports that provide information on area and arable land of BAI
stock farms.
On formal and informal hunting/trapping and gathering of wildlife, the UN

recommends that the data be broken down into large mammals, small mammals, birds and
other fauna. However, the present statistical system does not monitor this kind of
information. Wildlife species exported from the administrative records of the PAWB was
used instead as a proxy variable. In addition, wildlife gathered by indigenous groups for
different purposes (sourced from the Philippine Biodiversity: An Assessment and Action
Plan, 1997 ) also give additional information on this activity. This source, however,
provides only a list of wild fauna used by indigenous groups and not the actual number of
animals hunted.
Fish catch is a very important variable to assess the stress on fish population.
However, in using this variable, there are several precautions that should be considered.
First is that market price influences fish catch. Second, the periodic rise or fall of the
annual catch may be due to the natural cycles of fish population. Third, fish catch might
be affected by the changing government regulations on allowable catch, licensing or other
restrictions. Weather condition may also affect fish catch through lesser fishing days
when the weather is stormy. There is also a tendency to underreport the fish catch to
conform with the quota limits.
The BAS monitors the volume of fish catch through the conduct of surveys or
through monitoring of commercial and municipal fish catch and aquaculture production.
Aside from fish production/catch, another variable used to measure the extent of social
and economic activities under fishery is the export of fish and fish products. These data
are available annually from the administrative records of the National Statistics Office
(NSO).
2-11
Table C Data Assessment for the FAUNA Component
Information Category: Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
statistical framework Variable/Component Disaggregation Periodicity
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
1. Livestock and Livestock and poultry Livestock and poultry

poultry production
- population - inventory (number of national; regional; annual & survey BAS
head) provincial; by type of quarterly for
animal; by type of small animals;
farm annual &
semestral for
large animals
- production - production (volume national; regional; by annual, quarterly survey BAS

in metric ton) type of animal;
- practice of raising not available not available not available
animals
Ranch area for stock Area and arable land of national; by stock as updated administrative BAI
farm BAI stock farms (in farm reports
hectares)
2. Hunting/Trapping Formal sector of Wildlife species national; by type of annual technical/ PAWB
and gathering of hunting and trapping exported (number and permit; by type of statistical
wildlife revenue) wildlife reports
- large mammals
- small mammals
Table C Data Assessment for the FAUNA Component (continued) . . .
Information Category: Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events (continued) . . .
Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
- birds
- other animals
- reptiles
- amphibians
- fishes
- insects
Informal sector of Wildlife used by by location and by one-shot n.a. Publication:PA

hunting and trapping indigenous groups and indigenous group WB (Phil.
Biodiversity:
uses (uses by type of An
- mammals wildstock) Assessment
- birds and Action
- other fauna,e.g. Plan, 1997)
snakes, crocodile,
frogs,etc.
3. Fishing Fish catch Fish catch (volume in

metric ton value in
peso)
- marine fish catch, - commercial fishing annual, monthly survey/ BAS
national; regional;
freshwater fish and marine monitoring
provincial; by species;
catch, municipal fishing
by gear type; by
invertebrate,
fishing ground
aquaculture fish
catch
Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM Variable/Component Manner of
statistical framework Disaggregation Periodicity Source
Variable collection
- inland municipal national; regional; by annual, quarterly survey/ BAS

fshing species monitoring
- aquaculture national; regional; annual, quarterly survey/ BAS
provincial; by type of monitoring
aquafarm
Export of fish and fish Export of fish and fish national; by type of annual administrative NSO
products products (quantity in fish and fish product records
m.t. and value in peso)
Imputed value of n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

informal fish catch
4. Introduced species Number of introduced Importation of livestock national; by type of monthly, annual administrative DA (BAI)
species and poultry for animal; by importer; records
breeding purposes by country of origin;
(volume in no. of by type of stock
head/pcs.)
5. Use of draught Population of draught n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

animals animals by type of
activity used
Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
6. Emissions Population of affected n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

hazardous to fauna fauna by type of
emission
Amount of emission n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a
7. Natural disasters Population of affected n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

fauna by type of
natural disaster
Number of animals n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

affected by type of
disease
Information Category: Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
1. Proliferation, Net change in Percent change and national; regional; annual; quarterly survey BAS
depletion, livestock and poultry change in number of provincial; by type of
extinction of population head of livestock and animal
species poultry
Rare, threatened and Number of rare, national; by type of annual technical PAWB
endangered species threatened and wildlife reports
endangered species
Net change in fish Percent change and

population change in the quantity
(m.t.) of fish landed
- marine, - commercial fishing/ national; regional; annual, monthly survey/ BAS

freshwater, marine municipal provincial; by species; monitoring
invertebrate, fishing by gear type; by
aquaculture fishing ground

aquafarm;
Information Category: Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events (continued) . . .

Assessment
Variable per
Variable collection
2. Changes of Net change in habitat n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

habitats/ecosystem of
- large mammals
- selected small
mammals
- birds
- fishery
3. Human health and Productivity/cost n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

welfare impacts changes in
- livestock
- hunting
- fishing
Impacts of wildlife on n.a n.a n.a n.a n.a

agriculture,
recreation, tourism
Information Category: Responses to Environmental Impacts

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
1. Management, Wildlife species Number of species national; by class of annual technical PAWB &
protection and protected whose commercial animal reports/ BFAR
conservation of export/trade are strictly administrative
wild animals prohibited (CITES I), reports
strictly regulated
(CITES III)
List of Philippine national; by class of as updated administrative BFAR

aquatic species listed animal reports
under CITES III
Areas protected Summary of protected national; regional; by annual technical PAWB

(NIPAS sites) areas (number and category of protected reports
area) area
International International protection national; by IUCN as updated proclamation/ PAWB

protection sites sites (no. of sites by category; by type of technical
category of protected ecosystem reports
area)
Information Category: Responses to Environmental Impacts (continued) . . .

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
Laws promulgated Policy issuances national; by type of annual compilation PAWB &
and implemented policy issuance (R.A., BFAR
Proclamation, E.O.,
Memo Order, A.O.,
Memo Circular)
NGO efforts on the List of NGOs involved national as updated technical PAWB
conservation of in the conservation of reports
wildlife wildlife
Issuance of wildlife Number of permits

permits issued for
- local transport - wildlife local national; regional; by annual statistical PAWB
permits transport type of wildlife reports
- export permits - wildlife export national; by type of annual statistical PAWB

widlife; by category of reports
species (i.e., whether
CITES or non-CITES)
Confiscations Number of confiscated national; by type of annual statistical PAWB

wildlife widlife reports
Information Category: Responses to Environmental Impacts (continued) . . .

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
Allowable quota for Allowable quota for national; by type of as updated policy issuance PAWB
certain wildlife certain wildlife species wiildlife; by species
species (number)
2. Rehabilitation of Area rehabilitated Area rehabilitated regional; by type; by as updated technical PAWB
degraded category of protected reports
environment area; by region; by
site
Rehabilitation Rehabilitation regional; by area as updated technical PAWB

programs programs implemented rehabilitated reports
implemented (list)
Expenditure on Expenditure on regional; by area as updated administrative PAWB

rehabilitation rehabilitation programs rehabilitated records
programs
3. Agencies involved Operating budget Operating budget by agency annual administrative agency
in wildlife records concerned
protection (PAWB,
BFAR, BAI)
Manpower Number of personnel by agency annual administrative agency

complement records concerned
Information Category: Stocks and Inventories

Assessment
Variable per
TOPIC/ITEM
Manner of
Source
Variable collection
1. Livestock Number of livestock & Inventory of llivestock national; regional; annual & survey BAS
poultry & poultry (number of provincial; by type of quarterly for
head) animal; by type of small animals;
farm annual &
semestral for
large animals
2. Fauna inventory Number of large/ Number of mammal national; by type of annual statistical PAWB
small mamals, birds, and bird species by animal reports
reptiles, amphibians, status (i.e., whether
insects endemic, migrant,
resident, etc.)
3. Endangered and Rare, threatened and Number of rare, national; by type of annual statistical PAWB
threatened species endangered species threatened and wildlife reports
inventory endangered species
4. Fishery stocks Fish stocks Fish catch (in m.t.)

- marine, - commercial fishing national; regional; annual, monthly survey/ BAS
freshwater, and marine provincial; by species; monitoring
invertebrate, municipal fishing by gear type; by
aquaculture fishing ground
Information Category: Stocks and Inventories (continued) . . .

Assessment
Variable per
Variable collection


aquafarm
Capital Stocks (fishing Number of catcher regional; by type of annual administrative BFAR
fleet, fishing boats issued fishing records
equipment) commercial fishing gear/equipment
boat license
Employment in the Total employment in national; by type of annual survey NSO

fishery sector fishing establishments worker
- households
dependent on
fishing as source
of livelihood
- number of
fishermen
Fauna
Another activity that has an impact on fauna is the introduction of species from
other countries. Administrative records of the BAI have monthly and annual data on the
number of imported livestock and poultry for breeding purposes. These data are available
at the national level by type of animal, by importer, by country of origin and by type of
stock.
The net change in livestock and poultry population is one indicator to measure the
environmental impact of various socio-economic activities. Since BAS has information
on the inventory level of livestock and poultry at the beginning of the year (and beginning
of the quarter for selected animals), the net change in the population is just the difference
between the two inventory levels. The ending inventory for the year is the beginning
inventory of the following year.
Since fish population is difficult to measure, the net change in fish population is
monitored through the net change in fish catch. Data on biomass for the Philippines will
depend on the results of the Stocks Assessment Study conducted in 1993.
The data of PAWB on the number of rare, threatened and endangered species at the
national level provides a measure of the extent of depletion and extinction. Data are
presented by type of wildlife.
No information is currently available regarding the change in habitat or ecosystem

affecting mammals, birds and fishery.
Statistical topics under this information category are broadly classified into three
items, namely, management, protection and conservation of wild animals, rehabilitation
of degraded environments and agencies involved in wildlife protection.
a. Management, protection and conservation of wild animals
This topic consists of the various measures and means by which effective
management, protection and conservation of fauna species are being carried out.
Relevant statistical variables identified include:
a.1 Wildlife species protected
In support of the covenant of the Convention on International Trade in

Endangered Species (CITES), there are three Appendices which are listings of animal and
plant species to which worldwide control in trade are to be applied. Listed under “CITES
Appendix I” are species threatened with extinction so that trading of specimen are not
2-23
Fauna
allowed for trade except for scientific or educational purposes while “CITES Appendix
II” lists all species although not necessarily threatened with extinction at present may
become so unless trade in specimen of such species is subject to strict regulation in order
to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival. Appendix III, on the other hand,
includes species that are subject to regulation within the jurisdiction of a Party and for
which the cooperation of other parties is needed in order to prevent or restrict their
exploitation. The list and number of species for mammals, birds and reptiles were
provided by PAWB while BFAR provided the data for pisces and mollusca. The
PAWB’s list is modified annually with some additions or deletions of species while
BFAR’s list has remained constant since the Philippines became party to the agreement of
CITES.
a.2 Areas protected
Protected areas have been established in recognition of the importance of

protecting and maintaining the natural biological and physical diversities of the
environment notably in areas with biologically unique features. With the implementation
of R.A. 7586 or National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992, a
more comprehensive system of integrated protected areas was established by expanding
the coverage of the protected areas system to include all areas or islands in the Philippines
proclaimed, designated or set aside, pursuant to a law, presidential decree, presidential
proclamation or executive order as national park, game refuge, bird and wildlife
sanctuary, natural and historical landmark, protected and managed landscape/seascape as
well as identified virgin forests. The use and enjoyment of these protected areas must
then be consistent with the principles of biological diversity and sustainable human
development with the end in view of securing the perpetual existence of all native plants
and animals.
Available data from PAWB are the regional data on the number of sites as well as
the area measurement covered by category of protected area.
a.3 International protection sites
International protection sites were established as a result of international

agreements, conventions and treaties concerning environmental conservation to which the
Philippines is a contracting party.
Available data are the category of protected site (World Heritage Site, ASEAN
Heritage Site, Biosphere Reserves, RAMSAR Site), the type of ecosystem and the date of
proclamation of each protected site.
a.4 Laws promulgated and implemented
Issuance of government policies is one form of response to counteract

environmental degradation and depletion. Policies issued range from reactive (aimed at
2-24
Fauna
curing environmental impacts) to anticipatory ones that prevent the occurrence of any
impacts on the outset.
The DENR through the PAWB is the government agency mandated by E.O. 192
to formulate policies and guidelines for the management of national integrated protected
areas system and the conservation of biological diversity. The BFAR, on the other hand,
is the one responsible for the development, improvement, management and conservation
of the country’s fisheries and aquatic resources. In support of this mandate,
administrative orders on fisheries are issued and enforced.
a.5 NGO efforts on the conservation of wildlife
Efforts of NGOs on the conservation of wildlife reflect the private sector’s

response to deteriorating environment. Current data source (PAWB) provides only a list
of the NGOs involved. No information is given as to the expenses incurred and the type
of project/s handled by each NGO.
a.6 Issuance of wildlife permits
As a way of regulating the use of wildlife, the transport and export of all wild
fauna must be accompanied by a corresponding permit to ensure compliance with set
rules and regulations on their use. Permits issued are of two types, namely, for local
transport and for export. Local transport permits are issued by the Community
Environment and Natural Resource Officer (CENRO) concerned where the wild fauna
were gathered and collected. Permits for export are issued based on the covenants of
CITES.
The management authorities granting permits and certificates are the PAWB (for
terrestial fauna and flora) and BFAR (for aquatic marine species). These two authorities
likewise provide advice on the trade of species in terms of their survival and sustainable
use.
The data of PAWB on the issuance of permits for wildlife local transport are
available by type of wildlife species with regional breakdown while permits for export are
available on a national level by type of species and by category of species (i.e., whether
CITES or non-CITES). At present, the data of BFAR on permit issuance has not been
included in the tables/statistics presented in this compendium but this will be included in
the next edition.
a.7 Confiscation
The absence of wildlife local transport/export permit is sufficient cause for the
seizure of wildlife and paraphernalia used in the commission of the offense. Trading of
wildlife is being recorded by monitoring teams that are based at international ports and
airports. All illegally traded species that are confiscated are brought to the wildlife rescue
2-25
Fauna
centers in the different regions of the country. Confiscations are reported either in
number of heads of live animals or other units of measurement such as kilogram, box,
trays, etc. Stuf fed animals are likewise confiscated and reported under “by-products”.
PAWB provided the annual series on confiscation. Available data from BFAR on
its confiscations are only for 1999 (most of which are corals) and is not presented in the
compendium.
a.8 Allowable quota for certain wildlife species
This is the 1990 list of allowable quota by species for collection from the wild
under a wildlife permit for commercial purposes. The quota was established in
consonance with the sustainable resource development policy of the government and to
effectively protect the endangered, rare and threatened Philippine wildlife. However, as
per DENR A.O. No. 96, series of 1988, starting 1990, there shall be a gradual phase-out
in the collection and exportation of fauna from the wild until the total phase-out in 1994.
b. Rehabilitation of degraded environment
This activity involves the restoration of degraded environments. Responses under

this topic are measured in terms of area rehabilitated, rehabilitation programs
implemented and expenditures on these rehabilitation programs. PAWB provided all the
required data.
c. Agencies involved in wildlife protection
Measures of response are the operating budget and manpower complement of key
players in wildlife protection, namely, BAI, BFAR and PAWB. BFAR is responsible for
the development, improvement, management and conservation of the country’s fisheries
and aquatic resources. PAWB, by virtue of Executive Order No. 192, was created in
1987 to conserve the country’s biological diversity through the establishment,
management and development of NIPAS, conservation of wildlife resources and nature
conservation information and education. On the other hand, BAI is responsible for
formulating long and short-term programs for the development and expansion of the
livestock and poultry industries to meet the requirements of the growing populace.
2-26
Fauna
This information category portrays the current “in-place” inventory of natural

resources and are of critical importance in the analysis of sustainable development.
a. Livestock
Data on livestock and poultry inventory provide the background data to analyze
annual livestock and poultry production. Inventory data are provided by the BAS and are
obtained mainly through surveys of both commercial and backyard livestock and poultry
farms nationwide. Livestock and poultry inventory data are also presented in the first
information category, social and economic activities and natural events.
b. Status of known mammals and bird species
The data of PAWB on the status of known mammals and bird species in the country
serves as a proxy measure of the level of stocks and inventories of wild fauna. Status of
animals may either be endemic, resident, migrant, resident migrant or straggler. The list
is updated annually by PAWB. No similar data are available yet for the other class of
animals like amphibians, reptiles and insects.
c. Rare, threatened and endangered species
The identification and listing of these species is very important for the proper
management, conservation and protection of the fauna species since it serves as an early-
warning indicator of the state of ecosystems. The list of rare, threatened and endangered
fauna species is generated by PAWB and is updated annually. The said data also provide
a measure of the extent of depletion and extinction and as such, is also presented in the
previous information category, environmental impacts of activities and events.
d. Fishery stocks
Fish population estimates and their rates of replacement are of vital concern to
fisheries management. The most readily available indicator of fish population is the fish
catch which is generated by the BAS through the conduct of surveys or through
monitoring of commercial and municipal fish catch and aquaculture production. Fish
2-27
Fauna
catch data are likewise presented in the previous information category, social and
economic activities and natural events.
Statistics on capital stocks in the form of boats and equipment are valuable
indicators of fishing practices. These, combined with information on fish stocks will
serve as valuable inputs in the assessment of the sustainability of the fishing industry.
Capital stocks were obtained from BFAR’s data on the number of catcher boats issued
commercial fishing boat license (CFBL) by type of fishing gear used. A CFBL issued by
BFAR authorizes a person to engage in fishing operation. Duration of the license is for a
period of one year and may be renewed upon submission of relevant requirements. Data
on issuance of CFBL are available annually at the national and regional levels. However,
summarized data on the number of catcher boats issued CFBL by type of fishing gear are
available only for 1991, 1992, 1996 and 1997. No summary tables by type of fishing gear
are available for 1990, 1993, 1994 and 1995.
The Annual Survey of Establishments/Census of Establishments of NSO provided

the annual data on the total number of fishing establishments and the total employment in
these establishments by type of worker, i.e., whether paid workers, or unpaid and working
owners.
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Fauna
2. SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS
2.1. Highlights of Results
a. Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events
a.1 Livestock and Poultry Production
Livestock production remains to be a viable economic activity as it has been

increasing steadily with an average annual growth rate of 3.9 percent from 1990 to 1998.
The hog industry continues to be the leading contributor posting a 76.0 percent average
contribution to the total livestock production and an average annual growth rate of 4.0
percent. Meat production from carabao, on the other hand, is characterized by annual
fluctuations and has the lowest average growth rate of 0.7 percent.
Table 1. Livestock and Poultry Production

(in thousand metric tons)
Avg.
Sector 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Annual
Growth
Rate
Livestock 331.34 322.03 336.24 356.74 365.95 388.96 403.06 429.83 447.22 3.82
Carabao 106.53 101.20 108.60 108.34 100.69 103.96 99.24 106.14 113.05 0.75
Cattle 169.00 162.06 166.91 181.71 195.55 213.08 232.34 251.47 260.81 5.57
Goat 54.78 57.71 59.67 65.59 68.56 70.71 70.18 70.86 71.95 3.47
Hog 1.03 1.06 1.06 1.10 1.15 1.21 1.30 1.36 1.41 3.96
Poultry 595.49 613.71 691.08 720.42 753. 46 795.22 902.76 980.45 970.74 6.30
Chicken 559.65 577.88 651.99 678.76 709.46 747.85 851.81 929.68 919.45 6.40
Duck 35.84 35.83 39.09 41.66 44.00 47.37 50.95 50.77 51.29 4.58
TOTAL 926.83 935.74 1,027.32 1,077.16 1,119.41 1,184.18 1,305.82 1,410.28 1,417.96 5.46
Similarly, poultry production of the country from 1990 to 1998 is marked by a

steady rise in its annual production with an average growth rate of 6.3 percent. Highest
growths were registered in 1992 and 1996, during which the country registered 12.6
percent and 13.5 percent growth, respectively. The chicken industry remains to be the
main contributor with an average contribution of 94.3 percent and an average growth rate
of 6.4 percent. However in 1998, chicken production suffered a minor setback as it
declined by 1.1 percent. This was the first contraction after seven years of continued
growth. Meat production from duck, accounting for 5.7 percent of total poultry
production, managed to post a 4.6 percent average annual growth rate from 1990 to 1998.
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Fauna
a.2 Fish Catch
As shown in Figure 1, the country’s annual total fish production from 1990 to
1997 is characterized by fluctuations with marine fish catch (which includes production
from both commercial and marine municipal fishing) accounting for the largest share at
74.04 percent (shown in Figure 2). Aquaculture production followed next with 16.74
percent average share and inland municipal fishing production trailing behind with 9.22
percent average contribution.
Figure 1. Fish Production by Type of Fishing

1990 to 1997
2.500
2.323 2.276
2.000 2.212 2.213 2.229 2.226
2.138 2.139
Million metric tons
1.500 1.673 1.679 TOTAL

1.660 1.628 1.646 1.610 1.649
1.596
Marine
Inland
1.000
Aquaculture
0.380 0.417 0.387 0.375 0.377 0.361 0.349 0.330

0.500
0.237 0.233 0.230 0.211 0.206 0.187 0.178 0.160

0.000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
Figure 2. Percent Share of Fish Production

1990-1997
74.04%
Marine Fish Catch
(include commercial and
marine municipal )
Inland Municipal Fish
Catch
9.22% Aquaculture
16.74%
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Fauna
b. Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events
b.1 Rare, Threatened and Endangered Wildlife Species
Despite government efforts to preserve wildlife species, the list of rare, threatened and endangered
species continues to increase steadily at an average annual growth rate of 9.7 percent. Most alarming is the
tremendous rate at which mammals species are becoming endangered - registering an average annual
growth rate of 23.3 percent.
Figure 3. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Wildlife

Species, 1991 to 1997
176 174
180
162
160 150
140
125 125 125
(No. of heads)
120 Mammals
94 95 Birds
100
Reptiles
80
64 64 63
60 47
40 27
14 14 15 15
20 11 11 11
0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
However, from among the fauna species, the birds’ species are the most likely victims of possible
extinction at it showed the most number of species in the list. As of 1997, of the total 284 total endangered
fauna species, 174 are birds, 95 are mammals and only 15 are reptiles.
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Fauna
b.2 Net Change in Fish Catch
An indicator of sustainability of fishing activity is the net change in fish catch which is shown in
Table 2.
Table 2. Net Change (in percent) in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Type of
Fishing
Type of '90-91 '91-92 '92-93 '93-94 '94-95 '95-96 '96-97 Average Annual
Fishing Growth Rate
Marine 4.9 -0.8 -1.9 1.1 2.0 -4.1 2.4 0.5
Inland -1.5 -1.5 -8.2 -2.4 -9.3 -4.7 -10.2 -5.5
Aquaculture 9.7 -7.2 -3.0 0.4 -4.3 -3.1 -5.5 -2.0
TOTAL 5.0 -2.0 -2.8 0.7 -0.1 -4.0 0.1 -0.48
The country’s annual total fish production from 1990 to 1997 is characterized by annual
fluctuations and a negative average annual growth rate of 0.48 percent. The productive year was 1991
during which the Philippines posted a 5.0 percent growth. The worst year was 1996 which registered a -4.0
percent slump and a production level that is the lowest during the 8-year period.
Fish production from marine sources is likewise characterized by fluctuations but

managed to register a positive average annual growth rate of 0.5 percent during the eight-
year period. On the other hand, production from inland municipal fishing has been
declining steadily at an increasing rate posting an average annual growth rate of –5.5
percent from 1990 to 1997. The aquaculture industry showed strength in 1991 by
registering a 9.7 percent growth. However, this was short lived as the succeeding years
showed a declining trend resulting to an average annual growth rate of -2.0 percent.
In 1997, total fish catch posted an increase of only 0.1 percent. Marine fish catch managed to
register a 2.4 percent increase in the same year but this was offset by the 10.2 percent and 5.5 percent
decline in inland fish catch and aquaculture.
c. Responses to Environmental Impacts
c.1 Wildlife Species Protected
The Philippines acceded to the CITES in 1981 and became an actual member in
1983. Pursuant to the provisions of the treaty, the Philippines has a list of Appendix I, II
and III species. Wildlife species are categorized according to the level of threat to their
survival.
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Fauna
Under Appendix I whose trade is strictly prohibited, a total of 30 animal species

are recorded from 1993 to 1997, eleven of the species belong to mammalia group while
aves, reptilia and pisces each has 10, 7 and 2 species, respectively. From only 22 species
in 1990, the number of animal species threatened with extinction reached 30 by 1993.
Among the wildlife species, mammals registered the highest rate of increase of extinction
during the 8-year period, from only 4 species in 1990, the number grew by 7 in 1997.
The number of animal species threatened with extinction had not changed since 1993.
Figure 4.1 Wildlife Species Protected, 1990 to 1997

(Species whose commercial export/trade are strictly prohibited)
14
13 13 11 11 11 11
12 12
No. of species
10 10 10 10 10 10
9
8
7 7 7 7
6 6 6 6 6
Mamalia
4 4 4 4 Aves
Reptilia
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Pisces
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
On the other hand, the number of fauna species under Appendix II (animal species
whose commercial export/trade is strictly regulated) increased from 83 in 1990 to 104 in
1997. Out of these 104 are 27 mammal species, 63 bird species, 5 reptile species, 2 pisces
species and 7 mollusca species. The number of species under Appendix II stabilized by
1994.
From the time the agreement of the CITES was implemented in the country, a
total of 3 aquatic reptile species are listed under Appendix III (species highly needing
local protection) and these are the dog-faced water snake, checkered keelback water
snake and olive keelback water snake.
2-33
Fauna
Figure 4.2 Wildlife Species Protected, 1990 to 1997

(No. of species whose commercial export/trade are strictly regulated)
80
70
67
66 66
(Number of heads)
60 63 63 63 63
50 52
40 Mamalia
32
Aves
30 27 27 27 27 Reptilia
19 19 Pisces
18
20 Mollusca
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
10 4
5 5 5 5
3 3 3
0 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Year
c.2 Protected Areas
c.2.1 National
Protected areas in the Philippines posted an average annual growth rate of 15.78
percent from 1990 to 1997. A big jump in the total protected area was observed in 1993
Figure 5. Protected Areas in the Philippines

1990 to 1997
4.12
5
4
in million hectares
4 2.88 2.96 2.87 2.64

3
3
2 1.48 1.46 1.46
2
1
1
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Year
2-34
Fauna
due to the inclusion of marine parks and watershed areas which have a combined total
area of 1,403,708.88 hectares. With the enactment of R.A. 7586 or the NIPAS Act of
1992, the coverage of the protected areas system has increased. A remarkable growth
was likewise recorded in 1997 with the inclusion of newly proclaimed protected areas
under NIPAS category as well as other protected areas composed of tourist zone and
marine reserves and those declared thru administrative memorandum orders. It must be
noted that the 1996 and 1997 figures are highly underestimated due to a large number of
protected sites with undetermined area measurement. For 1997, protected sites whose
area measurement remains undetermined are mangrove swamp (27 sites), tourist zone and
marine reserve (56 sites) and 5 sites (in Region XI and CARAGA) under the category
wilderness areas. Out of the 200 protected sites in 1996, a total of 29 protected sites
(composed of wilderness areas, mangrove swamp forest reserve, virgin forest and old
growth mossy forest) have undetermined area measurement.
Among the regions, Region IV consistently has the most number of sites protected
and the biggest in terms of area. As of 1997, it has 89 protected sites whose area
measurement totals 1,339,636 hectares. Of the 4 million hectares of protected areas of the
country in 1997, around 1.2 million hectares are watershed forest reserves and 1.4 million
hectares are newly proclaimed protected areas under the NIPAS category.
c.2.2 International
As a result of the country’s accession to international agreements and treaties, a

total of 8 sites have been proclaimed as protected sites of international importance.
One such agreement is the Ramsar Convention in 1971 which encourages the
formulation of a wetland action plan and the identification of internationally significant
wetland areas. The Philippines, upon submission of its Instrument of Accession, became
the 82nd contracting party to the Convention on 08 November 1994. Adopting the criteria
of the Ramsar Convention, the Olango Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary in Cebu City was
included under the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
Another treaty/agreement is the ASEAN Declaration on Heritage Parks and

Reserves and Declaration on Environment which pushed for more forest protection and
resources conservation measures. To conserve the habitats of two endangered species,
the Philippine tamaraw and the Philippine eagle, Mt. Iglit Baco and Mt. Apo Natural
Park, respectively, were declared as ASEAN Heritage Sites. In a similar manner, the
Turtle Island Heritage Protected Area was established as an ASEAN Heritage Site
through a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) entered into by the government of the
Philippines and Malaysia.
2-35
Fauna
Other protected sites of international importance are World Heritage Sites and Biosphere Reserves.
Proclaimed as World Heritage Sites are the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park and the Banaue Rice
Terraces while the Palawan Island and Puerto Galera were proclaimed Biosphere Reserves.
c.3 Laws Promulgated Policies and Programs Implemented
The need for proper management and conservation of fishery resources has long
been recognized by the government as evidenced by policy issuances which date back to
1935. From among the policies issued from 1935 to 1997, a total of 55 Fisheries
Administrative Orders remain enforced.
On protected areas and wildlife management, a total of 134 policy issuances (in
the form of Republic Acts, Proclamation, Executive Order, DENR Administrative Order,
DENR Memorandum Circular, DENR Memorandum Order and Department Circulars of
DENR) have been approved by the government from 1987 to 1997.
Considered as a milestone in the field of wildlife management was the

establishment of a national quota system on wildlife collection and exportation for trade
purposes through DENR Administrative Order No. 90 Series of 1988. Issued in the same
year, DENR Administrative Order No. 96 established policies and guidelines in the
allocation of wildlife quota and required the gradual phasing out of the collection and
exportation of fauna from the wild until its total phase-out by 1994.
In the field of protected areas management, most significant was the enactment of
R.A. 7586, known as the “National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992.” The
Law provides for the establishment and management of a comprehensive system which
encompasses outstandingly remarkable areas and biologically important public lands that
are habitats of various species of plants and animals.
The Department of Agriculture also participates in the conservation and

rehabilitation measures through the enactment of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998
(R.A. No. 8550). It prohibits the capture of rare, threatened and endangered aquatic
species including the taking of their eggs/offsprings from the Philippine waters. Further,
it requires all government agencies and private firms and entities who intend to undertake
activities or projects which will affect the habitat of such species to prepare a detailed
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for submission to the DENR for review and
evaluation.
2-36
Fauna
c.4 Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) Involvement
Aside from the government, NGOs have been one of the key players in the
conservation of wildlife. Their efforts have significantly complemented those of the
government. For the period 1997 to 1998, the PAWB recorded a total of 18 NGOs
accredited by DENR which were involved in the conservation of wildlife, either as co-
implementing or sponsoring agency. In some instances, these groups take an active
stance in managing and supervising some of the programs or activities being undertaken
by DENR.
c.5 Issuance of Wildlife Permits
To ensure compliance with set rules and regulations on their use, local transport of all wild fauna
must be accompanied by a corresponding permit. For the period 1990 to 1998, permits issued for wildlife
local transport displayed a fluctuating pattern with 1997 registering the highest number of permits issued at
747, out of which, 691 were issued for local transport of insects, 20 for mammals, 34 for birds and only 2
for reptiles. By 1998, the number of permits issued dropped to 67 (the lowest during the 9-year period)
largely because there were no recorded issuance of permits for insects. (Number of permits issued for
insects has always been the highest reaching three-digit figures).
In accordance with the provisions of CITES, permits and certificates are granted for trading of
fauna species. The total number of permits issued for wildlife export, that is, CITES and non-CITES
combined, exhibited a consistent increasing pattern from 1990 to 1998. The same pattern was true for non-
CITES permits but not so for CITES permits which displayed a fluctuating pattern instead. From 1990 to
1993, CITES permits issued exceeded that of non-CITES permits. However, starting 1993 up to 1998, the
number of CITES permits issued were consistently lower than that of non-CIT ES permits.
c.6 Confiscation
The number of confiscated animals showed a decreasing trend. Reported confiscation in 1997
consisted only of 2 heads and 1 box of reptiles, 2 head, 100 kgs. and 18 trays of amphibians and one piece
each of stuffed marine turtle and stuffed monitor lizard.
2-37
Fauna
c.7 Rehabilitation of Degraded Environments
In a serious effort to rehabilitate degraded sites, various rehabilitation programs

have been implemented in two areas, namely, Hinulugang Taktak and Mt. Apo.
Rehabilitation of Hinulugang Taktak, which was started in 1991, continues up to the
present largely thru the joint efforts of NGOs and both the public and private sectors. Mt.
Apo, on the other hand, has been put under rehabilitation since 1994 largely thru the
efforts of the LGUs of Makilala, Kidapawan and Magpet. Millions of pesos are spent
annually to carry out the various rehabilitation programs implemented in the said sites.
d. Stocks and Inventories
d.1 Livestock
The country’s beginning year inventories of livestock and poultry from 1990 to
1999 grew at an average rate of 2.89 and 3.71 percent, respectively. The major livestock
in the country are the carabao, cattle, goat and hog. The hogs continued to dominate the
livestock population largely because these are used mainly as meat for human
consumption. The country’s inventory of its national animal, the carabao, grew at a very
slow rate of 0.93 percent. With the advent of modern agricultural machinery and
equipment, the carabao is no longer as widely used as before by farmers in plowing their
farms. However, because of its heavy built, it is still very dependable in carrying heavy
objects. The carabao is also a good source of milk and sometimes meat. Fastest growing
stock among the livestock was the cattle (with an average annual growth rate of 4.57
percent) which are used as draught animals and source of both meat and milk. Beginning
inventory of goat likewise exhibited a relatively fast growth of 3.6 percent.
On the other hand, major poultry of the country are the chicken and the duck, which are both
sources of meat and egg. Except for the sudden drop in its beginning inventory in 1999, a steady increase
was observed in the beginning year inventories of chicken. Chicken inventory posted an average annual
growth rate of 3.87 percent. Beginning inventory of duck, however, was characterized by fluctuations but
managed to register a positive average growth rate of 1.73 percent during the ten-year period.
2-38
Fauna
Table 3. Livestock and Poultry Inventory, As of January 1

(in million number of head)
Average
Annual
Animal 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 Growth
Rate
Livestock 14.60 14.54 14.64 15.01 15.36 16.50 16.98 18.03 18.69 18.87 2.89
Carabao 2.76 2.65 2.58 2.58 2.56 2.71 2.84 2.99 3.01 3.01 0.93
Cattle 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.91 1.94 2.02 2.13 2.27 2.38 2.44 4.57
Goat 2.20 2.14 2.31 2.56 2.63 2.83 2.98 3.02 3.09 3.03 3.60
Hog 8.00 8.08 8.02 7.95 8.23 8.94 9.03 9.75 10.21 10.40 2.95
Poultry 89.66 86.51 89.87 95.86 101.30 105.29 125.25 143.89 147.35 124.42 3.71
Chicken 82.30 78.24 81.53 87.16 93.11 96.22 115.78 134.96 138.52 115.84 3.87
Duck 7.36 8.27 8.35 8.71 8.19 9.07 9.47 8.92 8.83 8.58 1.73
TOTAL 104.26 101.05 104.51 110.87 116.65 121.79 142.23 161.92 166.04 143.29 3.60
d.2 Wild Fauna
As of 1997, the PAWB recorded a total of 198 known mammal species in the
country, out of which, 109 are endemic, 69 are resident, 3 are migrants and 17 species
remain unclassified. On the other hand, of the 560 known bird species in the Philippines,
159 are endemic, 235 are resident, 104 are migrant, 4 are resident migrant, 55 are
straggler and only 3 remain unclassified.
The country’s list of rare, threatened and endangered mammal, bird and reptile
species increased steadily from 1991 to 1997. From only 163 species in 1991, the number
reached 284 by 1997 (95 species of mammals, 174 species of birds and 15 reptile
species).
d.3 Fishery
On the stock of fixed assets for the fishery sector, the total number of catcher
boats issued commercial fishing boat license (CFBL) increased from 1,428 in 1991 to
1,768 in 1997. Most commonly used fishing equipment are the trawl, bagnet, ring net,
danish seine and purse seine.
The number of and employment in fishing establishments increased at a rather

slow rate from 1990 to 1995. From 254 fishing establishments, the number increased
only by 32 in 1995. Correspondingly, total employment barely increased, from 21,490 in
1990 to only 21,677 in 1995.
2-39
Fauna

Table 2.1a
CARABAO: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
As of January 1, 1990 to 1999
(In number of head)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
CAR 82,110 79,223 88,014 87,163 90,435 100,090 110,558 103,884 105,933 99,463
Region I 177,260 175,476 172,677 153,605 155,405 161,721 194,909 244,895 231,377 237,602
Region II 313,670 259,412 257,586 243,112 247,226 264,320 285,836 304,694 306,044 319,400
Region III 247,850 230,701 217,516 194,305 196,156 181,893 179,360 178,139 176,912 169,114
Region IV 257,550 199,413 183,447 234,569 227,157 240,827 278,298 287,503 292,258 287,601
Region V 274,840 267,473 265,351 271,608 277,317 266,695 257,636 268,079 270,538 263,862
Region VI 296,810 284,318 278,449 271,584 257,559 277,066 277,859 277,077 278,241 287,358
Region VII 155,200 148,460 144,017 144,352 144,041 138,134 140,764 141,439 139,576 139,615
Region VIII 171,740 164,889 158,339 158,452 159,950 181,064 175,768 191,048 188,568 196,199
Region IX 137,380 150,276 160,894 189,820 185,285 183,562 201,414 200,530 208,946 205,747
Region X 101,390 110,050 95,214 90,968 85,652 91,430 74,892 93,274 100,316 100,387
Region XI 189,910 201,785 200,832 187,716 174,440 211,011 229,397 243,827 254,803 257,014
Region XII 176,550 177,523 187,257 181,918 187,085 220,046 224,110 236,667 227,439 230,883
CARAGA 105,320 113,286 97,664 96,623 96,327 91,118 92,725 98,251 100,177 99,223
ARMM 77,370 84,556 69,585 69,970 75,629 98,849 117,751 118,473 132,066 112,521
Philippines 2,764,950 2,646,841 2,576,842 2,575,765 2,559,664 2,707,826 2,841,277 2,987,780 3,013,194 3,005,989
* - Preliminary Estimates
Source : Bureau of Agricultural Statistics.
Table 2.1b
CATTLE: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
(In number of head)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
CAR 65,340 57,988 64,536 55,630 54,662 60,869 62,801 59,406 61,062 58,410
Region I 207,819 219,414 209,698 212,993 205,515 231,352 266,012 309,767 325,160 338,878
Region II 83,370 80,438 83,882 91,256 105,135 116,771 121,765 138,770 144,340 150,521
Region III 139,989 137,649 140,066 132,119 152,078 138,480 148,413 170,074 155,228 166,198
Region IV 208,123 198,360 214,683 248,421 224,671 219,828 235,285 256,136 276,425 302,389
Region V 108,384 109,493 111,970 124,272 130,525 122,559 121,642 125,948 129,994 124,415
Region VI 113,856 118,743 129,202 164,282 157,245 176,520 172,574 172,164 175,713 189,951
Region VII 206,258 220,780 217,654 241,619 262,812 276,650 297,496 299,821 293,575 295,440
Region VIII 27,271 27,775 22,844 30,980 34,306 40,260 35,947 35,774 31,457 31,001
Region IX 47,328 59,462 66,465 88,803 82,845 92,670 103,116 123,976 128,252 126,083
Region X 160,712 182,661 197,446 229,113 211,903 205,400 203,465 213,202 247,838 248,065
Region XI 108,382 113,968 139,194 131,525 146,768 169,430 176,458 179,422 197,578 199,835
Region XII 58,426 55,330 62,500 76,440 78,830 82,280 91,523 94,943 104,269 101,466
CARAGA 9,127 11,817 10,977 14,277 15,545 15,262 14,177 11,051 10,372 11,108
ARMM 85,354 82,908 59,453 73,131 73,209 72,720 77,781 75,830 102,311 93,376
Philippines 1,629,739 1,676,786 1,730,570 1,914,861 1,936,049 2,021,051 2,128,455 2,266,284 2,383,574 2,437,136
Source : Bureau of Agricultural Statistics
Table 2.1c
GOAT: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
(In number of head)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
CAR 25,860 24,183 21,847 17,677 19,919 23,817 25,254 29,529 35,105 35,796
Region I 203,130 205,480 219,709 204,818 227,807 268,833 301,142 329,605 366,033 360,894
Region II 43,650 42,596 42,766 58,930 77,662 73,691 70,827 82,623 86,530 94,358
Region III 140,050 148,421 169,065 169,704 173,832 163,134 180,167 215,738 246,699 248,996
Region IV 241,700 159,499 161,959 173,417 178,324 201,249 201,070 200,557 192,281 173,759
Region V 91,140 93,528 87,919 106,554 107,313 102,270 98,748 79,097 79,176 83,733
Region VI 213,250 223,918 272,213 250,198 268,545 307,174 340,481 342,272 343,605 333,822
Region VII 365,990 339,044 352,346 402,525 432,819 441,625 472,330 450,229 450,504 459,523
Region VIII 51,120 49,752 56,912 60,177 58,253 68,731 82,556 83,301 80,179 74,215
Region IX 154,310 173,189 184,517 191,935 203,645 188,778 196,464 210,585 203,161 203,139
Region X 132,860 123,131 148,979 167,724 164,875 164,152 160,741 163,936 159,469 157,802
Region XI 256,700 269,378 252,836 368,199 326,149 390,199 412,591 437,475 425,567 401,219
Region XII 104,380 122,845 142,110 153,768 166,917 182,380 194,704 194,835 203,007 179,330
CARAGA 61,180 58,926 68,402 88,626 90,849 91,477 84,245 67,343 68,421 85,409
ARMM 118,350 107,088 124,800 148,110 136,047 160,579 160,580 137,855 145,728 137,798
Philippines 2,203,670 2,140,978 2,306,380 2,562,362 2,632,956 2,828,089 2,981,900 3,024,980 3,085,465 3,029,793
Table 2.1d
HOG: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
(In number of head)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
CAR 210,580 205,478 202,113 200,475 217,374 251,650 252,130 247,800 257,610 250,390
Region I 509,930 464,377 482,604 482,317 448,071 402,060 433,470 505,880 510,370 480,240
Region II 393,900 396,326 454,021 474,928 462,930 476,640 445,510 508,640 589,670 565,290
Region III 1,054,830 1,203,910 1,024,788 1,052,993 1,125,582 1,235,750 1,329,910 1,373,500 1,569,880 1,478,970
Region IV 1,101,910 1,163,685 1,140,151 1,180,899 1,221,882 1,353,450 1,355,740 1,495,210 1,533,060 1,584,750
Region V 539,630 559,068 568,849 568,774 558,217 519,050 473,060 581,330 568,150 616,930
Region VI 631,040 586,195 581,888 590,032 654,556 685,870 770,300 770,060 778,710 844,450
Region VII 738,810 769,441 750,265 707,184 721,574 772,310 708,490 747,050 789,950 788,880
Region VIII 627,840 570,591 574,210 553,662 585,356 697,780 693,130 737,400 697,280 730,770
Region IX 384,660 437,797 438,075 382,388 421,300 481,520 502,950 562,830 608,890 612,970
Region X 454,350 418,381 424,415 361,792 399,517 428,240 475,360 509,740 534,550 659,040
Region XI 727,310 735,648 733,703 760,491 796,018 947,000 886,680 1,016,590 1,030,210 1,020,600
Region XII 323,660 288,820 373,117 364,648 337,002 340,430 307,240 301,360 326,850 360,850
CARAGA 273,840 257,381 252,677 255,322 257,480 322,830 353,740 366,920 388,280 381,630
ARMM 27,700 22,243 21,021 17,765 19,670 26,620 38,240 27,870 27,010 21,240
Philippines 7,999,990 8,079,341 8,021,897 7,953,670 8,226,529 8,941,200 9,025,950 9,752,180 10,210,470 10,397,000
Table 2.1e
CHICKEN: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
(In number of head)+A147
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
NCR 721,059 665,807 742,537 861,935 943,818 756,899 1,067,063 1,169,274 954,138 269,761
CAR 1,342,852 1,133,771 1,176,471 1,025,076 1,015,921 1,319,477 1,467,172 1,591,311 1,441,592 1,453,477
Region I 4,918,651 4,825,205 4,866,993 4,997,988 4,688,928 5,380,226 5,654,176 6,627,778 7,240,219 5,512,711
Region II 3,408,735 3,529,878 3,020,351 3,614,847 3,659,026 4,938,777 5,799,468 6,727,936 8,021,831 7,085,670
Region III 16,309,467 15,908,184 14,509,267 15,398,356 16,590,571 15,430,550 20,771,288 23,435,670 26,110,294 21,100,961
Region IV 18,061,520 14,774,501 17,237,570 18,700,194 20,456,055 19,228,054 24,362,154 28,127,884 23,313,001 20,973,171
Region V 3,687,255 3,786,325 4,050,268 3,775,204 3,800,243 3,675,045 4,337,752 4,801,784 6,171,260 7,570,241
Region VI 7,915,409 7,957,338 8,785,626 8,639,799 9,387,405 10,478,508 11,364,667 13,255,039 13,827,678 11,599,664
Region VII 6,200,326 7,371,147 6,932,603 8,908,518 7,812,707 8,462,666 8,969,125 10,925,840 11,522,181 8,155,092
Region VIII 2,414,408 2,215,401 2,591,128 2,523,981 3,581,116 3,960,081 4,639,387 5,537,212 6,408,467 4,814,958
Region IX 2,729,364 3,119,693 3,276,986 3,016,727 4,279,601 4,821,493 4,728,052 5,781,920 4,992,192 4,466,900
Region X 3,155,915 3,009,161 3,273,013 3,204,658 3,945,518 4,573,151 5,174,819 6,274,345 7,362,996 6,122,347
Region XI 6,786,715 5,477,434 6,002,624 7,138,588 7,668,333 7,147,585 10,374,370 12,913,197 13,434,122 10,040,942
Region XII 2,177,156 2,155,601 2,638,614 2,593,775 2,512,559 2,808,855 3,120,112 3,513,202 3,479,014 3,099,909
CARAGA 1,294,405 1,353,500 1,443,732 1,464,228 1,418,172 1,731,781 2,098,846 2,407,572 2,579,242 2,131,601
ARMM 1,178,889 957,005 977,426 1,293,645 1,349,738 1,502,577 1,853,944 1,872,844 1,662,432 1,441,827
Philippines 82,302,126 78,239,951 81,525,209 87,157,519 93,109,711 96,215,725 115,782,395 134,962,808 138,520,660 115,839,232
Table 2.1f
DUCK: TOTAL INVENTORY BY REGION
(In number of head)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999*
CAR 122,470 125,690 172,408 130,616 165,596 191,691 192,436 187,027 181,648 155,079
Region I 281,660 401,600 414,088 516,658 498,207 515,704 466,115 401,560 425,507 372,773
Region II 352,020 409,190 385,583 662,742 526,053 1,098,016 1,104,791 1,120,867 977,167 878,499
Region III 1,688,250 2,041,090 1,764,924 1,164,428 1,222,735 2,052,175 2,456,261 2,037,786 1,946,533 2,129,881
Region IV 769,240 945,110 945,045 1,099,204 876,512 1,034,482 882,853 742,269 720,056 829,996
Region V 331,780 257,300 276,706 383,687 447,901 346,787 321,466 320,419 279,283 240,281
Region VI 1,017,280 884,970 1,123,677 1,324,762 1,217,356 1,215,239 1,207,792 1,127,928 1,140,860 1,106,138
Region VII 307,610 384,910 466,088 401,386 232,112 230,610 240,929 229,403 206,553 191,610
Region VIII 285,350 256,790 313,479 347,121 334,103 216,764 266,757 280,763 275,091 261,975
Region IX 274,810 308,220 256,313 424,399 354,436 289,464 188,292 223,861 267,544 225,011
Region X 189,000 222,780 189,316 297,914 384,582 221,053 272,578 301,707 496,167 389,914
Region XI 759,560 1,036,800 1,004,955 1,080,793 914,859 620,692 718,364 756,368 758,999 761,515
Region XII 496,040 501,100 572,522 513,036 594,540 457,783 470,393 543,012 518,026 475,186
CARAGA 124,440 163,490 197,457 161,195 186,246 252,957 282,928 281,422 243,793 189,009
ARMM 356,760 328,650 265,730 198,842 231,639 328,786 397,738 369,104 389,616 377,704
Philippines 7,356,270 8,267,690 8,348,291 8,706,783 8,186,877 9,072,203 9,469,693 8,923,496 8,826,843 8,584,571
Table 2.2a
CARABAO TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1998
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 3,242 3,166 3,751 3,662 3,635 4,070 3,762 3,748 3,964
Region I 7,238 6,664 6,842 6,606 5,898 6,645 7,332 8,487 9,066
Region II 11,439 10,434 10,976 10,264 9,717 10,127 9,927 11,035 11,618
Region III 9,346 8,381 9,097 8,169 7,522 6,994 6,277 6,575 6,433
Region IV 9,457 7,502 7,847 9,743 8,791 9,497 9,405 10,317 11,252
Region V 10,520 10,660 11,255 11,627 10,561 10,007 8,823 9,320 9,299
Region VI 11,376 11,133 11,661 11,234 10,495 10,418 9,652 9,916 10,469
Region VII 6,191 5,679 6,236 6,117 5,510 5,247 4,860 5,025 5,389
Region VIII 6,714 6,241 6,709 6,706 6,236 6,731 6,358 6,855 6,916
Region IX 5,567 5,755 6,660 7,979 7,338 7,075 6,937 7,494 7,530
Region X 4,009 4,015 4,012 3,780 2,894 3,062 2,815 3,444 3,967
Region XI 7,352 7,337 8,403 7,539 7,033 8,167 8,210 8,726 9,691
Region XII 7,229 6,826 7,922 7,774 7,867 8,493 7,838 8,475 9,050
CARAGA 3,948 4,264 4,059 4,097 3,620 3,417 3,159 2,678 3,065
ARMM 2,903 3,144 3,172 3,045 3,573 4,010 3,886 4,045 5,339
Philippines 106,530 101,200 108,600 108,340 100,690 103,960 99,240 106,140 113,050
Table 2.2b
CATTLE TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1998
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 6,718 5,390 5,751 5,087 5,609 6,553 6,648 6,554 6,446
Region I 22,537 21,859 19,789 19,915 21,306 25,403 29,274 34,584 35,852
Region II 8,607 7,538 8,402 8,875 10,552 12,096 13,540 15,457 16,163
Region III 14,589 12,668 13,534 12,811 15,033 14,636 16,596 18,823 18,185
Region IV 20,880 19,529 21,073 23,410 22,060 23,566 25,911 28,297 29,855
Region V 11,343 10,957 11,015 12,359 12,653 12,665 13,042 14,142 14,292
Region VI 11,883 12,133 13,078 15,360 16,656 18,077 18,636 19,061 18,965
Region VII 21,377 21,348 21,028 23,180 26,717 29,103 31,975 32,197 32,479
Region VIII 2,945 2,580 2,129 2,968 3,694 4,049 3,856 3,457 3,680
Region IX 5,168 5,421 6,641 8,509 8,619 9,954 11,547 14,087 14,413
Region X 16,834 17,425 18,750 20,792 20,734 21,330 22,435 24,290 25,727
Region XI 11,011 10,871 12,511 13,066 15,263 17,645 18,991 19,863 21,135
Region XII 5,793 5,473 6,169 7,174 7,872 8,774 9,973 10,604 11,124
CARAGA 1,021 998 1,001 1,400 1,556 1,557 1,499 1,270 1,286
ARMM 8,294 7,869 6,039 6,805 7,226 7,672 8,418 8,785 11,206
Philippines 169,000 162,060 166,910 181,710 195,550 213,080 232,340 251,471 260,810
Table 2.2c
GOAT TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1998
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 710 638 564 449 518 591 640 713 780
Region I 5,574 5,519 5,550 5,569 5,999 6,791 7,449 8,168 8,631
Region II 1,033 1,040 1,143 1,594 1,901 1,824 1,896 2,049 2,114
Region III 3,604 4,178 4,279 4,555 4,507 4,050 4,575 5,286 5,914
Region IV 4,559 4,506 4,162 4,580 4,792 4,991 4,681 4,623 4,329
Region V 2,355 2,576 2,431 2,596 2,662 2,512 2,214 1,899 1,796
Region VI 5,670 6,138 6,750 6,544 7,209 7,750 7,839 7,758 7,744
Region VII 8,788 8,803 9,269 10,612 11,218 11,187 10,907 10,463 10,832
Region VIII 1,227 1,295 1,394 1,529 1,514 1,702 1,853 1,977 1,830
Region IX 4,208 4,729 4,775 4,861 4,952 4,759 4,564 4,797 4,846
Region X 3,382 3,457 3,754 4,302 4,054 4,002 3,816 3,758 3,711
Region XI 6,357 6,779 7,045 8,329 8,898 9,825 9,629 10,004 9,905
Region XII 2,716 3,382 3,639 4,065 4,459 4,641 4,485 4,541 4,517
CARAGA 1,478 1,490 1,911 2,339 2,300 2,230 1,906 1,605 1,614
ARMM 3,120 3,180 3,005 3,667 3,577 3,855 3,726 3,219 3,387
Philippines 54,780 57,710 59,670 65,590 68,560 70,710 70,180 70,860 71,950
Table 2.2d
HOG TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1998
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 26,507 26,962 29,132 29,080 29,943 33,153 35,408 35,475 33,769
Region I 67,409 61,852 61,753 66,671 62,283 54,555 65,460 65,049 68,659
Region II 50,326 56,343 57,810 61,545 62,394 66,402 68,420 75,320 78,085
Region III 142,799 154,101 133,859 148,729 160,028 158,108 184,083 206,047 224,765
Region IV 147,689 153,690 151,427 162,217 171,806 186,443 192,360 201,032 211,864
Region V 69,038 72,321 72,594 78,243 73,121 69,715 72,015 77,786 79,130
Region VI 77,953 74,632 78,460 83,644 89,273 98,326 106,099 104,032 108,811
Region VII 93,192 95,998 98,924 96,323 105,190 104,030 101,832 104,009 107,253
Region VIII 75,017 73,498 74,890 81,655 85,442 94,535 95,993 99,720 96,077
Region IX 52,105 57,064 57,106 55,122 56,949 68,392 75,744 74,585 76,091
Region X 55,477 56,902 52,699 53,475 55,546 62,502 68,470 72,712 75,069
Region XI 92,916 96,111 100,656 101,115 115,662 125,488 133,260 146,035 148,634
Region XII 42,788 41,756 50,999 46,506 44,849 43,402 42,251 43,898 44,779
CARAGA 34,887 32,767 33,631 34,827 37,221 44,262 49,858 48,646 50,239
ARMM 3,014 2,923 3,040 2,367 2,975 3,785 5,216 3,434 3,367
Philippines 1,031,120 1,056,920 1,056,980 1,101,520 1,152,680 1,213,100 1,296,470 1,357,780 1,406,592
Table 2.2e
CHICKEN TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1998
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
NCR 9,784 9,808 12,064 14,652 13,328 13,973 16,774 * *

CAR 5,730 5,547 5,404 4,494 5,484 5,850 5,501 5,551 4,906
Region I 28,177 29,982 31,410 29,989 32,633 33,012 34,951 40,188 41,153
Region II 20,898 18,832 19,543 21,960 22,710 26,049 27,275 30,894 36,300
Region III 143,473 142,197 152,446 181,982 189,765 193,702 229,556 251,086 268,732
Region IV 157,670 159,713 188,712 190,831 193,974 213,296 250,981 282,373 225,704
Region V 16,887 19,995 19,142 18,600 18,865 18,091 19,066 20,694 23,275
Region VI 41,919 45,995 48,757 48,568 55,264 54,728 58,523 60,375 69,142
Region VII 32,452 39,426 60,035 41,823 43,439 48,181 52,963 59,334 65,335
Region VIII 13,266 13,998 16,019 16,466 17,273 20,442 23,460 26,342 28,136
Region IX 14,355 17,302 15,059 17,216 19,685 19,154 19,373 21,045 20,135
Region X 14,045 17,670 16,237 15,625 19,857 21,875 22,301 25,400 32,436
Region XI 39,160 33,949 41,675 50,970 46,563 51,595 61,379 73,537 75,214
Region XII 11,224 11,148 12,951 11,678 14,812 12,868 13,319 15,417 12,735
CARAGA 6,144 7,194 7,734 8,174 9,251 8,442 9,474 10,373 10,440
ARMM 4,469 5,124 4,802 5,732 6,557 6,592 6,916 7,072 5,806
Philippines 559,650 577,880 651,990 678,760 709,460 747,850 851,810 929,681 919,450
* - Data included in Region 4
Table 2.2f
DUCK TOTAL PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to1998
(In metric tons, liveweight)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 513 570 794 733 917 998 1,093 1,030 937
Region I 1,409 1,786 2,198 2,552 2,589 2,548 2,558 2,230 2,193
Region II 1,718 2,230 2,079 2,949 3,512 5,683 6,195 6,175 5,969
Region III 8,835 8,933 7,470 5,987 7,782 10,962 12,091 11,541 11,741
Region IV 4,060 4,347 3,969 4,702 5,289 5,264 4,838 4,041 3,762
Region V 1,454 1,235 1,561 2,014 1,926 1,882 1,772 1,843 1,815
Region VI 4,870 3,835 5,385 5,983 6,459 6,145 6,529 6,322 6,162
Region VII 1,595 1,708 2,333 1,855 1,240 1,212 1,383 1,383 1,316
Region VIII 1,173 1,059 1,515 1,529 1,465 1,225 1,523 1,922 1,933
Region IX 1,164 1,305 1,402 1,984 1,597 1,361 960 1,106 1,231
Region X 880 922 1,117 1,622 1,809 1,261 1,537 2,017 3,176
Region XI 3,810 3,822 4,990 5,268 3,883 3,403 4,096 4,346 4,633
Region XII 2,383 2,077 2,170 2,741 2,847 2,322 2,725 3,297 2,939
CARAGA 545 714 1,016 775 1,169 1,313 1,577 1,347 1,224
ARMM 1,431 1,287 1,093 965 1,517 1,790 2,074 2,170 2,258
Philippines 35,840 35,830 39,090 41,660 44,000 47,370 50,950 50,770 51,290
Table 2.3
BAI STOCK FARMS
As of June 1999
Land Area
Stock Farm Arable
(Hectares)
1. ASEAN Goat and Sheep Center, Bagalupa Stockfarm (Bagalupa, Zamboanga del Norte) 220 268
2. Busungua Breeding & Experimental Station (Busungua, Palawan) 18,000 48,000
3. Dumarao Livestock Production Center (Dumarao, Capiz) 110 120
4. National Center for Forage & Pasture (Dapiwak, Dumingan, Zamboanga del Sur) 750 1,600
5. Palayan Livestock Production Center (Palayan, Nueva Ecija) 100 150
6. Western Mindanao Livestock Development Center (Bayog, Zamboanga del Sur) 1,606 1,938
7. Milagros Livestock Production Center (Milagros, Masbate) 950 1,993
8. National Artificial Breeding Center (Malaybalay, Bukidnon) 140 184
9. National Swine & Poultry Research Development Center (Tiaong, Quezon) 0 10
10. General Tinio Stockfarm (Gen. Tinio, Nueva Ecija) 500 1,500
Source : Bureau of Animal Industry

Table 2.4a
a/
WILDLIFE SPECIES EXPORTED BASED ON CITES /NON-CITES PERMITS ISSUED
1990 to 1997
(Number)
b/
Wildlife UM 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
CITES
Mammals head 4,117 8,125 5,975 5,277 7,103 4,227 2,044 2,563
vial 7,334 16,144
Birds head 627 1,068 898 1,403 3,442 1,999 2,204 3,321
piece 119
pair 23
Reptiles head 205 30 386 106 119 186 53
Insects piece 14
Amphibians head 2
Derivatives piece 67 446 6 405 422
vial 1,620 1,497 2,472 7,064 4,166
ml 500 450 600 1,160 1,310
skin 2
pickle 2
gram 505
bottle 65 25 26
liter 3
bags 66
tubes 6 470
slides 8
set 40
centrifuge 83
parafin block 6
head 200
Table 2.4a (continued) …
b/
Wildlife UM 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
tissue 496
tubes 76
blocks 45
histopack 11
box 1
plastic 42
container 130 150
pack 20
By-products piece 1,600 8 850 879 494
Non-CITES
Mammals head 135 6,053 12,189 154 1,400 3 64 7
piece/pair 24,330
Birds head 5 395 1,160 7,101 1,040 2,018 3,274 1,493
pair 150
Reptiles kg 17 5 205 855
head 46 49 30 1
piece 198 2,163 39
lbs. 35
Insects piece 4,510 69,804 280,305 438,219 345,808 421,626 451,324
kg 4
head 1,000
Amphibians piece 234 2,327 1,165
head 12 11
Derivatives piece 2,558 2,985 1,781 520 90,544
pocket 9,560
feather 14,375
Table 2.4a (continued) …
b/
Wildlife UM 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
kilo 2
vial 5
skin 273
pickle 4
By-products piece 4,923 6,809 16,698 3,104 1,011
kg. 482
pocket 71,700
Asstd. Species piece 19 50 52
a - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

b - Unit of Measurement
Source : Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau.
Table 2.4b
GOVERNMENT REVENUES FROM WILDLIFE EXPORT
1990 to 1997
(In Peso)
Wildlife 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
CITES*
Mammals 1,153,971.41 5,218,915.71 4,517,772.83 4,631,114.84 6,178,799.97 4,829,842.90 2,700,202.00 5,238,833.96
Birds 120,412.75 273,234.70 198,858.19 385,639.67 545509.76 292,298.04 336,245.76 392,087.48
Reptiles 30.00 2,191.35 50.00 280.00 100.00 80.00 20.00
Insects 240.40
Derivatives 400.00 600.00 1,120.00 3,706.20 3,080.00
By-products 60.00 20.00 20.00 240.00 60.00
Sub-total 1,274,414.16 5,494,341.76 4,716,681.02 5,017,734.91 6,724,929.73 5,123,380.94 3,040,473.96 5,634,081.44
Non-CITES
Mammals 8,500.74 52,899.65 12,498.92 40.00 1,497.45 20.00 40.00 40.00
Birds 272.00 1,207.50 1,142.00 12,232.48 182.00 180.00 2,753.00 2,817.00
Reptiles 217.35 67.00 20.00 60.00 40.00 5,805.20 70.00
Insects 3,595.50 12,352.27 114,731.10 236,487.25 193,727.33 363,423.51
Amphibians 20.00 5,372.18 3,454.18
Derivatives 140.00 2,659.95 2,344.02 1,193.50 12,381.61
By-products 7,445.34 2,622.06 3,180.22 1,255.80 1,224.80
Asstd. Species 27.80 20.00
Sub-total 8,990.09 57,769.65 25,993.19 134,656.72 248,900.89 202,945.75 11,047.50 379,956.92
Grand Total 1,283,404.25 5,552,111.41 4,742,674.21 5,152,391.63 6,973,830.62 5,326,326.69 3,051,521.46 6,014,038.36
* - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Source : Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
Table 2.5
WILDLIFE USED BY INDIGENOUS GROUPS, AND USES, 1998
LOCATION/INDIGENOUS
WILDSTOCK USES
GROUP
Cordillera and Northern Luzon: lizard, snake symbol of life, used in tombs and weaving desgn
Kankana-ey, Ifugao
Central and Southern Luzon:

Dumagat, Aeta, Agta hornbill, wild pig, bato-bato
Western Visayas monkey, deer, wild pig, wild chicken for food
Batac, Tagbanua man-og (snake), ibid, halo (lizard),
Mindoro : Hanunuo kabog (bat), madal (white wildcat),
garong (black wildcat), cagang (crabs),
tabang (shrimps), sai-log-sili (eel), etc
for food and decorations. (The beak is burned and the smoke
Mindanao wildpig, hornbill is inhaled by
T"boli, Moro- Magindanao; Asthmatic persons.)
Manobo; Moro - Tanuag;
for medicinal purposes; to cure human skin diseases and anti-
Lumad - Tedurang/Tiruray monkey plague for
chicken
for food; for medicinal purposes; for gall bladder problems

sawa (snake) and rheumatism
usa (deer) for decoration and clothing ( the horn is burned )
milo ( civet cat) for decoration ; textile; symbol

Table 2.6
1/
TOTAL FISH PRODUCTION BY REGION
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 225,428 250,810 241,530 249,684 257,949 289,115 247,599 215,114

CAR 892 893 996 2,298 2,020 1,621 1,190 1,417
Region I 61,699 69,221 54,317 50,113 43,911 49,999 46,468 41,308
Region II 21,245 22,909 20,764 18,780 12,956 17,395 19,262 21,447
Region III 150,307 150,141 126,360 113,486 134,154 128,277 121,291 121,765
Region IV 449,044 488,557 479,142 448,957 492,142 444,904 429,809 442,187
Region V 103,726 109,640 96,366 94,760 98,671 97,614 99,915 116,118
Region VI 401,432 391,409 412,065 419,272 392,290 361,256 347,004 318,874
Region VII 98,166 137,471 115,886 106,643 109,343 104,862 113,548 116,929
Region VIII 75,334 90,403 80,506 72,540 76,525 69,892 68,191 70,772
Region IX 369,270 335,289 355,709 332,050 332,744 348,181 320,684 324,559
Region X 89,093 96,235 25,860 24,348 34,706 39,646 34,836 37,400
Region XI 118,075 134,690 97,608 98,971 71,112 100,607 126,937 135,364
Region XII 48,657 45,610 18,334 24,677 18,014 20,382 20,914 29,154
CARAGA * * 90,497 86,646 76,925 41,745 71,674 69,006
ARMM ** ** 60,162 70,252 75,147 110,386 68,469 77,988
Philippines 2,212,368 2,323,278 2,276,102 2,213,477 2,228,609 2,225,882 2,137,791 2,139,402

1 - Includes Marine, Inland, and Aquaculture fish catch
* - Data included in Regions X and XI prior to the creation of CARAGA Region.
** - Data included in Regions IX and XII prior to the creation of ARMM.
Table 2.6a
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial and Marine Municipal Fishing): Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 218,276 243,848 232,522 241,014 248,853 281,416 242,669 210,866

Region I 22,403 27,220 22,603 21,496 21,598 20,395 19,326 19,630
Region II 13,785 14,300 12,513 11,792 7,326 10,803 12,668 14,329
Region III 35,367 35,467 21,416 14,985 19,967 17,531 14,728 16,197
Region IV 195,526 229,939 207,935 230,882 248,061 245,046 239,143 256,056
Region V 85,793 89,886 74,928 77,991 82,964 81,039 86,179 98,699
Region VI 305,309 282,163 322,324 318,948 301,763 269,729 258,530 256,232
Region VII 90,460 128,030 101,098 94,126 95,162 93,204 99,315 105,421
Region VIII 63,187 69,806 68,580 58,840 68,835 64,492 63,883 66,743
Region IX 348,537 313,011 345,474 321,445 314,753 334,592 307,565 312,700
Region X 82,257 88,679 20,750 22,532 32,612 37,516 32,433 35,331
Region XI 107,585 123,004 80,228 75,349 63,483 82,601 107,178 118,306
Region XII 27,119 27,986 12,050 12,740 11,066 10,439 10,143 14,933
CARAGA * * 87,350 72,753 68,013 31,947 61,849 61,152
ARMM ** ** 49,782 52,657 61,719 97,851 54,772 62,783
Philippines 1,595,604 1,673,339 1,659,553 1,627,550 1,646,175 1,678,601 1,610,381 1,649,378

Table 2.6a.1
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial Fishing): Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 208,494 234,256 223,489 233,699 243,432 276,888 239,004 207,337

Region I 4,028 5,247 3,610 2,444 2,534 1,386 1,923 1,899
Region II 4,022 5,570 5,536 3,914 2,659 4,164 5,643 6,920
Region III 10,321 8,270 6,031 5,573 9,228 8,159 8,291 9,432
Region IV 46,510 68,806 68,228 80,215 99,821 99,979 103,456 109,723
Region V 20,088 17,489 18,651 21,035 25,383 19,668 21,013 25,708
Region VI 131,228 98,125 150,081 160,453 145,220 121,590 119,922 121,984
Region VII 70,448 107,900 71,433 63,578 64,000 53,949 58,817 60,599
Region VIII 35,760 37,312 39,265 31,583 36,175 27,502 28,476 29,465
Region IX 108,716 109,635 143,109 138,490 134,833 170,154 173,382 183,775
Region X 4,414 5,692 5,934 7,974 16,619 21,661 17,729 19,189
Region XI 56,135 60,571 51,446 44,503 37,604 47,343 68,589 68,272
Region XII 400 942 3,767 6,870 4,843 4,916 4,483 9,506
CARAGA * * 4,389 3,440 3,128 4,692 3,585 4,125
ARMM ** ** 9,897 20,585 33,849 31,181 24,760 26,717
Philippines 700,564 759,815 804,866 824,356 859,328 893,232 879,073 884,651

Table 2.6a.2
MARINE FISH CATCH (Marine Municipal Fishing): Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 9,782 9,592 9,033 7,315 5,421 4,528 3,665 3,529

Region I 18,375 21,973 18,993 19,052 19,064 19,009 17,403 17,731
Region II 9,763 8,730 6,977 7,878 4,667 6,639 7,025 7,409
Region III 25,046 27,197 15,385 9,412 10,739 9,372 6,437 6,765
Region IV 149,016 161,133 139,707 150,667 148,240 145,067 135,687 146,333
Region V 65,705 72,397 56,277 56,956 57,581 61,371 65,166 72,991
Region VI 174,081 184,038 172,243 158,495 156,543 148,139 138,608 134,248
Region VII 20,012 20,130 29,665 30,548 31,162 39,255 40,498 44,822
Region VIII 27,427 32,494 29,315 27,257 32,660 36,990 35,407 37,278
Region IX 239,821 203,376 202,365 182,955 179,920 164,438 134,183 128,925
Region X 77,843 82,987 14,816 14,558 15,993 15,855 14,704 16,142
Region XI 51,450 62,433 28,782 30,846 25,879 35,258 38,589 50,034
Region XII 26,719 27,044 8,283 5,870 6,223 5,523 5,660 5,427
CARAGA * * 82,961 69,313 64,885 27,255 58,264 57,027
ARMM ** ** 39,885 32,072 27,870 66,670 30,012 36,066
Philippines 895,040 913,524 854,687 803,194 786,847 785,369 731,308 764,727

Table 2.6b
INLAND FISH CATCH (Inland Municipal Fishing): Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 9 7 7 -- -- -- -- --
CAR 457 392 386 264 247 236 198 254
Region I 580 578 569 2,190 3,766 1,421 1,274 1,080
Region II 4,576 5,350 5,268 4,226 3,670 4,769 4,829 4,762
Region III 7,233 7,303 7,191 2,903 3,886 4,377 4,488 3,995
Region IV 192,758 191,863 188,928 161,192 167,357 148,395 139,731 120,085
Region V 4,867 5,225 5,145 459 367 243 229 382
Region VI 2,966 3,050 3,003 3,038 4,144 3,335 2,779 2,288
Region VII 30 32 32 36 53 32 32 59
Region VIII 799 884 871 -- 1 5 4 4
Region IX 1,601 1,823 1,659 391 316 615 541 286
Region X 3,058 3,313 282 208 116 114 194 131
Region XI 745 705 527 670 560 956 948 987
Region XII 17,147 12,716 2,278 8,308 2,969 3,428 3,432 6,713
CARAGA * * 3,147 9,382 5,516 6,763 6,555 5,227
ARMM ** ** 10,380 17,508 12,763 11,985 12,706 13,486
Philippines 236,826 233,241 229,673 210,775 205,731 186,674 177,940 159,739

-- - No sample indication
Table 2.6c
1/
AQUACULTURE FISHING : Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 7,143 6,955 9,001 8,670 9,096 7,699 4,930 4,248

CAR 435 501 610 2,034 1,773 1,385 992 1,163
Region I 38,716 41,423 31,145 26,427 18,547 28,183 25,868 20,598
Region II 2,884 3,259 2,983 2,762 1,960 1,823 1,765 2,356
Region III 107,707 107,371 97,753 95,598 110,301 106,369 102,075 101,573
Region IV 60,760 66,755 82,279 56,883 76,724 51,463 50,935 66,046
Region V 13,066 14,529 16,293 16,310 15,340 16,332 13,507 17,037
Region VI 93,157 106,196 86,738 97,286 86,383 88,192 85,695 60,354
Region VII 7,676 9,409 14,756 12,481 14,128 11,626 14,201 11,449
Region VIII 11,348 19,713 11,055 13,700 7,689 5,395 4,304 4,025
Region IX 19,132 20,455 8,576 10,214 17,675 12,974 12,578 11,573
Region X 3,778 4,243 4,828 1,608 1,978 2,016 2,209 1,938
Region XI 9,745 10,981 16,853 22,952 7,069 17,050 18,811 16,071
Region XII 4,391 4,908 4,006 3,629 3,979 6,515 7,339 7,508
CARAGA * * * 4,511 3,396 3,035 3,270 2,627
ARMM ** ** ** 87 665 550 991 1,719
Philippines 379,938 416,698 386,876 375,152 376,703 360,607 349,470 330,285

1 - Includes brackishwater, freshwater (fishhpen, fishcage and fishpond) marine (fishpen & fishcage) and
mariculture (oysters and mussels).
Table 2.6c.1
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Brackishwater Fishpond): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 652 675 2,986 4,196 4,285 6,425 4,722 3,908

Region I 27,924 31,303 18,678 13,686 13,204 20,522 19,043 15,012
Region II 1,049 1,146 408 225 198 468 507 599
Region III 77,004 75,497 56,869 54,207 70,049 68,457 63,449 62,429
Region IV 20,009 22,790 21,283 16,235 17,503 11,494 13,691 13,553
Region V 6,272 6,573 5,286 5,154 3,404 3,086 2,493 2,685
Region VI 88,799 101,951 81,188 92,075 79,034 75,201 65,638 50,882
Region VII 7,676 9,409 14,755 12,335 14,085 11,555 14,100 11,385
Region VIII 3,117 3,331 1,601 2,083 2,213 2,036 1,906 1,527
Region IX 18,656 19,931 7,912 9,405 16,883 12,696 12,286 11,322
Region X 3,313 3,695 4,161 1,396 1,785 1,837 2,027 1,747
Region XI 9,153 10,299 16,035 16,140 14,153 13,674 14,239 12,421
Region XII 4,190 4,675 3,713 3,304 3,598 6,090 6,961 7,133
CARAGA * * * 4,135 3,322 3,021 3,237 2,575
ARMM ** ** ** 75 644 529 952 1,686
Philippines 267,814 291,275 234,875 234,651 244,360 237,091 225,251 198,864

Table 2.6c.2
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpond ): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CAR 354 406 490 457 358 309 287 314
Region I 2,226 2,437 2,917 2,857 2,327 2,136 2,060 1,831
Region II 1,429 1,640 1,987 1,911 1,508 1,238 1,128 1,222
Region III 29,350 30,574 39,475 37,979 37,903 35,697 36,277 36,444
Region IV 574 658 1,028 1,405 1,489 1,062 1,015 916
Region V 152 167 245 239 97 59 50 35
Region VI 577 739 962 774 738 760 929 174
Region VII -- -- -- 21 5 6 7 1
Region VIII 114 139 169 26 14 35 45 65
Region IX 187 215 263 212 94 56 65 62
Region X 465 548 667 212 193 179 180 191
Region XI 248 290 353 1,890 1,725 959 1,223 1,125
Region XII 140 161 196 309 360 425 378 375
CARAGA * * * 330 67 12 13 22
ARMM ** ** ** 6 4 5 19 16
Philippines 35,816 37,974 48,752 48,628 46,882 42,938 43,676 42,793

Table 2.6c.3
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpen ): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 3,794 3,880 4,286 2,486 4,000 860 51 177

Region I 16 10 14 a/ 3 -- -- 5
Region III 44 43 59 9 a/ a/ a/ 21
Region IV 20,173 21,614 28,536 26,683 35,793 19,581 16,184 19,745
Region VIII 32 34 43 42 56 -- --
Region IX 269 291 377 115 152 -- --
Region XII 51 59 80 16 21 -- --
CARAGA * * * 46 -- -- --
ARMM ** ** ** 6 2 4 5 4
Philippines 24,379 25,931 33,395 29,403 40,027 20,445 16,240 19,952

a - Quantity less than 1 metric ton
Table 2.6c.4
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishcage ): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 309 350 445 372 131 147 152 162

CAR 81 95 120 1,577 1,415 1,076 705 849
Region I 10 14 18 a/ 2 3 -- 1
Region II 406 473 588 626 250 115 124 530
Region III 545 603 747 860 256 100 120 90
Region IV 12,716 14,330 21,770 17,285 19,656 17,958 16,597 25,715
Region V 6,437 7,602 10,014 10,014 9,572 11,721 10,387 13,188
Region VIII 69 85 107 -- -- -- --
Region IX 20 18 24 -- -- -- --
Region XI 328 356 442 4,898 1,682 2,378 3,245 2,132
Region XII 10 13 17 -- -- -- --
ARMM * * * -- 15 12 15 13
Philippines 20,931 23,939 34,292 35,632 32,979 33,510 31,345 42,680

* - Data included in Regions IX and XII prior to the creation of ARMM.
Table 2.6c.5
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishpen ): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- -- -- 315 231 162 --

Region I -- -- -- 1 3 4 9 9
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 30 59
Region IV -- -- -- 1 6 2 --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 --
Region VI -- -- -- a/ a/ -- --
Region IX -- -- -- 17 8 45 23 11
Region XI -- -- -- a/ 1 a/ 2 84
CARAGA -- -- -- a/ 3 -- 1 2
Philippines -- -- -- 334 252 213 68 165

Table 2.6c.6
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishcage ): Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- -- -- a/ 19 -- --
Region I -- -- -- a/ a/ a/ 9 2
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 37 39
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 a/
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- 3
Region VI -- -- -- 4 11 8 6 14
Region VII -- -- -- 2 -- -- --
Region VIII -- -- -- 51 1 -- 5 10
Region IX -- -- -- 7 1 -- 2 32
Region X -- -- -- a/ a/ a/ 2 a/
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 207
CARAGA -- -- -- -- 4 2 9 16
Philippines -- -- -- 64 36 10 87 320
Table 2.6c.7
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Mariculture )1/: Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 2,388 2,050 1,284 1,616 680 267 5 1

Region I 8,540 7,659 9,518 9,883 3,008 5,518 4,747 3,738
Region II a/ 4 2 6 5
Region III 764 654 603 2,543 2,093 2,115 2,162 2,491
Region IV 7,288 7,363 9,662 12,559 2,277 1,366 3,447 6,117
Region V 205 187 748 903 2,267 1,466 571 1,129
Region VI 3,781 3,506 4,588 4,433 6,600 12,223 19,122 9,284
Region VII -- -- 1 123 38 65 94 63
Region VIII 8,016 8,062 9,135 11,498 5,405 3,324 2,348 2,423
Region IX -- -- -- 458 537 177 202 146
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 16 18 23 24 63 39 89 102
Region XII -- -- a/ a/ a/ a/ --
CARAGA * * * -- -- -- 10 12
ARMM ** ** ** -- -- -- --
Philippines 30,998 29,499 35,562 44,040 22,972 26,562 32,803 25,511
1 - Includes only oysters and mussels
Table 2.7
TOTAL VALUE OF FISH PRODUCTION1/
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 4,617,132 6,056,806 6,479,521 8,512,426 9,304,232 11,093,023 11,504,492 8,763,805

CAR 28,373 30,059 42,267 94,249 102,695 77,073 70,256 79,212
Region I 1,808,200 2,319,729 2,055,625 1,963,858 2,175,925 2,610,794 2,399,517 2,206,648
Region II 523,626 580,437 492,558 553,222 473,857 716,336 760,137 913,083
Region III 7,834,530 7,642,530 7,310,529 7,539,043 11,742,137 10,988,498 11,138,801 11,340,471
Region IV 8,646,010 11,248,076 9,414,081 10,276,866 12,655,622 11,997,434 11,832,058 13,496,120
Region V 2,123,944 2,887,753 2,637,744 2,483,749 2,431,364 2,841,386 2,888,462 3,757,179
Region VI 10,753,338 11,570,850 14,762,445 18,117,892 17,445,117 15,767,754 13,989,744 10,150,324
Region VII 1,791,950 2,326,010 3,315,248 12,601,130 3,310,265 4,033,540 4,531,727 4,580,169
Region VIII 1,452,041 1,721,043 1,957,764 1,634,189 1,822,697 1,879,325 1,891,849 2,414,447
Region IX 6,000,598 5,266,504 7,695,141 6,674,377 8,538,634 8,612,587 8,116,553 8,916,462
Region X 1,708,710 2,213,823 940,767 622,771 941,418 1,265,262 1,273,847 1,261,605
Region XI 2,720,941 3,770,729 2,978,016 2,978,487 3,658,976 4,164,188 4,952,900 4,781,607
Region XII 1,372,135 1,359,528 652,725 1,292,999 980,241 1,764,811 2,134,114 2,376,442
CARAGA * * 2,057,871 2,426,988 2,471,241 2,752,374 2,646,820 2,551,299
ARMM ** ** 1,124,681 983,231 904,437 1,164,333 1,384,605 1,725,191
Philippines 51,381,528 58,993,877 63,916,983 78,755,477 78,958,858 81,728,718 81,515,882 79,314,064

1 - Includes Marine, Inland, and Aquaculture value of fish production
Table 2.7a
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial and Marine Municipal Fishing): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 4,435,050 5,856,260 6,045,282 8,052,563 8,813,585 10,656,820 11,192,692 8,536,292

Region I 596,443 896,113 878,559 783,084 876,969 827,441 785,801 874,519
Region II 294,785 307,051 163,080 343,694 183,495 428,216 461,458 506,378
Region III 790,531 1,050,024 398,919 522,961 458,271 478,246 409,408 549,402
Region IV 4,425,350 6,679,305 4,520,352 6,148,670 7,899,121 8,122,382 8,140,878 9,161,194
Region V 1,432,330 2,129,365 1,586,221 1,709,955 1,608,358 1,992,741 2,164,115 2,968,676
Region VI 4,881,690 4,209,949 6,466,104 6,904,532 7,431,452 7,077,049 7,047,778 6,974,761
Region VII 1,569,028 2,057,651 2,247,919 11,555,845 2,229,797 2,594,393 2,744,313 3,438,417
Region VIII 1,155,412 1,401,039 1,667,643 1,368,562 1,614,889 1,681,205 1,707,932 2,259,217
Region IX 5,291,536 4,440,502 6,973,370 5,807,009 6,583,115 6,970,095 6,521,359 7,574,464
Region X 1,470,582 1,946,141 415,899 391,900 661,905 884,963 873,160 925,449
Region XI 2,199,293 3,203,506 1,940,214 1,632,569 1,999,129 2,425,956 2,665,682 3,724,389
Region XII 604,795 681,827 218,689 244,775 216,080 269,097 289,472 422,263
CARAGA * * 1,955,154 1,781,173 1,945,466 2,197,377 1,997,258 2,024,628
ARMM ** ** 767,603 630,151 519,810 794,992 887,025 1,230,840
Philippines 29,146,825 34,858,733 36,245,008 47,877,443 43,041,442 47,400,973 47,888,331 51,170,889

Table 2.7a.1
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial Fishing ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 4,284,000 5,684,000 5,732,000 7,632,000 8,403,000 10,318,000 10,911,000 8,360,275

Region I 116,000 195,000 161,000 113,000 98,000 62,000 66,000 68,209
Region II 63,000 75,000 77,000 74,000 63,000 80,000 83,000 191,748
Region III 206,000 167,000 136,000 125,000 230,000 197,000 211,000 249,040
Region IV 1,004,000 1,445,000 1,460,000 1,882,000 2,660,000 2,917,000 3,140,000 3,475,650
Region V 287,000 220,000 345,000 401,000 410,000 367,000 391,000 534,867
Region VI 1,854,000 1,375,000 2,782,000 3,112,000 2,959,000 2,440,000 2,591,000 2,873,981
Region VII 1,182,000 1,715,000 1,157,000 1,082,000 1,256,000 1,089,000 1,149,000 2,028,978
Region VIII 583,000 710,000 785,000 662,000 859,000 593,000 638,000 763,464
Region IX 1,737,000 1,800,000 2,646,000 1,689,000 1,828,000 2,813,000 3,037,000 3,935,854
Region X 74,000 96,000 92,000 92,000 262,000 425,000 435,000 461,790
Region XI 1,014,000 1,748,000 1,223,000 845,000 1,276,000 1,253,000 1,347,000 2,173,687
Region XII 7,000 15,000 58,000 120,000 111,000 148,000 162,000 263,786
CARAGA * * 77,000 78,000 77,000 125,000 137,000 146,073
ARMM ** ** 70,000 114,000 222,000 238,000 257,000 407,929
Philippines 12,411,000 15,245,000 16,801,000 18,021,000 20,714,000 23,065,000 24,555,000 25,935,331

Table 2.7a.2
MARINE FISH CATCH (Marine Municipal Fishing): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 151,050 172,260 313,282 420,563 410,585 338,820 281,692 176,017

Region I 480,443 701,113 717,559 670,084 778,969 765,441 719,801 806,310
Region II 231,785 232,051 86,080 269,694 120,495 348,216 378,458 314,630
Region III 584,531 883,024 262,919 397961 228,271 281,246 198,408 300,362
Region IV 3,421,350 5,234,305 3,060,352 4,266,670 5,239,121 5,205,382 5,000,878 5,685,544
Region V 1,145,330 1,909,365 1,241,221 1,308,955 1,198,358 1,625,741 1,773,115 2,433,809
Region VI 3,027,690 2,834,949 3,684,104 3,792,532 4,472,452 4,637,049 4,456,778 4,100,780
Region VII 387,028 342,651 1,090,919 735,845 973,797 1,505,393 1,595,313 1,409,439
Region VIII 572,412 691,039 882,643 706,562 755,889 1,088,205 1,069,932 1,495,753
Region IX 3,554,536 2,640,502 4,327,370 4,118,009 4,755,115 4,157,095 3,484,359 3,638,610
Region X 1,396,582 1,850,141 323,899 299,900 399,905 459,963 438,160 463,659
Region XI 1,185,293 1,455,506 717,214 787,569 723,129 1,172,956 1,318,682 1,550,702
Region XII 597,795 666,827 160,689 124,775 105,080 121,097 127,472 158,477
CARAGA * * 1,878,154 1,703,173 1,868,466 2,072,377 1,860,258 1,878,555
ARMM ** ** 697,603 516,151 297,810 556,992 630,025 822,911
Philippines 16,735,825 19,613,733 19,444,008 20,118,443 22,327,442 24,335,973 23,333,331 25,235,558

Table 2.7b
INLAND FISH CATCH (Inland Municipal Fishing): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 243 195 247 -- -- -- -- --

CAR 11,924 10,681 13,144 5,245 12,473 8,942 7,412 9,973
Region I 15,064 15,659 19,270 43,063 162,591 67,545 61,674 66,867
Region II 117,888 142,648 175,610 81,272 179,603 179,965 180,596 258,103
Region III 187,478 198,276 246,058 58,100 130,851 206,323 209,515 183,979
Region IV 1,422,143 1,402,206 1,846,713 940,593 863,278 878,439 714,835 806,263
Region V 122,489 138,124 169,741 8,802 13,495 9,125 8,456 14,964
Region VI 72,181 78,124 96,270 57,112 203,372 120,362 104,851 83,526
Region VII 780 865 1,087 708 1,621 967 983 1,819
Region VIII 20,171 23,431 28,655 -- 77 280 245 301
Region IX 37,401 44,351 50,739 6,955 4,727 14,760 12,487 6,603
Region X 79,051 90,466 9,198 3,947 3,424 2,976 6,095 2,901
Region XI 18,802 18,580 17,363 12,883 17,896 26,354 26,096 28,887
Region XII 458,644 355,225 78,487 166,071 99,593 128,508 128,814 193,704
CARAGA * * 102,717 178,155 116,287 147,266 146,981 137,480
ARMM ** ** 357,078 350,003 338,199 336,048 430,804 361,983
Philippines 2,564,259 2,518,831 3,212,377 1,912,909 2,147,487 2,127,860 2,039,844 2,157,353

Table 2.7c
1/
AQUACULTURE FISHING : Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 181,839 200,351 433,992 459,863 490,647 436,203 311,800 227,513

CAR 16,449 19,378 29,123 89,004 90,222 68,131 62,844 69,239
Region I 1,196,693 1,407,957 1,157,796 1,137,711 1,136,365 1,715,808 1,552,042 1,265,262
Region II 110,953 130,738 153,868 128,256 110,759 108,155 118,083 148,602
Region III 6,856,521 6,394,230 6,665,552 6,957,982 11,153,015 10,303,929 10,519,878 10,607,090
Region IV 2,798,517 3,166,565 3,047,016 3,187,603 3,893,223 2,996,613 2,976,345 3,528,663
Region V 569,125 620,264 881,782 764,992 809,511 839,520 715,891 773,539
Region VI 5,799,467 7,282,777 8,200,071 11,156,248 9,810,293 8,570,343 6,837,115 3,092,037
Region VII 222,142 267,494 1,066,242 1,044,577 1,078,847 1,438,180 1,786,431 1,139,933
Region VIII 276,458 296,573 261,466 265,627 207,731 197,840 183,672 154,929
Region IX 671,661 781,651 671,032 860,413 1,950,792 1,627,732 1,582,707 1,335,395
Region X 159,077 177,216 515,670 226,924 276,089 377,323 394,592 333,255
Region XI 502,846 548,643 1,020,439 1,333,035 1,641,951 1,711,878 2,261,122 1,028,331
Region XII 308,696 322,476 355,549 882,153 664,568 1,367,206 1,715,828 1,760,475
CARAGA * * * 467,660 409,488 407,731 502,834 389,191
ARMM ** ** ** 3,077 46,428 33,293 66,776 132,368
Philippines 19,670,444 21,616,313 24,459,598 28,965,125 33,769,929 32,199,885 31,587,960 25,985,822

Table 2.7c.1
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Brackishwater Fishpond ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 33,595 36,459 215,289 288,350 249,619 365,649 300,882 214,286

Region I 1,037,789 1,254,602 876,841 863,366 994,877 1,564,939 1,414,439 1,149,627
Region II 37,553 43,835 20,638 13,160 17,667 35,128 47,442 61,915
Region III 5,711,911 5,263,289 4,834,439 4,910,210 9,673,723 8,927,634 8,852,645 8,830,374
Region IV 1,777,024 1,958,111 1,058,334 1,057,182 1,566,183 1,097,160 1,199,825 1,243,908
Region V 386,486 402,955 497,421 476,232 410,345 393,688 316,183 336,305
Region VI 5,755,519 7,231,843 8,116,772 11,069,900 9,719,191 8,502,011 6,749,320 3,050,924
Region VII 222,142 267,494 1,066,241 1,043,089 1,078,379 1,437,465 1,785,594 1,139,414
Region VIII 209,660 220,168 139,888 159,204 159,262 189,672 175,497 143,681
Region IX 660,640 769,097 651,620 845,084 1,938,615 1,624,166 1,576,278 1,323,780
Region X 145,667 161,000 489,978 220,951 272,943 373,746 389,766 327,195
Region XI 480,191 522,994 981,059 1,130,478 1,549,058 1,600,437 2,102,567 868,735
Region XII 304,196 317,384 347,864 875,999 649,361 1,350,541 1,699,320 1,745,040
CARAGA * * * 452,984 407,761 405,604 492,946 376,378
ARMM ** ** ** 2,575 45,656 32,326 64,819 131,111
Philippines 16,762,373 18,449,231 19,296,384 23,408,764 28,732,640 27,900,166 27,167,523 20,942,673

Table 2.7c.2
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpond ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
CAR 13,452 15,894 23,830 19,918 21,491 18,833 19,019 20,826

Region I 72,684 81,733 166,410 158,545 114,305 112,770 109,772 89,928
Region II 57,160 67,718 104,633 89,844 80,673 68,218 65,231 68,485
Region III 1,116,797 1,102,919 1,791,414 2,001,590 1,443,725 1,353,730 1,647,672 1,752,806
Region IV 17,220 21,948 34,002 33,866 80,058 63,184 64,479 56,471
Region V 4,104 4,579 6,938 5,673 3,110 1,904 1,832 1,575
Region VI 16,733 23,796 37,522 36,392 27,276 28,319 44,464 10,304
Region VII -- -- -- 484 108 131 166 54
Region VIII 3,648 4,752 7,518 941 499 1,066 1,955 2,125
Region IX 4,114 5,021 7,791 7,203 1,847 1,361 1,483 1,686
Region X 13,410 16,216 25,692 5,917 3,087 3,566 4,241 5,660
Region XI 9,424 10,827 16,663 45,850 45,976 30,018 42,035 37,887
Region XII 4,200 4,697 7,040 6,154 15,195 16,661 16,508 15,435
CARAGA * * * 12,450 1,494 427 483 748
ARMM ** ** ** 292 113 241 1,085 529
Philippines 1,332,946 1,360,100 2,229,453 2,425,119 1,838,957 1,700,429 2,020,425 2,064,519

Table 2.7c.3
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpen ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 106,621 123,477 177,075 118,410 211,292 49,789 3,295 6,870

Region I 400 353 602 a/ 201 -- -- 661
Region III 1,540 1,334 2,181 429 57 25 27 1,040
Region IV 566,828 679,994 1,128,364 1,189,922 1,315,082 888,509 784,072 873,088
Region VIII 960 1,142 1,818 1,776 1,820 -- -- --
Region IX 6,487 7,106 10,894 4,862 5,320 -- -- --
Region XI 1,760 2,026 3,248 650 672 -- -- --
CARAGA * * * 2,139 -- -- -- --
ARMM ** ** ** 210 94 246 246 166
Philippines 684,596 815,432 1,324,182 1,318,398 1,534,538 938,569 787,640 881,825

a - Value less than P1000
Table 2.7c.4
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishcage ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 8,191 9,465 14,699 14,215 5,536 7,327 7,593 6,350

CAR 2,997 3,484 5,293 69,086 68,731 49,298 43,825 48,413
Region I 420 541 859 6 52 208 45
Region II 16,240 19,185 28,597 25,243 12,376 4,772 5,336 18,145
Region III 18,018 18,420 28,000 32,237 12,435 5,533 5,902 4,411
Region IV 334,185 398,091 684,098 780,576 902,572 933,913 910,104 1,316,245
Region V 176,052 210,291 374,140 280,434 371,654 436,012 392,800 428,356
Region VIII 2,070 2,812 4,362 -- -- -- -- --
Region IX 420 427 727 -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 11,311 12,570 19,110 155,758 45,544 80,852 113,298 75,951
Region XII 300 395 645 -- -- -- -- --
ARMM * * * -- 565 480 626 562
Philippines 570,204 675,681 1,160,530 1,357,555 1,419,465 1,518,395 1,479,484 1,898,478

* - Data included in Regions IX and XII prior to the creation of ARMM.
Table 2.7c.5
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishpen ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- -- -- 15,312 12,215 8,490 -- --

Region I -- -- -- 42 249 454 2,292 1,471
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 2,700 3,360
Region IV -- -- -- 450 362 250 -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- 710
Region VI -- -- -- 4 7 -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- 547 828 895 3,280 4,270
Region XI -- -- -- 16 113 227 500 15,880
CARAGA -- -- -- 87 125 -- 550 1,225
Philippines -- -- -- 16,458 13,899 10,316 10,032 26,206

Table 2.7c.6
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishcage ): Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- -- -- 8 948 -- -- --
CAR
Region I -- -- -- 45 41 66 1,090 725
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 2,680 2,925
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- 230 200
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- 600
Region VI -- -- -- 839 2,005 2,216 1,641 4,500
Region VII -- -- -- 373 -- -- -- --
Region VIII -- -- -- 9,293 304 -- 1,500 2,700
Region IX -- -- -- 892 240 -- 300 4,520
Region X -- -- -- 56 59 11 585 400
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- 2,160 29,288
CARAGA -- -- -- -- 108 1,700 8,800 10,750
Philippines -- -- -- 11,506 3,705 3,993 19,586 56,008

Table 2.7c.7
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Mariculture )*: Value of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In thousand pesos)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR 33,432 30,950 26,929 23,568 11,037 4,948 30 7

Region I 85,400 70,728 113,084 115,707 26,640 37,371 24,449 22,805
Region II -- -- -- 9 43 37 74 57
Region III 8,255 8,268 9,518 13,516 23,075 17,007 8,252 12,174
Region IV 103,260 108,421 142,218 125,607 28,966 13,597 17,635 38,751
Region V 2,483 2,439 3,283 2,653 24,402 7,916 3,766 7,303
Region VI 27,215 27,138 45,777 49,113 61,814 37,797 41,690 26,309
Region VII -- -- 1 631 360 584 671 465
Region VIII 60,120 67,699 107,880 94,413 45,846 7,102 4,720 6,423
Region IX -- -- -- 1,825 3,942 1,310 1,366 1,139
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 160 226 359 283 588 344 562 590
Region XII -- -- a/ a/ 12 4 -- --
CARAGA -- -- -- -- -- -- 55 90
ARMM -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 320,325 315,869 449,049 427,325 226,725 128,017 103,270 116,113

* - Includes only oysters and mussels
Table 2.8
EXPORT OF FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS: QUANTITY AND VALUE BY KIND
1990 to 1997
Item 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
TOTAL QUANTITY (in metric tons) 143,038 144,939 131,915 163,745 172,080 169,746 164,673 173,887
I. FISH AND FISH PREPARATIONS 103,210 112,748 104,485 135,573 143,468 128,340 124,375 130,368
1. Fish, fresh (live or dead), 19,125 17,033 15,411 34,664 39,128 41,497 32,040 38,355
chilled or frozen
2. Fish, dried, salted or in brine, 542 721 728 685 703 493 575 754
smoked fish (whether or
not cooked before or
during smoking)
3. Crustaceans, mollusks, whether 35,117 43,935 36,614 38,140 38,688 34,498 28,568 30,817
in shell or not, fresh (live or
dead), chilled, frozen, salted
in brine or dried; crustaceans
in shells, simply boiled in
water
4. Fish, crustaceans and mollusks, 48,426 51,059 51,732 62,084 64,949 51,852 63,192 60,442
prepared or preserved, n.e.s.
II. SHELLS AND BY-PRODUCTS 4,341 3,357 4,141 2,818 3,260 2,387 2,329 2,226
III. MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY 35,487 28,834 23,289 25,354 25,352 39,019 37,969 41,293
PRODUCTS AND BY PRODUCTS
Item 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
TOTAL VALUE ('000 P) 11,528,727 14,048,914 11,090,306 14,074,021 15,027,333 15,656,803 15,110,548 16,337,349
I. FISH AND FISH PREPARATIONS 9,658,538 12,774,751 9,959,672 13,006,324 13,898,842 13,016,446 12,229,034 13,027,518
1. Fish, fresh (live or dead), 865,666 875,421 736,598 1,597,003 1,736,966 2,185,166 1,890,815 2,006,088
chilled or frozen
2. Fish, dried, salted or in brine, 30,452 47,279 58,450 57,587 57,935 54,857 66,552 113,695
smoked fish (whether or
not cooked before or
during smoking)
3. Crustaceans, mollusks, whether 6,261,868 8,725,815 6,535,884 7,665,126 8,074,867 7,518,637 6,543,652 6,614,592
in shell or not, fresh (live or
dead), chilled, frozen, salted
in brine or dried; crustaceans
in shells, simply boiled in
water
4. Fish, crustaceans and mollusks, 2,500,552 3,126,236 2,628,740 3,686,608 4,029,074 3,257,786 3,728,015 4,293,143
prepared or preserved, n.e.s.
II. SHELLS AND BY-PRODUCTS 551,153 528,718 498,736 426,677 517,417 467,380 400,282 514,298
III. MISCELLANEOUS FISHERY 1,319,036 745,445 631,898 641,020 611,074 2,172,977 2,481,232 2,795,533
PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCTS
Source : National Statistics Office
Table 2.9
IMPORTATION OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY *
1994 to 1998
Year Animal Breed Volume
1994 No. of head

SWINE Dalland 273
Duroc 60
Duroc Landrace 111
Duroc, Yorkshire & Duroc 60
Duruc, Yorkshire and Landrace Canadian 245
GGP Purebred 66
GGP, GP, PS 126
GP 140
GP and PS 159
GP gilts and boars 88
GP gilts and damline 120
JSR GP 150
Landrace 17
Landrace GGP 76
Landrace, Duroc 192
Landrace, Yorkshire & Duroc 30
Landrace/Largewhite 276
Largewhite 181
Largewhite GGP 76
Purebred Canadian 42
Purebred Pedigreed Largewhite 23
Seghers hybrid 88
Stamboek Duroc 8
Stamboek Landrace 40
Stamboek Yorkshire 41
Stamboek Yorkshire, Landrace & Duroc 141

Stress Negative, Belgian Landrace 75
Yorkshire, Landrace & Duroc 42
Yorkshire/Duroc 44
CATTLE Australian 1,065
Australian Brahman 1,522
Australian Brahman Cross 1,655
Brahman 1,305
Brahman Cross 685
Holstein 5
Purebred American 6
DAY OLD CHICKS AA 15,220
Arbor Acres 112,797
Avian 26,092
Avian & Peterson 68,634
Bovans W.L. layer 4,560
Dekalb Beta 2,750
Dekalb XL 2,750
H&N Nick Chick 16,900
Hubbard 11,200
Hyline 40,400
ISA 2,350
JA57 & S44 4,700
K99 & GGK 575
Kabir 100
Lohmann 94,140
Lohmann white LSL 20,160
Peterson 4,290
Pitch 20,180
Ross 208 14,490

Shaver Starbro 12,482
Shaver Starcross 2,367
Shaver Starcross 288 42,114
SK88 & K105 3,360
SX and K105 2,800
BABY DUCK Cherry Valley 8,000
No. of pcs.
HATCHING EGGS Lohmann 61,200
No. of pairs
PIGEONS Assorted 800
1995 No. of head

SWINE Canadian purebred 49
Cotsworld Breeder pig 80
Dalland 38
Duroc & Yorkshire 132
GGP 60
GGP Purebred Breeding Swine 60
Gilts & Boar Sowline 77
Landrace and Yorkshire 60
Largewhite 47
Largewhite & Landrace 218
Pedigree 149
Purebred 60
Purebred Breed 363
Purebred GGP 283
Purebred Landrace 25
Purebred Largewhite/Landrace 75
Seghers Hybrid 100
Tested Canadian purebred 19
Yorkshire & Landrace 240
CATTLE American Brahman Bull 2
Australian 200
Australian Brahman 855
Australian Brahman Cross 1,093
Australian Breed 263
Australian Sta. Gertrudes Crosses or Sta. Gertrudes 60
Brahman 600
Brahman Cross 119
Feeder Cattle 600
Mandalong 4
DAY OLD CHICKS Anak 2,300
Anak 2000 8,050
Arbor Acres 21,200
Arbor Acres Broiler Breeder 13,225
Avian 134,775
Avian and Peterson 85,955
Dekalb Beta 5,600
Hi-sex white 17,820
Hubbard 21,975
Hyline 27,360
JA S7/S44 2,350
JA57 & S44 5,110
Khaki Campbell & Golden 300 Hybrid 780
Lohmann 54,340

Peterson 178,335
Pitch 105,990
Ross 208 6,900
White LSL 2,150
No breed indicated 7,600
No. of pcs.
1996 No. of head

SWINE Cotsworld 16 84
Dalland GGPB-S 24
Dalland GGPS-S 5
Dalland GPB-B 4
Dalland GPB-S 20
Dalland GPS-B 11
Duroc 63
GGP Duroc 15
GGP Duroc Canadian 6
GGP Duroc Canadian Purebred 65
GGP Landrace 81
GGP Largewhite 162
GGP Yorkshire 3
GGPB-S 20
GP Duroc 31
GP Landrace 34
GP Largewhite 96
GP York 79
GP Yorkshire 10
GPS-B 39
Landrace 230
Largewhite 277
Largewhite/Landrace 1,044
Pietrain 15
Purebred Landrace, Largewhite & Duroc 178
Seghers GP 222
Stambock Landrace 45
Stambock Yorkshire 45
Tested Duroc 10
Tested Landrace 10
Tested Yorkshire 15
York 10
Yorkshire 12
CATTLE Australian 800
Australian Angus 50
Australian Brahman Cross 152
Australian Breed 1,630
Australian Dairy 20
Australian Friesian Sahiwal 50
Australian Holstein Friesian 6
Brahman Commercial Herd 40
Brahman Cross 3,064
Brahman Cross, pelled or dehorned 400
Brahman Crosses 800
Breeding Bull 1
Breeding Heifers 120

Holstein Friesian, Brown Swiss, Senepol 150
Purebred American Brahman 1,100
Senepol, Brown Swiss, Holstein Friesian Purebred 50
Stud Bull and Heifer 4
Various Bred 96
DAY OLD CHICKS AA BB 7,030
AA BB GP Arbor Acres 9,300
Anak 2000 7,475
Arbor Acres 31,440
Avian 462,147
Bovans White 10,925
Goldline 575
Hi-sex White 11,700
Hubbard 234,009
Hybro 18,975
Hyline 27,360
ISA 9,200
ISA JAS7 2,500
ISA S44 375
ISA Vedette 17,250
K900 2,500
Kabir PS GGK 50
Kabir PS K123 150
Kabir PS K277 500
Kabir PS K39 1,000
Kabir PSK 105 25
Lohmann 178,200

MPK 6,325
Peterson 68,808
Pitch 86,785
1997 No. of head

SWINE Australian Purebred 96
Dalland GDB-S, GPB, GPS-B 74
Duroc, Landrace & Yorkshire 22
Duroc, Yorks & W.D. 40
GGP and GP 53
GGP Landrace & Largewhite 219
GP 95
GP Boarline 8
GP Sowline 12
GP York & Duroc 43
GP, Peitrin 13
Landrace 5
Landrace & Yorkshire 27
Largewhite 96
LW/LR & Duroc 35
Purebred Duroc, Landrace, Largewhite & Hampshire 95
Purebred Landrace Largewhite 83
Purebred Largewhite Duroc 9
Seghers Hybrid 86
CATTLE American Brahman 8

Australian Breed 300
Australian Cross Bred 155
Brahman Cross 650
Purebred Brahman 88
GOAT Anglo Nubian Goat 16
Border Leicester 1,100
Cherry Vally Live 8,000
Nubian, Boer, Saanen Does and Bucks 1,125
Rusa & Canadian ELK 107
Saanen, Teggenburg Anglo Nubian Does 50
CROCODILE Purebred Ostrich Black and Blue 12
DEER Deer 1
Fallow Deer 3
Red Deer 2
DAY OLD CHICKS AA BB GP 14,060
Anak 2000 8,050
Arbor Acres 14,515
Avian 94,180
Avian & Peterson 8,950
GGK 100
Hi-sex White 10,200
Hubbard 110,750
Hybro 7,973
Hyline 27,360
ISA 30 11,500
ISA Color 3,760
K105 200
K277 500
K60 150
K99 3,400
Labelle Neire 25
Line C 50
Lohmann 6,555
Peterson 34,247
Starcross 12,650
No. of pcs.
1998 No. of head

SWINE Babcock 100
Dalland 66
Duroc 134
Hypor 140
Landrace 104
Largewhite 30
Pic 426
Seghers 577
Terminal 4
Yorkshire 117
DAY OLD CHICKS Arbor Acres 33,300
(Broiler) Avian 140,648
Bovanns 5,600
Cobb 74,614
Dekalb 359
Dekalb Beta 13,619
Eurobrid 10,220
H & N Nick Chick 27,540
Hubbard 191,858
Hybro 42,840
Hybro G 13,566
Hybro N 37,247
Lohmann 30,360
Peterson 47,167
PetersonAvian 42,690
PetersonHubbard 66,010
Ross 21,864
Ross 208 14,812
Starbro 6,728
LAYER Babcock 46,000
Dekalb Beta 11,648
Lohmann 59,605
Hyline 49,100
Hysex 5,650
Starcross 25,298
* - In the absence of any information on introduced species, importations of livestock and poultry for breeding
were used as indicators.
Source : Bureau of Animal Industry
Table 2.10a
CARABAO: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
CAR (3.52) 11.10 (0.97) 3.75 10.68 10.46 (6.04) 1.97 (6.11)
Region I (1.01) (1.60) (11.04) 1.17 4.06 20.52 25.65 (5.52) 2.69
Region II (17.30) (0.70) (5.62) 1.69 6.91 8.14 6.60 0.44 4.36
Region III (6.92) (5.72) (10.67) 0.95 (7.27) (1.39) (0.68) (0.69) (4.41)
Region IV (22.57) (8.01) 27.87 (3.16) 6.02 15.56 3.31 1.65 (1.59)
Region V (2.68) (0.79) 2.36 2.10 (3.83) (3.40) 4.05 0.92 (2.47)
Region VI (4.21) (2.06) (2.47) (5.16) 7.57 0.29 (0.28) 0.42 3.28
Region VII (4.34) (2.99) 0.23 (0.22) (4.10) 1.90 0.48 (1.32) 0.03
Region VIII (3.99) (3.97) 0.07 0.95 13.20 (2.92) 8.69 (1.30) 4.05
Region IX 9.39 7.07 17.98 (2.39) (0.93) 9.73 (0.44) 4.20 (1.53)
Region X 8.54 (13.48) (4.46) (5.84) 6.75 (18.09) 24.54 7.55 0.07
Region XI 6.25 (0.47) (6.53) (7.07) 20.96 8.71 6.29 4.50 0.87
Region XII 0.55 5.48 (2.85) 2.84 17.62 1.85 5.60 (3.90) 1.51
CARAGA 7.56 (13.79) (1.07) (0.31) (5.41) 1.76 5.96 1.96 (0.95)
ARMM 9.29 (17.71) 0.55 8.09 30.70 19.12 0.61 11.47 (14.80)
Philippines (4.27) (2.64) (0.04) (0.63) 5.79 4.93 5.16 0.85 (0.24)

Table 2.10b
CATTLE: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
CAR (11.25) 11.29 (13.80) (1.74) 11.36 3.17 (5.41) 2.79 (4.34)
Region I 5.58 (4.43) 1.57 (3.51) 12.57 14.98 16.45 4.97 4.22
Region II (3.52) 4.28 8.79 15.21 11.07 4.28 13.97 4.01 4.28
Region III (1.67) 1.76 (5.67) 15.11 (8.94) 7.17 14.60 (8.73) 7.07
Region IV (4.69) 8.23 15.72 (9.56) (2.16) 7.03 8.86 7.92 9.39
Region V 1.02 2.26 10.99 5.03 (6.10) (0.75) 3.54 3.21 (4.29)
Region VI 4.29 8.81 27.15 (4.28) 12.26 (2.24) (0.24) 2.06 8.10
Region VII 7.04 (1.42) 11.01 8.77 5.27 7.54 0.78 (2.08) 0.64
Region VIII 1.85 (17.75) 35.62 10.74 17.36 (10.71) (0.48) (12.07) (1.45)
Region IX 25.64 11.78 33.61 (6.71) 11.86 11.27 20.23 3.45 (1.69)
Region X 13.66 8.09 16.04 (7.51) (3.07) (0.94) 4.79 16.25 0.09
Region XI 5.15 22.13 (5.51) 11.59 15.44 4.15 1.68 10.12 1.14
Region XII (5.30) 12.96 22.30 3.13 4.38 11.23 3.74 9.82 (2.69)
CARAGA 29.47 (7.11) 30.06 8.88 (1.82) (7.11) (22.05) (6.14) 7.10
ARMM (2.87) (28.29) 23.01 0.11 (0.67) 6.96 (2.51) 34.92 (8.73)
Philippines 2.89 3.21 10.65 1.11 4.39 5.31 6.48 5.18 2.25

Table 2.10c
GOAT: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
CAR (6.48) (9.66) (19.09) 12.68 19.57 6.03 16.93 18.88 1.97
Region I 1.16 6.92 (6.78) 11.22 18.01 12.02 9.45 11.05 (1.40)
Region II (2.41) 0.40 37.80 31.79 (5.11) (3.89) 16.65 4.73 9.05
Region III 5.98 13.91 0.38 2.43 (6.15) 10.44 19.74 14.35 0.93
Region IV (34.01) 1.54 7.07 2.83 12.86 (0.09) (0.26) (4.13) (9.63)
Region V 2.62 (6.00) 21.20 0.71 (4.70) (3.44) (19.90) 0.10 5.76
Region VI 5.00 21.57 (8.09) 7.33 14.38 10.84 0.53 0.39 (2.85)
Region VII (7.36) 3.92 14.24 7.53 2.03 6.95 (4.68) 0.06 2.00
Region VIII (2.68) 14.39 5.74 (3.20) 17.99 20.11 0.90 (3.75) (7.44)
Region IX 12.23 6.54 4.02 6.10 (7.30) 4.07 7.19 (3.53) (0.01)
Region X (7.32) 20.99 12.58 (1.70) (0.44) (2.08) 1.99 (2.72) (1.05)
Region XI 4.94 (6.14) 45.63 (11.42) 19.64 5.74 6.03 (2.72) (5.72)
Region XII 17.69 15.68 8.20 8.55 9.26 6.76 0.07 4.19 (11.66)
CARAGA (3.68) 16.08 29.57 2.51 0.69 (7.91) (20.06) 1.60 24.83
ARMM (9.52) 16.54 18.68 (8.14) 18.03 0.00 (14.15) 5.71 (5.44)
Philippines (2.84) 7.73 11.10 2.76 7.41 5.44 1.44 2.00 (1.80)

Table 2.10d
HOG: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
CAR (2.42) (1.64) (0.81) 8.43 15.77 0.19 (1.72) 3.96 (2.80)
Region I (8.93) 3.93 (0.06) (7.10) (10.27) 7.81 16.70 0.89 (5.90)
Region II 0.62 14.56 4.60 (2.53) 2.96 (6.53) 14.17 15.93 (4.13)
Region III 14.13 (14.88) 2.75 6.89 9.79 7.62 3.28 14.30 (5.79)
Region IV 5.61 (2.02) 3.57 3.47 10.77 0.17 10.29 2.53 3.37
Region V 3.60 1.75 (0.01) (1.86) (7.02) (8.86) 22.89 (2.27) 8.59
Region VI (7.11) (0.73) 1.40 10.94 4.78 12.31 (0.03) 1.12 8.44
Region VII 4.15 (2.49) (5.74) 2.03 7.03 (8.26) 5.44 5.74 (0.14)
Region VIII (9.12) 0.63 (3.58) 5.72 19.21 (0.67) 6.39 (5.44) 4.80
Region IX 13.81 0.06 (12.71) 10.18 14.29 4.45 11.91 8.18 0.67
Region X (7.92) 1.44 (14.76) 10.43 7.19 11.00 7.23 4.87 23.29
Region XI 1.15 (0.26) 3.65 4.67 18.97 (6.37) 14.65 1.34 (0.93)
Region XII (10.76) 29.19 (2.27) (7.58) 1.02 (9.75) (1.91) 8.46 10.40
CARAGA (6.01) (1.83) 1.05 0.85 25.38 9.57 3.73 5.82 (1.71)
ARMM (19.70) (5.49) (15.49) 10.72 35.33 43.65 (27.12) (3.09) (21.36)
Philippines 0.99 (0.71) (0.85) 3.43 8.69 0.95 8.05 4.70 1.83

Table 2.10e
CHICKEN: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
NCR (7.66) 11.52 16.08 9.50 (19.80) 40.98 9.58 (18.40) (71.73)
CAR (15.57) 3.77 (12.87) (0.89) 29.88 11.19 8.46 (9.41) 0.82
Region I (1.90) 0.87 2.69 (6.18) 14.74 5.09 17.22 9.24 (23.86)
Region II 3.55 (14.43) 19.68 1.22 34.98 17.43 16.01 19.23 (11.67)
Region III (2.46) (8.79) 6.13 7.74 (6.99) 34.61 12.83 11.41 (19.19)
Region IV (18.20) 16.67 8.49 9.39 (6.00) 26.70 15.46 (17.12) (10.04)
Region V 2.69 6.97 (6.79) 0.66 (3.29) 18.03 10.70 28.52 22.67
Region VI 0.53 10.41 (1.66) 8.65 11.62 8.46 16.63 4.32 (16.11)
Region VII 18.88 (5.95) 28.50 (12.30) 8.32 5.98 21.82 5.46 (29.22)
Region VIII (8.24) 16.96 (2.59) 41.88 10.58 17.15 19.35 15.73 (24.87)
Region IX 14.30 5.04 (7.94) 41.86 12.66 (1.94) 22.29 (13.66) (10.52)
Region X (4.65) 8.77 (2.09) 23.12 15.91 13.16 21.25 17.35 (16.85)
Region XI (19.29) 9.59 18.92 7.42 (6.79) 45.15 24.47 4.03 (25.26)
Region XII (0.99) 22.41 (1.70) (3.13) 11.79 11.08 12.60 (0.97) (10.90)
CARAGA 4.57 6.67 1.42 (3.15) 22.11 21.20 14.71 7.13 (17.36)
ARMM (18.82) 2.13 32.35 4.34 11.32 23.38 1.02 (11.23) (13.27)
Philippines (4.94) 4.20 6.91 6.83 3.34 20.34 16.57 2.64 (16.37)

Table 2.10f
DUCK: PERCENT CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 '96-'97 '97-'98 '98-'99
CAR 2.63 37.17 (24.24) 26.78 15.76 0.39 (2.81) (2.88) (14.63)
Region I 42.58 3.11 24.77 (3.57) 3.51 (9.62) (13.85) 5.96 (12.39)
Region II 16.24 (5.77) 71.88 (20.62) 108.73 0.62 1.46 (12.82) (10.10)
Region III 20.90 (13.53) (34.02) 5.01 67.83 19.69 (17.04) (4.48) 9.42
Region IV 22.86 (0.01) 16.31 (20.26) 18.02 (14.66) (15.92) (2.99) 15.27
Region V (22.45) 7.54 38.66 16.74 (22.58) (7.30) (0.33) (12.84) (13.97)
Region VI (13.01) 26.97 17.90 (8.11) (0.17) (0.61) (6.61) 1.15 (3.04)
Region VII 25.13 21.09 (13.88) (42.17) (0.65) 4.47 (4.78) (9.96) (7.23)
Region VIII (10.01) 22.08 10.73 (3.75) (35.12) 23.06 5.25 (2.02) (4.77)
Region IX 12.16 (16.84) 65.58 (16.49) (18.33) (34.95) 18.89 19.51 (15.90)
Region X 17.87 (15.02) 57.36 29.09 (42.52) 23.31 10.69 64.45 (21.41)
Region XI 36.50 (3.07) 7.55 (15.35) (32.15) 15.74 5.29 0.35 0.33
Region XII 1.02 14.25 (10.39) 15.89 (23.00) 2.75 15.44 (4.60) (8.27)
CARAGA 31.38 20.78 (18.36) 15.54 35.82 11.85 (0.53) (13.37) (22.47)
ARMM (7.88) (19.14) (25.17) 16.49 41.94 20.97 (7.20) 5.56 (3.06)
Philippines 12.39 0.97 4.29 (5.97) 10.81 4.38 (5.77) (1.08) (2.74)

Table 2.11a
CARABAO: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
(In number of heads)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
CAR (2,887) 8,791 (851) 3,272 9,655 10,468 (6,674) 2,049 (6,470)
Region I (1,784) (2,799) (19,072) 1,800 6,316 33,188 49,986 (13,518) 6,225
Region II (54,258) (1,826) (14,474) 4,114 17,094 21,516 18,858 1,350 13,356
Region III (17,149) (13,185) (23,211) 1,851 (14,263) (2,533) (1,221) (1,227) (7,798)
Region IV (58,137) (15,966) 51,122 (7,412) 13,670 37,471 9,205 4,755 (4,657)
Region V (7,367) (2,122) 6,257 5,709 (10,622) (9,059) 10,443 2,459 (6,676)
Region VI (12,492) (5,869) (6,865) (14,025) 19,507 793 (782) 1,164 9,117
Region VII (6,740) (4,443) 335 (311) (5,907) 2,630 675 (1,863) 39
Region VIII (6,851) (6,550) 113 1,498 21,114 (5,296) 15,280 (2,480) 7,631
Region IX 12,896 10,618 28,926 (4,535) (1,723) 17,852 (884) 8,416 (3,199)
Region X 8,660 (14,836) (4,246) (5,316) 5,778 (16,538) 18,382 7,042 71
Region XI 11,875 (953) (13,116) (13,276) 36,571 18,386 14,430 10,976 2,211
Region XII 973 9,734 (5,339) 5,167 32,961 4,064 12,557 (9,228) 3,444
CARAGA 7,966 (15,622) (1,041) (296) (5,209) 1,607 5,526 1,926 (954)
ARMM 7,186 (14,971) 385 5,659 23,220 18,902 722 13,593 (19,545)
Philippines (118,109) (69,999) (1,077) (16,101) 148,162 133,451 146,503 25,414 (7,205)
Computation:
Change 1990 = As of January 1, 1991 - As of January 1, 1990 (Ending-Beginning Inventory)
Table 2.11b
CATTLE: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
CAR (7,352) 6,548 (8,906) (968) 6,207 1,932 (3,395) 1,656 (2,652)
Region I 11,595 (9,716) 3,295 (7,478) 25,837 34,660 43,755 15,393 13,718
Region II (2,932) 3,444 7,374 13,879 11,636 4,994 17,005 5,570 6,181
Region III (2,340) 2,417 (7,947) 19,959 (13,598) 9,933 21,661 (14,846) 10,970
Region IV (9,763) 16,323 33,738 (23,750) (4,843) 15,457 20,851 20,289 25,964
Region V 1,109 2,477 12,302 6,253 (7,966) (917) 4,306 4,046 (5,579)
Region VI 4,887 10,459 35,080 (7,037) 19,275 (3,946) (410) 3,549 14,238
Region VII 14,522 (3,126) 23,965 21,193 13,838 20,846 2,325 (6,246) 1,865
Region VIII 504 (4,931) 8,136 3,326 5,954 (4,313) (173) (4,317) (456)
Region IX 12,134 7,003 22,338 (5,958) 9,825 10,446 20,860 4,276 (2,169)
Region X 21,949 14,785 31,667 (17,210) (6,503) (1,935) 9,737 34,636 227
Region XI 5,586 25,226 (7,669) 15,243 22,662 7,028 2,964 18,156 2,257
Region XII (3,096) 7,170 13,940 2,390 3,450 9,243 3,420 9,326 (2,803)
CARAGA 2,690 (840) 3,300 1,268 (283) (1,085) (3,126) (679) 736
ARMM (2,446) (23,455) 13,678 78 (489) 5,061 (1,951) 26,481 (8,935)
Philippines 47,047 53,784 184,291 21,188 85,002 107,404 137,829 117,290 53,562
Computation:
Table 2.11c
GOAT: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
CAR (1,677) (2,336) (4,170) 2,242 3,898 1,437 4,275 5,576 691
Region I 2,350 14,229 (14,891) 22,989 41,026 32,309 28,463 36,428 (5,139)
Region II (1,054) 170 16,164 18,732 (3,971) (2,864) 11,796 3,907 7,828
Region III 8,371 20,644 639 4,128 (10,698) 17,033 35,571 30,961 2,297
Region IV (82,201) 2,460 11,458 4,907 22,925 (179) (513) (8,276) (18,522)
Region V 2,388 (5,609) 18,635 759 (5,043) (3,522) (19,651) 79 4,557
Region VI 10,668 48,295 (22,015) 18,347 38,629 33,307 1,791 1,333 (9,783)
Region VII (26,946) 13,302 50,179 30,294 8,806 30,705 (22,101) 275 9,019
Region VIII (1,368) 7,160 3,265 (1,924) 10,478 13,825 745 (3,122) (5,964)
Region IX 18,879 11,328 7,418 11,710 (14,867) 7,686 14,121 (7,424) (22)
Region X (9,729) 25,848 18,745 (2,849) (723) (3,411) 3,195 (4,467) (1,667)
Region XI 12,678 (16,542) 115,363 (42,050) 64,050 22,392 24,884 (11,908) (24,348)
Region XII 18,465 19,265 11,658 13,149 15,463 12,324 131 8,172 (23,677)
CARAGA (2,254) 9,476 20,224 2,223 628 (7,232) (16,902) 1,078 16,988
ARMM (11,262) 17,712 23,310 (12,063) 24,532 1 (22,725) 7,873 (7,930)
Philippines (62,692) 165,402 255,982 70,594 195,133 153,811 43,080 60,485 (55,672)
Computation:
Table 2.11d
HOG: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
CAR (5,102) (3,365) (1,638) 16,899 34,276 480 (4,330) 9,810 (7,220)
Region I (45,553) 18,227 (287) (34,246) (46,011) 31,410 72,410 4,490 (30,130)
Region II 2,426 57,695 20,907 (11,998) 13,710 (31,130) 63,130 81,030 (24,380)
Region III 149,080 (179,122) 28,205 72,589 110,168 94,160 43,590 196,380 (90,910)
Region IV 61,775 (23,534) 40,748 40,983 131,568 2,290 139,470 37,850 51,690
Region V 19,438 9,781 (75) (10,557) (39,167) (45,990) 108,270 (13,180) 48,780
Region VI (44,845) (4,307) 8,144 64,524 31,314 84,430 (240) 8,650 65,740
Region VII 30,631 (19,176) (43,081) 14,390 50,736 (63,820) 38,560 42,900 (1,070)
Region VIII (57,249) 3,619 (20,548) 31,694 112,424 (4,650) 44,270 (40,120) 33,490
Region IX 53,137 278 (55,687) 38,912 60,220 21,430 59,880 46,060 4,080
Region X (35,969) 6,034 (62,623) 37,725 28,723 47,120 34,380 24,810 124,490
Region XI 8,338 (1,945) 26,788 35,527 150,982 (60,320) 129,910 13,620 (9,610)
Region XII (34,840) 84,297 (8,469) (27,646) 3,428 (33,190) (5,880) 25,490 34,000
CARAGA (16,459) (4,704) 2,645 2,158 65,350 30,910 13,180 21,360 (6,650)
ARMM (5,457) (1,222) (3,256) 1,905 6,950 11,620 (10,370) (860) (5,770)
Philippines 79,351 (57,444) (68,227) 272,859 714,671 84,750 726,230 458,290 186,530
Computation:
Table 2.11e
CHICKEN: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
NCR (55,252) 76,730 119,398 81,883 (186,919) 310,164 102,211 (215,136) (684,377)
CAR (209,081) 42,700 (151,395) (9,155) 303,556 147,695 124,139 (149,719) 11,885
Region I (93,446) 41,788 130,995 (309,060) 691,298 273,950 973,602 612,441 (1,727,508)
Region II 121,143 (509,527) 594,496 44,179 1,279,751 860,691 928,468 1,293,895 (936,161)
Region III (401,283) (1,398,917) 889,089 1,192,215 (1,160,021) 5,340,738 2,664,382 2,674,624 (5,009,333)
Region IV (3,287,019) 2,463,069 1,462,624 1,755,861 (1,228,001) 5,134,100 3,765,730 (4,814,883) (2,339,830)
Region V 99,070 263,943 (275,064) 25,039 (125,198) 662,707 464,032 1,369,476 1,398,981
Region VI 41,929 828,288 (145,827) 747,606 1,091,103 886,159 1,890,372 572,639 (2,228,014)
Region VII 1,170,821 (438,544) 1,975,915 (1,095,811) 649,959 506,459 1,956,715 596,341 (3,367,089)
Region VIII (199,007) 375,727 (67,147) 1,057,135 378,965 679,306 897,825 871,255 (1,593,509)
Region IX 390,329 157,293 (260,259) 1,262,874 541,892 (93,441) 1,053,868 (789,728) (525,292)
Region X (146,754) 263,852 (68,355) 740,860 627,633 601,668 1,099,526 1,088,651 (1,240,649)
Region XI (1,309,281) 525,190 1,135,964 529,745 (520,748) 3,226,785 2,538,827 520,925 (3,393,180)
Region XII (21,555) 483,013 (44,839) (81,216) 296,296 311,257 393,090 (34,188) (379,105)
CARAGA 59,095 90,232 20,496 (46,056) 313,609 367,065 308,726 171,670 (447,641)
ARMM (221,884) 20,421 316,219 56,093 152,839 351,367 18,900 (210,412) (220,605)
Philippines (4,062,175) 3,285,258 5,632,310 5,952,192 3,106,014 19,566,670 19,180,413 3,557,852 (22,681,428)
Computation:
Table 2.11f
DUCK: CHANGE IN POPULATION BY REGION
1990 to 1999
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98 98-99
CAR 3,220 46,718 (41,792) 34,980 26,095 745 (5,409) (5,379) (26,569)
Region I 119,940 12,488 102,570 (18,451) 17,497 (49,589) (64,555) 23,947 (52,734)
Region II 57,170 (23,607) 277,159 (136,689) 571,963 6,775 16,076 (143,700) (98,668)
Region III 352,840 (276,166) (600,496) 58,307 829,440 404,086 (418,475) (91,253) 183,348
Region IV 175,870 (65) 154,159 (222,692) 157,970 (151,629) (140,584) (22,213) 109,940
Region V (74,480) 19,406 106,981 64,214 (101,114) (25,321) (1,047) (41,136) (39,002)
Region VI (132,310) 238,707 201,085 (107,406) (2,117) (7,447) (79,864) 12,932 (34,722)
Region VII 77,300 81,178 (64,702) (169,274) (1,502) 10,319 (11,526) (22,850) (14,943)
Region VIII (28,560) 56,689 33,642 (13,018) (117,339) 49,993 14,006 (5,672) (13,116)
Region IX 33,410 (51,907) 168,086 (69,963) (64,972) (101,172) 35,569 43,683 (42,533)
Region X 33,780 (33,464) 108,598 86,668 (163,529) 51,525 29,129 194,460 (106,253)
Region XI 277,240 (31,845) 75,838 (165,934) (294,167) 97,672 38,004 2,631 2,516
Region XII 5,060 71,422 (59,486) 81,504 (136,757) 12,610 72,619 (24,986) (42,840)
CARAGA 39,050 33,967 (36,262) 25,051 66,711 29,971 (1,506) (37,629) (54,784)
ARMM (28,110) (62,920) (66,888) 32,797 97,147 68,952 (28,634) 20,512 (11,912)
Philippines 911,420 80,601 358,492 (519,906) 885,326 397,490 (546,197) (96,653) (242,272)
Computation:
Table 2.12
RARE, THREATENED AND ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES
1991-1997
(Number of species)
Wildlife 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mammals 27 47 64 64 63 94 95
Birds 125 125 125 150 162 176 174
Reptiles 11 11 11 14 14 15 15
Total 163 183 200 228 239 285 284

Table 2.13
1/
TOTAL FISH PRODUCTION BY REGION : Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 11.26 (3.70) 3.38 3.31 12.08 (14.36) (13.12)

CAR 0.11 11.53 130.72 (12.10) (19.75) (26.59) 19.08
Region I 12.19 (21.53) (7.74) (12.38) 13.86 (7.06) (11.10)
Region II 7.83 (9.36) (9.55) (31.01) 34.26 10.73 11.34
Region III (0.11) (15.84) (10.19) 18.21 (4.38) (5.45) 0.39
Region IV 8.80 (1.93) (6.30) 9.62 (9.60) (3.39) 2.88
Region V 5.70 (12.11) (1.67) 4.13 (1.07) 2.36 16.22
Region VI (2.50) 5.28 1.75 (6.44) (7.91) (3.95) (8.11)
Region VII 40.04 (15.70) (7.98) 2.53 (4.10) 8.28 2.98
Region VIII 20.00 (10.95) (9.89) 5.49 (8.67) (2.43) 3.78
Region IX (9.20) 6.09 (6.65) 0.21 4.64 (7.90) 1.21
Region X 8.02 (73.13) (5.85) 42.54 14.23 (12.13) 7.36
Region XI 14.07 (27.53) 1.40 (28.15) 41.48 26.17 6.64
Region XII (6.26) (59.80) 34.60 (27.00) 13.15 2.61 39.40
CARAGA * * (4.26) (11.22) (45.73) 71.69 (3.72)
ARMM ** ** 16.77 6.97 46.89 (37.97) 13.90
Philippines 5.01 (2.03) (2.75) 0.68 (0.12) (3.96) 0.08

* - Data included in Regions X and XI prior to the creation of CARAGA Region
** - Data included in Regions IX and XII prior to the creation of ARMM
Table 2.13a
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial and Marine Municipal Fishing): Percent Change in the Quantity
of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 11.72 (4.64) 3.65 3.25 13.09 (13.77) (13.11)

CAR
Region I 21.50 (16.96) (4.90) 0.47 (5.57) (5.24) 1.57
Region II 3.74 (12.50) (5.76) (37.87) 47.46 17.26 13.11
Region III 0.28 (39.62) (30.03) 33.25 (12.20) (15.99) 9.97
Region IV 17.60 (9.57) 11.04 7.44 (1.22) (2.41) 7.07
Region V 4.77 (16.64) 4.09 6.38 (2.32) 6.34 14.53
Region VI (7.58) 14.23 (1.05) (5.39) (10.62) (4.15) (0.89)
Region VII 41.53 (21.04) (6.90) 1.10 (2.06) 6.56 6.15
Region VIII 10.48 (1.76) (14.20) 16.99 (6.31) (0.94) 4.48
Region IX (10.19) 10.37 (6.96) (2.08) 6.30 (8.08) 1.67
Region X 7.81 (76.60) 8.59 44.74 15.04 (13.55) 8.94
Region XI 14.33 (34.78) (6.08) (15.75) 30.12 29.75 10.38
Region XII 3.20 (56.94) 5.73 (13.14) (5.67) (2.84) 47.22
CARAGA * * (16.71) (6.52) (53.03) 93.60 (1.13)
ARMM ** ** 5.78 17.21 58.54 (44.03) 14.63
Philippines 4.87 (0.82) (1.93) 1.14 1.97 (4.06) 2.42

Table 2.13a.1
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial Fishing): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 12.36 (4.60) 4.57 4.16 13.74 (13.68) (13.25)

CAR
Region I 30.26 (31.20) (32.30) 3.68 (45.30) 38.74 (1.25)
Region II 38.49 (0.61) (29.30) (32.06) 56.60 35.52 22.63
Region III (19.87) (27.07) (7.59) 65.58 (11.58) 1.62 13.76
Region IV 47.94 (0.84) 17.57 24.44 0.16 3.48 6.06
Region V (12.94) 6.64 12.78 20.67 (22.52) 6.84 22.34
Region VI (25.23) 52.95 6.91 (9.49) (16.27) (1.37) 1.72
Region VII 53.16 (33.80) (11.00) 0.66 (15.70) 9.02 3.03
Region VIII 4.34 5.23 (19.56) 14.54 (23.98) 3.54 3.47
Region IX 0.85 30.53 (3.23) (2.64) 26.20 1.90 5.99
Region X 28.95 4.25 34.38 108.41 30.34 (18.15) 8.24
Region XI 7.90 (15.06) (13.50) (15.50) 25.90 44.88 (0.46)
Region XII 135.50 299.89 82.37 (29.51) 1.51 (8.81) 112.05
CARAGA * * (21.62) (9.07) 50.00 (23.59) 15.06
ARMM ** ** 107.99 64.44 (7.88) (20.59) 7.90
Philippines 8.46 5.93 2.42 4.24 3.95 (1.59) 0.63

TABLE 2.13a.2
MARINE FISH CATCH (Marine Municipal Fishing): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR (1.94) (5.83) (19.02) (25.89) (16.47) (19.06) (3.71)

CAR
Region I 19.58 (13.56) 0.31 0.06 (0.29) (8.45) 1.88
Region II (10.58) (20.08) 12.91 (40.76) 42.25 5.81 5.47
Region III 8.59 (43.43) (38.82) 14.10 (12.73) (31.32) 5.10
Region IV 8.13 (13.30) 7.84 (1.61) (2.14) (6.47) 7.85
Region V 10.18 (22.27) 1.21 1.10 6.58 6.18 12.01
Region VI 5.72 (6.41) (7.98) (1.23) (5.37) (6.43) (3.15)
Region VII 0.59 47.37 2.98 2.01 25.97 3.17 10.68
Region VIII 18.47 (9.78) (7.02) 19.82 13.26 (4.28) 5.28
Region IX (15.20) (0.50) (9.59) (1.66) (8.60) (18.40) (3.92)
Region X 6.61 (82.15) (1.74) 9.86 (0.86) (7.26) 9.78
Region XI 21.35 (53.90) 7.17 (16.10) 36.24 9.45 29.66
Region XII 1.22 (69.37) (29.13) 6.01 (11.25) 2.48 (4.12)
CARAGA * * (16.45) (6.39) (57.99) 113.77 (2.12)
ARMM ** ** (19.59) (13.10) 139.22 (54.98) 20.17
Philippines 2.07 (6.44) (6.02) (2.04) (0.19) (6.88) 4.57

Table 2.13b
INLAND FISH CATCH (Inland Municipal Fishing): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR (22.22) 0.00 -- -- -- -- --

CAR (14.22) (1.53) (31.61) (6.44) (4.45) (16.10) 28.28
Region I (0.34) (1.56) 284.89 71.96 (62.27) (10.34) (15.23)
Region II 16.91 (1.53) (19.78) (13.16) 29.95 1.26 (1.39)
Region III 0.97 (1.53) (59.63) 33.86 12.64 2.54 (10.98)
Region IV (0.46) (1.53) (14.68) 3.82 (11.33) (5.84) (14.06)
Region V 7.36 (1.53) (91.08) (20.04) (33.79) (5.76) 66.81
Region VI 2.83 (1.54) 1.17 36.41 (19.52) (16.67) (17.67)
Region VII 6.67 0.00 12.50 47.22 (39.62) 0.00 84.38
Region VIII 10.64 (1.47) -- -- 400.00 (20.00) 0.00
Region IX 13.87 (9.00) (76.43) (19.18) 94.62 (12.03) (47.13)
Region X 8.34 (91.49) (26.24) (44.23) (1.72) 70.18 (32.47)
Region XI (5.37) (25.25) 27.13 (16.42) 70.71 (0.84) 4.11
Region XII (25.84) (82.09) 264.71 (64.26) 15.46 0.12 95.60
CARAGA * * 198.13 (41.21) 22.61 (3.08) (20.26)
ARMM ** ** 68.67 (27.10) (6.10) 6.02 6.14
Philippines (1.51) (1.53) (8.23) (2.39) (9.26) (4.68) (10.23)

Table 2.13c
AQUACULTURE FISHING1/: Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR (2.63) 29.42 (3.68) 4.91 (15.36) (35.97) (13.83)

CAR 15.17 21.76 233.44 (12.83) (21.88) (28.38) 17.24
Region I 6.99 (24.81) (15.15) (29.82) 51.95 (8.21) (20.37)
Region II 13.00 (8.47) (7.41) (29.04) (6.99) (3.18) 33.48
Region III (0.31) (8.96) (2.20) 15.38 (3.56) (4.04) (0.49)
Region IV 9.87 23.26 (30.87) 34.88 (32.92) (1.03) 29.67
Region V 11.20 12.14 0.10 (5.95) 6.47 (17.30) 26.13
Region VI 14.00 (18.32) 12.16 (11.21) 2.09 (2.83) (29.57)
Region VII 22.58 56.83 (15.42) 13.20 (17.71) 22.15 (19.38)
Region VIII 73.71 (43.92) 23.93 (43.88) (29.83) (20.22) (6.48)
Region IX 6.92 (58.07) 19.10 73.05 (26.60) (3.05) (7.99)
Region X 12.31 13.79 (66.69) 23.01 1.92 9.57 (12.27)
Region XI 12.68 53.47 36.19 (69.20) 141.19 10.33 (14.57)
Region XII 11.77 (18.38) (9.41) 9.64 63.73 12.65 2.30
CARAGA * * * (24.72) (10.63) 7.74 (19.66)
ARMM ** ** ** 664.37 (17.29) 80.18 73.46
Philippines 9.68 (7.16) (3.03) 0.41 (4.27) (3.09) (5.49)

Table 2.13c.1
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Brackishwater Fishpond): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 3.53 342.37 40.52 2.12 49.94 (26.51) (17.24)

CAR
Region I 12.10 (40.33) (26.73) (3.52) 55.42 (7.21) (21.17)
Region II 9.25 (64.40) (44.85) (12.00) 136.36 8.33 18.15
Region III (1.96) (24.67) (4.68) 29.23 (2.27) (7.32) (1.61)
Region IV 13.90 (6.61) (23.72) 7.81 (34.33) 19.11 (1.01)
Region V 4.80 (19.58) (2.50) (33.95) (9.34) (19.22) 7.70
Region VI 14.81 (20.37) 13.41 (14.16) (4.85) (12.72) (22.48)
Region VII 22.58 56.82 (16.40) 14.19 (17.96) 22.03 (19.26)
Region VIII 6.87 (51.94) 30.11 6.24 (8.00) (6.39) (19.88)
Region IX 6.83 (60.30) 18.87 79.51 (24.80) (3.23) (7.85)
Region X 11.53 12.61 (66.45) 27.87 2.91 10.34 (13.81)
Region XI 12.52 55.69 0.65 (12.31) (3.38) 4.13 (12.77)
Region XII 11.58 (20.58) (11.02) 8.90 69.26 14.30 2.47
CARAGA * * * (19.66) (9.06) 7.15 (20.45)
ARMM ** ** ** 758.67 (17.86) 79.96 77.10
Philippines 8.76 (19.36) (0.10) 4.14 (2.97) (4.99) (11.71)

Table 2.13c.2
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpond ): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CAR 14.69 20.69 (6.73) (21.66) (13.69) (7.12) 9.41
Region I 9.48 19.70 (2.06) (18.55) (8.21) (3.56) (11.12)
Region II 14.77 21.16 (3.82) (21.09) (17.90) (8.89) 8.33
Region III 4.17 29.11 (3.79) (0.20) (5.82) 1.62 0.46
Region IV 14.63 56.23 36.67 5.98 (28.68) (4.43) (9.75)
Region V 9.87 46.71 (2.45) (59.41) (39.18) (15.25) (30.00)
Region VI 28.08 30.18 (19.54) (4.65) 2.98 22.24 (81.27)
Region VII -- -- -- (76.19) 20.00 16.67 (85.71)
Region VIII 21.93 21.58 (84.62) (46.15) 150.00 28.57 44.44
Region IX 14.97 22.33 (19.39) (55.66) (40.43) 16.07 (4.62)
Region X 17.85 21.72 (68.22) (8.96) (7.25) 0.56 6.11
Region XI 16.94 21.72 435.41 (8.73) (44.41) 27.53 (8.01)
Region XII 15.00 21.74 57.65 16.50 18.06 (11.06) (0.79)
CARAGA * * * (79.70) (82.09) 8.33 69.23
ARMM ** ** ** (33.33) 25.00 280.00 (15.79)
Philippines 6.03 28.38 (0.25) (3.59) (8.41) 1.72 (2.02)

Table 2.13c.3
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpen ): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 2.27 10.46 (42.00) 60.90 (78.50) (94.07) 247.06

CAR
Region I (37.50) 40.00 -- -- -- -- --
Region II -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region III (2.27) 37.21 (84.75) -- 0 -- --
Region IV 7.14 32.03 (6.49) 34.14 (45.29) (17.35) 22.00
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VII -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VIII 6.25 26.47 (2.33) 33.33 -- -- --
Region IX 8.18 29.55 (69.50) 32.17 -- -- --
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XII 15.69 35.59 (80.00) 31.25 -- -- --
CARAGA * * * -- -- -- --
ARMM ** ** ** (66.67) 100.00 25.00 (20.00)
Philippines 6.37 28.78 (11.95) 36.13 (48.92) (20.57) 22.86

Table 2.13c.4
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishcage ): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR 13.27 27.14 (16.40) (64.78) 12.21 3.40 6.58

CAR 17.28 26.32 1,214.17 (10.27) (23.96) (34.48) 20.43
Region I 40.00 28.57 -- -- 50.00 -- --
Region II 16.50 24.31 6.46 (60.06) (54.00) 7.83 327.42
Region III 10.64 23.88 15.13 (70.23) (60.94) 20.00 (25.00)
Region IV 12.69 51.92 (20.60) 13.72 (8.64) (7.58) 54.94
Region V 18.10 31.73 0.00 (4.41) 22.45 (11.38) 26.97
Region VI -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VII -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VIII 23.19 25.88 -- -- -- -- --
Region IX (10.00) 33.33 -- -- -- -- --
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 8.54 24.16 1,008.14 (65.66) 41.38 36.46 (34.30)
Region XII 30.00 30.77 #VALUE! -- -- -- --
CARAGA * * * -- -- -- --
ARMM ** ** ** -- (20.00) 25.00 (13.33)
Philippines 14.37 43.25 3.91 (7.45) 1.61 (6.46) 36.16

Table 2.13c.5
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishpen ): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR -- -- -- (26.67) (29.87) -- --

CAR
Region I -- -- -- 200.00 33.33 125.00 0.00
Region II -- -- -- --
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 96.67
Region IV -- -- -- 500.00 (66.67) -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VII -- -- -- --
Region VIII -- -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- (52.94) 462.50 (48.89) (52.17)
Region X
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,100.00
Region XII -- -- -- --
CARAGA -- -- -- -- -- -- 100.00
ARMM -- -- -- --
Philippines -- -- -- (24.55) (15.48) (68.08) 142.65

Table 2.13c.6
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishcage ): Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CAR -- -- -- --
Region I -- -- -- -- -- -- (78)
Region II -- -- -- --
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 5
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- (100)
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI -- -- -- 175 (27) (25) 133
Region VII -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VIII -- -- -- (98) -- -- 100
Region IX -- -- -- (86) -- -- 1,500
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- (100)
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- 1,492
Region XII -- -- -- --
CARAGA -- -- -- -- (50) 350 78
ARMM -- -- -- --
Philippines -- -- -- (44) (72) 770 268

Table 2.13c.7
1/
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Mariculture ) : Percent Change in the Quantity of Fish Production by Region
1990 to 1997
Region '90-'91 '91-'92 '92-'93 '93-'94 '94-'95 '95-'96 96-'97
NCR (14.15) (37.37) 25.86 (57.92) (60.74) (98.13) (80.00)

CAR
Region I (10.32) 24.27 3.83 (69.56) 83.44 (13.97) (21.26)
Region II -- -- -- -- (50.00) 200.00 (16.67)
Region III (14.40) (7.80) 321.72 (17.70) 1.05 2.22 15.22
Region IV 1.03 31.22 29.98 (81.87) (40.01) 152.34 77.46
Region V (8.78) 300.00 20.72 151.05 (35.33) (61.05) 97.72
Region VI (7.27) 30.86 (3.38) 48.88 85.20 56.44 (51.45)
Region VII -- -- 12,200.00 (69.11) 71.05 44.62 (32.98)
Region VIII 0.57 13.31 25.87 (52.99) (38.50) (29.36) 3.19
Region IX -- -- -- 17.25 (67.04) 14.12 (27.72)
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 12.50 27.78 4.35 162.50 (38.10) 128.21 14.61
Region XII -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CARAGA * * * -- -- -- 20.00
ARMM ** ** ** -- -- -- --
Philippines (4.84) 20.55 23.84 (47.84) 15.63 23.50 (22.23)

Table 2.14
1/
TOTAL FISH PRODUCTION BY REGION : Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 25,382 (9,280) 8,154 8,265 31,166 (41,516) (32,485)

CAR 1 103 1,302 (278) (399) (431) 227
Region I 7,522 (14,904) (4,204) (6,202) 6,088 (3,531) (5,160)
Region II 1,664 (2,145) (1,984) (5,824) 4,439 1,867 2,185
Region III (166) (23,781) (12,874) 20,668 (5,877) (6,986) 474
Region IV 39,513 (9,415) (30,185) 43,185 (47,238) (15,095) 12,378
Region V 5,914 (13,274) (1,606) 3,911 (1,057) 2,301 16,203
Region VI (10,023) 20,656 7,207 (26,982) (31,034) (14,252) (28,130)
Region VII 39,305 (21,585) (9,243) 2,700 (4,481) 8,686 3,381
Region VIII 15,069 (9,897) (7,966) 3,985 (6,633) (1,701) 2,581
Region IX (33,981) 20,420 (23,659) 694 15,437 (27,497) 3,875
Region X 7,142 (70,375) (1,512) 10,358 4,940 (4,810) 2,564
Region XI 16,615 (37,082) 1,363 (27,859) 29,495 26,330 8,427
Region XII (3,047) (27,276) 6,343 (6,663) 2,368 532 8,240
CARAGA * 90,497 (3,851) (9,721) (35,180) 29,929 (2,668)
ARMM ** 60,162 10,090 4,895 35,239 (41,917) 9,519
Philippines 110,910 (47,176) (62,625) 15,132 (2,727) (88,091) 1,611

Table 2.14a
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial and Marine Municipal Fishing): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed
by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 25,572 (11,326) 8,492 7,839 32,563 (38,747) (31,803)

CAR
Region I 4,817 (4,617) (1,107) 102 (1,203) (1,069) 304
Region II 515 (1,787) (721) (4,466) 3,477 1,865 1,661
Region III 100 (14,051) (6,431) 4,982 (2,436) (2,803) 1,469
Region IV 34,413 (22,004) 22,947 17,179 (3,015) (5,903) 16,913
Region V 4,093 (14,958) 3,063 4,973 (1,925) 5,140 12,520
Region VI (23,146) 40,161 (3,376) (17,185) (32,034) (11,199) (2,298)
Region VII 37,570 (26,932) (6,972) 1,036 (1,958) 6,111 6,106
Region VIII 6,619 (1,226) (9,740) 9,995 (4,343) (609) 2,860
Region IX (35,526) 32,463 (24,029) (6,692) 19,839 (27,027) 5,135
Region X 6,422 (67,929) 1,782 10,080 4,904 (5,083) 2,898
Region XI 15,419 (42,776) (4,879) (11,866) 19,118 24,577 11,128
Region XII 867 (15,936) 690 (1,674) (627) (296) 4,790
CARAGA * 87,350 (14,597) (4,740) (36,066) 29,902 (697)
ARMM ** 49,782 2,875 9,062 36,132 (43,079) 8,011
Philippines 77,735 (13,786) (32,003) 18,625 32,426 (68,220) 38,997

Table 2.14a.1
MARINE FISH CATCH (Commercial Fishing): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 25,762 (10,767) 10,210 9,733 33,456 (37,884) (31,667)

CAR
Region I 1,219 (1,637) (1,166) 90 (1,148) 537 (24)
Region II 1,548 (34) (1,622) (1,255) 1,505 1,479 1,277
Region III (2,051) (2,239) (458) 3,655 (1,069) 132 1,141
Region IV 22,296 (578) 11,987 19,606 158 3,477 6,267
Region V (2,599) 1,162 2,384 4,348 (5,715) 1,345 4,695
Region VI (33,103) 51,956 10,372 (15,233) (23,630) (1,668) 2,062
Region VII 37,452 (36,467) (7,855) 422 (10,051) 4,868 1,782
Region VIII 1,552 1,953 (7,682) 4,592 (8,673) 974 989
Region IX 919 33,474 (4,619) (3,657) 35,321 3,228 10,393
Region X 1,278 242 2,040 8,645 5,042 (3,932) 1,460
Region XI 4,436 (9,125) (6,943) (6,899) 9,739 21,246 (317)
Region XII 542 2,825 3,103 (2,027) 73 (433) 5,023
CARAGA * 4,389 (949) (312) 1,564 (1,107) 540
ARMM ** 9,897 10,688 13,264 (2,668) (6,421) 1,957
Philippines 59,251 45,051 19,490 34,972 33,904 (14,159) 5,578

Table 2.14a.2
MARINE FISH CATCH (Marine Municipal Fishing): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR (190) (559) (1,718) (1,894) (893) (863) (136)

CAR
Region I 3,598 (2,980) 59 12 (55) (1,606) 328
Region II (1,033) (1,753) 901 (3,211) 1,972 386 384
Region III 2,151 (11,812) (5,973) 1,327 (1,367) (2,935) 328
Region IV 12,117 (21,426) 10,960 (2,427) (3,173) (9,380) 10,646
Region V 6,692 (16,120) 679 625 3,790 3,795 7,825
Region VI 9,957 (11,795) (13,748) (1,952) (8,404) (9,531) (4,360)
Region VII 118 9,535 883 614 8,093 1,243 4,324
Region VIII 5,067 (3,179) (2,058) 5,403 4,330 (1,583) 1,871
Region IX (36,445) (1,011) (19,410) (3,035) (15,482) (30,255) (5,258)
Region X 5,144 (68,171) (258) 1,435 (138) (1,151) 1,438
Region XI 10,983 (33,651) 2,064 (4,967) 9,379 3,331 11,445
Region XII 325 (18,761) (2,413) 353 (700) 137 (233)
CARAGA * 82,961 (13,648) (4,428) (37,630) 31,009 (1,237)
ARMM ** 39,885 (7,813) (4,202) 38,800 (36,658) 6,054
Philippines 18,484 (58,837) (51,493) (16,347) (1,478) (54,061) 33,419

Table 2.14b
INLAND FISH CATCH (Inland Municipal Fishing): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR (2) 0 -- -- -- -- --
CAR (65) (6) (122) (17) (11) (38) 56
Region I (2) (9) 1,621 1,576 (2,345) (147) (194)
Region II 774 (82) (1,042) (556) 1,099 60 (67)
Region III 70 (112) (4,288) 983 491 111 (493)
Region IV (895) (2,935) (27,736) 6,165 (18,962) (8,664) (19,646)
Region V 358 (80) (4,686) (92) (124) (14) 153
Region VI 84 (47) 35 1,106 (809) (556) (491)
Region VII 2 0 4 17 (21) 0 27
Region VIII 85 (13) (871) 1 4 (1) 0
Region IX 222 (164) (1,268) (75) 299 (74) (255)
Region X 255 (3,031) (74) (92) (2) 80 (63)
Region XI (40) (178) 143 (110) 396 (8) 39
Region XII (4,431) (10,438) 6,030 (5,339) 459 4 3,281
CARAGA * 3,147 6,235 (3,866) 1,247 (208) (1,328)
ARMM ** 10,380 7,128 (4,745) (778) 721 780
Philippines (3,585) (3,568) (18,898) (5,044) (19,057) (8,734) (18,201)

Table 2.14c
1/
AQUACULTURE FISHING : Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR (188) 2,046 (331) 426 (1,397) (2,769) (682)

CAR 66 109 1,424 (261) (388) (393) 171
Region I 2,707 (10,278) (4,718) (7,880) 9,636 (2,315) (5,270)
Region II 375 (276) (221) (802) (137) (58) 591
Region III (336) (9,618) (2,155) 14,703 (3,932) (4,294) (502)
Region IV 5,995 15,524 (25,396) 19,841 (25,261) (528) 15,111
Region V 1,463 1,764 17 (970) 992 (2,825) 3,530
Region VI 13,039 (19,458) 10,548 (10,903) 1,809 (2,497) (25,341)
Region VII 1,733 5,347 (2,275) 1,647 (2,502) 2,575 (2,752)
Region VIII 8,365 (8,658) 2,645 (6,011) (2,294) (1,091) (279)
Region IX 1,323 (11,879) 1,638 7,461 (4,701) (396) (1,005)
Region X 465 585 (3,220) 370 38 193 (271)
Region XI 1,236 5,872 6,099 (15,883) 9,981 1,761 (2,740)
Region XII 517 (902) (377) 350 2,536 824 169
CARAGA * * 4,511 (1,115) (361) 235 (643)
ARMM ** ** 87 578 (115) 441 728
Philippines 36,760 (29,822) (11,724) 1,551 (16,096) (11,137) (19,185)

Table 2.14c.1
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Brackishwater Fishpond): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 23 2,311 1,210 89 2,140 (1,703) (814)

CAR
Region I 3,379 (12,625) (4,992) (482) 7,318 (1,479) (4,031)
Region II 97 (738) (183) (27) 270 39 92
Region III (1,507) (18,628) (2,662) 15,842 (1,592) (5,008) (1,020)
Region IV 2,781 (1,507) (5,048) 1,268 (6,009) 2,197 (138)
Region V 301 (1,287) (132) (1,750) (318) (593) 192
Region VI 13,152 (20,763) 10,887 (13,041) (3,833) (9,563) (14,756)
Region VII 1,733 5,346 (2,420) 1,750 (2,530) 2,545 (2,715)
Region VIII 214 (1,730) 482 130 (177) (130) (379)
Region IX 1,275 (12,019) 1,493 7,478 (4,187) (410) (964)
Region X 382 466 (2,765) 389 52 190 (280)
Region XI 1,146 5,736 105 (1,987) (479) 565 (1,818)
Region XII 485 (962) (409) 294 2,492 871 172
CARAGA * * 4,135 (813) (301) 216 (662)
ARMM ** ** 75 569 (115) 423 734
Philippines 23,461 (56,400) (224) 9,709 (7,269) (11,840) (26,387)

Table 2.14c.2
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpond ): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CAR 52 84 (33) (99) (49) (22) 27
Region I 211 480 (60) (530) (191) (76) (229)
Region II 211 347 (76) (403) (270) (110) 94
Region III 1,224 8,901 (1,496) (76) (2,206) 580 167
Region IV 84 370 377 84 (427) (47) (99)
Region V 15 78 (6) (142) (38) (9) (15)
Region VI 162 223 (188) (36) 22 169 (755)
Region VII -- -- 21 (16) 1 1 (6)
Region VIII 25 30 (143) (12) 21 10 20
Region IX 28 48 (51) (118) (38) 9 (3)
Region X 83 119 (455) (19) (14) 1 11
Region XI 42 63 1,537 (165) (766) 264 (98)
Region XII 21 35 113 51 65 (47) (3)
CARAGA * * 330 (263) (55) 1 9
ARMM ** ** 6 (2) 1 14 (3)
Philippines 2,158 10,778 (124) (1,746) (3,944) 738 (883)

Table 2.14c.3
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishpen ): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 86 406 (1,800) 1,514 (3,140) (809) 126

CAR
Region I (6) 4 (14) 3 (3) -- --
Region II
Region III (1) 16 (50) (9) -- 0 21
Region IV 1,441 6,922 (1,853) 9,110 (16,212) (3,397) 3,561
Region V
Region VI
Region VII
Region VIII 2 9 (1) 14 (56) -- --
Region IX 22 86 (262) 37 (152) -- --
Region X 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Region XI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Region XII 8 21 (64) 5 (21) -- --
CARAGA * * 46 (46) -- -- --
ARMM ** ** 6 (4) 2 1 (1)
Philippines 1,552 7,464 (3,992) 10,624 (19,582) (4,205) 3,712

Table 2.14c.4
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Freshwater Fishcage ): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR 41 95 (73) (241) 16 5 10

CAR 14 25 1,457 (162) (339) (371) 144
Region I 4 4 (18) 2 1 -- --
Region II 67 115 38 (376) (135) 9 406
Region III 58 144 113 (604) (156) 20 (30)
Region IV 1,614 7,440 (4,485) 2,371 (1,698) (1,361) 9,118
Region V 1,165 2,412 0 (442) 2,149 (1,334) 2,801
Region VI
Region VII
Region VIII 16 22 (107) -- -- -- --
Region IX (2) 6 (24) -- -- -- --
Region X
Region XI 28 86 4,456 (3,216) 696 867 (1,113)
Region XII 3 4 (17) -- -- -- --
CARAGA * *
ARMM ** ** -- 15 (3) 3 (2)
Philippines 3,008 10,353 1,340 (2,653) 531 (2,165) 11,335

Table 2.14c.5
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishpen ): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR -- -- 315 (84) (69) -- --

CAR
Region I -- -- 1 2 1 5 0
Region II
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 29
Region IV -- -- 1 5 (4) -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VII
Region VIII
Region IX -- -- 17 (9) 37 (22) (12)
Region X
Region XI -- -- -- 1 (1) 2 82
Region XII
CARAGA -- -- -- 3 (3) -- 1
ARMM
Philippines -- -- 334 (82) (39) (145) 97

Table 2.14c.6
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Marine Fishcage ): Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR -- -- -- 19 -- -- --
CAR
Region I -- -- -- -- -- 9 (7)
Region II
Region III -- -- -- -- -- -- 2
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- (1)
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI -- -- 4 7 (3) (2) 8
Region VII -- -- 2 (2) -- -- --
Region VIII -- -- 51 (50) (1) -- 5
Region IX -- -- 7 (6) (1) -- 30
Region X -- -- -- -- -- 2 (2)
Region XI -- -- -- -- -- -- 194
Region XII
CARAGA -- -- -- 4 (2) 7 7
ARMM
Philippines -- -- 64 (28) (26) 77 233

Table 2.14c.7
AQUACULTURE FISHING (Mariculture )1/: Change in the Quantity of Fish Landed by Region
1990 to 1997
(In metric tons)
Region 90-91 91-92 92-93 93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97
NCR (338) (766) 332 (936) (413) (262) (4)

CAR
Region I (881) 1,859 365 (6,875) 2,510 (771) (1,009)
Region II 4 (2) 4 (1)
Region III (110) (51) 1,940 (450) 22 47 329
Region IV 75 2,299 2,897 (10,282) (911) 2,081 2,670
Region V (18) 561 155 1,364 (801) (895) 558
Region VI (275) 1,082 (155) 2,167 5,623 6,899 (9,838)
Region VII -- 1 122 (85) 27 29 (31)
Region VIII 46 1,073 2,363 (6,093) (2,081) (976) 75
Region IX -- -- 458 79 (360) 25 (56)
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 2 5 1 39 (24) 50 13
Region XII -- -- -- -- -- -- --
CARAGA * * -- -- -- -- 10
ARMM ** ** -- -- -- -- --
Philippines (1,499) 6,063 8,478 (21,068) 3,590 6,241 (7,292)

Table 2.15a
WILDLIFE SPECIES PROTECTED: Listed Under CITES Appendix I and Whose Commercial
Export/Trade are Strictly Prohibited
1990 to 1997
(Number of species)
Wildlife Species 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mamalia 4 4 4 9 11 11 11 11
Aves 10 12 13 13 10 10 10 10
Reptilia 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7
Pisces 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Table 2.15b
WILDLIFE SPECIES PROTECTED: Listed Under CITES Appendix II and Whose Commercial
Export/Trade are Strictly Regulated
1990 to 1997
(Number of species)
Wildlife Species 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mamalia 18 19 19 32 27 27 27 27
Aves 52 67 66 66 63 63 63 63
Reptilia 4 3 3 3 5 5 5 5
Pisces 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Mollusca 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

Table 2.15c
PHILIPPINE AQUATIC SPECIES LISTED UNDER CITES APPENDIX III
1990 to 1997
Class Scientific Name Common Name
REPTILIA Cerberus rhynchops Dog-faced water snake

Natrix piscator Checkered keelback water snake
Atretium schistosum Olive keelback water snake
Source : Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

Table 2.16a
SUMMARY OF PROTECTED AREAS BY REGION
1990
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

National Park Wilderness Areas Total
Region Bird Sanctuaries
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.)
NCR 1 24.00 1 24.00

CAR 4 15,795.00 4 15,795.00
Region I 5 12,998.65 5 12,998.65
Region II 2 3,673.00 1 4,554.00 2 1,095.00 5 9,322.00
Region III 7 35,610.21 7 35,610.21
Region IV 11 191,026.23 4 903,423.00 1 430.00 16 1,094,879.23
Region V 6 24,811.60 3 465.00 9 25,276.60
Region VI 3 24,650.38 1 3.00 4 24,653.38
Region VII 4 23,576.08 1 480.00 2 12,656.00 7 36,712.08
Region VIII 5 4,038.78 5 4,038.78
Region IX 3 3,323.35 3 3,323.35
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,270.60 4 88,886.60
Region XI 2 53,642.59 1 14.82 3 53,657.41
Region XII 7 22,282.00 2 50,230.00 9 72,512.00
CARAGA
ARMM
Philippines 63 500,067.87 9 958,690.00 10 18,931.42 82 1,477,689.29

Table 2.16b
1991
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

NCR 1 24.00 1 24
CAR 4 15,795.00 4 15,795
Region I 5 12,998.65 5 12,999
Region II 2 3,673.00 1 4,554.00 2 1,095.00 5 9,322
Region III 7 35,610.21 1 12.35 8 35,623
Region IV 11 183,432.18 5 906,823.00 1 430.00 17 1,090,685
Region V 6 24,811.69 3 503.00 9 25,315
Region VI 3 24,650.38 1 3.00 4 24,653
Region VII 4 23,576.08 1 480.00 2 12,656.00 7 36,712
Region VIII 5 4,038.78 5 4,039
Region IX 3 3,323.35 3 3,323
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,194.60 4 88,811
Region XI 2 53,642.59 1 14.82 3 53,657
Region XII 7 22,282.00 2 36,300.00 9 58,582
CARAGA
ARMM
Philippines 63 492,473.91 11 948,172.35 10 18,893.42 84 1,459,540

Table 2.16c
1992
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

NCR 1 24.00 1 24.00

CAR 4 15,795.00 4 15,795.00
Region I 5 12,998.65 5 12,998.65
Region II 2 3,673.00 1 3,344.00 2 1,095.00 5 8,112.00
Region III 7 35,611.25 1 12.35 8 35,623.60
Region IV 11 183,432.18 5 906,823.00 1 430.00 17 1,090,685.18
Region V 6 24,811.69 3 465.00 9 25,276.69
Region VI 3 24,650.38 1 52.00 4 24,702.38
Region VII 4 23,575.08 1 480.00 2 12,656.00 7 36,711.08
Region VIII 5 4,038.78 5 4,038.78
Region IX 3 3,323.35 3 3,323.35
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,194.60 4 88,810.60
Region XI 2 53,642.59 1 14.82 3 53,657.41
Region XII 7 22,282.00 2 36,300.00 9 58,582.00
CARAGA
ARMM
Philippines 63 492,473.95 11 947,011.35 10 18,855.42 84 1,458,341

Table 2.16d
1993
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

National Park Wilderness Areas Marine Parks Watershed Areas Total
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.)
NCR 1 24.00 1 24.00

CAR 4 15,833.00 5 113,003.00 9 128,836.00
Region I 5 12,998.65 9 4,707.00 14 17,705.65
Region II 2 3,473.00 1 4,554.00 2 1,095.00 4 101,591.00 9 110,713.00
Region III 7 35,757.25 1 12.35 1 7,568.00 8 220,210.00 17 263,547.60
Region IV 9 150,086.18 5 906,823.00 1 430.00 2 128,200.00 30 97,687.43 47 1,283,226.61
Region V 6 24,811.69 3 465.00 7 34,663.00 16 59,939.69
Region VI 2 23,506.93 1 52.00 1 1,143.45 8 125,627.00 12 150,329.38
Region VII 4 23,574.58 1 1,400.00 4 55,810.00 4 44,397.00 13 125,181.58
Region VIII 5 4,046.00 5 26,205.00 10 30,251.00
Region IX 2 4,373.00 1 34.00 3 11,280.00 6 15,687.00
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,194.60 9 148,744.00 13 237,554.60
Region XI 2 53,625.00 6 2,020.36 5 103,475.00 13 159,120.36
Region XII 1 20,646.00 2 36,300.00 1 52,820.00 4 109,766.00
CARAGA
ARMM 7 1,849.35 2 182,354.00 9 184,203.35
Philippines 60 459,220.63 11 949,141.35 17 64,014.96 5 136,945.45 100 1,266,763.43 193 2,876,085.82

Table 2.16e
1994
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

National Park Wilderness Areas Marine Parks Watershed Areas Total
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.)
NCR 1 24.00 1 24.00

CAR 4 15,833.00 6 113,008.98 10 128,841.98
Region I 5 12,998.65 10 6,167.00 15 19,165.65
Region II 2 3,473.00 1 4,554.00 2 1,095.00 5 119,261.00 10 128,383.00
Region III 7 35,757.25 1 12.35 8 221,385.10 16 257,154.70
Region IV 10 150,086.18 5 906,823.00 1 430.00 2 128,200.00 35 106,295.57 53 1,291,834.75
Region V 6 24,811.69 3 465.00 10 36,564.95 19 61,841.64
Region VI 2 23,506.93 1 52.00 1 1,143.45 8 125,627.00 12 150,329.38
Region VII 4 23,575.08 2 1,400.00 4 55,810.00 5 96,913.00 15 177,698.08
Region VIII 5 4,046.00 6 27,009.00 11 31,055.00
Region IX 2 3,110.00 1 34.00 3 11,280.00 6 14,424.00
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,194.60 8 148,717.00 12 237,527.60
Region XI 2 53,625.00 6 2,020.36 6 110,227.00 14 165,872.36
Region XII 1 20,646.00 2 36,300.00 1 52,820.00 4 109,766.00
CARAGA
ARMM 7 1,849.35 2 182,354.00 9 184,203.35
Philippines 61 457,958.13 12 949,141.35 17 64,014.96 4 129,377.45 113 1,357,629.60 207 2,958,121.49

Table 2.16f
1995
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and

National Park Wilderness Areas Watershed Areas
Region Bird Sanctuaries Total
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area No. Area
NCR 1 24.00 1 24.00

CAR 4 18,457.00 6 113,008.98 10 131,465.98
Region I 5 12,998.65 10 6,167.00 15 19,165.65
Region II 1 819.00 1 4,554.00 2 1,095.00 5 119,261.00 9 125,729.00
Region III 7 31,425.25 1 12.35 8 221,385.10 16 252,822.70
Region IV 11 187,618.18 5 906,823.00 1 430.00 35 107,399.19 52 1,202,270.37
Region V 6 24,811.69 3 465.00 10 36,564.95 19 61,841.64
Region VI 3 26,555.38 1 52.00 9 131,777.00 13 158,384.38
Region VII 4 21,670.08 2 1,400.00 4 55,810.00 5 96,913.00 15 175,793.08
Region VIII 5 4,046.00 7 28,874.99 12 32,920.99
Region IX 2 3,110.00 4 11,456.00 6 14,566.00
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 4,194.60 8 148,717.00 12 237,527.60
Region XI 2 74,177.00 6 2,020.36 7 111,364.29 15 187,561.65
Region XII 1 94.00 2 36,300.00 1 52,820.00 4 89,214.00
CARAGA
ARMM 7 1,849.35 2 182,354.00 9 184,203.35
Philippines 62 492,271.58 12 949,141.35 17 64,014.96 117 1,368,062.50 208 2,873,490.39

Table 2.16g
1996 *
(Area in Hectares)
Game Refuges and Watershed Forest Mangrove Swamp

National Park Wilderness Areas Wildlife Sanctuary
Region Bird Sanctuaries Reserve Forest Reserve
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area No. Area No. Area
NCR 1 58.85
CAR 4 18,457.00 5 119,095.00
Region I 7 20,994.95 9 4,826.00
Region II 2 4,955.00 2 10,119.00 1 1,095.00 4 101,591.00
Region III 7 31,406.00 1 12.00 7 211,611.00
Region IV 15 160,367.85 3 906,799.00 1 430.00 24 60,410.00
Region V 7 42,422.00 4 465.00 10 32,821.00
Region VI 3 26,555.00 7 125,195.00
Region VII 4 21,671.00 6 undetermined 1 920.00 3 29,863.00
Region VIII 5 2,118.00 3 17,614.00 2 undetermined
1 452.00
Region IX 3 3,110.00 4 11,280.00
Region X 3 84,616.00 1 undetermined 4 114,970.00 1 undetermined
Region XI 2 74,195.00 1 undetermined 9 103,475.00
Region XII 1 94.00 1 6,300.00 1 52,820.00
CARAGA 1 3 32,089.00 1 18.00
ARMM 7 1,849.00 2 182,354.00 4 undetermined
Philippines 71 492,869.65 7 923,230.00 15 1,990.00 1 920.00 95 1,200,014.00 9 470.00

* - These are the initial components of National Integrated Protected Areas System as of 1996.
Table 2.16g (continued) ...
Virgin Old Growth

Total
Region Forest Mossy/Forest
No. Area No. Area No. Area
NCR 1 58.85
CAR 9 137,552.00
Region I 16 25,820.95
Region II 9 117,760.00
Region III 15 243,029.00
Region IV 43 1,128,006.85
Region V 21 75,708.00
Region VI 7 undetermined 10 151,750.00
Region VII 14 52,454.00
Region VIII 3 18,720.00 14 38,904.00
Region IX 7 14,390.00
Region X 6 undetermined 8 199,586.00
Region XI 12 177,670.00
Region XII 3 59,214.00
CARAGA 5 32,107.00
ARMM 13 184,203.00
Philippines 7 -- 9 18,720.00 200 2,638,213.65

Table 2.16h
1997
(Area in Hectares)
National Parks, Initial Components

National Marine Watershed Mangrove
Region Parks, National Game Refuge & Wildernes Area Forest Swamp
Marine Reserve Bird Sanctuary Reserve
No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.) No. Area (has.)
NCR 3 540.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

CAR 4 18,457.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 5 119,096.00 0 0.00
Region I 7 20,995.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 4,826.00 0 0.00
Region II 1 819.00 2 10,119.00 2 1,095.00 4 101,591.00 0 0.00
Region III 7 31,405.00 1 12.00 0 0.00 7 211,611.00 0 0.00
Region IV 12 183,024.00 3 906,799.00 1 430.00 24 60,410.00 6 undetermined
Region V 7 42,423.00 0 0.00 4 465.00 5 32,821.00 7 undetermined
Region VI 6 23,667.00 1 920.00 4 1,307.00 10 155,058.00 5 undetermined
Region VII 0 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Region VIII 5 2,118.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 17,614.00 1 undetermined
Region IX 3 3,110.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 11,280.00 1 undetermined
Region X 2 53,319.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 114,970.00 2 undetermined
Region XI 2 73,494.00 0 0.00 1 undetermined 5 103,589.00 1 undetermined
Region XII 1 48.00 1 6,300.00 0 0.00 2 54,714.00 0 0.00
CARAGA 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 undetermined 3 32,089.00 3 undetermined
ARMM 7 1,895.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 180,460.00 1 undetermined
Philippines 67 455,314.00 8 924,150.00 16 3,297.00 85 1,200,129.00 27 undetermined

Table 2.16h (continued) ...
Other Protected Areas

Newly Proclaimed
Tourist Zone Protected Areas
Protected Areas Under
Region and Marine Declared thru Total
NIPAS Category
Reserve Admin. Memo. Order
NCR 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 540.00

CAR 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 137,553.00
Region I 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 16 25,821.00
Region II 1 undetermined 0 0.00 4 544,642.00 14 658,266.00
Region III 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 7,568.00 16 250,596.00
Region IV 32 undetermined 7 95024.00 4 93,949.00 89 1,339,636.00
Region V 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 23 75,709.00
Region VI 12 undetermined 3 532.00 4 55,324.00 45 236,808.00
Region VII 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 -
Region VIII 1 undetermined 1 2193.00 1 60,448.00 12 82,373.00
Region IX 5 undetermined 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 14,390.00
Region X 2 undetermined 0 0.00 1 29,716.00 11 198,005.00
Region XI 3 undetermined 0 0.00 2 93,313.00 14 270,396.00
Region XII 0 0.00 3 30000.00 2 231,550.00 9 322,612.00
CARAGA 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 293,750.00 12 325,839.00
ARMM 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 9 182,355.00
Philippines 56 undetermined 14 127,749.00 21 1,410,260.00 294 4,120,899.00

Table 2.17
INTERNATIONAL PROTECTED SITES
As of 1998
No. of
Date
IUCN* Category Ecosystem Protected Protected Site Location
Proclaimed
Sites
A. World Heritage Sites Marine 1 Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park Puerto Princesa City, Dec. 11, 1993
(natural) Palawan
Cultural 1 Banaue Rice Terraces Ifugao Dec. 1995
D. Asean Heritage Sites Marine 1 Turtle Island Heritage Protected Areas Turtle Islands, Tawi-tawi May 31, 1996
Forest 2 Mt. Iglit Baco NP Occidental Mindoro 1982
Mt. Apo Mindanao May 9, 1936
(thru Proc 59)
C. Ramsar Site Wetland 1 Olango Bird and Wildlife Sanctuary Cebu City July 8, 1994
D. Biosphere Reserves Marine and 2 Palawan Island Palawan Feb. 1990
Forest
Puerto Galera Oriental Mindoro Dec. 26, 1973
* - International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Table 2.18
POLICY ISSUANCES
1935 TO 1997
(Number)
Policy Issuance 1935-1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Republic Act 1 1
Proclamation 1 2 1 6 2 9 5
Executive Order 1 1
DENR Administrative Order 2 5 10 6 7 6 9 6 8 8
DENR Memorandum Circulars 1 2 3 9 7 1 2 2
DENR Memorandum Orders 2 1 2 1 3
Department Circulars (DENR) 1
Joint DA-DILG Administrative Order
Fisheries Administrative Orders 30 1 4 9 2 4 2 1 2
Sources : Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau; and

Table 2.19
NGOs INVOLVED IN THE CONSERVATION OF WILDLIFE*
1997 to 1998
(Number)
Organization As of 1997 As of 1998
1 Birdlife Philippines x
2 Haribon Foundation, Inc. x x
3 International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) x
4 International Institute for Rural Reconstruction x
5 Kabang Kalikasan ng Pilipinas x x
6 Kalikasan Mindoro Foundation, Inc. x
7 Negros Forest Ecological Foundation, Inc. x
8 Nordec Agency for the Development and Ecology (NORDECO) x
9 Orient Integrated Development Inc. x
10 Philippine Animal Welfare Society x
11 Philippine Tarsier Foundation, Inc. x x
12 Philippine Eagle Foundation, Inc. x
13 Primates Exporters and Breeders Association of the Phils x
14 South East Asian Regional Institute x
15 UPLB Foundation, Inc. x x
16 Volunteer for Earth Defense x
17 Wildlife Conservation of the Philippine x
18 World Wildlife Fund x
* Either co-implementing or sponsoring agency
Table 2.20a
PERMITS ISSUED FOR WILDLIFE LOCAL TRANSPORT
1990 to 1998
(Number)
Wildlife 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR
Mammals 1 3 1 3 1 0 0
Birds 1 2 1 3 2 0 1
Reptiles 1 1 1 0 0
Insects 2 2 0 0
Subtotal 4 8 2 7 4 0 1
NCR
Birds 2
Subtotal 2
Region III
Mammals 1
Subtotal 1
Region IV
Mammals 7 5 0
Insects 168 234 573 691 0
Subtotal 168 234 580 696 0
Region V
Birds 3 1 2
Subtotal 3 0 0 1 2
Table 2.20a (continued) . . .
Wildlife 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Region VI
Mammals 2 7 1 4 2 1 0 3
Birds 1 2 2 2 11 22 16 10
Reptiles 1 1 0
Subtotal 4 9 3 4 2 13 23 17 13
Region VII
Mammals 1 2 6 2 6 2 1 0 3
Birds 4 24 14 22 18 7 4 16 13
Reptiles 2 8 18 1 1 3
Insects 6 24 52 4
Subtotal 5 34 44 84 46 9 6 17 19
Region VIII
Mammals 1 1 6 0 0
Birds 16 1 4 3 1 0 3
Reptiles 2 1 1 0 1
Subtotal 19 2 4 10 2 0 4
Region IX
Mammals 27 45 24 13 5 1 3 9 21
Birds 1 1 4 4 2 1 0 2
Subtotal 27 46 25 17 9 3 4 9 23
Wildlife 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Region X
Mammals 3 7 4 2 2 0 1
Birds 1 3 3 4 4 5 2 1 1
Reptiles 2 1 1
Subtotal 4 12 8 6 4 8 2 1 2
Region XI
Mammals 1 1 0 0
Birds 3 1 1 2 2 0 0
Reptiles 4 3 1 1 0 0
Subtotal 7 4 1 2 3 3 0 0
Region XII
Mammals 2 18 23 46 18 3 6 1
Birds 1 2 2 1 0 0
Reptiles 7 2 0 0
Subtotal 9 18 26 48 20 4 6 1
Philippines
Mammals 36 80 63 68 37 10 16 20 29
Birds 25 32 24 37 39 30 33 34 34
Reptiles 14 7 5 8 19 3 3 2 4
Insects 0 8 26 220 4 234 573 691 0
Total 75 127 118 333 99 277 625 747 67
Table 2.20b
PERMITS ISSUED FOR WILDLIFE EXPORT
1990 to 1997
(Number)
Wildlife 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

1/
CITES
Mammals 79 159 135 101 155 109 63 78

Birds 23 62 57 85 144 110 128 159
Reptiles 3 3 5 6 8 4 1
Amphibians 2 1 0
Insects 1 0
Derivatives 24 34 58 93 108
By-products 3 1 1 10 2
Sub-total 105 224 197 220 336 287 298 348
Non-CITES1/
Mammals 10 8 13 2 1 2 2
Birds 4 6 11 17 9 10 21 25
Reptiles 3 3 1 4 4 3 3
Amphibians 2 6 7 0
Insects 11 94 378 515 562 715 696
Derivatives 7 5 2 2 45
By-products 7 10 12 10 7
Sub-total 17 28 118 414 549 598 753 778
TOTAL 122 252 315 634 885 885 1,051 1,126

1/ - Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
Table 2.21
NUMBER OF CONFISCATED WILDLIFE AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS
1990 to 1997
Wildlife 1990* 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Mammals 201 77 0 0 12
Aves 4 152 34 0 0 7
Reptiles 7 7 0 63 66 2
1 (box)
Insects 3,318 6,905 52 0 1,694
Amphibians 0 0 4 4 20 2
100 (kgs)
18 (trays)
By-products 5506 (pcs) 56 (pcs) 1998 (pcs) 257 (pcs) 95 (pcs) 14 (pcs) 2 (pcs.)
* - No reported confiscation
Source : Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau.
Table 2.22
ALLOWABLE QUOTA FOR CERTAIN WILDLIFE SPECIESa/
1990
(Number)
Wildlife Species Scientific Name Quota
Class Aves (Birds)

Order Galliformes
Family Phasianidae
Painted Quail Coturnix chinensis lineata 135
Family Turnicidae
Barred button quail Turnix suscitator 45
Striped button quail Turnix sylvatica 135
Order Gruiformes
Family Rallidae
Banded rail Rallus philippensis philippensis 90
Plain swamphen Amouromis olivaceous olivaceous 90
Order Columbiformes
Family Columbidae
Amethyst brown fruit dove Phapitheron amethystina 22
Dwarf turtle dove Streptopelia tranquebarica 22
Green-winged ground dove Chalcophaps indica indica 90
Philippine turtle dove Streptopelia bitorquata 22
Pink-necked green pigeon Treron vernans vernans 22
Slender-billed cuckoo dove Macrophygia phasianella 45
White-eared brown fruit dove Phapitheron leucotis 90
Zebra dove Geopelia striata striata 90
Table 2.22 (continued) . . .
Order Psittaciformes
Family Pristtacidae
b/
Philippine cockatoo Kakatoeh aematuropygia 22
Philippine hanging parakeet Loriculus philippensis 135
Order Cuculiformes
Family Cuculidae
Brushcuckoo Cacornantis variolosus 90
Plaintive cuckoo Cacornantis merulinus merulinus 90
Order Coraciiformes
Family Alcedinidae
White-collared kingfisher Halcyon chrolis collaris 90
Family Meropidae
Blue tailed bee-eater Merops philippinus philippinus 90
Chestnut-headed bee-eater Merops viridis americanus 90
Family Oriolidae
Black-naped Oriole Oriolus chinensis chinensis 9
Family Muscicapidae
Black-naped monarch Hypothymis azurera 90
Family Sturnidae
Crested myna Acridotheras cristatellus 45
Philippine glossy startling Aplonia panayensis panayensis 450
Family Zosteropidae
Philippine white-eye Zosterops meyeni 90
Yellow white-eye Zosterops migrorum 45
Family Ploceidae
Tree Sparrow Passer montanus saturatus 36,000
Family Estrildidae
Chestnut Mannikin Lonchura malacca 36,000
Dusky mannikin Lonchura fuscans 225
Green-faced parrot finch Erythrura virifacies 90
Java sparrow Pada oryzivora 9,000
Green-tailed parrot finch Erythrura hyperythra 22
Nutmeg-mannikin Lonchura punctulata c. 630
Red amadavat Amandava amandava 450
White-breasted mannikin Lonchura leucogastra everetti 2,700
Class Mammalia (Mammals)
Order Primates
Philippine Monkey Macaca fascicularis 8,000
Order Rodentia
Busy-tailed cloud rat Crateromys schandenbergi 16
Class Reptilia (Reptiles)
Gecko Gecko Gecko 900
Land Turtles Cyclemys sp. 45
Monitor Lizard Varanus salvator 450
a - As per DENR A.O. No. 96 Series of 1988, starting 1990 and in every succeeding year, there shall be a gradual
phase-out in the collection and exportation of fauna from the wild until the total phase-out in 1994.
b - Deleted from the list starting 1992 pursuant to DENR A.O. No. 47 Series of 1992
Table 2.23a
AREA REHABILITATED
1991 to 1998
Percentage to
No. of Area
Area Rehabilitated Type Category Region Total Area Site
Sites (has.)
Rehabilitated
1. Hinulugang Taktak National Park Protected Landscape 4 75.00% 1 3.03

National Park
2. Mt. Apo National National Park Natural Park 11 & 12 75.00% 3 115
Park Project Buhay Project Area 35
(Makilala, Cotabato)
Perez Project Area (Kidapawan) 35
Sitio Dulag, Toko Proj. (Magpet) 45

Table 2.23b
EXPENDITURE ON REHABILITATION PROGRAMS IMPLEMENTED IN REHABILITATED AREAS
1991 to 1998
(In peso)
Expenditure
Area Rehabilitated Rehabilitation Program Implemented Remarks
Period Amount
1. Hinulugang Taktak 1. Survey/Area Identification 1991 7,700,000 Rehabilitation started

National Park 2. Identification of P.A. Occupants 1992 7,700,000 in 1991 and continuing
3. Identified Natural Spring 1993 6,398,000 up to the present thru
4. Construction and Installation of park facilities/amenities 1994 5,202,000 public or private sector,
a) Bunkhouse 1995 5,213,000 NGO and others
b) Administrative Building 1996 5,589,000
c) Cottages, multi-purpose stage complex 1997 5,852,000
d) Shower rooms/picnic sheds 1998 5,496,000
e) Perimeter fence
f) Riverbank railing
5. Repair/renovation of park facilities
a. Rip-rap
b. Comfort rooms/shower rooms
c. Repainting of park facilities
6. Nursery Establishment and Maintenance
a. Seedling production
b. Ornamental propagation
c. Maintenance of river sq. meters
7. Maintenance of the following:
a. Ground
b. Facilities/Amenities
c. Vehicle
Table 2.23b (continued) . . .
Expenditure
Area Rehabilitated Rehabilitation Program Implemented Remarks
Period Amount
2. Mt. Apo National 1. Survey Mapping/Area Identification Phase I 2,370,000 Rehabilitation started in
Park Project 2. Consultation of Beneficiary Communities Phase II 3,174,000 1994 and continuing up
3. Planning Phase III 2,975,000 to the present thru LGU
4. Training & Orientation of the Local People 1998 4,550,000 of Makilala, Kidapawan
5. Bankhouse Construction and Magpet
6. Nursery Establishment & Maintenance
7. Field Maintenance

Table 2.24
OPERATING BUDGET AND MANPOWER COMPLEMENT OF AGENCIES INVOLVED IN WILDLIFE PROTECTION
1990 TO 1998
BAI BFAR PAWB

Year Manpower Manpower Manpower
Operating Budget Operating Budget Operating Budget
Complement Complement Complement
1990 82,947,000 564 63,604,684 463 20,598,000 na

1991 81,720,000 564 71,141,764 463 19,481,000 na
1992 89,908,000 542 73,762,249 483 21,535,000 379
1993 89,953,000 542 70,032,457 483 44,984,000 386
1994 133,121,000 532 75,631,878 422 92,240,000 384
1995 104,678,000 532 78,514,000 458 119,518,000 326
1996 119,381,000 584 92,513,239 451 149,700,000 328
1997 125,582,000 536 93,524,000 455 300,000,000 287
1998 135,251,000 574 131,668,000 473 127,356,000 340
Sources : Bureau of Animal Industry;

Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources; and
Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau
Table 2.25
STATUS OF KNOWN MAMMALS AND BIRDS SPECIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
As of 1997
(Number of species)
Status
Wildlife Species TOTAL
Endemic Resident Migrant Resident Migrant Straggler Unclassified
Mammals 109 69 3 17 198
Birds 159 235 104 4 55 3 560

Table 2.26a
CATCHER BOATS ISSUED CFBL* BY BFAR
1991
(Number)
Fishing Equipment
Region Round
Danish Purse Ring Hook & Push Gill Long Beach Encircling Drive-in Spear
Trawl Bagnet haul
Seine Seine Net Line Net Net Line Seine Net Net Fishing
Seine
NCR 256 1 78 18 12 1 10 4
Region III 32 7 12 9
Region IV 24 60 6 22 44 152 1
Region V
Region VI 118 110 53 39 2 10 1
Region VII 6 2 62 4 1
Region VIII 25 12 2 38 1
Region IX 1 6 19 23 33 1
Region XI 1 35 71 2 1
ARMM**
Philippines 463 189 195 262 64 24 1 12 1 213 1 1 1 1

* - Commercial Fishing Boat License
** - Included in Region XII
Table 2.26b
1992
(Number)
Fishing Equipment
Region Hook Round Total
Danish Purse Ring Push Gill Long Beach Encircling Drive-in Catcher Drift
Trawl & Bagnet haul Zipper
Seine Seine Net Net Net Line Seine Net Net Boat Net
Line Seine
Region I 48 16 64
Region II 7 18 15 42 37 119
Region III 22 1 2 4 1 12 8 50
Region IV 490 63 132 22 76 20 4 13 163 35 1,018
Region V 42 15 9 2 48 2 2 120
Region VI 98 101 51 26 5 3 284
Region VII 1 3 1 95 1 11 1 113
Region VIII 51 34 1 48 2 136
Region IX 3 4 53 11 111 4 186
Region X 38 6 44
Region XI 16 107 2 6 4 1 136
Region XII 2 3 5
ARMM** 0
Philippines 755 244 265 373 79 32 4 19 16 361 44 0 6 38 37 2 2,275

** - Included in Region XII
Table 2.26c
1996
(Number)
Fishing Equipment
Region Danish Purse Ring Hook & Push Long Spear Hulbot- Fish Total
Trawl Gill Net Bagnet Buli-buli
Seine Seine Net Line Net Line Fishing hulbot Trap
Region I 19 11 30
Region II 27 5 32
Region III 9 8 6 5 28 5 3 3 67
Region IV 2 19 5 59 1 1 4 193 3 6 2 295
Region V 34 18 10 62 124
Region VI 65 55 13 1 58 142 334
Region VII 5 23 2 46 5 81
Region VIII 34 41 1 33 109
Region IX 3 4 5 29 41
Region X 40 40
Region XI 26 91 14 1 5 4 141
Region XII 6 6
ARMM 38 4 42
Philippines 166 152 125 244 79 5 30 11 4 356 159 9 2 1,342

Table 2.26d
1997
(Number)
Fishing Equipment
Region Drift Round Total
Danish Purse Ring Hook Push Gill Long Fish Beach
Trawl Bagnet Filter haul Pearling Paaling
Seine Seine Net & Line Net Net Line Trap Seine
Net Seine
NCR 243 121 132 12 23 7 1 13 13 2 26 593

Region I 24 47 71
Region II 1 29 6 3 13 10 62
Region III 7 2 11 4 2 9 35
Region IV 32 8 8 1 34 69 152
Region V 39 5 9 38 91
Region VI 63 87 69 20 4 243
Region VII 5 25 3 36 2 71
Region VIII 20 46 2 27 95
Region IX 11 20 54 18 2 1 53 1 160
Region X 33 33
Region XI 43 81 1 3 128
Region XII 5 5
ARMM 4 4 8
CARAGA 14 3 4 21
Philippines 445 404 331 244 60 9 1 23 196 0 3 15 10 1 26 1,768

Table 2.27
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN FISHING ESTABLISHMENTS BY TYPE OF WORKER
1990-1995
Paid Employees
Working Owners
Number of Total Executives,
Year Fishery Other and Unpaid
Establishments Employment Total Managers,
Workers Employees Workers
Supervisors
1990 254 21,490 21,202 929 15,629 4,644 288

1991 245 20,330 20,141 944 14,966 4,231 189
1992 240 18,993 18,810 917 14,181 3,712 183
1993 * 511 21,692 20,684 1,224 16,006 3,454 1,008
1994 286 22,675 22,160 1,036 17,136 3,988 515
1995 286 21,677 21,285 877a/ 16,361 4,047 391b/
* - The 1993 Annual Survey of Establishments (ASE) covered a total of 511 fishing establishments, a sharp increase of
112.9% over the 240 establishments in 1992. The increase is, however, mainly due to the inclusion in the ASE coverage
of fishery establishments not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) but with an average total
employment (ATE) of 10 and over.
a - Executives and Managers only.
b - Unpaid Workers only.

3
Atmosphere
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 3 ATMOSPHERE
Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-ii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8

3-i
Atmosphere
LIST OF TABLES
A Conceptual Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
B Statistical Framework on Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
C Data Assessment of the Atmosphere Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
3.1 Total Emissions from Motor Vehicles in the Metro Manila 3-25
Region by Vehicle Type, 1990
3.2 Toxic Air Contaminant Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 3-26
1990
3.3 Stationary Source Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 1990 3-27
3.4 Philippine Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 1990 3-28
3.5 Chemical Importations, 1993 – 1995 3-30
3.6 Number of Forest Fire and Area Affected, 1987 – 1998 3-31
3.7 Volcanic Eruption, 1987 – 1998 3-32
3.8 Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966 – 1997 3-33
3.9 Annual Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1961 –1998 3-35
3.10 Average Concentration of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 3-37

and SO2 in the Atmosphere by Air Quality, 1987 – 1998
3.11 Morbidity Due to Respiratory Diseases, 1989 – 1994 3-38
3.12 Air Pollution Control Compliance Statistics, 1990 – 1995 3-39
3.13 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-42

1994 – 1998
3.14 Budget for Environmental Management, 1990 - 1998 3-43
3-ii
Atmosphere
3.15 Climatological Normals by Month and by Selected Station, 3-44

1961 – 1995
3.16 Summary of Emissions from All Sources in Metro Manila, 1990 3-52
3.17 Area Source Emissions in the Metro Manila Region, 1990 3-53
3-iii
Atmosphere
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of Total 3-14

Suspended Particulates (TSP), 1990 - 1997
2 Annual Maximum Daily Mean of Air Pollutants, 1994 and 1995 3-15
3 Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms with APCD With and 3-16
Without Permit to Operate, 1990 -1995
4 Number of Vehicles Apprehended for Smoke-Belching, 3-17

1994 –1998
5 Average Minimum Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19
6 Average Mean Temperature (Celsius), 1966 - 1996 3-19
7 Frequency of Tropical Cyclone, 1966 – 1996 3-22
8 Average Rainfall, 1966 - 1996 3-23
9 Average Relative Humidity, 1966 - 1996 3-23
10 Average Mean Sea Level Pressure, 1966 - 1996 3-24
3-iv
Atmosphere
INTRODUCTION
One of the major environmental concerns that have received local and
international attention pertains to the condition of the atmosphere. Its quality and
characteristics have impacts far-reaching than other environmental components. A
heavily polluted atmosphere can threaten human health and undermine the productivity of
the population. It can also have damaging effects on ecological and cultural properties.
The quality of the atmosphere of a particular location (microclimate) or country is

the long-term summation of atmospheric elements-such as solar radiation, temperature,
humidity, precipitation type (frequency and amount), atmospheric pressure and wind
(speed and direction)- and their variations.
1. FRAMEWORK
As in the other components of the environment, the conceptual framework for the
atmosphere component follows that of the UN Framework for the Development of
Environment Statistics (UNFDES) which is composed of the following information
categories: (a) social and economic activities and natural events; (b) environmental
impacts of activities and events; (c) responses to environmental impacts; and (d) stocks
and inventories (see Table A). The information categories of FDES reflect the fact that
environmental problems are the results of human activities and natural events. Human
activities and natural events have an impact on the environment which in turn provokes
individual and social responses to avoid or mitigate these impacts.1
The activities identified to have impact on atmosphere include: (a) stationary and
mobile sources such as industrial firms and motor vehicles; (b) solar energy generation;
and (c) natural events and man-made disasters such as volcanic eruptions, forest fires,
storms. Emissions and long-range transport of air pollutants bring about acidification of
lakes, rivers, and soil thereby affecting water and land quality as well as the quality of
biota and ecosystems. Ambient concentration of pollutants in the atmosphere not only
lead to climate change and depletion of the ozone layer but have consequential effects to
human and non-human biota as well.
1
Concepts and Methods of Environment Statistics/St atistics of the Natural Environment, A Technical
Report. United Nations, New York. 1991.
3-1
Atmosphere
3-2
Atmosphere
Responses to environmental impacts may either be defensive/curative (clean-up)

or preventive (i.e., modifying or regulating human behavior). Responses identified in the
framework for the atmosphere component involve air pollution monitoring and control,
and disaster management. These are responses done by the government through
legislation, regulations and provision of budget for air quality monitoring and disaster
management.
Stocks describe the state of the economy and of the environment, whereas flows
describe the changes thereon. Data on climate conditions and air quality as well as
emission inventory and inventory of areas vulnerable to air pollution comprise the
information for stocks and inventories. These variables, particularly, data on climate and
air quality serve as basis in assessing the rate of natural productivity and the ambient
quality of the environment.
The conceptual framework was basically patterned after the UN FDES with inputs
coming from various government agencies involved in the generation of statistical
information that deal with environmental concerns and programs on air pollution and
weather monitoring. These agencies include the: Environmental Management Bureau
(EMB) and Metropolitan Environmental Improvement Program (MEIP) of the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR); Philippine Atmospheric,
Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA); Metro Manila
Development Authority (MMDA) and the National Statistical Coordination Board
(NSCB).
The statistical framework for the atmosphere component presents the various
statistical topics under each information category and the corresponding statistical
variables (see Table B). The statistical topic, emission of air pollutants for instance, is
measured through the following variables: toxic air emission from motor vehicles;
industrial emissions from factories, industrial plants, etc.; greenhouse gas emissions;
methane gas from rice production; and the importation and consumption of chloro-fluoro
carbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substances. Solar generation is measured in
terms of the amount of energy it generated while natural events and man-made disasters
such as forest fires, volcanic eruptions and weather/climate hazards are gauged by the
number of occurrences and the area affected.
3-3
Atmosphere
3-4
Atmosphere
3-5
Atmosphere
3-6
Atmosphere
3-7
Atmosphere
1.3 Data Assessment
In view of the importance of the framework, the variables contained therein were
individually assessed in terms of availability, geographic disaggregation, and frequency
of data generation and manner of collection (See Table C).
As shown in Table C, most of the statistical variables are available from the EMB-
DENR which is the agency tasked to monitor the quality of Philippine environment in
terms of selected environmental parameters and indicators. The agency is likewise
mandated to process and issue Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) applications.
Specifically, the variables obtained from EMB include: air emissions from industries,
importation and consumption of chloro-fluoro-carbon (CFC) and other ozone-depleting
substances, average concentration of total suspended particulates (TSP) and sulfur
dioxide in the atmosphere by air quality monitoring station, application and issuance of
ECCs, expenditures for air quality monitoring, number and list of legislation, and air
emissions by source category and by type of pollutants.
Data on natural events and man-made disasters such as forest fires occurrences
and area affected are available at DENR through the Forest Management Bureau (FMB)
while data on weather and climate conditions are provided by PAGASA. The Philippine
Institute of Volcanology (PHIVOLCS) is the source for the number and intensity of
volcanic eruptions. However, source of data on solar energy, e.g., the extent of its
utilization and its impact on fuel/electricity conservation has yet to be identified.
The effect of atmospheric pollution on human health is measured in terms of

incidence of respiratory diseases and data on this is available at the Department of Health
(DOH) on an annual basis.
Changes in the mean sea level and tidal patterns which is an indicator of the extent
of global warming are provided by PAGASA annually.
While most of the data on Responses to Environmental Impacts, i.e., pollution

research and surveillance; standards, control and enforcement are available at the EMB-
DENR, the MMDA and the local government units (LGUs) are among those identified to
have data on vehicles apprehended for smoke-belching. Variables relating to disaster
management in terms of timely information dissemination of volcanic activity and
typhoons are sourced from PHIVOLCS, PAGASA and the various Disaster Coordinating
Councils of the Department of National Defense (DND). However, sources of data on
private sector responses such as investments in air emission control, installation of
pollution abatement equipment and production of environmentally benign products by
industries and recycling of household wastes by individuals or households have yet to be
identified.
3-8
Atmosphere
Data on Stocks and Inventories, particularly, on climate conditions, (e.g.,

temperature, typhoon occurrences, rainfall, hours of sunshine and humidity range) are
available at the PAGASA by geographical area on an annual basis.
3-9
Atmosphere
3-10
Atmosphere
3-11
Atmosphere
3-12
Atmosphere
3-13
Atmosphere
Air Quality
Being the most industrialized area in the Philippines, Metro Manila has been the
focus of government efforts in terms of air quality monitoring. Two major sources of air
pollution in the metropolis that have been identified are industrial firms and motor
vehicles.
To monitor the extent of pollution in the air, the government, through the EMB-
DENR, has set up air quality monitoring stations initially in Metro Manila. As of 1997,
there were 14 air quality monitoring stations: eight stations were operated manually for
TSP and six automatic fixed stations for TSP, SOX, NOX, THC, O2, CO where
meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind direction
were maintained. In 1998, new ones in other locations replaced seven of these stations.
Stations in Valenzuela, Quezon City (Pag-asa) and Las Piñas are the only three left
among the old stations.
Figure 1. Maximum, Minimum and Average Concentration of

Total Suspended Particulates (TSP), 1990 to 1997
350
Max
300
Min
250 Averag
e
200
150
100
50
0
Valenzuel Ermita Makati Quezon Las Pinas Pasig Pasay Paranaqu
a City City City e
From 1987 to 1997, the EMB has obtained statistics on the average concentration
of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) and Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2) emitted by motor
vehicles, industrial firms, and other sources as measured by its various monitoring
stations. A comparison of the 1990 figures on the average concentration of TSP
3-14
Atmosphere
As part of the government pollution control program, the DENR required

industrial firms to install and operate air pollution control device pursuant to P.D. 984,
otherwise known as the “Pollution Decree of 1976”. This mechanism institutionalized by
the government was well received by the private sector. In 1990, out of a total of 3,469
firms identified as potential pollutive firms, 2,982 (86.0 percent) have installed air
pollution control device (APCD). However, only 1,989 have permits to operate an APCD.
Table 3. Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms With and Without APCD
1990 to 1995
Year Potential W/ APCD W/O APCD

Total W/ Permit to W/ Out Permit
Operate to Operate
1990 3,469 2,982 1,989 993 487
1991* 3,215 2,849 2,014 835 366
1992* 2,622 2,241 1,484 757 381
1993* 4,250 4,123 2,093 2,030 127
1994* 4,182 4,092 1,454 2,638 90
1995 4,330 4,255 1,692 2,563 81
Source: EMB.
*incomplete data
Figure 3. Number of Potential Air Pollutive Firms With APCD

With and Without Permit to Operate, 1990 to 1995
5,000
4,000 W/out Permit to Operate

With Permit to Operate
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Notwithstanding the completeness of data for the entire country (not all data from
the regions are available for all the years), the figures indicated that there is a growing
trend in the number of potential pollutive firms and a corresponding increase in the
number of firms with APCD during the period 1990-1995 (Table 3). However, while
the number of potential air pollutive firms which acquired APCD increased, the
number of complying firms (with permits to operate) decreased (Figure 3).
3-16
Atmosphere
All these efforts towards strengthening air quality monitoring capability of the
government are indeed worth pursuing if we are to consider the effects caused by various
air pollutants to the climate.
Changes in climate depend on the emission of greenhouse gases spewed into the
atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include those pollutants mentioned above such as carbon
dioxide, CFCs, methane gas, nitrogen compounds, and ground level ozone. Nitrogen
compounds, which primarily come from automobiles and electric power-generating
plants, not only contribute to global warming but also play a major role in the production
of secondary air pollution that create photochemical smog. They also contribute to the
development of acid rain.
Methane, another greenhouse gas, is produced from decaying rice paddies,

wetlands, biomass fires such as burning forests, coal mining, landfills, animal wastes and
sewage. Methane gas is created naturally as a waste product of anaerobic bacteria (living
with little or no oxygen) in waterlogged soils and wetlands. Carbon dioxide emitted in
the air, meanwhile come from burning fossil fuels such as coal and oil, and from the
destruction of tropical rainforests. CFCs, which likewise contribute to the warming of the
world, are most commonly used as refrigerants (e.g., freon) and in making foams for use
in insulation and plastic containers, and as propellants in aerosol containers. They go into
the air by escaping from the products cited.
With the increasing emission of greenhouse gases, their concentrations in the

atmosphere also go up which, in turn, cause the temperature of the earth to rise. The rise
in earth’s temperature, meanwhile, leads to changes in the patterns of precipitation and
the sea level to rise.
Climate Condition
The changes in climate have adverse effects not only on our ecological and socio-
economic systems but on human health as well. Thus, there is a growing concern over
various manifestations of climate changes like the pollution-induced global warming and
the El Niño phenomenon.
A study2 made by the NSCB in 1998 on the various climate data generated by
PAGASA from 1966 to 1996 indicated a shift to a warmer climate. A close examination
of the temperature in the Philippines from the period 1966 to 1996 revealed that from
1987 onwards, the average minimum temperatures recorded were higher than the normal
minimum temperature of 22.95 oC, suggesting that the climate in the country is getting
warmer (Fig.5). Similarly, the average mean temperature observed in the same period has
not fallen below the normal mean temperature of 27.03 oC (Fig. 6). Meanwhile, a
comparison between the average maximum temperature of El Niño and non-El Niño
2
National Statistical Coordination Board, “NSCB Statistics Series ”, April 1998, Philippines
3-18
Atmosphere
to heavy rainfall which leads to floods, hurricanes, etc. On the other hand, formation of
clouds in the west is weakened, thereby, reducing rainfall and causing dry spell 3.
Simultaneous occurrence of above normal Pacific sea surface temperature (SST)

and below normal Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) indicate a global-scale climate
variation defined as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. The SOI is
the difference in standardized atmospheric pressures over the southeastern Pacific and the
Indian Ocean and Australia 4.
A total of eight El Niño or ENSO–related drought episodes/periods have been

listed by PAGASA as occurring in the country from 1966 to 1996. These were in 1968-
69, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1982-83, 1986-87, 1989-90, 1991-92 and 1994-95.
Data on the various climate variables for the past three decades are given in Table
4. Annual data presented were obtained by averaging the data recorded by the different
PAGASA stations located nationwide.
Table 4. Historical Climate Data of the Philippines, 1966-1996
YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

Tropical Rainfall Minimum Maximum Temperature Relative Mean Sea
Cyclones Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
Pressure
1966 23 2471.2 22.98 31.26 27.12 81.08 1011.05

1967 21 2361.8 22.67 30.63 26.65 80.83 1010.87
1968* 15 1876.7 22.61 31.04 26.83 79.52 1011.07
1969* 15 1985.6 22.86 31.34 27.10 80.31 1010.99
1970 21 2613.3 23.09 31.16 27.13 81.50 1010.32
1971 27 2902.0 22.58 30.41 26.49 82.29 1009.79
1972* 17 2577.6 22.76 30.96 26.86 81.39 1010.60
1973* 12 2438.5 22.82 31.30 27.06 80.16 1010.69
1974 23 2680.3 22.74 30.68 26.71 81.46 1009.39
1975 15 2378.1 22.81 30.95 26.88 81.48 1009.96
1976* 22 2455.3 22.62 30.64 26.63 81.11 1010.18
1977* 19 2131.0 22.88 30.98 26.93 80.91 1010.38
1978 25 2392.9 22.81 30.91 26.86 81.11 1009.79
1979 22 2021.6 22.94 31.04 26.99 80.98 1009.94
1980 23 2418.1 22.90 30.87 26.89 82.61 1009.98
1981 23 2274.8 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.89 1010.05
1982* 21 2162.4 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.62 1009.93
3
Cristobal B., 1997, “What You Should Know About El Niño,” November 1997 Issue of Panorama,
Philippines
4
Climatology and agrometeorology Branch of PAGASA, 1994, “Primer on El Niño/Southern Oscillation,”
Quezon City, Philippines.
3-20
Atmosphere
YEAR Frequency of Average Average Average Average Mean Average Average

Tropical Rainfall Minimum Maximum Temperature Relative Mean Sea
Cyclones Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
Pressure
1983* 23 1991.3 23.02 31.53 27.27 80.32 1010.83

1984 20 2488.0 22.93 31.02 26.98 82.34 1009.13
1985 17 2584.6 22.95 31.23 27.09 81.64 1008.92
1986* 21 2571.5 22.81 31.03 26.93 81.56 1009.50
1987* 16 1847.6 23.16 31.73 27.45 80.08 1010.53
1988 20 2539.9 23.34 31.67 27.50 81.19 1009.37
1989* 19 2508.1 23.08 31.24 27.16 81.73 1009.43
1990* 20 2386.4 23.18 31.49 27.37 81.33 1009.92
1991* 19 2050.6 23.05 31.32 27.22 81.26 1010.14
1992* 15 1929.9 22.97 31.40 27.22 80.67 1010.31
1993 32 2242.7 22.99 31.16 27.13 81.49 1008.24
1994* 25 2182.5 23.21 31.15 27.18 81.81 1010.01
1995* 16 2560.6 23.27 31.03 27.15 82.71 1010.20
1996 17 2518.0 23.47 30.85 27.16 83.08 1009.56
El-Niño Years 18 2228.5 22.95 31.20 27.08 81.03 1010.29

Average
Overall 20 2340.1 22.95 31.10 27.03 81.34 1010.03
Average/
Normal
Non-El Niño 22 2459.2 22.94 30.99 26.97 81.66 1009.76
Years Average
Difference -4a -230.7 a 0.01ns 0.21a 0.11ns -0.63a 0.53a

Between El
Niño Years and
Non-El Niño
Years Average
* El Niño Years
a
Significant at 5% level of significance
ns
Not Significant
Source: PAGASA
In the past 38 (1961 – 1998) years, the PAG-ASA has recorded a total of 761
tropical cyclones in the Philippine area of responsibility, with an average of 20 typhoons
per year. The most number of typhoons was experienced in 1993 where 32 typhoons
entered the country while in 1998, only 11 typhoons were recorded to have hit the
country, the least in the previous years. Relating this variable to the El Niño
phenomenon, the NSCB study reveals that El Niño years tend to exhibit, on the average,
less number of tropical cyclones as shown in Table 4. The average frequency of tropical
cyclones for El Niño years, which is 18, is lower than the non-El Niño years average of
22 and also lower than the normal or overall average of 20 for the whole period (1966 -
1996). A look at the annual occurrences of tropical cyclones in Figure 7 further shows
3-21
Atmosphere

Table 3.1
TOTAL EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE METRO MANILA REGION BY VEHICLE TYPE
1990
(tons per year)
Vehicle Fuel Pollutants

Type Used TOG CO NOX SOX Lead Pmex* PMTw** PM10
Cars Gas 30,039.56 213,672.03 11,556.23 42.53 202.60 386.60 479.38 576.03
Diesel 314.06 938.36 955.98 845.56 0.00 286.10 59.13 298.30
UV Gas 42,049.39 280,441.73 14,640.68 63.54 154.26 544.59 562.74 766.42
Diesel 3,573.23 13,111.87 7,192.97 6,695.44 0.00 4,530.85 624.25 4,599.31
Trucks Gas 577.49 11,770.02 1,276.38 121.47 4.09 16.24 68.20 43.42
Diesel 7,944.81 26,625.86 26,840.58 2,284.62 0.00 3,220.87 450.92 3,272.40
Buses Gas 32.29 696.46 75.53 7.19 0.24 0.96 15.95 7.34
Diesel 997.94 3,344.45 3,371.42 286.97 0.00 404.57 56.64 411.04
MC/TC Gas 15,425.57 22,025.37 306.25 2.93 46.11 1,466.45 45.46 1,475.84
Total Gas 88,124.30 528,605.61 27,855.07 237.66 407.30 2,414.84 1,171.73 2,869.05
Total Diesel 12,830.04 44,020.54 38,360.95 10,112.59 0.00 8,442.39 1,190.94 8,581.05
Grand Total 100,954.34 572,626.15 66,216.02 10,350.25 407.30 10,857.23 2,362.67 11,450.10
*PM exhaust emissions
**PM tire wear emissions
Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990 - 1995)
Table 3.2
TOXIC AIR CONTAMINANT EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons per year)
Vehicle Ethylene Dichloride Ethylene Dibromide Benzene Lead Asbestos

Type a b c a b c a b c
CARS: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.220 0.000 0.000 1.240
Gas 2.590 15.600 1.800 0.450 0.312 0.309 112.640 42.590 300.400 202.600 10.050
UV: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 82.180 0.000 0.000 13.090
Gas 1.910 21.860 2.520 0.340 0.320 0.433 1616.320 42.790 420.490 154.260 11.800
TRUCKS: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 182.730 0.000 0.000 5.580
Gas 0.052 0.300 0.035 0.009 0.003 0.006 22.920 0.380 5.770 4.090 0.840
BUSES: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 22.950 0.000 0.000 0.700
Gas 0.003 0.017 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 1.360 0.000 0.320 0.240 0.050
MC/TC: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Gas 0.579 8.020 0.926 0.100 0.070 0.160 688.290 0.900 154.260 46.110 1.910
TOTAL: Diesel 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 295.080 0.000 0.000 20.610
Gas 5.134 45.797 5.283 0.900 0.705 0.908 2441.530 86.660 881.240 407.300 24.650
a - Exhaust Emissions
b - Evaporative Emissions
c - Emissions from Gas Production, Storage and Fuel Service Stations
Source: Environmental Management Bureau, DENR

(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990 - 1995)
Table 3.3
STATIONARY SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons per year)
SIC Emission Source Pollutants
Code Description TOG CO NOX SOX PM PM10
20 Food & Kindred Products Manufacturing 334.09 61.93 397.12 1,121.14 340.81 211.30
21 Tobacco Manufacturing 1.61 4.47 36.17 93.64 8.79 6.15
22 Textile Mill Products 32.81 297.21 1,205.14 6,729.46 172.28 120.60
24 Lumber and Wood Products 45.38 129.65 484.55 90.38 831.65 332.66
26 Paper and Allied Products 618.41 1,766.48 1,262.16 158.76 1,596.40 1,117.48
27 Printing and Publishing 0.20 0.02 0.07 0.01 0.01
28 Chemical and Allied Products 90.41 14.96 145.09 411.13 37.07 21.60
29 Petroleum and Coal Products 3.91 8.86 14.66 62.23 832.30 499.38
30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products 32.64 9.19 97.72 278.70 21.58 15.11
32 Stone, Clay and Glass Products 220.54 20.48 475.32 360.30 102.93 92.64
33 Primary Metal Industries 264.17 553.78 39.78 133.28 65.94 46.15
34 Fabricated Metal Products 14.96 470.55 10.92 34.42 447.09 312.96
35 Machinery Except Electrical 1.68
36 Electric and Electronic Equipment 27.16 20.44 91.38 185.88 7.71 6.71
37 Transportation Equipment 24.31 0.08 0.36 0.02 0.04 0.03
39 Misc. Manufacturing Industries 0.01 0.11 1.17 3.37 0.26 0.18
49 Electric, Gas and Sanitary Services 102.58 683.84 9,117.82 68,331.23 4,849.54 4,704.05
53 Gen. Merchandise Stores 0.05 0.15 0.70 0.05 0.05 0.04
70 Hotels and Other Lodging Places 0.38 2.55 22.62 54.43 4.37 3.80
72 Personel Services 0.06 1.00 9.76 31.52 2.04 1.78
80 Health Services 0.38 0.63 5.98 13.68 1.95 1.70
Total 1,815.74 4,046.38 13,418.49 78,093.63 9,322.81 7,494.32

Source : Environmental Management Bureau, DENR.
(Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990-1995)
Table 3.4
PHILIPPINE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
1990
(Gg)
Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO

1. All Energy 38,638
A. Fuel Combustion
1. Energy & Transformation 12,133 NE NE NE NE
2. Industry 8,474 NE NE NE NE
3. Transport 10,634 NE NE NE NE
4. Small Combustion 4,194 NE NE NE NE
5. Othersa 3,203 NE NE NE NE
6. Traditional Biomass 48121b 221 0.9 32.5 1,837
Burned for Energy
B. Fugitive Emissions 8.8
1. Coal Mining 7.8
2. Oil 1.0
2. Industrial Processes 3,286
1. Cement 3,272
2. Paper and Pulp 14
3. Solvent and other
Product Usec
4. Agriculture 680.5
A. Enteric Fermentation 243.7
B. Manure Management 70.1
C. Rice Cultivation 366.7d
D. Agricultural Soils NE NE NE NE NE
E. Prescribed Burning of NE NE NE NE NE
Savannahs
F. Field Burning of NE NE NE NE NE
Agricultural Residues
G. Others NE NE NE NE NE
Categories CO2 Emissions CO2 Removals CH4 N2 0 NOX CO
5. Land Use Change and 87,924 3,162

Forestry 4,069 3,162
A. Changes in Forest and 83,855 97.9 0.7 24.3 857
Other Woody Biomass Stocks
B. Forest and Grassland
Conversion
C. Abandonment of Managed NE
Lands
D. Others NE
6. Waste NE NE
TOTAL 129,848 3,162 1008.2
International Bunkers 1280b
Source : PAG-ASA
a
includes non-energy use and unaccounte sources
b
not included in the total
c
source of NMVOC which is not estimated
d
if IPCC emissions factors are used, the value is 1468 Gg
NE means not estimaed
Table 3.5
CHEMICAL IMPORTATIONS
1993 - 1995
(metric tons)
Chemicals 1993 1994 1995

CFC-11 996.9900 1,727.2366 1,231.0931
CFC-12 1,911.1630 2,132.6120 2,094.9207
HCFC-22 934.6080 1,437.7120 1,667.5931
CFC-115 14.3260 1.5080 5.9920
CFC-502 44.8700 42.9214 27.6482
Methyl Bromide - - 15.8400
HCFC-1416 - 29.4200 74.8836
CTC 40.3000 121.7500 100.8000
Chloroform 25.5000 20.3000 -
TCA 129.5400 59.8200 40.2800
1,1,1, Trichloroethane - 39.0520 39.4200
CFC-13 0.7260 0.1452 -
CFC-113 44.8400 46.0850 65.1710
HCFC-123 - 6.1688 2.7216
BCF-Halon R11 7.7140 24.1560 33.6000
Total 4,150.5770 5,688.8870 5,399.9633
Table 3.6
NUMBER OF FOREST FIRE AND AREA AFFECTED
1987 to 1998
Estimated Value Area Affected

Year Number
(Pesos) (hectares)
1987 5,386.00
1988 423.00
1989 675.00
1990 11,872.00
1991 5,871.97
1992 1106 185,463,558.30 51,310.38
1993 595 165,866,132.73 15,329.88
1994 218 20,685,649.80 7,720.77
1995 280 50,668,410.53 10,709.69
1996 194 111,263,443.05 5,463.42
1997 147 56,066,969.52 3,561.43
1998 941 216,547,415.15 52,681.20
Source : Forest Management Bureau, DENR.
Table 3.7
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
1987 to 1998
Name of Volcano Year of Eruption No. of Eruptions Intensity (VEI) Affected Area/s
Kanlaon Volcano 1987 4 Upper Slopes of Volcano

Bulusan Volcano 1988 10 Upper Slopes of Volcano
1991 1 Upper Slopes of Volcano
Pinatubo Volcano 1991 222 5-6 Pampanga, Zambales, Tarlac
Pinatubo Volcano 1992 0-1 Inside Summit Calder
Mayon Volcano 1993 28 2-3 SE Side of Volcano
Bulusan Volcano 1994-1995 15 West Side of Volcano
1997 0
1998 0
Source: PHILVOLCS.
VEI - Volcanic Eruption Index
Table 3.8
HISTORICAL CLIMATE DATA OF THE PHILIPPINES
1966 to 1997
Average Average Average Average Average Average

YEAR Rainfall Minimum Maximum Mean Relative Mean Sea
(mm) Temperature Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
(oC) (oC) (oC) (%) Pressure
(mbs)
1966 2471.2 22.98 31.26 27.12 81.08 1011.05

1967 2361.8 22.67 30.63 26.65 80.83 1010.87
1968 1876.7 22.61 31.04 26.83 79.52 1011.07
1969 1985.6 22.86 31.34 27.10 80.31 1010.99
1970 2613.3 23.09 31.16 27.13 81.50 1010.32
1971 2902.0 22.58 30.41 26.49 82.29 1009.79
1972 2577.6 22.76 30.96 26.86 81.39 1010.60
1973 2438.5 22.82 31.30 27.06 80.16 1010.69
1974 2680.3 22.74 30.68 26.71 81.46 1009.39
1975 2378.1 22.81 30.95 26.88 81.48 1009.96
1976 2455.3 22.62 30.64 26.63 81.11 1010.18
1977 2131.0 22.88 30.98 26.93 80.91 1010.38
1978 2392.9 22.81 30.91 26.86 81.11 1009.79
1979 2021.6 22.94 31.04 26.99 80.98 1009.94
1980 2418.1 22.90 30.87 26.89 82.61 1009.98
1981 2274.8 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.89 1010.05
1982 2162.4 22.90 30.98 26.94 81.62 1009.93
1983 1991.3 23.02 31.53 27.27 80.32 1010.83
1984 2488.0 22.93 31.02 26.98 82.34 1009.13
1985 2584.6 22.95 31.23 27.09 81.64 1008.92
Average Average Average Average Average Average

YEAR Rainfall Minimum Maximum Mean Relative Mean Sea
(mm) Temperature Temperature Temperature Humidity Level
(oC) (oC) (oC) (%) Pressure
(mbs)
1986 2571.5 22.81 31.03 26.93 81.56 1009.50
1987 1847.6 23.16 31.73 27.45 80.08 1010.53
1988 2539.9 23.34 31.67 27.50 81.19 1009.37
1989 2508.1 23.08 31.24 27.16 81.73 1009.43
1990 2386.4 23.18 31.49 27.37 81.33 1009.92
1991 2050.6 23.05 31.32 27.22 81.26 1010.14
1992 1929.9 22.97 31.40 27.22 80.67 1010.31
1993 2242.7 22.99 31.16 27.13 81.49 1008.24
1994 2182.5 23.21 31.15 27.18 81.81 1010.01
1995 2560.6 23.27 31.03 27.15 82.71 1010.20
1996 2518.0 23.47 30.85 27.16 83.08 1009.56
1997 1833.7 23.30 31.10 27.03 81.60 1011.00
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
Table 3.9
ANNUAL FREQUENCY OF TROPICAL CYCLONE
1961 to 1998
Frequency of
Year
Tropical Cyclone
1961 23
1962 21
1963 16
1964 31
1965 21
1966 23
1967 21
1968 15
1969 15
1970 21
1971 27
1972 17
1973 12
1974 23
1975 15
1976 22
1977 19
1978 25
1979 22
1980 23
1981 23
1982 21
Frequency of
Year
Tropical Cyclone
1983 23
1984 20
1985 17
1986 21
1987 16
1988 20
1989 19
1990 20
1991 19
1992 15
1993 32
1994 25
1995 16
1996 17
1997 14
1998 11
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical
Services Administration (PAGASA).
Table 3.10
AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (TSP) (ug/Ncm) AND SO2 (ppm) IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY AIR QUALITY
MONITORING STATION IN METRO MANILA
1987 to 1998
Valenzuela Ermita Makati Quezon City Las Pinas Pasig City Pasay City Paranaque
(Pedro Gil (PAGASA (Manila Memo- (Sucat Road/
Year (Municipal Hall) (Guadalupe Viejo) (Pamplona) (Ugong) (FB Harrison)
cor. Taft Ave.) Compound) rial Park) St. Rita)
TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2 TSP SO2
1987 286 0.004 165 0.011 -- -- -- -- 109 0.007 81 0.005 173 0.006 -- -- 98 0.004
1988 147 0.015 207 0.010 -- 0.010 100 0.009 90 0.006 136 0.005 154 0.013 -- -- -- --
1989 253 -- 212 0.012 -- 0.011 168 0.009 105 -- 220 0.015 191 0.014 124 0.005 -- --
1990 253 -- 200 0.016 184 0.009 149 0.008 119 -- 181 0.023 -- -- -- 0.013 125 --
1991 257 0.012 188 0.016 188 0.013 167 0.010 107 -- 187 0.014 -- -- -- 0.010 143 --
1992 256 0.006 219 0.013 146 0.007 178 0.006 115 -- 183 0.009 -- -- -- 0.007 166 --
1993 173 0.010 164 0.021 179 0.006 121 0.007 72 -- 154 0.018 -- -- -- 0.008 169 --
1994 322 -- 164 -- 188 -- 113 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 112 -- -- --
1995 296 -- 174 -- 210 -- 133 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1996 -- -- -- -- 302 -- -- -- 130 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1997 307 -- -- -- 295 -- 237 -- 134 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
1998 266 -- -- -- -- -- 128 -- 113 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Source: Environmental Management Bureau.
Note: Based on 24 hours sampling
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines for 24 hours:
TSP = 230 ug/Ncm
SO2 = 0.07 ppm
-- Data not available
Table 3.11
MORBIDITY DUE TO RESPIRATORY DISEASES
1989 to 1994
Year Bronchitis ARTI URTI
1989 951,305 875,289 840,215

1990 602,851 3,624,770
1991 725,818 2,991,718
1992 609,203
1993 903,508
1994 1,376,669
Source: PhilippineStatistical Yearbook.,
National Statistical Coordination Board
Table 3.12
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL COMPLIANCE STATISTICS
1990 to 1995
1990 1991
Region Potential Air Firms with APCD Firms without Potential Air Firms with APCD Firms without
Pollutive Firms with PO without PO Total APCD Pollutive Firms with PO without PO Total APCD
Region I 179 107 60 167 12 205 125 66 191 14

Region II 281 224 3 227 54 283 229 2 231 52
Region III 389 375 10 385 4 489 467 16 483 6
Region IV 169 122 47 169 0 -- -- -- -- --
Region V 443 116 274 390 53 458 136 272 408 50
Region VI 357 152 168 320 37 368 156 174 330 38
Region VII 239 187 36 223 16 -- -- -- -- --
Region VIII 6 4 2 6 0 75 69 6 75 0
Region IX 186 54 47 101 85 -- -- -- -- --
Region X 25 10 15 25 0 15 5 10 15 0
Region XI 707 293 225 518 189 836 341 289 630 206
Region XII 189 65 105 170 19 -- -- -- -- --
NCR 280 280 0 280 0 486 486 0 486 0
CAR 19 0 1 1 18 -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 3,469 1,989 993 2,982 487 3,215 2,014 835 2,849 366
1992 1993
Region I -- -- -- -- -- 318 158 158 316 2

Region II 453 368 2 370 83 697 468 207 675 22
Region III -- -- -- -- -- 502 482 18 500 2
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI 438 163 204 367 71 479 153 254 407 72
Region VII 210 27 178 205 5 604 190 404 594 10
Region VIII -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region X 12 2 12 14 0 10 2 7 9 1
Region XI 930 363 360 723 207 858 376 468 844 14
Region XII -- -- -- -- -- 221 54 163 217 4
NCR 558 558 0 558 0 561 210 351 561 0
CAR 19 3 1 4 15 -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 2,620 1,484 757 2,241 381 4,250 2,093 2,030 4,123 127
1994 1995
Region I 346 39 303 342 4 570 274 292 566 4

Region II 921 634 262 896 25 991 368 602 970 21
Region III -- -- -- -- -- 635 568 60 628 7
Region IV -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region V -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region VI 489 117 335 452 37 513 44 432 476 37
Region VII 654 188 457 645 9 717 234 475 709 8
Region VIII -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region IX -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region X -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Region XI 938 407 520 927 11 -- -- -- -- --
Region XII 229 38 187 225 4 231 27 200 227 4
NCR 605 31 574 605 0 679 177 502 679 0
CAR -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Philippines 4,182 1,454 2,638 4,092 90 4,336 1,692 2,563 4,255 81
Source: Philippine Environmental Quality Report 1990-1995. EMB, DENR.

APCD - Air Pollution Control Device
PO - Permit to Operate
-- Data Not Available
Table 3.13
NUMBER OF VEHICLES APPREHENDED FOR SMOKE-BELCHING
1994 to 1998
Fines Collected
Year Number
(pesos)
1994 19,041 4,546,000.00

1995 43,134 8,868,000.00
1996 26,007 4,891,050.00
1997 23,404 4,168,405.00
1998 32,978 6,576,795.00
Source : Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA).
Table 3.14
BUDGET FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
1990 to 1998
(pesos)
Year DENR EMB Regional EMS

1990 4,549,610,000 36,804,000 33,669,000
1991 3,737,663,000 20,250,000 31,258,000
1992 4,631,481,000 21,633,000 35,988,000
1993 3,665,127,000 21,078,000 79,873,000
1994 4,370,104,000 46,349,000 89,419,000 *
1995 3,231,900,000 68,736,000 121,414,000 *
1996 155,008,000
1997 90,649,000
1998 110,356,000
(Philippine Managemental Quality Report, 1990-1995)
* Including Congressional Insertion
Table 3.15
CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS BY MONTH AND BY SELECTED STATION
1961 to 1995
Sampling Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Ambulong, Batangas
Rainfall (mm) 18.4 7.7 17.7 31.1 124.3 255.6 335.9 331.2 283.8 229.7 173.9 97.5
Number of Rainy Days 4.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 10.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 18.0 15.0 12.0 10.0
Maximum Temperature(oC) 30.4 31.8 33.5 34.8 34.2 32.5 31.4 30.9 31.3 31.7 31.2 30.2
Minimum Temperature (oC) 21.6 21.6 22.3 23.4 24.1 24.1 23.8 23.9 23.6 23.2 23.0 22.4
Aparri, Cagayan
Rainfall (mm) 114.6 56.4 41.1 29.0 106.5 153.6 206.4 222.4 250.7 342.0 339.5 173.6
Baguio City, Benguet
Rainfall (mm) 12.1 8.1 26.3 88.8 345.2 500.6 803.1 906.0 648.2 382.0 110.5 24.4
Baler, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 180.5 141.8 183.9 209.3 309.5 275.4 267.6 209.1 314.7 455.9 447.6 276.9
Basco, Batanes
Rainfall (mm) 176.2 126.9 92.4 66.7 171.9 241.0 278.8 417.6 365.8 344.0 290.6 244.4
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Butuan City, Agusan del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 301.7 197.4 135.9 101.3 110.8 132.1 159.9 101.5 143.6 195.1 175.9 223.6
Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija
Rainfall (mm) 8.1 3.4 13.3 21.5 165.1 286.8 358.4 378.9 315.9 193.1 112.6 36.9
Cagayan de Oro, Misamis Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 97.3 65.1 47.0 37.0 88.2 209.2 211.4 207.6 207.4 187.0 124.9 94.5
Calapan, Oriental Mindoro
Rainfall (mm) 85.7 48.9 55.6 94.3 157.8 191.1 221.0 191.3 214.2 301.3 245.3 192.0
Catarman, Northern Samar
Rainfall (mm) 425.1 231.3 183.8 134.8 138.7 194.2 210.7 149.1 202.7 324.5 511.3 539.2
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Catbalogan, Western Samar
Rainfall (mm) 219.4 138.0 126.4 101.8 154.8 223.1 270.0 198.3 255.7 280.7 324.2 283.1
Coron, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 22.0 7.1 6.6 21.8 159.8 375.1 511.6 537.4 433.7 301.2 122.1 79.0
Cuyo, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 8.9 0.5 5.4 37.7 184.2 380.5 433.5 430.8 372.4 297.4 132.0 44.4
Daet, Camarines Norte
Rainfall (mm) 259.0 146.6 126.4 118.2 137.8 182.3 241.2 191.5 261.9 482.9 545.4 583.0
Dagupan City, Pangasinan
Rainfall (mm) 7.7 4.3 14.4 54.6 212.3 373.9 520.2 593.0 359.9 174.2 54.0 11.2
Dipolog, Zamboanga del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 135.5 59.8 61.7 86.4 163.6 233.1 215.6 210.5 225.6 278.1 352.8 247.2
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
o
Maximum Temperature( C) 30.4 30.9 31.9 33.1 33.4 32.8 32.5 32.8 32.6 32.5 31.9 31.1
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 78.5 52.0 45.3 40.6 65.6 107.8 118.3 105.8 135.6 157.6 137.8 97.0
General Santos, South Cotabato
Rainfall (mm) 72.4 67.2 43.8 52.4 73.6 118.3 102.2 82.1 89.8 104.0 83.0 70.0
Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur
Rainfall (mm) 670.2 504.9 431.5 311.0 239.8 254.1 203.1 183.5 201.9 241.7 365.6 561.0
Infanta, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 333.4 218.4 166.6 164.0 220.2 248.4 264.7 186.6 298.8 626.7 623.3 616.3
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
Rainfall (mm) 4.4 1.0 1.7 20.1 149.4 349.6 437.6 573.2 406.3 118.4 31.4 9.7
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Lumbia Airport, Misamis Oriental
Rainfall (mm) 79.9 52.7 37.8 43.6 108.7 210.8 246.0 209.6 210.6 181.9 120.9 105.4
Iba, Zambales
Rainfall (mm) 2.8 3.9 12.3 27.4 303.5 600.6 851.8 ###### 591.5 254.9 86.1 31.4
Maasin, Southern Leyte
Rainfall (mm) 203.9 117.0 99.8 57.3 61.7 124.3 159.1 158.6 164.2 209.4 186.3 178.3
Malaybalay, Bukidnon
Rainfall (mm) 130.6 104.0 101.0 100.6 229.2 308.6 317.8 311.9 305.6 312.0 182.5 126.8
Masbate, Masbate
Rainfall (mm) 162.2 77.4 58.9 48.7 121.5 156.3 198.5 179.4 225.1 214.7 251.3 244.8
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Puerto Princesa, Palawan
Rainfall (mm) 25.6 13.7 24.2 35.1 129.8 179.6 176.4 168.4 191.7 208.8 204.8 117.1
Romblon, Romblon
Rainfall (mm) 102.4 42.5 45.2 55.4 118.9 218.6 259.4 215.4 242.6 302.4 225.6 182.0
Roxas City, Aklan
Rainfall (mm) 96.5 42.2 46.7 51.1 124.4 244.9 264.9 230.2 230.3 297.2 249.9 147.1
San Francisco, Quezon
Rainfall (mm) 51.7 16.8 20.1 16.3 91.2 187.5 226.3 167.1 181.4 161.7 136.4 151.0
San Jose, Occidental Mindoro
Rainfall (mm) 3.7 6.1 10.9 18.7 105.5 438.4 489.8 492.9 408.3 262.1 110.5 50.1
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Sangley Point, Cavite
Rainfall (mm) 18.0 5.0 5.9 13.9 98.4 273.8 355.8 501.8 288.9 216.0 103.8 40.7
Science Garden, Quezon City
Rainfall (mm) 18.7 7.4 16.7 28.5 141.0 344.6 478.6 517.1 402.2 268.2 147.2 61.9
Surigao, Surigao del Norte
Rainfall (mm) 612.7 460.6 337.2 249.4 143.8 135.2 167.0 142.6 147.6 258.3 455.6 529.5
Tacloban City, Leyte
Rainfall (mm) 272.5 198.7 145.2 117.6 136.1 157.0 172.6 143.4 161.0 189.7 280.2 323.8
Tagbilaran City, Bohol
Rainfall (mm) 100.2 69.4 69.7 65.1 76.4 122.1 118.6 108.4 130.0 171.6 183.2 118.0
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Tuguegarao, Cagayan
Rainfall (mm) 23.8 11.5 24.1 45.8 125.2 158.1 210.3 259.6 197.0 275.4 250.4 91.0
Vigan, Ilocos Sur
Rainfall (mm) 3.0 2.4 2.1 15.0 169.5 409.4 556.9 697.9 411.7 130.8 22.0 9.5
Virac Radar, Catanduanes
Rainfall (mm) 347.1 198.3 145.6 160.6 168.1 262.0 250.4 167.5 250.8 402.5 536.0 560.0
Virac Synop, Catanduanes
Rainfall (mm) 191.7 99.3 99.9 107.7 158.4 241.7 235.1 163.5 236.0 348.3 439.5 444.9
Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Sur
Rainfall (mm) 56.2 49.7 41.5 61.0 106.9 161.3 143.4 129.9 169.5 202.3 163.2 107.8
Source: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, DOST.
Note: Climatological Normals refer to the period averages for a uniform and relative long period
comprising at least 3 consecutive 10-year period.
Table 3.15
1961 to 1995
Table 3.16
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN METRO MANILA
1990
(tons per year)
Pollutants Source Category

Mobile Stationary Area Total
TOG 100,954.00 1,816.00 5,162.00 107,932.00
% 93.50 1.70 4.80 100.00
CO 572,626.00 4,046.00 525.00 577,197.00
% 99.21 0.70 0.09 100.00
NOX 66,216.00 13,418.00 276.00 79,910.00
% 82.86 16.79 0.35 100.00
SOX 10,350.00 78,094.00 12.00 88,456.00
% 11.75 88.28 0.02 100.05
PM 13,220.00 9,323.00 102,286.00 124,829.00
% 10.59 7.47 81.94 100.00
PM10 11,450.00 7,494.00 51,042.00 69,986.00
% 16.36 10.71 72.93 100.00
Table 3.17
AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE METRO MANILA REGION
1990
(tons/year)
Type of Area Pollutants

Source TOG CO NOX SOX PM PM10
Paved Road Travel -- -- -- -- 80,507.88 37,033.63
Structural Fires 9.25 113.08 2.57 -- 7.20 7.06
Automobile Fires 0.09 2.87 0.09 -- 2.30 1.61
Road Construction -- -- -- -- 8,478.89 5,426.49
Building Const. -- -- -- -- 13,380.19 8,563.32
Surface Coatings 381.80 -- -- -- -- --
Adhesive and Sealants 1,332.87 -- -- -- -- --
Dry Cleaning 80.87 -- -- -- -- --
Industrial Degreasing 773.30 -- 0.18 5.17 5.17
Residential Fuel 11.61 29.71 145.98 12.17 4.49 4.38
Combustion
Commercial Aircraft 161.54 378.93 127.17 -- --
Gasoline Dispersing 2,410.92 -- --
Facilities
Total 5,162.25 524.59 275.81 12.35 102,386.12 51,041.66
Source: Environmental Management Bureau
4
Water
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 4 WATER
Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-ii
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-vi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

1.1 Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
1.2 Statistical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
1.3.1 Socio-Economic Activities and Natural
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

2.1 Highlights of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a. Stocks and Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
a.1. Water Stock and Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
a.2. Socio-Economic Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
a.3. Man-Made Infrastructure for Water
Resource . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
b. Social and Economic Activities and Natural
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
c. Environmental Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
d. Response to Environmental Impacts . . . . . . 4-45
2.2 Statistical Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
4-i
Water
LIST OF TABLES
A Conceptual Framework on Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
B Statistical Framework on Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
C Data Assessment of the Water Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
4.1a Water Demand Requirements from Groundwater, by Sector and by

Region, 1988 to 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-48
4.1b Water Demand Requirements from Surface Water, by Sector and

by Region, 1988 to 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50
4.2 Amount of Water Abstracted by Source of Water Supply, by Type

of Use and by Region, 1995 and 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-52
4.3 Water Use, 1985 to 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54
4.4a Irrigation Development by Province, As of December 1996 . . . . . . 4-56
4.4b Irrigation by Service Area, by Region, 1993 and 1994 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-65
4.4c Irrigation from Facilities and Corresponding Capacity, 1995 . . . . . . 4-67
4.5a Industrial Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68
4.5b Existing Water Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69
4.6a Level I-Water System Production, As of January 1997 . . . . . . . . . . 4-70
4.6.b Level II-Water System Production, As of January 1997 . . . . . . . . . . 4-73
4.6c Level III-Water System Production, As of January 1997 . . . . . . . . . 4-76
4.7a Existing Service Coverage and Water Demand of Public Water

Supply and Private Water Source, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-77
4.7b Water Demand of Public Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-82
4-ii
Water
4.7c Information on Existing Facilities in Selected Provinces Under

Study, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84
4.7d Groundwater Sources of Selected Provinces Under Study, 1995 . . . 4-87
4.8 Number of Ports by Region, As of December 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-89
4.9 Occurrence of Tidal Waves/Moonsoon Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-90
4.10 Storage Type Hydropower Schemes in the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . 4-91
4.11 Physical Accounts of Groundwater in the Philippines, 1988-1994 . . 4-93
4.12 Physical Accounts of Surface Water in the Philippines, 1988-1993 . 4-94
4.13 Annual BOD Concentration in the Pasig River, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . 4-95
4.14a Annual DO and BOD Concentrations in Metro Manila Rivers,

1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-97
4.14b Suspended Solids in Metro Manila Rivers, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . . . 4-99
4.15 Toxic Red Tide Outbreaks, Philippines, 1990-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-101
4.16 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning Cases, Philippines, 1990-1996 . . . . . . 4-102
4.17 Water-Borne Diseases, Philippines, 1991-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-103
4.18 List of Rivers Surveyed According to Pollution Level in Selected

Regions, 1989-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-108
4.19a Flow Duration Curve of Major River Basins in Luzon Island . . . . . 4-112
4.19b Flow Duration Curve of Major River Basins in Visayas Island . . . . 4-113
4.19c Flow Duration Curve of Major River Basins in Mindanao Island . . 4-114
4.20a Water Quality Analysis of Dissolved Ion Composition from Power

Plants/Energy Firms, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-115
4.20b Water Quality Analysis of Dissolved Ion Composition from Power

Plants/Energy Firms, Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116
4-iii
Water
4.21a Water Rights Grants by the National Water Resources Board, As of

January 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-117
4.21b Water Rights for Industrial Consumption, 1992-1996. . . . . . . . . . . . 4-123
4.22 Water Production and Volume Sold by the Metropolitan

Waterworks and Sewerage System, 1985-1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-124
4.23 Existing Groundwater Irrigation in Selected Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-125
4.24a Physical Accounts of Groundwater, by Region, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . 4-128
4.24b Physical Accounts of Surface Water, by Region, 1988-1994 . . . . . . 4-132
4.25 Average Annual Rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-135
4.26 Population and Growth by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-136
4.27a Economic Zone and Water Demand Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-137
4.27b Utilization of Areas for Industrialization, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-139
4.28 Irrigation System and Water Rights, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-150
4.29 Inventory of Classified Rivers, As of January 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-151
4.30 Classification of Fresh Surface Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-163
4.31 List of Large Scale Dams Identified in the Philippines, 1978 . . . . . . 4-164
4.32 Number of Reservoirs, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-179
4.33 Water Production and Facilities of Water Districts, As of January

1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-180
4.34 Registered Water Rights of Water Districts, As of March 1997 . . . . 4-181
4.35 Number of Municipal Water Supply Systems Served, by Water

Resource Region, As of January 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-182
4.36 Estimated Rural Water Supply, 1987-2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-183
4.37 Projected Water Consumption in Metro Manila, 1995-2025 . . . . . . 4-184
4-iv
Water
4.38 Projected Water Consumption by Water Districts in Selected

Regions, 1990-2025. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-185
4.39 Projected Services Coverage and Water Demand for Public Water
Supply, 2000-2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-186
4.40 List of Rivers Surveyed According to Pollution Level in Selected

Regions, 1989-1992 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-191
4-v
Water
LIST OF FIGURES
4.1 Stock of Groundwater, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-37
4.2 Stock of Surface Water, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
4.3 Average Annual Rainfall by Region, 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
4.4 Withdrawal of Groundwater, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
4.5 Surface Water Withdrawal, 1988-1993 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4-40
4.6 Industrial Water Demand, 1995 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
4.7 Depletion of Groundwater, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
4.8 Depletion of Surface Water, 1988-1994 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
4.9 BOD Concentration in Metro Manila Rivers, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . 4-44
4.10 DO Concentration in Metro Manila Rivers, 1990-1995 . . . . . . . . . 4-44
4.11 Water by Type of Use per Grantee, 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-46
4-vi
Water
INTRODUCTION
The importance of assessing surface and groundwater resources in terms of quality and
quantity is clearly recognized in Asia and the Pacific as an essential prerequisite to the
sustainable development and integrated management of water resources. However countries
are faced with inadequate information on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of water for
planning and policy formulation. In the case of the Philippines effective water management and
regulation is still constrained with insufficient data especially those pertaining to ecological data.
Very limited historical data are available. Most of these data are outputs of projects and special
studies and some are only projections. In addition, these items of information are available in
different agencies and need to be organized in such a manner that would facilitate analysis of
their linkages.
Freshwater is as essential as air and is needed in all aspects of life. As such it should be
made certain that adequate supply of good quality water is maintained for the whole population.
The country’s total freshwater area is about 569,600 hectares, which include freshwater
swamps, natural lakes, rivers, reservoirs and fishponds. There is also an abundant groundwater
resource. However, this resource is getting scarce as a result of development pressures like
population growth, industrialization and urbanization. Depletion of ground water as a result of
extraction for industrial and domestic use is a growing concern in urban areas, particularly in
Metro Manila, Cavite, Cebu and Iloilo. In some areas in Metro Manila this has led to
subsidence and salt water intrusion, affecting the availability of water not only from aquifers but
also from surface waters.
Similarly, marine waters and its integral ecosystem comprising the marine environment is
an essential component of the global life-support system and an asset that presents opportunities
for sustainable development. The Philippine marine territorial waters representing the Exclusive
Economic Zone cover about 2.2 million square kilometers of which 88 percent is oceanic and
12 percent coastal waters. Its coastal areas abound with flora and fauna species while the
beaches, gulfs and covers provide significant recreational values. The Philippine fishery
production comes primarily from the coastal areas.
The quality of coastal waters has deteriorated over the past decade from contaminants
coming primarily from land-based sources such as sewage and industrial effluents from urban
areas, tailings from mining activities, and fertilizer and pesticide residues from agricultural run-off,
and oils from maritime transport operations.
4-1
Water
1. FRAMEWORK
1.1. Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework shown in Table A relates freshwater and marine water to
four information categories, namely: 1) Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events; 2)
Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events; 3) Response to Environmental Impacts; and 4.)
Stocks and Inventories.
Human and natural events that put pressure on the environment are incorporated in the
first information category. Water is affected by the production and consumption activities of
human beings. Freshwater, consisting of ground and surface water is abstracted and
impounded, respectively for household, agriculture and industrial use. In addition, surface water
and marine waters are used for recreation, transport and for the generation of electricity.
Furthermore, economic activities as well as household activities use fresh and marine waters as
sink for their effluents and solid wastes. Not all of the pressures on the environment are man-
made. Natural events, such as floods, droughts and landslides as well, are sources of pressure
on the water resource.
The second information category contains the effect or impacts of the activities and
natural events on the resource. The above uses of the water resources can result either, to its
depletion with its quantitative use, as it is abstracted or impounded for consumption, or to its
degradation with its use as a sink for the residuals of economic production and of household
consumption. The occurrence of natural calamities, likewise, affects the state of the water
resource.
The third information category includes the government and the private sectors’ actions
to conserve or restore the quality of water resource to certain acceptable standards. To avoid
or mitigate impacts of activities and events, the government formulates policies and institutes
measures towards the protection, management and conservation of water resources.
Implementation of which are carried out by both the public and the private sectors.
The fourth category conveys information on the stock of water resources and related
hydrological information. Stock or inventory of related demographic variables such as
population, and man-made structures either for the protection of the resource or for purposes of
economic production that would have impact on the resource, are likewise included.
4-2
Water
4-3
Water
1.2. Statistical Framework
Table B presents the corresponding statistical framework for the above conceptual
framework. The statistical framework was developed based on inputs from experts on water
resource and from the data assessment conducted. This served as the operational framework
that provided the basis for the collection of the data that went into this compilation.
For each topic or item under each information category, the corresponding variables are
identified including their measurements.
1.3. Data Assessment
Table C shows the result of the data assessment conducted, with the different agencies
concerned with water management as respondents. The data assessment provided information
on which of the initially identified variables are available and from what agency and their
availability in terms of specific source, i.e. whether from special studies or from publication, ad
hoc or one time source, or regularly collected.
The data obtained from water management agencies under this information category are
based on the following topics: water abstraction, use of abstracted water, in-site use of water
and natural and climatic events. These data cover the abstraction and use of surface and
groundwater by the different sectors of the economy, and for natural and climatic events, the
occurrence of tidal waves. Most of the data have regional disaggregation and although they are
available at the water agencies, only a few have historical series.
The data obtained for this information category are based on the topic or item on the
depletion of water resources and on the degradation of water quality. The data gathered are
mostly on the condition of the rivers in the country. Disaggregation of the data is mostly site-
specific and lacks historical series. The data either are administrative based or from sample
surveys.
4-4
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4-5
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4-6
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4-7
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4-8
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4-9
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4-10
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4-11
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4-12
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4-13
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4-14
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4-15
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4-16
Water
4-17
Water
4-18
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4-19
Water
4-20
Water
4-21
Water
4-22
Water
4-23
Water
4-24
Water
4-25
Water
4-26
Water
4-27
Water
4-28
Water
4-29
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4-30
Water
4-31
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4-32
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4-33
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4-34
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4-35
Water
The data obtained cover the topic or item on the regulation of water use and protection
and water conservation. The data gathered for this information category are on the water rights
issued to the different sectors of the economy, including dams and reservoirs used in water
conservation and protection. Although regional disaggregation is available, the coverage is only
for the year 1997.
The data obtained for stocks and inventories covered the following topics: water stocks
and flow, socio-economic factors affecting water use and man-made infrastructures for water
resources. Like the rest of the water data, no historical series exist for these sets of data. Most
of the data have regional disaggregation but are available in a single year period while the rest
are projections.
The data assessment revealed that while there could be a lot of data for water, still these
are assessed as insufficient considering that these are fragmented. Most of these data are results
of ad hoc or one-time studies and quite outdated. Very few would have historical series.
Further, most of these data, like for example rainfall, are not readily available for use as they still
need to be consolidated.
4-36
Water
The ensuing discussion presents the highlights of the compilation on the data on water
resources and related socio-economic variables. The report starts with a perspective on the
stock of water resources, man-made structures related to delivery systems as well as the
relevant socio-economic factors. Thereafter, the discussion is on the factors related to the
flows, that is the utilization of the resource, the impacts on the resource such as depletion and
degradation, and the government as well as the private sector’s response to mitigate the impacts
or restore it to some desired quality.
However, given the limitations on the data there will be no attempt to relate these
different variables.
a. Stocks and Inventories
a.1. Water Stock and Flow
Freshwater consists of both ground and surface water. The stock of groundwater was
estimated at 265,523 cubic meters in 1988 based on the study on water resources done under
the Environmental and Natural Resources Accounting (ENRA) Subprogramme of the Integrated
Environmental Management for Sustainable Development (IEMSD). This decreased to
244,605 cubic meters in 1994 or an average annual reduction of 1.4 percent. Twenty -four
percent of this stock was shared in almost equal proportion between Region III and Region VI.
Figure 4-1. Stock of Groundwater, 1988 to 1994
270,000 265,523.08
262,856.76
265,000 259,924.72
256,456.58
million cubic meters
260,000
252,745.25
255,000
248,980.83
250,000 244,605.30
245,000
240,000
235,000
230,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
4-37
Water
From the same source, the stock of surface water was estimated at 158,497 cubic
meters in 1993 and is decreasing at a much faster annual average rate of 3.7 percent. Region
XII accounts for the biggest share (25.7 percent) of the country’s stock of surface water.
Figure 4-2. Stock of Surface Water, 1988 to 1994
250,000 220,400
198,402 189,172
200,000
152,373 156,919
144,710
150,000
100,000
50,000
-
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Year
Water as a renewable resource is cyclical and is recharged by precipitation. Estimates

done in 1980 showed an annual average rainfall of 2,178 millimeter per year. Net inflow was
33,088 million cubic meters per year and estimated storage was 3,769,560 million cubic meters
per year.
Figure 4-3. Average Annual Rainfall by Region
3,500
3,045
2,878 2,800
3,000
2,500 2,500
2,389
million millimeters
2,347
2,500 2,083 2,032
2,000 1,750
1,500
1,500 1,250
1,000
500
-
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
Year
4-38
Water
a.2. Socio -Economic Factors
The country’s water resource has to support a population growing at an average annual
rate of 2.34 percent, estimated at 68 million as of the 1995 count.
This also has to meet the requirements of production activities. As of 1996, the
economic zones all over the country covered a total area of 6,849 hectares. Annual estimated
consumption was 24.62 cubic meters per hectare per day in 1996 and estimated to reach 137
cubic meters per hectare per year in year 2010.
As of 1996 inventory, 1,361,706 hectares of the potential arable area was covered by
the 11,089 irrigation systems all over the country. More than 90 percent or 10,105 used
surface facilities, with only 984 using well facilities.
As of March 1997, an updated list of water bodies showed that 97 of the 251 rivers
belonged to class A 1. About 30 percent of the class A rivers were found in Region X.
a.3. Man-made infrastructure for water resource
An inventory made twenty years ago listed 364 large-scale dams all over the country.
Region I had the most number of these large-scale dams numbering 62 in all, and with a
relatively small area it has a dam density of almost four times that of the national average.
Based on LWUA’s list of water districts as of 1997, there were 1,327 wells with total
production of 612.95 million cubic meters per year serving 27 percent of the population.
b. Socioeconomic Activities and Natural Events
Water resource utilization that comes with increased population and economic progress
is taking its toll on the country’s water resources. The quantity of water demand from
groundwater amounted to 5,856 million cubic meters in 1994 from 4,298 cubic meters in 1988,
increasing on the average by 5.3 percent annually. Industrial use accounted for a bigger
proportion of groundwater demand (61.3 percent) compared with domestic use. Across
regions, Region IV accounted for about 30 percent of total groundwater demand.
1
Class A rivers are used as source of water supply and require complete treatment (coagulation,
sedimentation, filtration and disinfection) in order to meet the National Standards for Safe Drinking Water.
4-39
Water
Figure 4-4. Withdrawal of Groundwater, 1988 to 1994

7,000
5,856
6,000 5,392
4,975 5,134
4,826
5,000 4,522
4,298
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
-
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Year
For surface water, requirements for all uses amounted to 52,614 million cubic meters in
1994 from 44,182 million cubic meters consumption in 1988 or an average annual increase of
3.0 percent. Surface water was primarily used for agriculture accounting for about 97 percent
of total demand.
Figure 4-5. Surface Water Withdrawal, 1988 to 1993
42,000 41,223.27
41,000 40,229.76 40,159.77
40,000
38,446.31
39,000
37,600.12
38,000
37,000
35,468.97
36,000
35,000
34,000
33,000
32,000
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Year
Data on the amount of water abstracted by source, for the comparative years 1995-
1996, showed that water abstraction was at 4,630,487 liters per second in 1996, an increase of
2.1 percent from the 1995 abstraction rate of 4,535,629 liters per second. Power generation
4-40
Water
accounted for about 61 percent, and irrigation use, 33 percent. About 99 percent of water
abstraction was from surface water, almost two-thirds of which was used for power generation.
Across regions, Region XII had the largest abstraction rate of 147,153 liters per second.
Data series from 1985-1996 from MWSS showed a decreasing daily per capita
consumption from 1988 (191 liters per capita demand) to 1996 (158 liters per capita demand).
Estimated liters per capita consumption per day was largest for domestic use, which was 126 in
1996 and industrial use registered the least at 6 liters per capita demand for the same year. Of
the total 11,096,000 population covered by MWSS only 65 percent were served in 1996.
Total volume sold per day is estimated at 1,194 million liters.
In 1994, 1,534,130 hectares or 49.1 percent of total potential irrigation area had
irrigation facilities. It is 0.4 percent lower than the irrigated area reported the previous year.
Industrial water demand in 1995 amounted to 2,324 million cubic meters per year, of
which about 76 percent is for surface water.
Figure 4-6. Industrial Water Demand, 1995
76
24
Surface Water Groundwater
In 1995, of the total 1,958 million cubic meters demand for public water supply, 1,558
million cubic meters or about 80 percent is from urban areas. Likewise, 1,589 million cubic
meters or about 81 percent were in the L-III system, that is those with individual house
connection. Across regions, demand was primarily served under the L-III system except in
Regions II, VIII and XII, which were served with L-I and II facilities or with wells or communal
faucet system.
4-41
Water
The increase in population and economic activities has also considerably increased the
effluents being discharged to the water bodies. Domestic sewage contributed about 52 percent
of the pollution load while the industries accounted for the remaining 48 percent.
Coastal population and settlements, which are often situated along riverbanks, are
sources of water pollution. Inefficient and improper operation of landfills or incinerators and
inadequate public cooperation on the proper disposal of sewage and solid wastes are
contributory to the degradation of inland and coastal waters.
A ports inventory made in 1996 listed a total of 1,425 ports, about 58 percent of which
were public and private commercial ports. There were 429 listed fishing ports.
Almost all of the tidal waves/moonsoon waves monitored from 1994 to 1996 occurred
in Davao except that reported in 1996, which occurred in Infanta, Quezon.
c. Environmental Impacts
The rapid increase in the use of water as demand from domestic, industrial and
agriculture rise, compounded by the heavy pollution loads caused by the disposal of the
same users and climatic changes, resulted in the depletion and degradation of the country’s
water resources posing threats on the sustainability of these resources and related ecosystems
and on the health of the general populace.
The Physical Asset Accounts compiled for groundwater showed that from 1988 to
1994 recharge which was decreasing over the years was much lower than water withdrawal
which continued to increase. With such trend, groundwater was being depleted annually on the
average by 10.2 percent. Depletion as defined here is abstraction beyond the replenishment
Figure 4-7. Depletion of Groundwater, 1988 to 1994
-
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
(1,000)
(2,000)
(3,000)
(4,000)
(5,000) (4,298) (4,522)
(4,826) (4,975) (5,134) (5,392)
(6,000)
(5,856)
(7,000)
4-42
Water
rate. Estimated depletion for 1994 was 4,375 million cubic meter. Across regions, Region IV
had the largest depletion. On the other hand for Regions II, VIII and X recharge was still higher
than their withdrawals.
In the case of surface water, from 1988 to 1991 withdrawal was higher than additions.
However, in 1992 and 1993 the estimate showed net addition to the stock of surface water,
though at a decreasing level from 12,209 million cubic meters in 1992 to 1,577 million cubic
meters in 1993.
Figure 4-8. Depletion of Surface Water, 1988 to 1994

20,000
12,209
10,000
1,577
-
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
(10,000) (7,663)
(9,230)
(20,000)
(21,998)
(30,000)
(40,000) (36,799)
The six-year monitoring of Metro Manila Rivers showed, that for Pasig River, coliform
counts and nitrate decreased between 1994 and 1995 in most of the stations covered.
However in the case of nitrate there was an increasing trend in majority of the stations covered.
Average Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) concentration for all 14 stations

monitored in 1995 in Marikina, San Juan, Paranaque and Tullahan-Tenejeros Rivers was 36
milligrams per liter much lower than the average concentration in 1994 which was estimated at
51.6 milligrams per liter. Highest BOD concentration was recorded at 66.4 milligrams per liter
at the Tullahan-Tenejeros River.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in Metro Manila Rivers was much lower in 1990
and 1991. DO concentration more than doubled between 1991 and 1992 from an average of
0.7 milligrams per liter to 2.0 milligrams per liter, respectively. There was a decreasing trend
between 1992 to 1994 but between 1994 and 1995 there was again an increase in DO
concentration in most of the stations covered. In 1995, lowest recorded was 0.1 milligrams per
4-43
Water
liter at the Tullahan-Tenejeros River and the highest at 8.4 milligrams per liter at the Marikina
River.
Figure 4-9. BOD Concentration in Metro Manila Rivers

1990 to 1995
60 51.6
50 44.6
38.4 36.1 38.4 36.0
40
mg/l
30
20
10
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Year
For the same rivers, suspended solids was observed to be highest in 1991, averaging
122.2 milligrams per liter, with the highest level recorded at 256 milligrams per liter at the
Tullahan-Tenejeros River. This decreased considerably in 1995 averaging 56.1 milligrams per
liter with highest recorded at 93 milligrams per liter still at Tullahan-Tenejeros River.
Figure 4-10. DO Concentration in Metro Manila Rivers

1990 to 1995
2.5 2.1
2.0 1.9 1.8
2
1.3
1.5
mg/l
1 0.7
0.5
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Year
4-44
Water
Data on toxic red tide outbreaks monitored from 1990 to 1996 showed that this has
become a regular occurrence in Manila Bay indicative of the extent of degradation of this body
of water. Occurences were also recorded in Zambales, Camiguin Island, Tacloban, Surigao,
Zamboanga del Sur and Masbate.
Available data from 1991 to 1993 showed an increasing trend in the incidence of water-
borne diseases. These water-borne diseases include typhoid and paratyphoid, diarrhea, H-
fever, Malaria, schistosomiasis and cholera.
Based on the list of 87 rivers surveyed in Ilocos, Cagayan Valley, Central Luzon.
Southern Tagalog and Bicol between 1989 to 1992, 10 were identified dead rivers as of
1992, half of which were in Ilocos Region. These rivers included Amburayan, Baroro,
Balicaquin, Bued and Dagupan. In Cagayan Valley, except for one that was slightly polluted,
all the rest were not yet polluted.
Four rivers in Central Luzon were also classified dead rivers, which were Balagtas,
Bocaue, Marilao and Meycauyan. In Southern Tagalog most of the rivers were slightly
polluted.
Flow duration curves of major river basins in Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao are shown
in Table VI.B.6.a-6.c. For Luzon discharge rate was highest for Apayao at 23.84 cubic meters
per second per one thousand square kilometers at 10 percent of the time. Abra and
Pinacanauan also registered a relatively high discharge rate compared with the rest of the river
basin in Luzon. For Visayas, Payo registered the highest at 104.5 cubic meters per second per
one thousand square kilometers, followed by Panay at 20 cubic meters per second per one
thousand square kilometers at 10 percent of the time. For Mindanao, Agusan and Cagayan
have the highest discharge rates at 16.27 and 14.24 cubic meters per second per one thousand
square kilometers at 10 percent of the time, respectively.
d. Response to Environmental Impacts
Currently there are five government units charged with the management of the country’s
water resources. The National Water Resources Board (NWRB) regulates the abstraction and
use of water by domestic, industrial and agricultural users. The Metropolitan and Waterworks
and Sewerage System (MWSS) manages the production, purification and distribution of
water in Metro Manila and municipalities adjacent to the NCR. Those outside the NCR is
taken cared of by the Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA) which is also tasked with
the creation of local Water Districts (WDs) in the municipalities. The National Irrigation
Administration (NIA) manages the irrigation facilities in support of the needs of the agriculture
sector. The unit that is responsible for managing and maintaining the quality of water in the
4-45
Water
country is the Water Quality Management Section of the Environmental Management Bureau.
And in 1997, to address the issue on water, a Water Resource Management Task Force was
established by Executive Order 374 with the primary objective of looking into the efficient use
and allocation of water, pricing, prioritization of water projects and the coordination of related
policies.
Information related to water management includes water rights granted, number of

connections, irrigation development as well as availability of water quality monitoring stations.
As of January 1997, NWRB granted a total of 14,432 water rights with total
abstraction rate of 4,704,112 liters per second. Irrigation accounted for 8,815 of the total
water grants followed by domestic use with 4,048 water rights granted. While power only had
180 grantees it accounted for the largest water demand at 2,893,175 liters per second, mostly
for surface water.
Figure 4-11. Water by Type of Use per Grantee, 1997
62%
33%
3%
2%
Industrial Domestic Irrigated Power
Annual growth of water rights granted for industrial use averaged 1.3 percent from 1987
to 1993 except for 1988 to 1989, which only registered 0.4 percent with additional water rights
granted only for Regions I, II and IV. In 1993-1994 and in 1995-1996, the increase in water
rights granted were at 3.5 percent and 3.9 percent respectively. Significant increase was
registered in 1995 at 12.7 percent, with more than 50 percent increase in rights (for both ground
and surface water) granted for Region IV. Total water rights granted for industrial use in 1996
registered at 65,929.
4-46
Water
Table 4.28.shows the status of irrigation development by type and by region. In 1996
the service coverage was 44 percent for a total service area of 1,361,706 hectares. Region III
has the largest service area with 359,262 hectares for a service coverage rate of about 54
percent. Largest service coverage rate was registered in Region I. Total potential irrigable area
for the period was 3,126,340 hectares.
4-47
Water

Table 4.1a
WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENTS FROM GROUNDWATER, BY SECTOR AND BY REGION
1988 to 1994
(In million cubic meters)
Sector Region 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994

Domestic NCR 208.64 214.35 220.03 225.66 231.24 236.73 242.16
I 127.94 130.28 132.66 135.04 137.57 139.79 142.28
II 88.88 91.07 93.26 95.45 97.67 99.94 102.16
III 192.60 197.16 201.76 206.36 210.99 215.63 220.22
IV 286.99 294.64 302.40 310.16 317.96 325.80 333.63
V 148.69 152.06 155.42 158.82 162.26 165.69 169.17
VI 179.51 183.37 187.20 191.06 194.89 198.72 202.48
VII 161.81 164.90 167.99 171.09 174.18 177.24 180.29
VIII 30.65 31.20 31.75 32.32 32.90 33.47 34.05
IX 39.34 40.20 41.06 41.92 42.79 43.67 44.54
X 112.41 115.28 118.19 121.17 124.14 127.15 130.16
XI 155.95 159.72 163.57 167.42 171.27 175.16 179.04
XII 105.75 108.39 111.03 113.71 116.43 119.19 121.94
Sub-total 1,839.16 1,882.62 1,926.32 1,970.18 2,014.29 2,058.18 2,102.12
Industrial NCR 300.38 324.09 348.00 370.39 376.63 387.74 409.58
I 123.35 136.99 164.35 152.36 112.12 107.94 132.50
II 2.52 1.88 1.89 1.69 0.98 0.54 0.36
III 68.78 66.26 67.28 63.65 67.01 70.19 74.23
IV 1,014.65 1,098.36 1,230.93 1,308.85 1,435.15 1,627.75 1,924.98
V 94.08 95.52 101.59 101.98 107.66 114.82 126.57
VI 117.51 105.32 94.59 74.04 63.48 55.54 51.05
VII 439.85 493.16 557.03 592.57 613.60 605.99 629.81
VIII 18.22 22.45 27.71 33.89 38.97 45.08 55.24
IX 27.56 30.49 35.70 39.77 43.40 51.35 65.04
X 31.10 27.43 23.93 20.49 17.19 14.32 13.05
XI 51.82 50.47 48.42 45.26 39.93 36.22 34.21
XII 158.67 175.68 185.68 185.51 188.85 199.52 218.69
Sub-total 2,448.48 2,628.11 2,887.09 2,990.44 3,104.99 3,317.01 3,735.32
Commercial NCR 10.53 11.28 12.69 13.99 15.18 16.62 18.95
Sub-total 10.53 11.28 12.69 13.99 15.18 16.62 18.95
ALL USES NCR 519.54 549.71 580.73 610.04 623.05 641.08 670.69
Table 4.1a (continued)…
Sector Region 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
I 251.29 267.27 297.01 287.40 249.69 247.73 274.78

II 91.40 92.95 95.15 97.14 98.65 100.48 102.52
III 261.38 263.42 269.04 270.01 278.00 285.82 294.45
IV 1,301.64 1,393.00 1,533.33 1,619.01 1,753.11 1,953.55 2,258.61
V 242.77 247.58 257.01 260.80 269.92 280.51 295.74
VI 297.02 288.69 281.79 265.10 258.37 254.26 253.53
VII 601.66 658.06 725.02 763.66 787.78 783.23 810.10
VIII 48.87 53.65 59.46 66.21 71.87 78.55 89.29
IX 66.90 70.69 76.76 81.69 86.19 95.02 109.58
X 143.51 142.71 142.12 141.66 141.33 141.47 143.21
XI 207.77 210.19 211.99 212.68 211.20 211.38 213.25
XII 264.42 284.07 296.71 299.22 305.28 318.71 340.63
MRIIS
UPRIIS
CAR
Total 4,298.17 4,522.00 4,826.11 4,974.61 5,134.45 5,391.81 5,856.39
Computation: Domestic (NCR) = domestic water demand from groundwater * 0.42

Domestic (regions) = domestic water demand from groundwater
Industrial = industrial water demand
Commercial demand in NCR provided by JICA
All Users = sum of groundwater demand
Sources: Local Water Utilities Administration;

MetroManila Waterworks and Sewerage System; and
Table 4.1b
WATER DEMAND REQUIREMENTS FROM SURFACE WATER, BY SECTOR AND BY REGION
1988 to 1994
Sector Region 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Domestic NCR 288.12 296.01 303.86 311.63 319.33 326.91 334.42

I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 28.68 29.36 30.04 30.73 31.42 32.11 32.79
IV 3.31 3.40 3.49 3.58 3.67 3.76 3.85
V 9.74 9.96 10.18 10.41 10.63 10.86 11.09
VI 25.76 26.32 26.87 27.42 27.97 28.52 29.06
VII 5.99 6.10 6.22 6.33 6.45 6.56 6.67
VIII 91.75 93.39 95.06 96.75 98.48 100.21 101.93
IX 76.19 77.86 79.52 81.19 82.88 84.58 86.27
X 17.35 17.79 18.24 18.70 19.16 19.62 20.09
XI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
XII 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-total 546.89 560.19 573.48 586.74 599.99 613.13 626.17
Agricultural I 1,527.71 1,764.60 1,761.46 1,607.99 1,363.75 1,580.41 1,631.44
II 5,173.61 5,555.27 5,817.31 5,893.22 6,074.66 6,174.52 6,173.37
III 5,245.68 5,560.37 5,597.45 5,629.94 5,455.48 5,456.07 5,603.92
IV 5,468.83 5,779.62 5,824.54 6,095.48 6,032.01 6,244.94 6,321.51
V 637.47 585.04 735.00 737.80 777.48 796.91 707.05
VI 7,081.15 7,476.73 7,134.77 7,829.31 8,251.46 8,213.19 8,403.82
VII 5,968.21 6,482.43 6,694.23 7,038.54 6,815.04 7,153.66 7,296.84
VIII 261.90 282.74 293.71 278.50 244.52 275.96 285.65
IX 2,496.00 2,546.27 2,676.29 2,669.45 2,709.29 2,795.55 2,828.89
X 621.96 702.41 731.26 882.68 867.35 943.86 868.99
XI 1,399.09 1,367.45 1,603.18 1,951.71 1,943.46 1,867.25 1,877.02
XII 1,118.19 1,267.08 1,298.92 1,347.21 1,188.83 1,270.12 1,411.22
MRIIS 3,321.05 3,372.87 3,425.21 3,417.53 3,383.87 3,359.46 3,577.24
UPRIIS 2,933.39 3,595.69 3,836.71 3,814.34 3,890.73 3,758.47 3,866.44
CAR 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 429.26
Sub-total 43,254.23 46,338.58 47,430.06 49,193.69 48,997.92 49,890.37 51,282.65
Industrial NCR 75.09 81.02 87.00 92.60 94.16 96.93 102.39
I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
III 10.24 9.87 10.02 9.48 9.98 10.45 11.05
IV 11.70 12.67 14.19 15.09 16.55 18.77 22.20
V 6.17 6.26 6.66 6.68 7.06 7.52 8.29
Table 4.1b (continued)…
Sector Region 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
VI 16.86 15.11 13.57 10.63 9.11 7.97 7.33

VII 16.28 18.26 20.62 21.94 22.72 22.43 23.32
VIII 54.54 67.20 82.96 101.44 116.67 134.96 165.38
IX 53.38 59.06 69.14 77.02 84.06 99.46 125.98
X 4.80 4.23 3.69 3.16 2.65 2.21 2.01
XI 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
XII 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Sub-total 249.06 273.67 307.86 338.04 362.95 400.71 467.96
Commercial NCR 131.60 140.95 158.65 174.82 189.74 207.73 236.90
Sub-total 131.60 140.95 158.65 174.82 189.74 207.73 236.90
ALL USES NCR 494.81 517.98 549.51 579.05 603.23 631.57 673.71
I 1,527.71 1,764.60 1,761.46 1,607.99 1,363.75 1,580.41 1,846.07
II 8,494.66 8,928.14 9,242.52 9,310.75 9,458.53 9,533.98 9,965.24
III 8,217.99 9,195.29 9,474.22 9,484.49 9,387.61 9,257.10 9,514.21
IV 5,483.84 5,795.68 5,842.23 6,114.16 6,052.23 6,267.47 6,347.56
V 653.37 601.26 751.84 754.89 795.17 815.30 726.43
VI 7,123.77 7,518.17 7,175.22 7,867.36 8,288.54 8,249.68 8,440.21
VII 5,990.48 6,506.79 6,721.08 7,066.81 6,844.21 7,182.65 7,326.82
VIII 408.18 443.33 471.74 476.69 459.66 511.13 552.96
IX 2,625.56 2,683.19 2,824.94 2,827.66 2,876.23 2,979.58 3,041.15
X 644.11 724.44 753.19 904.54 889.16 965.69 891.09
XI 1,399.09 1,367.45 1,603.18 1,951.71 1,943.46 1,867.25 1,877.02
XII 1,118.19 1,267.08 1,298.92 1,347.21 1,188.83 1,270.12 1,411.22
Total 44,181.78 47,313.39 48,470.04 50,293.30 50,150.60 51,111.94 52,613.68
Sources: National Irrigation Administration;

Local Water Utilities Administration;
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System; and
Table 4.2
AMOUNT OF WATER ABSTRACTED BY SOURCE OF WATER SUPPLY, BY TYPE OF USE AND BY REGION
1995 and 1996
(Unit: liters per second)
Year/ Domestic Irrigation Power Industrial Commercial Livestock Recreation

Region Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface Ground Surface
1996
NCR 3,279.3 4,994.2 73.1 10,534.3 - 150.0 1,064.8 318.7 22.0 - 1.0 - - 126.2
Region I 4,722.7 1,160.2 1,967.3 102,324.4 - 146,881.1 227.1 1,775.3 6.7 - 0.1 - 0.8 -
Region II 428.1 67.2 586.1 15,546.1 - 583,725.2 - 1,108.9 - - 2.5 0.9 2.5 5.0
Region III 3,216.5 13,917.1 6,423.4 366,389.5 - 191,243.0 1,376.0 18,722.6 1.0 31.7 8.1 - 11.7 24.0
Region IV 6,477.2 80,326.1 2,492.3 191,152.8 579.0 507,006.9 2,501.5 9,765.7 101.9 - 61.3 41.6 230.6 269.4
Region V 3,352.2 87.4 2,721.2 85,529.1 - 18,257.6 52.3 588.6 0.2 15.0 - - 900.9 1,254.1
Region VI 1,767.0 65.7 1,751.6 288,818.4 - 22,350.0 1,228.1 16,458.7 64.4 - 7.0 - 2.0 -
Region VII 2,892.1 723.1 2,156.8 59,665.7 - 38,615.2 1,439.1 2,462.8 5.2 - 2.3 - 106.0 1,141.0
Region VIII 296.9 25.7 410.8 65,661.0 - 2,913.0 687.4 363.3 5.7 - - - 5.0 -
Region IX 465.6 3,623.2 164.2 38,286.7 113.0 4,512.0 41.3 134.0 - - 66.0 - 0.5 -
Region X 789.8 226.4 984.0 70,179.5 - 103,087.7 150.5 2,398.8 946.0 - 0.1 - 26.9 7.0
Region XI 2,061.4 1,377.1 1,951.5 18,067.6 - 48,700.0 256.8 6,244.0 - - 4.6 - - -
Region XII 1,298.7 446.9 2,819.2 237,990.1 - 1,223,941.0 115.7 4,146.5 9.9 - 3.7 - 13.5 -
Philippines 31,047.6 107,040.2 24,501.5 1,550,145.2 692.0 2,891,382.7 9,140.4 64,488.0 1,162.9 46.7 156.8 42.5 1,300.3 2,826.7
1995
NCR 3,209.6 4,994.2 73.1 10,534.3 - 150.0 1,051.2 318.7 22.0 - 1.0 - - 126.2
Region I 4,700.6 1,157.0 1,935.1 101,201.3 - 146,516.9 194.6 1,775.3 6.7 - 0.1 - 0.8 -
Region II 402.3 67.2 540.5 4,671.3 - 577,392.5 - 1,108.9 - - 2.5 0.9 2.5 5.0
Region III 2,955.7 13,917.1 6,354.6 364,831.6 - 191,243.0 1,180.1 18,722.6 1.0 - 6.1 - 9.7 24.0
Region IV 6,110.0 79,510.9 2,455.1 190,423.2 579.0 506,934.9 2,363.0 9,762.7 79.9 - 61.3 41.6 226.1 269.4
Region V 3,042.1 87.2 2,455.5 83,711.0 - 18,257.6 52.3 588.6 0.2 15.0 - - 14.9 1,254.1
Region VI 1,753.9 52.6 1,532.4 288,723.2 - 22,350.0 1,071.7 16,458.7 24.4 - 7.0 - 2.0 -
Region VII 2,809.3 723.1 2,021.3 59,530.9 - 38,615.2 1,439.1 2,462.8 2.0 - 2.3 - 6.0 971.0
Region VIII 289.8 22.2 410.8 65,510.2 - 2,913.0 679.7 346.5 5.7 - - - - -
Region IX 424.5 3,623.0 157.0 37,889.7 113.0 4,512.0 41.3 134.0 - - 66.0 - - -
Region X 536.7 224.4 416.9 65,942.6 - 40,071.0 150.5 2,398.8 - - 0.1 - 13.0 7.0
Region XI 2,049.4 1,377.1 1,805.0 16,494.7 - 48,700.0 208.6 6,244.0 - - 4.6 - - -
Region XII 1,149.6 43.4 2,819.2 237,364.6 - 1,223,941.0 81.1 4,001.0 9.9 - 3.7 - 13.5 -
Philippines 29,433.4 105,799.4 22,976.4 1,526,828.5 692.0 2,821,597.0 8,513.1 64,322.7 151.7 15.0 154.8 42.5 288.4 2,656.7
Year/ Fisheries Total

Region Ground Surface Ground Surface
1996
NCR - 2.0 4,440.1 16,125.5
Region I 0.1 6.6 6,924.7 252,147.5
Region II - 295.6 1,019.2 600,749.0
Region III 149.7 171.3 11,186.4 590,499.2
Region IV 77.1 861.1 12,521.0 789,423.7
Region V 4.1 191.2 7,031.0 105,922.9
Region VI 462.4 4,198.3 5,282.5 331,891.0
Region VII 485.9 3,153.6 7,087.3 105,761.4
Region VIII - 55.6 1,405.7 69,018.5
Region IX 1.0 3,757.1 851.6 50,312.9
Region X - 235.3 2,897.2 176,134.8
Region XI 262.8 859.6 4,537.2 75,248.4
Region XII 17.6 728.1 4,278.2 1,467,252.6
Philippines 1,460.8 14,515.4 69,462.2 4,630,487.4
1995
NCR - 2.0 4,356.8 16,125.5
Region I 0.1 6.6 6,837.9 250,657.1
Region II - 295.6 947.8 583,541.4
Region III 149.7 171.3 10,656.9 588,909.6
Region IV 76.6 829.7 11,950.9 787,772.5
Region V 4.1 191.2 5,569.1 104,104.6
Region VI 462.4 4,198.3 4,853.8 331,782.8
Region VII 485.0 3,153.6 6,765.0 105,456.6
Region VIII - 55.6 1,385.9 68,847.5
Region IX 1.0 3,743.3 802.8 49,901.9
Region X - 235.3 1,117.1 108,879.1
Region XI 262.8 859.6 4,330.5 73,675.4
Region XII 17.6 615.8 4,094.6 1,465,965.8
Philippines 1,459.3 14,357.9 63,668.9 4,535,619.7
Source: National Water Resources Board

Table 4.3
WATER USE (MetroManila Waterworks and Sewerage System)
1985 to 1996
DOMESTIC COMMERCIAL
Liter per Population Population Population Liter per Population
Year Population Volume capita With House % With Public % With Water % Volume capita Served %
Under MWSS Sold per day Connection Faucet (Total) Sold per day
('000) (mld) ('000) ('000) ('000) (mld) ('000)
1985 7,968 503 136 3,050 38 460 6 3,510 44 287 36 218 3

1986 8,223 536 150 3,580 44 470 6 4,050 49 276 34 215 3
1987 8,491 599 151 3,970 48 500 6 4,470 54 279 33 214 3
1988 8,774 619 150 4,160 47 550 6 4,710 54 309 35 269 3
1989 9,070 646 147 4,450 49 600 7 5,050 56 314 35 336 4
1990 8,393 671 138 4,850 52 650 7 5,500 59 312 33 348 4
1991 9,616 694 134 5,170 54 380 7 5,850 61 296 31 360 4
1992 9,854 701 134 5,470 56 710 7 6,180 63 281 28 372 4
1993 10,099 731 126 5,780 57 740 7 6,520 65 290 29 378 4
1994 10,350 770 127 6,050 59 800 8 6,850 66 306 29 388 4
1995 11,426 800 127 6,270 55 830 7 7,100 62 300 26 393 3
1996 11,096 811 126 6,460 54 840 7 7,300 61 310 26 399 3
INDUSTRIAL GRAND TOTAL

Liter per Population Liter per Population
Year Population Volume capita Served % Volume capita Served %
Under MWSS Sold per day Sold per day
('000) (mld) ('000) (mld) ('000)
1985 7,968 41 5 10 0.2 831 177 3,738 47

1986 8,223 40 5 10 0.2 851 189 4,275 52
1987 8,491 45 5 10 0.2 922 189 4,694 56
1988 8,774 57 6 30 0.4 985 191 5,009 57
1989 9,070 69 8 50 0.5 1,030 190 5,436 60
1990 8,393 69 8 50 0.5 1,052 179 5,898 63
1991 9,616 69 7 50 0.5 1,059 172 6,260 65
1992 9,854 67 7 50 0.6 1,049 169 6,602 67
1993 10,099 67 7 60 0.6 1,088 162 6,958 69
1994 10,350 71 7 60 0.6 1,148 163 7,298 71
1995 11,426 69 6 60 0.6 1,169 159 7,553 66
1996 11,096 73 6 70 0.6 1,194 158 7,769 65
Values are in thousands and volume is in million liters per day
Source: Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage

Table 4.4a
IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT BY PROVINCE
as of December 1996
Water Resources Potential NIS 2/ CIS 3/ SWIM 4/

Region/Province Irrigable Number Service Number Service Number Service
Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Area (ha.)
Region I
Abra 16,740 0 0 273 12,823 0 0
Benguet 5,004 0 0 338 6,480 0 0
Ilocos Norte 49,660 8 6,175 798 30,061 15 700
Ilocos Sur 30,034 3 3,840 232 12,869 0 0
La Union 16,986 2 5,005 209 9,473 4 242
Total 118,424 13 15,020 1,850 71,706 19 942
Region II
Batanes 0 0 0 2 25 0 0
Cagayan 147,280 12 29,029 183 19,071 18 931
Ifugao 19,410 0 528 171 6,432 4 42
Isabela 252,870 7 113,955 42 6,111 16 714
Kalinga Apayao 47,660 1 10,916 199 9,632 2 40
Mt. Province 7,500 0 0 945 7,902 0 0
Nueva Viscaya 48,520 0 0 255 23,603 11 489
Quirino 23,970 0 76 81 4,135 11 310
Total 547,210 20 154,504 1,878 76,911 62 2,526
Region III
Aurora 16,630 1 485 83 11,058 1 30
Bataan 11,520 1 521 84 6,648 0 0
Benguet 3,336 0 0 275 4,244 0 0
Bulacan 51,970 1 27,767 61 6,015 8 1,531
Water Resources DIVERSION DAM 5/ SHALLOW WELL TOTAL IRRIGATION

Region/Province Number Service Number Service Service Devt.
Area (ha.) Area (ha.) Area (ha.) %
Region I
Abra 2 110 0 0 12,933.0 77.3
Benguet 0 0 0 0 6,480.0 129.5
Ilocos Norte 18 576 35 118.5 37,630.5 75.8
Ilocos Sur 23 731 29 90 17,530.0 58.4
La Union 16 510 19 101 15,331.0 90.3
Total 59 1,927 83 309.5 89,904.5 75.9
Region II
Batanes 0 0 0 0 25.0
Cagayan 5 249 38 121 49,401.0 33.5
Ifugao 4 115 0 0 7,117.0 36.7
Isabela 1 18 28 118.5 120,916.5 47.8
Kalinga Apayao 10 396 29 107.8 21,091.8 44.3
Mt. Province 4 40 0 0 7,942.0 105.9
Nueva Viscaya 2 125 0 0 24,217.0 49.9
Quirino 1 15 0 0 4,536.0 18.9
Total 27 958 95 347.3 235,246.3 43.0
Region III
Aurora 6 274 0 0 11,847.0 71.2
Bataan 19 613 16 36 7,818.0 67.9
Benguet 2 57 0 0 4,301.0 128.9
Bulacan 9 340 20 51.6 35,704.5 68.7
Nueva Ecija 2 240 47 93.6 120,151.6 57.6
Pampanga 19 728 50 120.6 43,036.6 75.0

Nueva Ecija 208,640 5 94,028 95 24,336 10 1,454

Pampanga 57,370 2 19,178 133 22,794 2 216
Pangasinan 180,500 8 27,478 454 69,432 10 410
Tarlac 114,530 3 24,476 55 13,555 6 1,075
Zambales 38,200 4 6,919 87 7,277 1 50
Total 682,925 8,047 201,341 2,942 1,038,519 1,394 4,766
Region IV
Batangas 9,260 1 886 64 2,724 4 23
Cavite 23,760 1 13,086 5 310 1 18
Laguna 27,510 13 10,000 101 4,574 0 0
Marinduque 2,190 0 0 34 993 1 12
Mindoro Occ. 56,170 5 8,030 70 14,299 0 0
Mindoro Or. 56,710 4 11,857 59 8,225 0 0
Palawan 28,610 2 3,200 66 11,109 0 0
Quezon 27,850 4 4,428 229 9,632 0 0
Rizal 9,330 0 0 59 3,192 2 80
Romblon 5,570 1 256 50 1,718 2 22
Total 246,960 31 51,743 737 56,776 10 155
Region V
Albay 54,620 4 1,946 364 31,393 1 15
Camarines Norte 22,590 2 2,746 101 3,186 1 33
Camarines Sur 123,700 6 17,520 288 37,369 3 263
Catanduanes 3,770 0 0 45 1,662 0 0
Masbate 19,880 0 0 147 3,972 7 654

Pangasinan 24 938 51 141.6 98,399.6 54.5

Tarlac 14 547 42 79.7 39,732.7 34.7
Zambales 5 114 26 58.9 14,418.9 37.8
Total 0 0 0 581.9 0.0 55.0
Region IV
Batangas 9 106 9 14.5 3,753.5 40.5
Cavite 0 0 0 0 13,414.0 56.5
Laguna 9 342 0 0 14,916.0 54.2
Marinduque 1 15 0 0 1,020.0 46.6
Mindoro Occ. 2 45 0 0 22,374.0 39.8
Mindoro Or. 4 145 45 80 20,307.0 35.8
Palawan 2 48 0 0 14,357.0 50.2
Quezon 20 683 0 0 14,743.0 52.9
Rizal 1 40 0 0 3,312.0 35.5
Romblon 0 0 0 0 1,996.0 35.8
Total 48 1,424 54 94.5 110,192.5 44.6
Region V
Albay 8 499 0 0 33,853.0 62.0
Camarines Norte 6 119 0 0 6,084.0 26.9
Camarines Sur 14 750 49 150.5 56,052.5 45.3
Catanduanes 9 228 0 0 1,890.0 50.1
Masbate 0 0 0 0 4,626.0 23.3
Sorsogon 9 214 11 39 10,078.0 66.7
Total 46 1,810 60 189.5 112,583.5 47.0

Sorsogon 15,100 2 1,200 178 8,560 2 65

Total 239,660 14 23,412 1,123 86,142 14 1,030
Region VI
Aklan 10,510 2 4,816 28 2,248 1 40
Antique 24,020 1 5,065 136 8,983 1 38
Capiz 13,670 1 1,423 28 2,413 1 50
Guimaras & 75,160 0 0 0 0 0 0
Iloilo 7 26,456 109 7,768 20 1,278
Negros Occ.*** 71,000 2 14,475 25 2,174 1 40
Negros Or.*** 678 0 0 4 237 0 0
Total 195,038 13 52,235 330 23,823 24 1,446
Region VII
Bohol 30,090 0 0 228 9,526 41 1,085
Cebu 5,860 0 0 50 3,525 1 5
Negros Occ.*** 2,890 0 0 2 597 1 100
Negros Or.*** 14,112 0 0 55 6,093 2 800
Siquijor 0 0 20 465 0 0
Total 52,952 0 0 355 20,206 45 1,990
Region VIII
Biliran & 55,620 0 0 0 0 0 0
Northern Leyte 15 15,456 147 22,671 3 131
Southern Leyte 5,690 1 386 123 4,601 4 255
Eastern Samar 4,070 0 0 63 2,099 4 149
Northern Samar 10,860 0 0 45 2,889 2 67

Region VI
Aklan 10 335 0 0 7,439.0 70.8
Antique 7 160 21 59.5 14,305.5 59.6
Capiz 13 307 5 14.5 4,207.5 30.8
Guimaras & 2 45 0 0 45.0 47.6
Iloilo 4 92 47 138.9 35,732.9
Negros Occ.*** 3 121 34 105.5 16,915.5 23.8
Negros Or.*** 1 50 0 0 287.0 42.3
Total 40 1,110 107 318.4 78,932.4 40.5
Region VII
Bohol 4 106 16 36.5 10,753.5 35.7
Cebu 4 76 0 0 3,606.0 61.5
Negros Occ.*** 1 20 0 0 717.0 24.8
Negros Or.*** 7 445 0 0 7,338.0 55.9
Siquijor 4 91 0 0 556.0
Total 20 738 16 36.5 22,970.5 43.4
Region VIII
Biliran & 3 65 0 0 65.0 69.0
Northern Leyte 3 50 7 13.5 38,321.5
Southern Leyte 7 118 0 0 5,360.0 94.2
Eastern Samar 5 83 0 0 2,331.0 57.3
Northern Samar 7 104 0 0 3,060.0 28.2
Western Samar 5 53 0 0 1,686.0 20.7
Total 30 473 7 13.5 50,823.5 60.2

Western Samar 8,140 0 0 23 1,633 0 0

Total 84,560 16 15,842 1,138 339,346 879 602
Region IX
Basilan 420 0 0 2 186 0 0
Misamis Occ. 6,440 0 880 45 5,116 2 22
Sulu 0 0 0 0 3 150
Tawi-Tawi 0 0 0 0 2 11
Zamboanga Norte 32,310 0 0 51 5,344 1 10
Zamboanga Sur 43,770 4 14,282 126 12,890 7 514
39,170 4 880 98 10,646 15 193
Region X
Agusan del Norte 52,490 2 3,212 74 5,570 1 47
Agusan del Sur 56,450 3 7,691 87 5,615 1 40
Bukidnon 7,718 0 0 12 2,381 0 0
Camiguin 14,000 0 0 13 508 0 0
Misamis Oriental 0 0 32 1,791 0 0
Davao del Norte 17,584 1 3,269 12 2,224 0 0
Surigao del Norte 13,070 0 0 103 5,614 1 67
Total 161,312 6 14,172 333 23,703 3 154
Reion XI
Davao del Norte 80,976 5 16,463 47 8,521 2 120
Davao Oriental 17,770 1 2,131 22 2,160 0 0
Davao del Sur 33,280 2 6,021 61 12,878 2 804
Sarangani

Region IX
Basilan 0 0 0 0 186.0 44.3
Misamis Occ. 6 112 0 0 6,130.0 95.2
Sulu 0 0 0 0 150.0
Tawi-Tawi 0 0 0 0 11.0
Zamboanga Norte 12 449 0 0 5,803.0 18.0
Zamboanga Sur 16 564 39 150.9 28,400.5 64.9
Total 0 0 39 150.9 0.0 49.1
Region X
Agusan del Norte 20 828 0 0 9,657.0 18.4
Agusan del Sur 9 232 0 0 13,578.0 24.1
Bukidnon 3 80 72 277.7 2,738.7 35.5
Camiguin 10 146 0 0 654.0
Misamis Oriental 8 305 3 8 2,104.0 19.7
Davao del Norte 2 120 5 15.5 5,628.5 32.0
Surigao del Norte 23 849 0 0 6,530.0 50.0
Total 75 2,560 80 301.2 40,890.2 25.4
Reion XI
Davao del Norte 6 508 4 18 25,630.0 31.7
Davao Oriental 2 40 0 0 4,331.0 24.4
Davao del Sur 11 695 1 3 20,401.0 61.3
Sarangani

South Cotabato 23,135 2 2,116 20 3,888 0 0

Surigao del Sur 40,290 2 3,988 25 2,912 0 0
Total 195,654 7,500 30,962 1,100 203,182 4 924
Region XII
Bukidnon 79,982 4 17,757 61 7,640 4 256
Lanao del Norte 12,560 1 4,500 76 9,375 0 0
Lanao del Sur 47,190 1 2,500 9 1,237 0 0
Maguindanao 109,110 3 4,233 59 9,375 2 90
North Cotabato 141,360 4 20,132 72 9,744 2 134
South Cotabato 77,245 4 12,995 47 7,395 1 40
Sultan Kudarat 51,870 2 16,034 50 12,838 0 0
Total 519,317 19 78,151 374 57,604 9 520
Grand Total 3,126,340 173 651,812 9,107 670,018 256 15,762
*** Province disaggregated by Water Resources Region

1/ Estimated Potential Irrigated Area by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA), which is based on the 3 percent slope criteria
2/ Based on the NIA Inventory of National Irrigation System (1996 Report)
3/ Based on the Inventory of Communal Irrigation System (1996 Report)
4/ Based on the Inventory of Completed and Operational Projects of the Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPW
5/ Based on the Inventory of Completed Projects of the BSWM (1996 Report)
Service area refers to the area provided with irrigation facilities
Service area covered by MRIIS in Ifugao Province
Source: National Irrigation Administration

Table 4.4c
IRRIGATION FROM FACILITIES AND CORRESPONDING CAPACITY, 1995
(unit of capacity and amount in million cubic meters)
Types of Sources Total

Water Resources Surface Water Wells Springs
Region Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Amount
Region I 2,218 3.38 7,490.5 83 0.08 6.4 135 0.43 57.6 2,436 7,554.5
Region II 1,987 6.48 12,869.5 95 0.18 17.4 56 0.21 11.8 2,138 12,898.7
Region III 1,122 14.38 16,135.4 252 0.41 104.5 17 0.92 15.6 1,391 16,255.5
Region IV 917 5.39 4,940.8 54 0.36 19.5 41 0.65 26.6 1,012 4,987.0
Region V 1,197 4.47 5,354.6 60 0.23 13.6 16 0.75 12.0 1,273 5,380.2
Region VI 406 6.40 2,599.9 107 0.85 91.3 18 1.07 19.3 531 2,710.5
Region VII 421 4.01 1,688.7 16 0.29 4.7 105 0.56 59.3 542 1,752.7
Region VIII 460 5.23 2,407.4 7 0.25 1.7 21 0.37 7.7 488 2,416.8
Region IX 224 8.37 1,874.3 39 0.38 14.8 3 1.71 5.1 266 1,894.2
Region X 540 12.18 6,575.6 75 0.28 20.8 21 0.94 19.8 636 6,616.2
Region XI 208 10.52 2,187.7 10 0.55 5.5 13 2.74 35.6 231 2,228.8
Region XII 405 14.83 6,006.7 186 0.27 50.9 16 4.64 74.2 607 6,131.9
Grand Total & Average 10,105 6.94 70,131.3 984 0.36 351.1 462 0.75 344.6 11,551 70,827.0
Number of Facilities - surface water and wells from irrigation systems and WRs; springs from WRs and facilities by usage-wise.
Capacity of Facilities - estimated by the number of facilities and amount of grants within the NWRB database.

Table 4.4c
IRRIGATION FROM FACILITIES AND CORRESPONDING CAPACITY, 1995
(unit of capacity and amount in million cubic meters)
Types of Sources Total

Water Resources Surface Water Wells Springs
Region Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Capacity Amount Facilities Amount
Region I 2,218 3.38 7,490.5 83 0.08 6.4 135 0.43 57.6 2,436 7,554.5
Region II 1,987 6.48 12,869.5 95 0.18 17.4 56 0.21 11.8 2,138 12,898.7
Region III 1,122 14.38 16,135.4 252 0.41 104.5 17 0.92 15.6 1,391 16,255.5
Region IV 917 5.39 4,940.8 54 0.36 19.5 41 0.65 26.6 1,012 4,987.0
Region V 1,197 4.47 5,354.6 60 0.23 13.6 16 0.75 12.0 1,273 5,380.2
Region VI 406 6.40 2,599.9 107 0.85 91.3 18 1.07 19.3 531 2,710.5
Region VII 421 4.01 1,688.7 16 0.29 4.7 105 0.56 59.3 542 1,752.7
Region VIII 460 5.23 2,407.4 7 0.25 1.7 21 0.37 7.7 488 2,416.8
Region IX 224 8.37 1,874.3 39 0.38 14.8 3 1.71 5.1 266 1,894.2
Region X 540 12.18 6,575.6 75 0.28 20.8 21 0.94 19.8 636 6,616.2
Region XI 208 10.52 2,187.7 10 0.55 5.5 13 2.74 35.6 231 2,228.8
Region XII 405 14.83 6,006.7 186 0.27 50.9 16 4.64 74.2 607 6,131.9
Grand Total & Average 10,105 6.94 70,131.3 984 0.36 351.1 462 0.75 344.6 11,551 70,827.0
Number of Facilities - surface water and wells from irrigation systems and WRs; springs from WRs and facilities by usage-wise.
Capacity of Facilities - estimated by the number of facilities and amount of grants within the NWRB database.

Table 4.5a
INDUSTRIAL WATER DEMAND
1995
(In million cubic meters per year)
Region Ground Water Surface Water Total
Region I 38 52 90
Region II 31 15 47
Region III 101 143 244
Region IV 183 412 594
Region V 11 39 49
Region VI 56 524 579
Region VII 89 78 168
Region VIII 24 11 35
Region IX 1 4 6
Region X 2 204 205
Region XI 6 207 213
Region XII 4 89 93
Philippines 546 1,778 2,323

Table 4.5b
EXISTING WATER DEMAND (WATER DISTRICTS)
Number Cubic Cubic Liters Percent

Region of Water Meters Meters Population per Capita Population of Population
Districts per Year per Day Served per Day 1995 Served
Region I 20 71,726 26 440,160 163 1,227,180 36%
Region II 10 19,829 7 128,920 154 956,460 13%
Region III 86 375,037 137 1,865,560 201 6,258,060 30%
Region IV 67 291,111 106 1,153,980 252 4,664,170 25%
Region V 37 96,781 35 489,310 198 2,351,140 21%
Region VI 54 132,175 48 695,740 190 3,617,330 19%
Region VII 19 202,897 74 516,330 393 2,097,800 25%
Region VIII 22 47,788 17 328,750 145 1,429,280 23%
Region IX 18 107,733 39 488,270 221 1,372,940 36%
Region X 23 130,646 48 716,550 182 1,944,090 37%
Region XI 21 160,894 59 1,028,500 156 2,139,650 48%
Region XII 22 42,692 16 251,540 170 1,906,570 13%
Philippines 399 1,679,309 612 8,103,610 207 29,964,670 27%
Source: List of Water Districts (as of Jan. 1997) and Annual Reports (as of 1995 and 1996),
Local Water Utilities Administration
Table 4.6a
LEVEL I - WATER SYSTEM PRODUCTION
as of January 1997
Region Province Year of Wells Completion Total Operational Production Population

1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 Wells Wells M. cum/y Served
WRR-I
Abra 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Benguet 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Ilocos Norte 90 572 376 677 6 - - - 8,449 6,767 2 288,312
Ilocos Sur 76 109 215 527 10 - - - 46,315 34,971 6 877,511
La Union 56 143 131 305 123 - 52 27 2,098 1,783 1 105,481
Total 405 1,188 1,450 1,975 1,224 39 383 1,351 61,381 48,039 13 1,723,168
WRR-II
Batanes 4 2 54 4 4 3 3 6 194 166 0 9,969
Cagayan 117 499 258 171 - - 87 150 8,336 6,573 2 250,043
Ifugao 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Isabela 73 328 675 410 - - 109 148 10,689 8,453 2 328,824
Kalinga-Apayao 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Mt. Province 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Nueva Viscaya 59 151 255 62 - - - - 3,037 2,410 1 96,055
Quirino 25 31 253 76 - - 17 32 1,349 1,120 0 59,205
Total 552 1,557 2,587 1,422 1,631 61 712 2,321 30,383 25,498 10 1,421,982
WRR-III
Bataan 54 81 160 75 87 - 123 129 14,405 10,981 2 307,470
Bulacan 35 31 192 498 650 - 314 178 46,318 35,213 7 957,063
Nueva Ecija 153 715 444 365 507 - 301 398 44,347 33,981 7 1,004,505
Pampanga 129 701 467 241 689 - 380 418 50,126 38,351 8 1,116,072
Pangasinan 121 214 548 531 11 - 228 83 77,755 58,750 11 1,486,671
Tarlac 119 347 346 38 149 - 168 249 27,551 21,017 4 593,028
Zambales 61 85 137 21 62 - - - 18,104 13,670 3 342,987
Total 672 2,174 2,294 1,769 2,155 - 1,514 1,455 278,606 211,963 42 5,807,796
WRR-IV
Aurora 29 65 170 97 92 - 23 93 1,488 1,258 1 72,774
Batangas 111 377 615 185 309 - 388 239 11,422 9,123 3 381,276
Cavite 62 158 378 338 325 - 48 28 8,067 6,385 2 249,947
Laguna 48 181 742 537 595 - 175 149 10,572 8,536 3 383,388
Marinduque 132 136 279 105 13 - 48 61 13,466 10,293 2 296,628
Metro Manila (NCR) 13 26 52 33 77 - 24 95 323 323 0 32,276
Mindoro Occ. 63 168 447 23 - - - - 17,866 13,575 3 366,590
Mindoro Or. 80 159 295 76 - - - - 35,417 26,715 5 622,219
Palawan 210 399 381 29 - - 139 145 31,784 24,164 5 656,796
Table 4.6a (continued)

Quezon 120 788 1,053 1,111 568 321 343 295 13,628 11,371 5 615,857
Rizal 28 79 572 86 75 - - - 5,663 4,457 1 167,307
Romblon 139 149 265 415 93 321 116 70 15,329 11,821 3 392,938
Total 1,035 2,685 5,249 3,035 2,147 645 1,304 1,175 164,935 128,020 31 4,277,996
WRR-V
Albay 99 568 525 412 444 - 194 120 4,577 4,023 2 274,460
Camarines Norte 43 207 247 173 79 - 141 106 1,504 1,377 1 108,375
Camarines Sur 177 926 832 581 140 - 451 671 4,516 4,332 3 390,547
Catanduanes 76 127 639 366 31 230 127 60 2,956 2,631 1 188,055
Mabate 89 280 383 868 209 309 247 45 3,180 2,993 2 255,955
Sorsogon 114 472 659 254 133 - 209 365 2,914 2,737 2 232,829
Total 598 2,580 3,285 2,654 1,036 539 1,369 1,367 19,647 18,092 11 1,450,221
WRR-VI
Aklan 31 154 225 403 164 210 45 15 2,371 2,090 1 14,415
Antique 30 102 286 315 107 27 19 28 2,119 1,818 1 112,214
Capiz 81 251 396 661 125 139 34 19 3,445 3,010 1 200,638
Guimaras 37 46 152 250 46 29 61 - 621 621 0 62,100
Iloilo 147 138 455 1,326 121 44 18 152 6,097 6,097 2 325,221
Negros Occ. 329 594 843 2,804 956 769 1,073 - 12,467 12,497 6 854,221
Total 655 1,285 2,357 5,759 1,519 1,218 1,250 214 26,103 26,103 12 1,698,509
WRR-VII
Bohol 142 362 285 397 178 177 148 116 11,973 9,431 3 356,131
Cebu 153 418 481 461 524 417 273 146 16,123 12,811 4 516,166
Negros Or. 219 324 595 609 105 174 98 - 23,176 17,913 4 576,030
Siquijor 25 48 69 46 22 7 23 - 1,560 1,230 0 46,800
Total 539 1,152 1,430 1,513 829 775 542 262 52,832 41,385 11 1,495,127
WRR-VIII
Biliran 16 49 306 26 61 30 23 10 586 570 0 53,223
Eastern Samar 34 193 177 149 24 17 12 22 1,213 1,067 1 72,905
Leyte 96 1,152 463 298 51 51 29 130 4,641 4,048 2 267,954
Northern Samar 20 108 230 96 94 48 23 31 1,062 959 1 72,116
Southern Leyte 43 361 202 107 28 17 5 35 1,480 1,310 1 91,580
Western Samar 46 377 456 95 137 67 36 57 1,694 1,588 1 134,406
Total 255 2,240 1,834 771 395 230 128 285 10,676 9,542 5 692,184
WRR-IX
Basilan 157 247 196 130 37 27 53 - 910 894 1 85,788

Sulu - - - - - - - - - - - -
Tawi-tawi - - - - - - - - - - - -
Zamboanga Norte 109 433 658 482 305 49 67 74 2,351 2,308 2 220,705
Zamboanga Sur 201 539 1,206 560 752 308 326 97 5,295 4,969 3 421,458
WRR-X
Agusan Norte 41 86 83 87 96 69 73 50 2,012 1,655 1 83,148
Agusan Sur 90 82 25 64 350 57 63 56 1,850 1,584 1 97,061
Bukidnon 166 76 142 66 73 65 56 90 5,492 4,303 1 155,585
Camiguin 33 52 51 15 20 11 14 - 440 379 0 23,815
Misamis Occ. 92 113 129 133 110 62 36 15 1,221 1,088 1 78,172
Misamis Or. 105 196 179 55 90 16 24 9 3,361 2,689 1 113,812
Surigao Norte 41 86 83 87 96 69 73 - 1,963 1,606 1 78,166
Total 568 691 692 507 835 349 339 220 16,339 13,305 5 629,759
WRR-XI
Davao del Norte 246 240 153 478 167 124 118 94 6,991 5,648 2 254,773
Davao Sur 143 268 144 391 - 309 77 84 10,156 7,971 2 292,565
Davao Or. 47 103 146 162 - 62 38 38 3,153 2,514 1 103,767
Surigao Sur 197 141 116 256 68 41 30 36 3,769 3,048 1 138,315
Total 633 752 559 1,287 235 536 263 252 24,069 19,181 6 789,420
WRR-XII
Lanao Norte 215 272 243 187 84 109 64 48 1,414 1,366 1 125,516
Lanao Sur 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Maguindanao 91 182 364 233 542 19 165 662 2,259 2,259 2 225,932
Cotabato Norte 136 335 500 198 145 51 40 27 2,021 1,874 1 153,374
Sarangani - - - - - - - - - - -
Cotabato South 126 145 233 233 66 70 32 48 6,839 5,382 1 201,849
Sultan Kudarat 29 171 59 59 81 29 9 30 7,125 5,507 1 177,090
Total 689 1,287 1,143 1,143 1,461 298 476 1,477 21,918 18,648 8 1,109,693
Grand Total 7,067 18,811 25,806 23,007 14,561 5,073 8,725 10,549 719,392 567,944 159 21,823,716
WRR - Water Resources Region

M.cum/y - million cubic meter per year
Source: Well Construction Report, as of January 1997,

Department of Public Works and Highways and
Department of the Interior and Local Government
Table 4.6b
LEVEL II - WATER SYSTEM PRODUCTION
as of January 1997
WRR Category Population Service Population Level II Production

Urban/Rural 1995 Census Coverage Served ( M. cu.m/year)*
Region I Total 2,362,180 5.2 122,931 2.7

Urban 470,258 1.6 7,524
Rural 1,891,922 6.1 115,407
Region II Total 3,054,225 5.2 159,788 3.5

Urban 589,329 1.6 9,429
Rural 2,464,896 6.1 150,359
Region III Total 9,111,124 3.5 321,529 7.0

Urban 5,205,546 1.6 83,289
Rural 3,905,578 6.1 238,240
Region IV Total 19,395,047 2.6 513,829 11.3

Urban 14,872,647 1.6 237,962
Rural 4,522,400 6.1 275,866
Region V Total 4,325,368 4.5 195,188 4.3

Urban 1,525,763 1.6 24,412
Rural 2,799,605 6.1 170,776
Region VI Total 5,777,016 4.2 245,158 5.4

Urban 2,383,120 1.6 38,130
Rural 3,393,896 6.1 207,028

Region VII Total 5,014,652 4.1 203,507 4.5

Urban 2,275,267 1.6 36,404
Rural 2,739,385 6.1 167,102
Region VIII Total 3,366,953 5.1 172,602 3.8

Urban 728,494 1.6 11,656
Rural 2,638,459 6.1 160,946
Region IX Total 3,581,617 4.8 170,136 3.7

Urban 1,074,282 1.6 17,189
Rural 2,507,335 6.1 152,947
RegionX Total 3,954,742 4.3 170,737 3.7

Urban 1,566,713 1.6 25,067
Rural 2,388,029 6.1 145,670
Region XI Total 3,760,145 3.7 139,135 3.0

Urban 2,005,198 1.6 32,083
Rural 1,754,947 6.1 107,052
Region XII Total 4,909,195 4.2 205,770 4.5

Urban 2,082,018 1.6 33,312
Rural 2,827,177 6.1 172,458

Philippines Total 68,612,264 3.8 2,620,310 57.4

Urban 34,778,635 1.6 556,458
Rural 33,833,629 6.1 2,063,851
* - million cubic meters per year
Note: 1. Population is from the NSO 1995 CPH provided by the NEDA.
2. Service coverages for categorized population are the average estimated by the
Provincial Water Supply and Sanitation Plan, as of 1995 (DILG).
3. Unit consumption for Level II Domestic Water is limited by the National Sector
Plan which is at least 60 liters per capita per day.

Table 4.6c
LEVEL III - WATER SYSTEM PRODUCTION
as of January 1997
Number of Number of Municipal Water Supply Systems by Population Served

Region Province Number 4,999 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 50,000 100,000
Total
of System or less 9,999 14,999 19,999 49,999 99,999 or more
Region I 5 20 9 8 4 2 2 1 2 1
Region II 8 16 26 10 2 2 0 2 0 0
Region III 7 86 34 22 20 8 9 18 5 4
Region IV 12 68 6 28 16 10 2 4 4 4
Region V 6 37 6 17 8 2 1 7 2 0
Region VI 6 53 22 31 8 5 3 2 2 2
Region VII 4 19 4 5 8 1 1 2 1 1
Region VIII 6 22 13 12 4 0 4 1 0 1
Region IX 5 18 8 11 1 0 1 4 0 1
Region X 7 23 6 9 4 2 0 6 1 1
Region XI 4 21 7 8 4 4 2 1 1 1
Region XII 7 21 11 12 4 0 2 2 0 1
Philippines 77 404 152 173 83 36 27 50 18 17

Table 4.7a
EXISTING SERVICE COVERAGE AND WATER DEMAND OF PUBLIC
WATER SUPPLY AND PRIVATE WATER SOURCE
1997
Region Type Coverage/Demand Unit Total Urban Rural
Region I Population ('000) 2,362 775 1,587

Public Pop. Served ('000) 1,757 571 1,186
Coverage (%) 74% 74% 75%
Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 41 18 22
Private Pop. Served ('000) 606 204 401
Coverage (%) 26% 26% 25%
Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 6.36 2.24 4.40
Total Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 47 20 27
Region II Population ('000) 3,054 640 2,414
Coverage (%) 66% 63% 67%
Private Pop. Served ('000) 1,026 234 792
Coverage (%) 34% 37% 33%
Region III Population ('000) 9,111 4,933 4,178
Public Pop. Served ('000) 6,497 3,369 3,128
Coverage (%) 71% 68% 75%
Private Pop. Served ('000) 2,614 1,564 1,050
Coverage (%) 29% 32% 25%
Region IV Population ('000) 19,395 15,210 4,185

Coverage (%) 66% 66% 69%
Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 1,131 1,073 58
Coverage (%) 34% 34% 31%
Total Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 1,202 1,130 72
Region V Population ('000) 4,325 1,221 3,105
Coverage (%) 75% 67% 79%
Coverage (%) 25% 33% 21%
Region VI Population ('000) 5,777 2,359 3,418
Coverage (%) 76% 69% 80%
Coverage (%) 24% 31% 20%
Region VII Population ('000) 5,015 2,298 2,716

Coverage (%) 73% 69% 77%
Coverage (%) 27% 31% 23%
Region VIII Population ('000) 3,367 1,013 2,354

Coverage (%) 77% 69% 80%
Private Pop. Served ('000) 791 314 477
Coverage (%) 23% 31% 20%
Region IX Population ('000) 3,581.63 1,252.21 2,329.43

Public Pop. Served ('000) 2,629.70 864 1,765
Coverage (%) 73% 69% 76%
Private Pop. Served ('000) 951.94 388 564
Coverage (%) 27% 31% 24%
Total Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 73.19 43.03 30.16
Region X Population ('000) 3,954.76 1,724.81 2,229.95

Public Pop. Served ('000) 2,926.51 1,190.12 1,736.40
Coverage (%) 74% 69% 78%
Private Pop. Served ('000) 1,028.25 534.69 493.56
Coverage (%) 26% 31% 22%
Total Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 83.10 52.11 31.00
Region XI Population ('000) 5,777 2,359 3,418

Coverage (%) 76% 69% 80%
Coverage (%) 24% 31% 20%
Region XII Population ('000) 4,909 1,701 3,208

Coverage (%) 72% 69% 74%
Coverage (%) 28% 31% 26%
Total Population ('000) 68,613 34,619 33,994

Coverage (%) 0.72 0.68 0.75
Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 1,958 1,558 400
Coverage (%) 0.28 0.32 0.25
Total Water Demand (M.cum/yr) 2,172 1,679 492
M.cum/y - million cubic meter per year

Table 4.7b
WATER DEMAND OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
1995
Water Demand (million cubic meters per year)

Region
Type Total Urban Area Rural Area
Region I L-III 26 15 11
L-I, II 15 4 11
Sub-total 40 18 22
Region II L-III 8 5 3
L-I, II 21 4 17
Sub-total 28 8 20
Region III L-III 137 111 26
L-I, II 51 21 30
Sub-total 187 131 56
Region IV L-III 1,082 1,053 29
L-I, II 48 20 28
Sub-total 1,131 1,073 58
Region V L-III 35 22 13
L-I, II 31 6 25
Sub-total 66 28 38
Region VI L-III 48 31 17
L-I, II 40 13 27
Sub-total 88 44 44
Region VII L-III 74 60 14
L-I, II 35 13 22
Sub-total 109 73 36
Region VIII L-III 17 9 8

Water Demand (million cubic meters per year)

Region
Type Total Urban Area Rural Area
L-I, II 25 6 19
Sub-total 42 15 27
Region IX L-III 39 34 5
L-I, II 24 5 19
Sub-total 63 39 24
Region X L-III 48 40 8
L-I, II 24 6 18
Sub-total 72 46 26
Region XI L-III 59 55 4
L-I, II 21 3 18
Sub-total 80 58 22
Region XII L-III 16 15 1
L-I, II 36 10 26
Sub-total 52 25 27
Philippines L-III 1,589 1,448 141
L-I, II 369 110 259
Total 1,958 1,558 400
Note: L1 - water not delivered through pipes; at least 20 liters per capita per day (lcpd).
L11 - water delivered through piped systems provided with reservoirs; at least 60 lcpd.
L111 - water delivered through piped systems with reservoirs and pumping facilities;
at least 100 lcpd.

Table 4.7c
INFORMATION ON EXISTING FACILITIES IN SELECTED PROVINCES UNDER STUDY
1995
Level III Level II Level I

Province/Type Water Number of Water Number of Number of Number of
of Facility Consumption Barangay Consumption Barangay Safe Water Unsafe Water
(cu.m./day)* Served (cu.m./day)* Served Sources Sources
Ilocos Norte
Deepwell 3,446.8 154.0 44.8 2.0 866.0 -
Shallow well - - - - 11,996.0 5,139.0
Spring 487.2 21.0 2,018.4 87.0 -
Covered/improved - - - - 5,168.0 -
dug wells
Developed springs - - - - 93.0 -
Opening dug wells - - - - - 7,911.0
Undeveloped spring - - - - - 17.0
Ilocos Sur
Deepwell 2,775.3 53.0 104.7 2.0 374.0
Shallow well - - - - 18,599.0 9,528.0
Spring 909.0 50.0 1,309.0 72.0 - -
Covered/improved
dug wells - - - - 288.0 -
Opening dug wells - - - - - 274.0
Oriental Mindoro
Deepwell 4,829.0 25.0 193.2 1.0 336.0 -
Shallow well - - - - 135.0 7,102.0
Spring 1,538.0 20.0 76.9 1.0 - -
Table 4.7c (continued)…

Province/Type Water No. of Bgy. Water No. of Bgy. # of Safe # of Unsafe
of Facility Consumption Served Consumption Served Water Water
(cu.m./day) (cu.m./day) Sources Sources
Covered/improved
dug wells - - - - 64.0 -
Rizal
Deepwell 4,837.7 108.0 179.2 4.0 280.0
Shallow well - - - - 408.0 145.0
Spring - - - 1.0 - -
Covered/improved 5.0 -
dug wells - - - - - -
Opening dug wells - - - - - -
Zambales
Deepwell 20,446.1 62.0 1,202.7 4.0 306.0
Shallow well - - - - 12,090.0 1,647.0
Spring 748.0 6.0 498.7 4.0 - -
Covered/improved - - - - - -
dug wells - - - - - -
Opening dug wells - - - - - 4,957.0
Undeveloped spring - - - - - -
Table 4.7c (continued)…

Province/Type Water No. of Bgy. Water No. of Bgy. # of Safe # of Unsafe
of Facility Consumption Served Consumption Served Water Water
(cu.m./day) (cu.m./day) Sources Sources
Batanes
Deepwell - - - - 12.0 -
Shallow well - - - - 8.0 13.0
Spring 1,493.0 2.0 74.6 2.0 - -
Covered/improved - - - - - -
dug wells - - - - - -
Opening dug wells - - - - - -
Undeveloped spring - - - - - -
Abra
Deepwell 154.0 6.0 n.a. 1.0 911.0 -
Shallow well - - - - 281.0 123.0
Spring n.a. n.a. n.a. 159.0 - -
Covered/improved - - - - 930.0 -
dug wells - - - - - -
Source: Study on Provincial Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Sector Plan in the
Republic of the Philippines, Volume 2-6, 1995.
Table 4.7d
GROUNDWATER SOURCES OF SELECTED PROVINCES UNDER STUDY
1995
Shallow Deep Spring

Province/Item
Well Well
Ilocos Norte
Number of water sources 16,183 574 189
owned by govt. 2,136 473 189
privately owned 14,047 101 -
sources w/ quality problem 70 68 -
non-functional well 178 64 -
undeveloped springs - - 16
untapped springs - - 3
Ilocos Sur
Number of water sources 30,314 739 218
owned by govt. 4,378 543 217
privately owned 25,936 196 1
sources w/ quality problem - - -
non-functional well 2,184 345 -
Oriental Mindoro
Number of water sources - - -
owned by govt. - - -
privately owned - - -
non-functional well - - -
undeveloped springs - - -
Table 4.7d (continued)…
Shallow Deep Spring

Province/Item
Well Well
Rizal
Number of water sources 432 609 12
owned by govt. 140 307 6
privately owned 292 302 6
sources w/ quality problem 86 121 5
Batanes
owned by govt. 46 47 -
privately owned 5 - 16
untapped springs - - -
Abra
owned by govt. 284 451 217
privately owned 149 493 1
Source: Study on Selected Provincial Water Supply, Sewerage and Sanitation Sector Plan
in the Republic of the Philippines, Volume 2 - 6, 1995.
Table 4.8
NUMBER OF PORTS BY REGION
(As of December 1996)
Commercial Non-
Region Total Fishing Feeder
Private Public Operational Operational
NCR 69 3 - 62 4 64 5
Region I 40 18 3 8 11 35 5
Region II 32 19 5 4 4 28 4
Region III 49 12 - 27 10 42 7
Region IV 253 82 53 49 69 235 18
Region V 107 63 4 16 24 98 9
Region VI 146 47 9 66 24 146 -
Region VII 150 39 10 59 42 138 12
Region VIII 125 30 17 42 36 119 6
Region IX 71 21 2 20 28 69 2
Region X 198 53 54 50 41 186 12
Region XI 106 19 6 60 21 105 1
Region XII 38 10 - 21 7 36 2
ARMM 41 13 12 6 10 41 -
Total 1,425 429 175 490 331 1,342 83
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Task Force on Ports Inventory.
Member agencies of the task force are the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA),
Philippine Fisheries Development Authority (PFDA), Project Monitoring Office
-Ports Project, Department of Transportation and Communications (PMO-PPO
/DOTC), Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), National Statistics
Office (NSO) and the NSCB.
Table 4.9
OCCURRENCE OF TIDAL WAVES/MOONSOON WAVES
Date of Areas Casualties Affected Population Damaged Houses

Occurrence Affected Dead Injured Missing Families Persons Total Partial
July 26, 1994 Davao City 1 1 - 401 1,412 144 185

September 10, 1994 Davao City - - - 3 15 - -
November 3, 1994 Davao City - - - 1 6 - -
December 7, 1994 Davao del Norte 2 - - 959 4,208 - 5
December 8, 1994 Davao Oriental - - - 65 309 - -
November 13, 1996 Infanta, Quezon - - - 71 240 6 65
Source: National Disaster Coordinating Council

Table 4.10
STORAGE TYPE HYDROPOWER SCHEMES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Water Resources Name of Storage River Name Installed Capacity Effective Storage Volume Study
Region Type Project (Megawatts) (Million cubic meters) Level
I Cura Laoag -- 13 F/S

I Labugaon Laoag 6 33 F/S
I Solsana Laoag -- 1 F/S
II Magat Cagayan 360 782 Existing
II Addalam A Shyp Addalam 46 32 F/S
II Ilaguen B Shyp Ilaguen 88 31 F/S
II Diduyon HEP Diduyon 352 454 F/S
II Casecnan Phased Transbasin Project Casecnan 332 419 F/S
II Matsuno Multipurpose Project Matuno 180 97 F/S
II Abulog HEP Apayao 360 2,164 F/S
II Abuan Hydropower Project Abuan 487 124 F/S
II Chico IV HEP Chico 360 435 F/S
II Tanuan D SHYP Tanudan 27 9 F/S
II Abayao-Abulog HEP (Gened) Pudtol, Kalinga & Apayao 600 1,200 F/S
II Binongan HEP Abra 175 79 F/S
II Palsiguan Abra 35 189 F/S
II Abra 3 Abra -- -- Map Study
II Ambuklao Aguno 75 258 Existing
III Binga Aguno 100 33 Existing
III Pantabangan Pampanga 100 1,757 Existing
III Angat Pampanga 218 850 Existing
III San Roque Multipurpose Dam Agno 1,250 530 FS
III Balog-Balog Multipurpose Project Tarlac and Bulsa 33 575 F/S
III Caliraya Pasig-Laguna Bay 100 78 Existing
IV Kanan B1 Kanan (Agos) 113 -- F/S
IV Agos Kaliwa HEP Agos 140 570 F/S
IV Amnay MP H.E. Plant Amnay 60 430 F/S
IV Manila Water Supply III Project (Pantay Hydro) Kaliwa (Agos) 23 -- D/D
IV Aglubang SHYP Aglubang 14 5 F/S
IV Bago H.E. Project Bago -- -- D/D
IV Jalaur Multipurpose Project Jalaur 20 337 D/D
VI Panay Multipurpose Project Panay 2 31 Pre-F/S
TABLE 4.10 (continued)…
Water Resources Name of Storage River Name Installed Capacity Effective Storage Volume Study
Region Type Project (Megawatts) (Million cubic meters) Level
VII Upper Loboc H.E. Project Loboc -- 12 F/S

VIII Catubig Valley Comprehensive Catubig Catubig 30 100 F/S
Development Project
IX Polandok 11 -- Pre-F/S
X Pulangi II Pulangi 70 535 Pre-F/S
X Pulangi V Pulangi 300 -- Pre-F/S
X Pulangi II Pulangi 24 1,715 Pre-F/S
X Bulaonog-Batang Cagayan De Oro 150 -- F/S
X Tagaoan 3 Tagaloan 178 121 Pre-F/S
XII Agus 3 Agus -- -- F/S
XII Pulangi 1 Pulangi 80 1,715 Pre-F/S
XII Pulangi 2 Pulangi 158 535 Pre-F/S
XII Maganoy Mindanao 66 62 Pre-F/S

Table 4.11
PHYSICAL ACCOUNTS OF GROUNDWATER IN THE PHILIPPINES
1988-1994
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Opening Stock 267,960.14 265,523.08 262,856.76 259,924.72 256,456.58 252,745.25 248,980.83

Changes in Quantity
Withdrawal (4,298.17) (4,522.00) (4,826.11) (4,974.61) (5,134.45) (5,391.81) (5,856.39)
Other Accumulation
Total Change (2,437.06) (2,666.32) (2,932.04) (3,468.15) (3,711.32) (3,764.43) (4,375.52)
Net recharge 1,861.11 1,855.68 1,894.07 1,506.46 1,423.13 1,627.38 1,480.87
Closing Stock 265,523.08 262,856.76 259,924.72 256,456.58 252,745.25 248,980.83 244,605.30
Changes in Quality
Salt-water intrusion 1,758.03 1,767.00 1,776.33 1,417.63 1,330.76 1,529.22 1,374.67
Source: Philippine System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting,

Table 4.12
PHYSICAL ACCOUNTS OF SURFACE WATER IN THE PHILIPPINES
1988-1993
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Opening Stock 220,400.00 198,402.39 189,172.35 152,373.05 144,709.73 156,919.22

(Dependable Streamflow) 220,400.00 198,402.39 189,172.35 152,373.05 144,709.73 156,919.22
Change in Quantity
Withdrawal (35,468.97) (37,600.12) (38,446.31) (40,229.76) (40,159.77) (41,223.27)
Other Accumulation
Total Additions 21,998.00 9,230.00 36,799.00 7,664.00 12,209.00 1,577.00
Net Additions 13,471.36 28,370.08 1,647.01 32,566.44 52,369.26 42,800.58
Closing Stock 198,402.39 189,172.35 152,373.05 144,709.73 156,919.22 158,496.53
Source: Philippine System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting,

Table 4.13
ANNUAL BOD CONCENTRATION IN PASIG RIVER
1990 - 1995
(parts per million (ppm))
Stations 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Coliform Counts
5 5 5 7 5 6
Bonifacio 5.6 x10 3.4 x10 8.2 x10 6.4 x10 4.9 x10 1.7 x10
9 5 6 6 6 6
Vargas 3.2 x10 7.2 x10 2.2 x10 6.6 x10 1.2 x10 1.3 x10
4 5 6 7 4 5
Laguna de Bay 2.5 x10 1.4 x10 2.3 x10 4.4 x10 4.2 x10 9.7 x10
Bambang 7.9 x10 5 1.1 x10 6 1.5 x10 6 1.4 x10 6 7.8 x10 6 8.5 x10 5
Guadalupe 1.3 x10 6 1.1 x10 6 1.0 x10 6 1.7 x10 6 1.9 x10 6 1.0 x10 6
Lambingan 2.7 x10 6 4.9 x10 5 5.3 x10 6 2.7 x10 7 1.1 x10 6 7.9 x10 5
Sanchez 10.4 x10 6 1.9 x10 7 8.3 x10 7 2.8 x10 3 1.7 x10 7 2.1 x10 7
Jones 4.1 x10 6 7.1 x10 6 1.9 x10 6 3.1 x10 6 2.0 x10 6 3.2 x10 6
Manila Bay - 2.2 x10 5 9.0 x10 7 1.2 x10 5 3.7 x10 5 2.9 x10 5
Nitrate
Bonifacio 0.81 1.04 1.92 1.02 1.40 1.64
Vargas 0.81 0.44 1.72 0.92 0.99 0.44
Laguna de Bay 0.13 0.24 1.04 0.98 0.43 0.32
Bambang 0.19 0.32 0.74 0.59 0.72 0.52
Guadalupe 0.25 0.40 0.99 0.88 0.71 0.71
Stations 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Lambingan 0.23 0.50 1.18 0.84 0.91 0.87

Sanchez 0.45 0.63 1.88 0.34 0.26 0.17
Jones 0.38 0.48 0.97 1.05 0.93 0.74
Manila Bay 0.06 0.11 0.36 0.64 0.23 0.15
Phosphate
Bonifacio 0.32 0.41 0.29 0.32 0.34 0.38
Vargas (0.28) 0.47 0.64 0.52 0.38 0.58
Laguna de Bay 0.13 0.14 0.41 0.22 0.19 0.50
Bambang 0.30 0.24 0.66 0.21 0.41 0.56
Guadalupe 0.36 0.37 0.64 0.26 0.57 0.55
Lambingan 0.36 0.24 0.58 0.43 0.68 0.49
Sanchez 1.42 2.11 1.74 1.88 1.88 1.59
Jones 1.31 0.35 0.39 0.48 0.54 0.52
Manila Bay 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.12 0.15 0.17
Source: Philippine Environmental Quality Report, 1990-1995,

River Rehabilitation Secretariat,
Environmental Management Bureau
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Table 4.14a
ANNUAL DO AND BOD CONCENTRATIONS IN METRO MANILA RIVERS
1990 - 1995
milligrams per liter (mg/L)
Name of River/ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Stations DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD
Marikina River
Montalban Bridge 7.6 2.0 3.5 5.0 6.9 2.0 7.4 3.0 7.6 3.0 8.4 2.6
Rosario Bridge 2.7 12.0 1.0 17.0 2.9 14.0 1.5 17.0 3.0 23.0 2.6 18.4
Vargas Bridge 1.7 16.0 1.3 19.0 3.0 20.0 2.3 24.0 2.6 8.0 2.7 21.3
San Juan River
EDSA-Congressional Bridge 0.8 29.0 0.8 25.0 2.3 36.0 1.7 38.0 2.9 29.0 3.8 26.7
Dario Creek Bridge 0.1 89.0 0.0 116.1 0.5 81.0 1.7 80.0 0.2 106.0 0.6 54.0
Quezon Avenue Bridge 0.0 56.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 55.0 0.2 50.0 0.1 94.0 0.3 43.5
Sanchez Bridge 0.0 37.0 0.2 45.0 0.1 48.0 0.3 44.0 0.1 66.0 0.2 47.1
Parañaque River
Parañaque Bridge 3.0 16.0 1.5 14.0 4.1 11.0 5.8 18.0 3.6 21.0 5.4 19.8
MIA Road Bridge 0.3 35.0 0.5 35.0 0.0 39.0 0.1 43.0 0.1 47.0 0.3 44.0
Aurora-Tramo Bridge 0.0 54.0 0.2 40.0 0.0 55.0 0.0 57.0 0.3 58.0 0.0 55.4
Name of River/ 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

Stations DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD DO BOD
Tullahan-Tenejeros River
Gulod Bridge 1.0 26.0 0.4 40.0 - - 3.3 14.0 3.8 21.0 4.5 6.0
McArthur Highway Bridge 0.2 71.0 0.6 166.0 - - 0.0 41.0 0.2 81.0 0.4 66.4
North Expressway Bridge 0.2 66.0 0.0 67.0 - - 2.3 72.0 0.3 102.0 0.6 49.9
Governor Pascual Bridge 0.2 29.0 0.0 36.0 - - 0.2 37.0 0.1 64.0 0.1 49.1
Average of 14 Stations 133.9 38.4 133.4 44.6 182.9 36.1 134.7 38.4 134.6 51.6 135.0 36.0
Note: DO - Dissolved Oxygen

BOD - Biochemical Oxygen Demand
"-" - indicates no sample was taken
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources,

National Capital Region
Table 4.14b
SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN METRO MANILA RIVERS
1990-1995
(milligrams per liter (mg/L))
Name of River/Stations 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Marikina River
Montalban Bridge 55.0 50.0 48.0 92.0 38.0 42.9
Rosario Bridge 36.0 94.0 29.0 32.0 47.0 41.3
Vargas Bridge 39.0 120.0 31.0 61.0 46.0 22.9
San Juan River

EDSA-Congressional 58.0 145.0 39.0 62.0 24.0 48.0
Dario Creek Bridge 192.0 212.0 129.0 65.0 71.0 44.3
Quezon Avenue Bridge 86.0 190.0 84.0 86.0 48.0 45.7
Sanchez Bridge 37.0 83.0 30.0 62.0 32.0 51.4
Parañaque River
Parañaque Bridge 44.0 47.0 53.0 36.0 35.0 73.6
MIA Road Bridge 30.0 126.0 28.0 40.0 27.0 50.9
Aurora-Tramo Bridge 35.0 175.0 53.0 66.0 44.0 55.5
Name of River/Stations 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Tullahan-Tinajeros River
Gulod Bridge 46.0 109.0 - 43.0 29.0 52.7
McArthur Highway Bridge 54.0 58.0 - 39.0 40.0 81.4
North Expressway Bd. 99.0 256.0 - 61.0 58.0 92.7
Gov. Pascual Bridge 50.0 46.0 - 37.0 38.0 82.3
Average of 14 Stations 190.1 246.8 228.7 185.0 171.4 185.4
"-" indicates no sample was taken.
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources,

Table 4.15
TOXIC RED TIDE OUTBREAKS, PHILIPPINES
1990 - 1996
Year/Month Place of Occurrence
1990
July Masinloc, Zambales
November Benoni Lagoon, Camiguin Island
1991
June Manila Bay
September Masbate
1992
May Manila Bay
November Carigara, Samar
1993
January Masinloc, Zambales
May Manila Bay
1994
January Cancabato Bay, Tacloban City
June Manila Bay
Dumanquillas Bay, Zamboanga del Sur
November Juag Lagoon, Sorsogon
1995
May Manila Bay
July Ticao Pass, Masbate
December Benoni Lagoon, Camiguin Island
1996
March Manila Bay
April Dumanquillas Bay, Zamboanga del Sur
June Manila Bay
Source: Oceanography Section, Research Division,

Table 4.16
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING CASES, PHILIPPINES
1990 - 1996
Year Place of Occurrence Reported Cases Deaths
1990
Camiguin 13 1
Masinloc, Zambales 1 0
1991
Manila Bay 73 8
Masbate 7 1
1992
Manila Bay 269 11
Carigara Bay, Samar 231 11
1993
Masinloc, Zambales 6 1
Manila Bay 45 2
1994
Cancabato Bay 5 3
Manila Bay 36 2
Dumanguillas Bay 9 0
Juag Lagoon, Sorsogon 8 1
1995
Manila Bay 110 8
Ticao Pass, Masbate 11 0
Camiguin 5 0
1996
Dumanguillas Bay 27 1
Manila Bay 125 7
Source: Oceanography Section, Research Division,

Table 4.17
WATER-BORNE DISEASES, PHILIPPINES
1991 - 1993
Typhoid & Paratyphoid Fever & Diarrhea H-Fever Malaria Schistosomiasis Cholera
Area Other Salmonella Infections
1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993
NCR 1,435 2,143 2,288 58,487 77,731 88,032 1,316 1,302 1,793 200 213 248 39 72 89 54 109 256
1st Dist. Manila 650 914 993 15,558 22,841 23,585 618 624 951 54 57 67 8 9 10 16 54 60
2nd Dist. Mun. 31 102 113 5,331 12,701 13,088 39 68 70 5 6 8 11 3 9 8 6 10
Quezon City 538 910 925 13,082 11,422 11,860 286 194 304 96 101 116 14 16 18 2 4 25
3rd Dist. Mun. 17 21 60 13,002 13,116 14,148 30 31 39 2 2 4 - - 3 11 13 18
Caloocan City 25 38 40 5,834 6,825 7,691 12 21 34 35 37 41 6 - 2 2 3 11
4th Dist. Mun. 74 62 6 2,031 7,291 13,314 43 37 50 4 5 6 - 42 44 14 29 128
Pasay City 100 96 151 3,649 3,535 4,346 288 327 345 4 5 6 - 2 3 1 - 4
CAR 434 465 654 27,099 32,488 34,573 27 174 196 5,617 5,990 6,442 28 88 110
Abra 4 8 19 4,623 5,951 6,080 4 1 4 33 162 190 - - - - - 4
Benguet 247 121 200 7,912 8,915 9,031 - - 1 4 6 10 - - - 2 67 70
Ifugao 68 173 175 3,985 4,705 5,896 5 132 2 2,003 2,405 2,580 - - - 7 - 4
Kalinga-apayao 21 7 20 5,216 5,828 5,986 18 1 141 2,379 2,160 2,310 - - - 19 20 29
Mt. Province 15 6 46 4,339 5,197 5,671 - 40 48 1,198 1,257 1,352 - - - - 1 2
Baguio City 79 150 194 1,024 1,892 1,909 - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Region 1 1,240 1,238 807 36,655 57,843 65,827 286 114 310 161 208 249 19 3 47 27 35 71
Ilocos Norte 33 164 271 3,877 8,750 9,699 38 - 2 82 104 117 6 - 23 - 3 5
Ilocos Sur 237 242 198 6,523 8,599 9,548 39 42 74 14 15 24 5 - - - 3 6
La Union 564 459 39 6,859 10,190 12,130 34 22 36 6 7 12 - 2 - 15 6 8
Pangasinan 320 267 82 15,262 20,387 21,746 41 26 32 46 59 63 8 1 2 12 10 11
Dagupan City 68 96 126 895 1,924 2,734 82 21 61 12 13 15 - - 22 - 12 14
Laoag City 2 - 37 1,744 4,581 5,164 3 1 6 1 3 7 - - - - - 2
San Carlos City 16 10 54 1,495 3,412 4,806 49 2 99 - 7 11 - - - - 1 25
Region 2 67 111 215 36,747 28,884 54,079 132 2 3 8,567 9,230 9,567 1 30 24 31
Batanes - - - 830 - 264 95 - - 30 32 43 - - - - - -
Cagayan 25 30 31 1,749 1,836 18,260 17 - - 5,997 6,296 6,352 - - - 8 9 10
Isabela 9 14 65 22,021 13,986 21,194 16 1 2 853 895 1,044 - - - 5 6 9
Nueva Vizcaya 28 33 56 10,531 11,057 12,129 - - - 55 58 70 - - 1 - 4 6
Quirino 5 34 63 1,616 2,005 2,232 4 1 1 1,632 1,949 2,058 - - - 17 5 6
Region 3 2,276 2,628 2,503 233,990 191,347 190,023 632 657 4,725 514 1,081 3,503 4 1 1,997 82 140 2,148
Bataan 48 451 79 121,149 25,321 26,843 74 158 447 66 513 818 - - - 6 30 35
Bulacan 92 52 115 35,898 30,422 30,913 171 55 260 103 108 122 1 - - 6 24 26
Nueva Ecija 47 5 47 19,641 19,891 20,186 2 4 175 46 48 50 - - - - 9 11
Pamapanga 13 18 73 21,539 36,117 37,991 17 153 522 - 3 5 3 - 2 31 7 10
Tarlac 34 39 33 16,388 60,432 46,057 34 11 513 5 6 8 - - - 3 8 9
Zambales 4 11 36 10,054 6,409 12,024 9 18 232 230 241 260 - 1 2 7 - -
Angeles City 28 41 86 3,784 3,984 4,486 172 140 173 1 1 2 - - - 29 62 64
Area Other Salmonella Infection
1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993
Cabanatuan City 7 12 - 3,166 6,260 6,061 5 1 5 3 4 8 - - - - - -

Olangapo City 10 7 38 892 842 971 138 117 405 51 46 109 - - - - - -
Palayan City - - - 539 660 826 - - - - 101 116 - - - - - -
San Jose City 2 - 3 940 1,009 1,672 10 - - 9 10 12 - - - - - -
Region 4 941 1,168 1,331 55,596 84,786 112,724 196 190 444 15,446 9,163 6,981 1,127 14 20 47 56 92
Aurora 1 6 8 834 1,028 1,520 - - - 282 897 790 - - - 1 - -
Batangas 74 77 227 2,804 9,664 12,175 13 23 227 89 93 101 - - 1 - 4 8
Cavite 7 198 144 4,177 8,385 9,259 32 36 42 12 14 136 4 1 2 5 6 10
Laguna 20 22 24 440 1,462 2,692 46 48 65 190 199 211 4 2 3 4 2 5
Marinduque 12 20 22 2,622 1,592 2,392 - - 1 48 51 54 - - - - 2 6
Mindoro Occ. 19 10 41 2,814 5,883 6,781 17 1 6 84 16 20 - - - 10 11 13
Mindoro Or. 33 35 9 3,565 7,819 8,785 6 24 3 312 239 247 1,112 8 10 9 10 12
Palawan 12 4 6 7,018 8,904 9,958 - 3 4 7,198 4,158 3,573 - - - - - 5
Quezon 98 103 110 9,624 10,643 12,860 16 3 10 3,930 34 44 2 - - 7 6 10
Rizal 233 244 228 7,481 8,737 8,265 37 46 62 36 115 125 - 3 4 6 8 9
Romblon 330 346 287 6,600 8,980 8,390 - 2 3 89 10 13 - - - 3 0 1
Batangas City 14 16 20 1,308 2,403 3,081 10 2 4 3 4 6 5 - - 2 3 4
Cavite City 9 3 4 1,082 2,132 2,955 - - 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
Lipa City 17 19 12 967 2,265 2,546 - 1 1 - - 2 - - - - - -
Lucena City 15 17 15 942 989 2,780 11 - 3 11 12 16 - - - - - 2
Puerto Princesa 26 28 172 607 637 1,217 - - 1 3,158 3,315 1,630 - - - - 1 2
San Pablo City 18 20 - 1,760 1,968 2,212 3 1 1 - 1 4 - - - - 3 5
Tagaytay City 3 - - 772 766 8,630 5 - - 2 3 3 - - - - - -
Trece Martires - - 2 179 529 6,226 - - 10 2 2 4 - - - - - -
Region 5 1,384 813 1,372 61,090 65,529 91,581 118 398 508 1,917 3,094 3,596 16 58 63 35 216 285
Albay 74 78 69 15,163 19,018 20,410 12 47 50 4 6 8 - 53 55 - 56 60
Camarines Norte 11 13 15 3,952 3,699 4,214 6 126 135 1,008 1,954 2,011 - - - 17 13 15
Camarines Sur 431 461 397 22,916 26,918 27,124 32 153 216 848 1,092 1,524 3 - - - 89 120
Catanduanes 7 9 11 1,543 1,864 2,349 3 1 3 - - - 1 1 2 - - 1
Masbate 754 118 780 8,645 1,886 5,716 23 14 21 10 11 13 - - - 13 4 29
Sorsogon 27 30 23 5,722 6,238 7,486 - 1 2 17 20 25 12 4 6 5 6 7
Iriga City 9 10 14 235 422 591 4 - 1 - 4 6 - - - - - 2
Legaspi City 68 71 38 895 906 14,247 2 11 24 - - - - - - - 11 12
Naga City 3 23 25 2,019 4,578 9,444 36 45 56 30 7 9 - - - - 37 39
Region 6 4,275 4,328 5,049 70,840 81,503 99,304 1,312 861 3,089 25 85 2,085 43 5 2,001 102 237 2,231
Aklan 403 316 260 9,494 8,572 9,932 51 20 37 - - - 27 1 2 17 15 17
Antique 159 242 172 7,618 6,909 7,552 11 14 26 9 3 5 2 - - 31 5 7
Capiz 487 586 317 13,132 12,257 12,360 106 89 95 - 1 3 - 1 2 - 8 10
Iloilo 124 175 278 10,607 16,041 17,480 157 86 108 1 5 7 - 1 1 12 13 15
1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993
Negros Occ. 678 560 922 20,998 30,254 31,038 15 74 86 15 45 49 2 1 1 6 16 20

Guimaras - - - - - 5,789 - - - - - - - - - - - -
Bacolod City 164 95 320 1,585 695 767 629 266 296 - - - 1 - - - 6 8
Bago City 13 15 213 1,453 1,525 5,214 7 8 10 - - - - - - - - 2
Cadiz City 65 65 65 1,473 1,481 1,473 3 3 6 - - - - 1 2 3 2 3
Iloilo City 100 153 177 1,271 1,826 2,221 86 294 310 - - - - - - 20 168 150
La Carlota City 44 45 80 964 741 943 209 - 78 - - - - - - - - -
Roxas city 10 12 187 627 657 961 33 1 31 - - - 11 - - 5 - 2
San Carlos City 25 58 65 1,480 441 1,365 3 4 8 - 31 28 0 - - 8 4 4
Silay City 12 14 23 138 104 216 2 2 5 - - - - - - - - -
Region 7 1,064 1,184 1,609 88,444 123,065 232,643 1,355 1,670 2,678 136 299 324 33 32 40 78 32 187
Bohol 278 133 140 18,511 39,038 103,621 34 36 110 4 29 34 5 6 7 9 0 147
Cebu 89 93 281 17,560 18,378 30,003 54 57 121 11 1 2 6 - 5 3 5 8
Negros Or. 256 269 322 22,891 23,141 24,249 32 34 69 102 107 111 22 24 25 - - -
Siquijor 22 122 240 2,611 2,124 2,429 7 39 58 - - - - 2 3 3 3 4
Bais City 16 18 20 167 2,324 2,559 4 5 8 - - - - - - - - -
Canlaon City - 3 5 2,227 2,140 2,533 - 3 4 - - - - - - - - -
Cebu City 183 178 228 13,192 10,961 19,003 611 821 1,076 10 155 165 - - - 63 5 6
Danao City 12 14 26 648 2,494 3,208 6 7 10 - 5 7 - - - - - -
Dumaguete City 68 71 94 190 199 1,937 37 39 44 4 - - - - - - - -
Lapu-lapu City 5 6 14 2,340 2,457 2,678 407 49 398 - - - - - - - - -
Mandaue City 3 28 30 5,493 14,103 34,320 10 226 287 - 2 3 - - - - 15 17
Tagbilaran City 34 36 51 1,237 1,298 1,334 19 20 80 5 - 2 - - - - - -
Toledo City 98 216 163 3,604 6,548 7,302 134 337 417 - - - - - - - 4 5
Region 8 714 1,568 1,884 51,277 54,268 65,580 2,255 502 588 27 23 30 4,871 2,700 2,801 227 73 86
Leyte del Norte 178 235 268 19,015 22,513 25,380 47 72 86 2 1 1 4,424 2,507 2,580 4 0 0
Leyte del Sur 10 795 810 9,838 8,595 9,249 2,040 198 218 5 11 14 0 34 36 23 11 13
Eastern Samar 5 21 25 8,582 9,769 10,726 49 17 25 12 6 8 50 55 73 38 6 7
Northern Samar 93 139 159 6,524 4,171 5,865 17 122 143 1 0 0 372 42 43 75 38 40
Western Samar 236 308 347 3,198 5,802 6,566 65 5 17 6 5 7 11 12 12 73 13 16
Biliran - - 16 - - 1,942 - - 1 - - - - - 2 3 1
Calbayog City 155 25 201 2,693 2,424 2,942 - 2 5 - - - 4 8 9 13 2 5
Ormoc City 13 20 27 687 193 968 8 40 44 - - - - 2 3 1 - 3
Tacloban City 24 25 31 740 801 1,942 29 46 49 1 - - 10 40 43 - - 1
Region 9 2,942 3,093 2,847 68,770 65,482 65,816 197 337 2,369 4,889 3,169 5,351 663 83 2,461 34 79 2,080
Basilan 31 34 38 3,412 4,647 - 13 14 18 71 92 330 - - - 7 5 6
Sulu 23 135 - 3,587 5,201 - - 41 - 1,157 802 - - - 6 5
Tawi-tawi 6 4 - 1,025 1,363 5,933 1 1 - 29 68 - - - - -
1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993
Zamb. Del Norte 363 381 220 14,335 13,054 16,931 1 7 8 119 110 770 9 - 28 2 63 65
Zamb. Del Sur 194 144 238 41,002 34,770 29,897 14 3 22 2,361 1,257 1,320 648 83 440 9 - 5
Dapitan City 10 12 15 1,072 1,856 2,718 - 25 33 84 73 76 - - - 3 3 5
Dipolog City 47 49 52 1,115 1,576 2,505 23 1 2 9 10 13 6 - - - 2 3
Pagadian City 31 15 21 1,966 1,663 1,843 8 - 2 7 8 11 - - - 5 - -
Zamboanga City 246 327 270 1,256 1,352 3,996 137 245 291 1,052 749 838 - - - 2 1 3
Region 10 1,322 1,325 1,383 58,366 54,540 65,835 923 861 4,038 4,486 3,725 4,120 4,859 2,630 2,976 245 114 133
Agusan del Norte 54 57 70 2,009 1,453 2,122 5 7 9 147 154 218 100 8 10 7 - -
Agusan del Sur 81 213 196 7,667 8,457 9,733 57 34 38 826 1,720 1,814 903 422 738 16 22 25
Bukidnon 338 122 142 18,340 18,819 19,862 404 94 104 578 659 737 1,064 896 901 83 3 5
Camiguin 12 13 35 1,244 1,339 1,744 12 16 22 9 15 16 - - - 20 7 9
Misamis Occ. 46 14 21 4,674 2,985 2,886 31 2 7 16 17 19 2 - 4 41 4 6
Misamis Or. 13 10 16 6,810 7,638 8,874 23 10 14 44 73 88 5 - - 11 1 2
Surigao del Norte 80 133 149 5,120 3,460 4,394 63 82 89 77 107 113 2,633 1,229 1,240 42 66 69
Butuan City 215 317 200 4,635 3,220 4,606 86 57 65 484 566 679 31 58 60 19 6 8
Cagayan de Oro 250 229 313 3,030 2,660 5,122 215 516 3,621 30 28 32 2 4 5 1 2 4
Gingoog City 7 8 12 2,247 993 1,069 2 4 6 271 200 210 - 1 1 - - -
Oroquieta City 44 31 45 994 1,173 2,091 9 10 18 1 50 54 - - - 5 2 3
Ozamis City 72 77 87 506 1,282 2,100 9 11 17 - - - - - - - - -
Surigao City 29 17 26 913 805 949 7 8 15 130 136 140 105 10 11 - - -
Tangub City 81 84 71 177 256 283 - 10 13 - - - 14 2 6 - 1 2
Region 11 1,019 1,492 1,976 64,398 59,124 73,372 2,135 1,288 1,512 5,779 7,166 8,852 14,062 3,586 5,850 58 32 66
Cotabato South 100 109 119 20,178 20,278 20,490 185 189 195 226 237 251 968 2 571 9 2 3
Davao Oriental 101 316 286 4,500 4,725 6,441 7 7 29 3,975 4,173 4,803 12,966 1 9 12 4 9
Davao del Norte 90 95 174 3,616 3,796 13,226 12 92 101 160 857 1,234 31 3,410 3,645 10 12 14
Davao del Sur 55 280 211 13,280 12,487 9,166 36 189 199 156 363 520 2 31 144 9 0 0
Surigao del Sur 272 273 361 14,723 9,394 9,555 34 13 21 1,042 763 897 9 70 286 16 10 12
Sarangani - - 29 - - 4,931 - - 127 - - 261 - - - - - 5
Davao City 330 344 707 5,058 4,888 5,692 1,797 751 786 202 754 866 83 72 1,195 2 4 22
Gen. Santos City 71 75 89 3,043 3,556 3,871 64 47 54 18 19 20 3 0 0 0 0 1
Region 12 2,695 2,906 3,099 70,727 66,885 42,247 433 749 7,820 2,870 3,168 5,163 966 10 2,018 216 167 2,121
North Cotabato 125 129 230 9,429 9,900 15,485 23 25 100 49 51 65 199 1 16 1 5 7
Lanao del Norte 112 116 135 5,779 4,000 4,335 6 8 13 42 44 52 176 7 7 11 2 6
Lanao del Sur 115 118 - 12,790 12,801 - 1 - - 165 173 - - - - 10 10 -
Maguindanao 63 258 - 27,113 24,193 - 109 70 - 7 119 - - - - 122 44 -
Sultan Kudarat 30 32 94 7,929 8,319 9,632 5 8 5,078 2,515 2,640 2,843 587 0 2 2 6
Cotabato City 94 108 473 3,050 3,221 4,823 248 587 577 50 111 172 1 1 1 53 101 105
Iligan City 144 130 134 3,665 3,431 4,069 36 45 49 37 24 28 3 1 1 8 3 4
1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993 1991 1992 1993
Marawi City 21 23 40 972 1,020 1,910 5 6 10 5 6 10 0 0 0 9 0 0
ARMM 559 61,448 90 967 1 63

Lanao del Sur - - 135 - - 13,335 - - 13 - - 12 - - 1 - - 12
Maguindanao - - 262 - - 24,768 - - 25 - - 27 - - 0 - - 45
Sulu - - 152 - - 5,955 - - 48 - - 853 - - 0 - - 6
Tawi-Tawi - - 10 - - 17,390 - - 4 - - 75 - - 0 - - 0
Philippines 21,808 24,462 27,576 982,486 1,043,475 1,343,084 11,317 9,105 30,163 50,634 46,614 57,478 26,702 9,194 20,365 1,263 1,402 9,960
Note: Data based on actual notifiable diseases submitted/collected reports.
Source: Department of Health

Table 4.18
LIST OF RIVERS SURVEYED ACCORDING TO POLLUTION LEVEL IN SELECTED REGIONS
1989 - 1992
Region/Name of River Location 1989 1990 1991 1992
ILOCOS
Abra Vigan, Ilocos Sur - NP - -
Agno San Miguel, Pangasinan - NP - -
Amburayan Sudipen, La Union - Dead - -
Aringay Aringay, La Union - NP - -
Baroro Bacnotan, La Union - Dead - -
Balincaquin Agno, Pangasinan - Dead - -
Bued (D) San Fabian, Pangasinan - Dead - -
Dagupan (D) Tambal, Dagupan City - Dead - -
Laoag Sarrat, Ilocos Sur - NP - -
Naguilan Bauang, La Union - SP - -
- - - -
CAGAYAN VALLEY - - - -
Apiyan (D) Bambang, N.V. - NP - -
Cagayan Bal-lo, Cagayan - NP - -
Ganano Santiago, Isabela - NP - -
Karaballo (M) Aritao, N. V. - - - SP
Magat (U) Bambang, N.V. - - - SP
Magat (D) Bayumbong, N.V. - - NP
Matuno Bambang, N.V. - - - NP
Pinacanauan Tuguegarao, Cagayan - - NP
Sta Cruz Bambang, N.V. - - - NP
Sta Fe Bambang, N.V. - - - NP
- - - -
CENTRAL LUZON - - - -
Abucay Abucay, Bataan - - SP -
Balagtas Balagtas, Bulacan Dead - - -

Bamban (M) Bamban, Tarlac - - - NP
Bocaue Bocaue, Bulacan Dead - - -
Caulamang Dinalupihan, Pampanga - - - NP
Dinlupihan Dinalupihan, Pampanga NP - - -
Guagua Guagua, Pampanga SP - - -
Guiguinto Guiguinto, Bulacan - - Dead -
Gumain (m) Lubao, Pampanga - - SP -
Ibayo Balanga, Bataan - - NP -
Kalaguiman Samal, Bataan - - - NP
Labangan Calumpit, Bulacan - - NP -
Layac (M) Dinalupihan, Bataan - - NP -
Limay Limay, Bataan NP - - -
Maasin Candaba, Pampanga NP - - -
Mapahuepe Zambales NP - - -
Marella Zambales NP - - -
Marilao Marilao, Bulacan Dead - - -
Meycauayan Meycauayan, Bulacan Dead - - -
Pamatawan (D) Zambales NP - - -
Pamatawan (M) Subic, Zambales - - - NP
Pampanga Apalit, Pampanga NP - - -
Pasig Potrero Potrero, Pampanga - - - NP
Polo Lubao, Pampanga - - SP -
Porac (D) Florida Blanca, Pampanga - - - SP
Porac (M) Porac, Pampanga - - - NP
Potrero Guagua, Pampanga - - NP -
O'Donnel Sitio Dam, Tarlac - - - SP
Orani Orani, Bataan - - SP -

Rio Chico Gapan, N.Ecija NP - - -
Samal Samal, Bataan - - SP -
San Fernando Bacolor, Pampanga - - - HP
San Juan Samal, Bataan - - SP -
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga - - SP -
Sta Maria Sta. Maria, Pampanga NP - - -
Sta Rita (U) Olongapo, Zambales - - - NP
Sta Rita (D) Olongapo, Zambales - - - NP
Sto. Tomas (M) Castillejos, Zambales - - - NP
Sto. Tomas (D) San Narcisio, Zambales - - - SP
Tagwaling Pilar, Bataan - - NP -
- - - -
SOUTHERN TAGALOG - - - -
Alitao (U) Tayabas, Quezon - - - SP
Balatuin San Pablo City, Laguna - - - NP
Banadero San Pablo, Laguna - - - NP
Calaca Calaca, Batangas - - - SP
Calumpang Calumpang, Batangas City - - - SP
Dumaca-a (D) Cotta, Lucena City, Quezon - - - Dead
Dumaca-a (M) Sto. Rosario, Lucena, Quezon - - - SP
Dumaca-a (U) Tayabas, Quezon - - - SP
Dumuklong Bagbaguin, Lucena City - - - SP
Iyan (D) Teachers Village, Lucena City - - - SP
Iyan (M) Ilayang Iyan, Lucena City - - - SP
Iyan (U) Tayabas, Quezon - - - SP
Lacawan (M) Bagbaguin, Lucena City - - - SP
Lian Lian, Batangas - - - SP

Lobo Lobo, Batangas - - - SP
Mahangpong San Pablo City, Laguna - - - NP
Malaunod (U) San Pablo City, Laguna - - - NP
Molino Molino, Batangas - - - SP
Pagbilao (M) Pagbilao, Quezon - - - SP
Palsabangan (U) Pagbilao, Quezon - - - SP
Prinsa (U) San Pablo City, Laguna - - - NP
San Cristobal (T) Calamba, Laguna - - - SP
San Cristobal (M) Calamba, Laguna - - - SP
San Cristobal (U) Calamba, Laguna - - - SP
San Juan (M) Real Calamba, Laguna - - - SP
San Juan (D) Calamba, Laguna - - - SP
- - - -
BICOL - - - -
Naga City Naga City NP
Legend:
T = Tributary NP = Not Polluted
M = Midstream SP = Slightly Polluted
D = Downstream HP = Highly Polluted
U = Upstream UC = Unclassified
Source: Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Table 4.19a
FLOW DURATION CURVE OF MAJOR RIVER BASIN IN LUZON ISLAND
Percent of Discharge in Cubic Meters per Second per One Hundred Square Kilometers
Time (%) Stream Guaging Station
1) Laoag 2) Abra 3) Pinacanauan 4) Apayao 5) Ambay 6) Pampanga 7) Panaysayan 8) Caguray 9) Bicol
10% 9.68 19.92 19.36 23.84 16.37 9.24 3.72 10.85 10.57
20% 3.96 13.31 5.04 17.29 9.68 4.34 2.21 6.99 6.33
30% 1.94 9.77 2.04 12.56 4.54 2.63 1.45 5.51 4.7
40% 1.33 6.9 1.33 8.9 2.95 1.77 1.03 4.04 3.49
50% 0.94 4.53 0.99 7.04 2.24 1.36 0.9 3.16 2.59
60% 0.69 2.74 0.63 5.62 1.87 1.16 0.76 1.69 1.75
70% 0.51 1.72 1.36 4.48 1.52 1.06 0.76 0.96 1.16
80% 0.34 1.03 1.27 3.49 1.28 0.97 0.48 0.46 0.79
90% 0.25 0.66 0.16 2.37 0.98 0.86 0.21 0.27 0.28
100% 0.13 0.01 0.05 0.97 0.18 0.51 0.12 0.20 0.01
Period of Data Used 1992-1996 1984-1988 1992-1996 1990-1994 1968-1972 1992-1996 1991-1995 1965-1969 1991-1995
Source: Department of Public Works and Highways

Table 4.19b
FLOW DURATION CURVE OF MAJOR RIVER BASIN IN VISAYAS ISLAND
Time % Stream Guaging Station
1) Payo 2) Panay 3) Jaiaur 4) Ilog 5) Carcar 6) Wahig 7) Daguitan 8) Tenane
10% 104.50 20.43 3.84 7.88 1.16 5.89 12.12 13.37

20% 21.83 15.24 1.59 2.27 0.97 3.60 9.72 8.29
30% 9.56 13.08 0.79 1.10 0.32 2.90 7.42 5.85
40% 4.83 11.24 0.41 0.70 0.26 2.14 3.30 4.71
50% 2.76 10.03 0.26 0.58 0.26 1.79 2.23 3.98
60% 1.36 8.56 0.17 0.50 0.23 1.48 1.59 3.39
70% 0.06 7.45 0.12 0.46 0.19 1.09 0.87 3.04
80% 0.36 6.47 0.08 0.42 0.19 0.75 0.35 2.68
90% 0.21 4.91 0.04 0.39 0.13 0.53 0.25 2.22
100% 0.05 1.17 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.15 0.00 1.61
Period of Data Used 1991-1995 1991-1995 1991-1995 1975-1979 1992-1996 1986-1990 1992-1996 1992-1996

Table 4.19c
FLOW DURATION CURVE OF MAJOR RIVER BASIN IN MINDANAO ISLAND
Time % Stream Gauging Station
1) Agusan 2) Tagoloan 3) Cagayan 4) Padada 5) Pulangi

10% 16.27 7.80 14.24 3.82 6.23
20% 11.96 5.80 12.09 3.23 4.87
30% 9.96 4.68 10.60 3.01 4.21
40% 8.36 3.92 9.49 2.80 3.49
50% 7.27 3.30 8.61 2.51 2.95
60% 6.31 2.75 7.50 2.17 2.50
70% 5.37 2.41 6.72 1.83 2.19
80% 4.23 2.02 5.73 1.52 1.94
90% 2.08 1.67 5.06 1.16 1.53
100% 0.67 0.31 1.95 0.14 1.04
Period of Data Used 1979-1983 1987-1991 1986-1990 1974-1978 1977-1981

Table 4.20a
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF DISSOLVED ION COMPOSITION FROM POWER PLANTS/ENERGY FIRMS, PHILIPPINES
Number of Temp. pH* Na K Ca Mg Li Rb Cs

Location/Date of Sample
O
Sample C ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
EAST ASIA POWER CORP. (June, 1997) 4 39.13 7.77 10,837.50 332.75 140.00 1,287.50 0.08 < 0.05 < 0.20
MANILA THERMAL, SAN MIGUEL (Feb.,1997) 6 30.43 7.04 138.50 8.42 20.65 21.88 69.65 167.63 97.77
DMC-CERI, BISLIG, SURIGAO DEL SUR (Jan.,1997) 5 25.00 6.58 13.63 1.62 37.34 6.49 132.66 5.98 86.70
SHELL PETROLEUM PHIL. AND MALAYA THERMAL PLANT (Feb., 1997) 10 30.14 7.03 139.54 8.57 14.66 29.58 347.86 96.20 73.47
MAKBAN GEO. PLANT AND SUCAT THERMAL PLANT (Nov., 1996) 11 31.75 7.21 61.97 5.14 11.81 7.76 78.36 49.23 92.50
DMC-CERI AND PICOP RESOURCES (Aug., 1996) 5 30.74 23.69 1.65 1.65 59.52 7.94 107.48 7.02 126.86
PETRON-BATAAN AND HOPEWELL ENERGY (Jun., 1996) 8 33.08 7.47 5,767.07 193.14 271.41 672.75 1,361.79 10,630.55 125.75
HOPEWELL POWER PLANT, PAGBILAO, QUEZON (Jun.,1996) 13 31.25 7.74 6,363.51 196.07 239.05 787.98 1,612.67 11,512.62 134.15
BATAAN THERMAL POWER PLANT AND ENRON POWER CORP. (1996) 7 34.92 8.15 5,737.37 178.56 69.45 598.23 1,379.16 10,226.36 104.57
BACMAN, SORSOGON AND NPC-TIWI, ALBAY (Aug.,1995) 15 30.20 6.77 22.70 2.33 7.52 2.91 52.63 8.24 42.69
TUKUKAN, IFUGAO (Jul.,1995) 13 31.67 6.78 42.60 18.43 27.20 4.98 267.58 214.23 59.85
TONGONAN, LEYTE (Aug, 1995) 13 24.85 6.73 14.34 1.70 24.44 10.19 83.52 13.60 100.98
VICTORIAS, NEGROS OCC. AND PALIMPINON, DUMAGUETE (1995) 20 29.00 6.45 173.91 9.40 21.96 21.50 75.21 321.71 31.75
MALAYA THERMAL PLANT (Jun.,1995) 20 34.45 7.05 2,545.71 90.04 104.49 307.21 621.42 4,553.76 140.08
LAGUNA POWER CORP.(Apr.,1995) 9 28.58 7.39 59.06 5.84 24.18 14.07 70.50 33.33 108.80
PAGBILAO, QUEZON (Apr.,1995) 9 28.00 6.85 - 393.22 - 1,267.11 2,614.33 - 123.50
Source: Environmental Management Bureau,

Table 4.20b
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF DISSOLVED ION COMPOSITION FROM POWER PLANTS/ENERGY FIRMS, PHILIPPINES
B SiO2 SO4 Cl Pb Zn Ni Mn Sp. Cond. TDS

Location/Date of Sample
ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm us ppm
EAST ASIA POWER CORP. (June, 1997) 4.32 2.65 2,497.50 19,475.00 0.59 0.06 0.25 0.09 77,775.00 50,550.00
MANILA THERMAL, SAN MIGUEL (Feb.,1997) 0.21 30.60 < 0.05 < 0.10 0.09 < 0.05 0.35 - 911.67 592.83
DMC-CERI, BISLIG, SURIGAO DEL SUR (Jan.,1997) 0.19 21.48 < 0.05 < 0.10 0.13 < 0.05 0.73 - 421.20 273.80
SHELL PETROLEUM PHIL. AND MALAYA THERMAL PLANT (Feb., 1997) 0.20 36.32 < 0.05 < 0.10 0.54 < 0.05 0.81 - 1,217.80 791.80
MAKBAN GEO. PLANT AND SUCAT THERMAL PLANT (Nov., 1996) 1.74 34.97 ND ND 0.45 < 0.05 < 0.05 - 460.50 299.34
DMC-CERI AND PICOP RESOURCES (Aug., 1996) 0.19 20.56 0.05 - 0.05 0.05 0.23 - 452.60 294.60
PETRON-BATAAN AND HOPEWELL ENERGY (Jun., 1996) 2.39 17.72 0.06 0.30 0.12 0.28 0.09 2.40 44,069.38
HOPEWELL POWER PLANT, PAGBILAO, QUEZON (Jun.,1996) 2.73 30.74 0.10 2.89 0.11 0.49 0.20 - 44,780.46 29,100.46
BATAAN THERMAL POWER PLANT AND ENRON POWER CORP. (1996) 4.92 31.70 0.07 0.35 0.08 0.27 0.14 - 42,568.00 27,669.57
BACMAN, SORSOGON AND NPC-TIWI, ALBAY (Aug.,1995) 4.98 37.72 - < 0.10 1.82 ND < 0.05 - 252.73 164.11
TUKUKAN, IFUGAO (Jul.,1995) 2.56 79.30 0.04 0.10 < 0.04 ND ND 1.57 - -
TONGONAN, LEYTE (Aug, 1995) 3.50 37.74 - - - - 0.09 - - -
VICTORIAS, NEGROS OCC. AND PALIMPINON, DUMAGUETE (1995) 1.03 32.41 ND ND ND 0.04 0.12 - 479.39 311.49
MALAYA THERMAL PLANT (Jun.,1995) 1.63 39.18 0.06 0.21 0.09 < 0.04 0.24 - 17,412.63 11,316.84
LAGUNA POWER CORP.(Apr.,1995) 2.08 85.16 ND ND ND ND ND - 441.00 286.80
PAGBILAO, QUEZON (Apr.,1995) 4.48 - 0.08 0.54 0.04 0.57 0.07 - 76,130.50 -

Table 4.21a
WATER RIGHTS GRANTS BY NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES BOARD (NWRB)
as of January 1997
SOURCE DOMESTIC IRRIGATION POWER

REGION OF WATER NUMBER OF AMOUNT NUMBER OF AMOUNT NUMBER OF AMOUNT
SUPPLY GRANTEE (lps) GRANTEE (lps) GRANTEE (lps)
NCR GW 785 3,326.3 12 73.1

SW 7 1 150,000.0
Region I GW 309 4,722.8 161 1,968.3

SW 64 1,160.2 985 102,325.6 28 146,881.1
Region II GW 92 456.1 111 586.1

SW 13 67.2 1,222 15,555.0 28 583,726.2
Region III GW 398 3,216.7 444 6,423.4

SW 11 13,917.1 614 366,389.5 5 191,243.0
Region IV GW 770 6,643.6 186 2,492.3 5 579.0

SW 43 6,643.6 1,198 191,262.8 28 508,276.9
Region V GW 150 90,326.1 79 2,722.7

SW 5 3,417.7 594 85,619.0 14 18,257.8
Region VI GW 166 87.4 74 2,059.6

SW 10 2,016.4 766 269,034.0 10 22,350.7
Region VII GW 489 65.7 125 2,162.8

SW 7 2,907.1 384 59,665.7 13 38,615.5
Region VIII GW 63 748.1 32 410.8

SW 12 296.9 375 85,661.0 5 2,913.0
SOURCE DOMESTIC IRRIGATION POWER

Region IX GW 126 25.7 4 164.2 1 113.0

SW 5 465.6 485 36,289.3 3 4,512.0
Region X GW 187 3,623.2 23 984.0

SW 15 769.8 243 70,451.3 7 103,087.7
Region XI GW 116 226.4 22 1,951.5

SW 15 2,067.9 329 18,070.1 11 48,700.0
Region XII GW 160 1,377.1 99 2,819.2

SW 9 1,298.9 437 237,990.1 23 1,223,941.0
Sub Total GW 383 446.9 1,372 24,818.0 6 592.0

SW 217 31,624.6 7,443 1,550,848.7 174 2,892,582.7
TOTAL 4,048 138,689.8 8,815 1,575,667.0 180 2,893,174.7

SOURCE INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK

NCR GW 119 1,064.8 16 22.9 1 1.0

SW 2
Region I GW 13 227.1 1 6.7 1 0.1

SW 21 1,775.3
Region II GW 1 2.5
SW 10 1,108.9 4 0.9
Region III GW 64 1,377.6 2 1.0 20 8.1

SW 15 18,722.6 1 31.7
Region IV GW 139 2,534.3 17 128.0 38 81.3

SW 42 9,765.7 2 41.6
Region V GW 7 52.3 1 0.2

SW 12 588.8 1 15.0
Region VI GW 51 1,228.1 9 64.4 2 7.0

SW 27 16,458.8
Region VII GW 34 1,439.0 4 24.2 3 2.3

SW 15 2,462.8
Region VIII GW 16 687.4 2 14.7

SW 20 363.3
Region IX GW 10 41.3 5 66.0

SW 40 134.9
SOURCE INDUSTRIAL COMMERCIAL LIVESTOCK

Region X GW 18 150.5 1 946.0 1 0.1

SW 13 2,398.8
Region XI GW 13 256.8 11 4.6

SW 14 6,244.0
Region XII GW 14 115.9 2 9.9 9 3.7

SW 14 4,146.5
Sub Total GW 496 9,174.7 55 1,217.9 92 156.8

SW 210 64,488.9 2 46.7 6 42.5
TOTAL 706 73,663.5 57 1,264.6 98 199.29

SOURCE RECREATION FISHERIES TOTAL

NCR GW 933 4,488.0

SW 1 126.2 1 2.0 20 16,125.5
Region I GW 3 0.8 1 0.1 486 6,925.8

SW 4 6.6 1,102 252,149.8
Region II GW 1 2.5 205 1,044.2

SW 1 5.0 5 295.6 1,283 600,757.9
Region III GW 5 11.7 9 149.7 942 11,190.2

SW 2 24.0 26 171.3 674 593,499.2
Region IV GW 24 230.6 8 77.1 1,185 12,746.1

SW 10 1,519.4 34 861.1 1,345 791,983.7
Region V GW 3 900.9 1 4.1 241 7,097.9

SW 5 1,254.1 8 191.2 840 106,012.8
Region VI GW 1 2.0 38 462.4 341 5,839.9

SW 149 4,198.3 902 332,106.6
Region VII GW 3 106.0 35 485.9 893 7,127.3

SW 3 1,141.0 48 3,153.8 470 105,786.4
Region VIII GW 1 5.0 114 1,414.7

SW 7 55.6 419 89,018.5
Region IX GW 1 0.5 1 1.0 148 851.6

SW 28 3,757.1 199 50,316.5
SOURCE RECREATION FISHERIES TOTAL

Region X GW 4 26.9 232 2,697.2

SW 1 7.0 13 235.3 292 17,406.6
Region XI GW 6 262.8 166 4,543.7

SW 25 589.6 394 75,250.9
Region XII GW 1 13.5 2 17.6 307 4,278.2

SW 11 756.1 494 1,467,353.6
Sub Total GW 47 1,300.3 99 1,430.9 5,998 71,445.0

SW 23 4,076.7 359 14,545.3 8,434 4,633,666.8
TOTAL 70 5,377.0 458 15,976.2 14,432 4,704,111.8
Note: GW - groundwater
SW - surface water
lps - liters per second

Table 4.21b
WATER RIGHTS FOR INDUSTRIAL CONSUMPTION
1992-1996
(Cubic Meters per Year)
Region 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

GW SW Total GW SW Total GW SW Total GW SW Total GW SW Total
Region I 582 1,645 2,227 617 1,645 2,262 617 1,645 2,262 617 1,645 2,262 647 1,645 2,292
Region II 366 489 855 377 489 866 498 489 987 498 489 987 498 489 987
Region III 1,226 4,045 5,271 1,255 4,045 5,300 1,255 4,045 5,300 1,263 4,045 5,308 1,466 4,045 5,511
Region IV 1,132 7,810 8,942 1,142 7,813 8,955 1,157 7,813 8,970 2,897 13,053 15,950 3,463 13,093 16,556
Region V 172 444 616 172 444 616 172 444 616 172 503 675 172 562 734
Region VI 833 16,452 17,285 852 16,452 17,304 881 16,602 17,483 881 16,605 17,486 899 16,725 17,624
Region VII 1,225 2,016 3,241 1,249 2,016 3,265 1,407 2,442 3,849 1,418 2,476 3,894 1,430 2,511 3,941
Region VIII 382 348 730 382 348 730 382 348 730 382 348 730 389 365 754
Region IX 17 134 151 17 134 151 22 135 157 22 135 157 22 135 157
Region X 2 6,408 6,410 2 6,408 6,410 93 6,456 6,549 93 6,456 6,549 102 6,456 6,558
Region XI 13 5,182 5,195 13 5,740 5,753 64 6,567 6,631 94 6,567 6,661 220 6,567 6,787
Region XII 0 2,819 2,819 0 2,819 2,819 0 2,819 2,819 0 2,824 2,824 63 3,965 4,028
Philippines 5,950 47,792 53,742 6,078 48,353 54,431 6,548 49,805 56,353 8,337 55,146 63,483 9,371 56,558 65,929
Note: GW - groundwater
SW - surface water

Table 4.22
WATER PRODUCTION AND VOLUME SOLD BY MWSS
(Million Cubic Meters per Year)
Water Production Total

Year Ground Surface Total Volume Revenue Non-Revenue
Water Water Sold (%) Water (%)
1985 30 757 787 303 38 62
1986 30 874 905 311 34 66
1987 28 835 863 337 39 61
1988 30 849 879 359 41 59
1989 29 859 888 376 42 58
1990 33 876 909 385 42 58
1991 34 780 814 386 48 52
1992 28 823 851 383 45 55
1993 26 907 933 397 43 57
1994 27 983 1,010 419 42 59
1995 27 949 976 426 44 56
1996 30 1,100 1,130 436 39 61
Source: Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 4.23
EXISTING GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION IN SELECTED REGIONS
1997
Water Resources Number of Approved Water Estimated Services

Grantees Rights (lps) Area (ha.)
Region I
Abra - - -
Benguet 77 359.41 239.61
Ilocos Norte 39 1,390.25 926.83
Ilocos Sur 2 65.00 43.33
La Union 45 82.90 55.27
Total 163 1,897.56 1,265.04
Region II
Batanes - - -
Cagayan 6 69.50 46.33
Ifugao 2 2.60 1.73
Isabela 46 334.00 222.67
Kalinga-Apayao 6 29.70 19.80
Mt. Province 24 143.93 95.95
Nueva Viscaya 30 98.60 65.73
Quirino 5 60.60 40.40
Total 119 738.93 492.62
Region III
Aurora - - -
Bataan 27 915.30 610.20
Benquet 3 25.60 17.07
Bulacan 5 13.60 9.07
Nueva Ecija 92 601.60 401.07
Pampanga 151 637.16 424.77

Grantees Rights (LPS) Area (ha.)
Pangasinan 111 1,728.52 1,152.35

Tarlac 78 2,410.45 1,606.97
Zambales 5 124.82 83.21
Total 472 6,457.05 4,304.70
Region IV
Batangas 68 620.10 413.40
Cavite 15 119.27 79.51
Laguna 28 1,272.31 848.21
Marinduque 7 65.45 43.63
Mindoro Occ. 22 93.40 62.27
Mindoro Or. 17 56.90 37.93
Palawan 5 30.00 20.00
Quezon 14 102.80 68.53
Rizal 11 171.32 114.21
Romblon 1 67.00 44.67
Total 188 2,598.55 1,732.37
Region V
Albay 3 52.80 35.20
Camarines Norte 2 11.00 7.33
Camarines Sur 53 556.56 371.04
Catanduanes - - -
Masbate 5 30.40 20.27
Sorsogon 2 73.30 48.87
Total 65 724.06 482.71

Grantees Rights (LPS) Area (ha.)
Region VI
Aklan 1 2.60 1.73
Antique 11 323.85 215.90
Capiz - - -
Guimas 3 17.67 11.78
Iloilo 7 182.22 121.48
Negros Occ. 48 1,565.96 1,043.97
Negros Or. 0 0.00 0.00
Total 70 2,092.30 1,394.87

Table 4.24a
PHYSICAL ACCOUNTS OF GROUNDWATER, BY REGION
1988 - 1994
In million cubic meters
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
NCR
Opening Stock 6,185.14 5,871.76 5,499.42 5,154.17 4,721.80 4,283.50 3,838.74
Changes in Quantity (Withdrawal) (519.54) (549.71) (580.73) (610.04) (623.05) (641.08) (670.69)
Total Change (313.38) (372.34) (345.25) (432.37) (438.30) (444.76) (458.28)
Other Accumulation (Recharge) 206.16 177.37 235.48 177.67 184.75 196.32 212.41
Closing Stock 5,871.76 5,499.42 5,154.17 4,721.80 4,283.50 3,838.74 3,380.46
Changes in Quality 103.08 88.69 117.74 88.84 92.38 98.16 106.21
REGION I
Opening Stock 4,620.00 4,472.31 4,377.64 4,242.93 4,096.09 4,003.73 3,869.82
Total Change (147.69) (94.67) (134.71) (146.84) (92.36) (133.91) (170.81)
Closing Stock 4,472.31 4,377.64 4,242.93 4,096.09 4,003.73 3,869.82 3,699.01
REGION II
Opening Stock 11,850.00 11,938.25 12,035.31 12,215.36 12,340.87 12,430.74 12,482.76
Total Change 88.25 97.06 180.06 125.51 89.86 52.03 37.42
Closing Stock 11,938.25 12,035.31 12,215.36 12,340.87 12,430.74 12,482.76 12,520.19
REGION III
Opening Stock 54,700.00 54,618.27 54,499.92 54,421.20 54,280.08 54,157.35 54,061.46
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Total Change (81.73) (118.35) (78.72) (141.12) (122.73) (95.89) (168.61)

Closing Stock 54,618.27 54,499.92 54,421.20 54,280.08 54,157.35 54,061.46 53,892.85
REGION IV
Opening Stock 37,000.00 35,901.79 34,723.95 33,426.30 32,008.17 30,418.75 28,684.27
Changes in Quantity (Withdrawal) (1,301.64) (1,393.00) (1,533.33) (1,619.01) (1,753.11) (1,953.55) (2,258.61)
Total Change (1,098.21) (1,177.84) (1,297.65) (1,418.13) (1,589.42) (1,734.48) (2,087.67)
Closing Stock 35,901.79 34,723.95 33,426.30 32,008.17 30,418.75 28,684.27 26,596.61
REGION V
Opening Stock 8,625.00 8,485.48 8,368.65 8,220.26 8,043.35 7,852.41 7,688.63
Total Change (139.52) (116.83) (148.39) (176.90) (190.94) (163.78) (197.32)
Closing Stock 8,485.48 8,368.65 8,220.26 8,043.35 7,852.41 7,688.63 7,491.31
REGION VI
Opening Stock 55,242.00 55,071.23 54,885.16 54,687.34 54,493.72 54,306.79 54,150.83
Total Change (170.77) (186.08) (197.82) (193.61) (186.93) (155.96) (180.88)
Closing Stock 55,071.23 54,885.16 54,687.34 54,493.72 54,306.79 54,150.83 53,969.95
REGION VII
Opening Stock 2,053.00 1,507.22 900.68 219.00 (511.56) (1,264.82) (2,000.82)
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Total Change (545.78) (606.53) (681.68) (730.57) (753.25) (736.00) (766.56)
Closing Stock 1,507.22 900.68 219.00 (511.56) (1,264.82) (2,000.82) (2,767.38)
REGION VIII
Opening Stock 8,400.00 8,493.93 8,579.41 8,600.90 8,614.88 8,606.46 8,615.95
Total Change 93.93 85.47 21.50 13.97 (8.42) 9.50 1.99
Closing Stock 8,493.93 8,579.41 8,600.90 8,614.88 8,606.46 8,615.95 8,617.94
REGION IX
Opening Stock 14,700.00 14,723.23 14,727.49 14,705.75 14,673.18 14,641.83 14,615.83
Total Change 23.23 4.26 (21.75) (32.57) (31.35) (26.00) (49.74)
Closing Stock 14,723.23 14,727.49 14,705.75 14,673.18 14,641.83 14,615.83 14,566.08
REGION X
Opening Stock 15,950.00 15,951.62 15,978.32 15,997.94 15,966.48 15,939.84 15,925.59
Total Change 1.62 26.71 19.61 (31.46) (26.65) (14.25) 3.76
Closing Stock 15,951.62 15,978.32 15,997.94 15,966.48 15,939.84 15,925.59 15,929.35
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
REGION XI
Opening Stock 12,635.00 12,590.36 12,524.19 12,443.36 12,334.94 12,215.30 12,148.15
Total Change (44.64) (66.17) (80.83) (108.42) (119.64) (67.14) (64.95)
Closing Stock 12,590.36 12,524.19 12,443.36 12,334.94 12,215.30 12,148.15 12,083.20
REGION XII
Opening Stock 36,000.00 35,897.63 35,756.63 35,590.21 35,394.57 35,153.39 34,899.62
Total Change (102.37) (141.00) (166.42) (195.65) (241.18) (253.77) (273.86)
Closing Stock 35,897.63 35,756.63 35,590.21 35,394.57 35,153.39 34,899.62 34,625.76
Formula: Opening Stock = estimated storage per region

Addition = 5 percent of the estimated storage
Reduction = water demand requirements
Total Change = additons plus reductions
Closing Stock = opening stock plus total change
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Table 4.24b
PHYSICAL ACCOUNTS OF SURFACE WATER
1988 - 1994
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
REGION I
Opening Stock (Dependable Streamflow) 12,100.00 9,853.03 24,192.14 13,707.27 15,343.38 11,100.20 10,139.06
Change in Quantity (1,527.71) (1,764.60) (1,761.46) (1,607.99) (1,363.75) (1,580.41) (1,846.07)
Other Accumulation (719.26) 16,103.71 (8,723.42) 3,244.10 (2,879.43) 619.27
Closing Stock (Dependable Streamflow) 9,853.03 24,192.14 13,707.27 15,343.38 11,100.20 10,139.06
REGION II
Additions / Other vol. changes 3,304.18 7,965.69 (2,189.55) 6,782.42 5,794.54 8,254.95
REGION IIIa - - - - - - -
REGION IV
Other Accumulation (5,617.50) 1,275.35 16,480.09 5,785.41 519.61 (116.76)
REGION V
Change in Quantity (653.37) (601.26) (751.84) (754.89) (795.17) (815.30) (726.43)
Other Accumulation (357.54) 1,000.43 (2,776.92) 135.81 5,545.17 (1,489.10)
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
REGION VI
Other Accumulation 10,796.23 (2,270.78) 6,346.04 7,273.79 10,524.95 6,606.26
REGION VII
Other Accumulation 9,429.48 (993.43) 8,435.29 7,549.76 14,168.34 6,077.14
REGION VIII
Other Accumulation (8,661.61) (5,911.05) (1,193.47) (5,576.11) 6,707.94 1,134.39
REGION IX
Other Accumulation (2,715.05) (663.26) 3,367.73 (2,527.87) 1,949.37 2,624.05
REGION X
ACCOUNT 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Other Accumulation 1,045.85 597.38 (99.03) 978.66 1,096.42 1,292.38

REGION XI
Other Accumulation 8,424.55 (1,577.22) (11,573.52) 7,756.79 (2,521.02) 9,156.66
REGION XII
Other Accumulation (1,457.94) 12,843.27 (6,426.23) 1,163.71 11,463.37 8,641.35
"a" = not accounted due to incomplete data.
Source: National Statistical Coordination Board

Table 4.25
AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL
1980
Area Average Rainfall Estimated Storage Estimated Inflow

Region (square (millimeter (millimeter) (million cubic Gross (million cubic Net (million cubic
kilometer) per year) meters per year) meters per year meters per year)
Region I 14,400 2,878 4,620 66,528 4,144 2,072

Region II 34,500 2,083 11,850 170,640 7,186 3,592
Region III 28,300 3,045 54,700 787,680 7,186 3,592
Region IV 46,500 1,250 37,000 532,800 8,137 4,068
Region V 17,600 2,347 8,625 124,200 4,130 2,065
Region VI 20,200 2,500 55,242 795,485 5,050 2,525
Region VII 14,900 1,500 2,053 29,563 2,235 1,111
Region VIII 20,400 2,800 8,400 120,960 5,712 2,856
Region IX 20,600 1,750 14,700 211,680 3,605 1,802
Region X 24,300 2,389 15,950 229,680 5,805 2,902
Region XI 24,900 2,500 12,635 181,944 6,525 3,262
Region XII 31,900 2,032 36,000 518,400 6,482 3,241
Philippines 298,500 2,178 24,680 3,769,560 66,197 33,088
Source: Groundwater in the Philippines (1980).

Table 4.26
POPULATION AND GROWTH BY REGION
1995 - 2000
Level Growth Rate

Region 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000
(Number) (Percent)
NCR 9,421,134 9,618,323 9,814,977 10,011,636 10,208,290 10,405,479 2.09 2.04 2.00 1.96 1.93
CAR 1,249,332 1,279,615 1,309,811 1,340,011 1,370,207 1,400,490 2.42 2.36 2.31 2.25 2.21
Region I 3,791,683 3,861,569 3,931,261 4,000,953 4,070,645 4,140,531 1.84 1.80 1.77 1.74 1.72
Region II 2,525,814 2,583,263 2,640,554 2,697,849 2,755,140 2,812,589 2.27 2.22 2.17 2.12 2.09
Region III 6,906,819 7,063,078 7,218,913 7,374,751 7,530,586 7,686,845 2.26 2.21 2.16 2.11 2.07
Region IV 9,903,972 10,183,894 10,463,047 10,742,197 11,021,350 11,301,272 2.83 2.74 2.67 2.60 2.54
Region V 4,309,488 4,398,902 4,488,068 4,577,240 4,666,406 4,755,820 2.07 2.03 1.99 1.95 1.92
Region VI 5,756,625 5,870,305 5,983,675 6,097,048 6,210,418 6,324,098 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83
Region VII 4,997,998 5,106,411 5,214,527 5,322,648 5,430,764 5,539,177 2.17 2.12 2.07 2.03 2.00
Region VIII 3,356,854 3,434,391 3,511,714 3,589,035 3,666,358 3,743,895 2.31 2.25 2.20 2.15 2.11
Region IX 2,782,363 2,856,418 2,930,263 3,004,109 3,077,954 3,152,009 2.66 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.41
Region X 3,938,252 4,039,114 4,139,703 4,240,288 4,340,877 4,441,739 2.56 2.49 2.43 2.37 2.32
Region XI 5,052,730 5,192,377 5,331,644 5,470,907 5,610,174 5,749,821 2.76 2.68 2.61 2.55 2.49
Region XII 2,348,224 2,410,736 2,473,078 2,535,416 2,597,758 2,660,270 2.66 2.59 2.52 2.46 2.41
ARMM 2,008,166 2,047,820 2,087,362 2,126,910 2,166,452 2,206,106 1.97 1.93 1.89 1.86 1.83
Philippines 68,349,454 69,946,216 71,538,597 73,130,998 74,723,379 76,320,141 2.34 2.28 2.23 2.18 2.14
Source: 1995 Census-based national and regional population projections, National Statistics Office
Table 4.27a
ECONOMIC ZONE AND WATER DEMAND ESTIMATION
1996 - 2010
Water Estimated Water Demand

Resources Province Name of Economic Zone Status Area ha. 1996 2000 2005 2010 Preferred Industries
Region
Region I Benguet Baguio EZ Existing 113.7 0.68 1.83 2.28 2.28
Region III Bataan Bataan Existing 1,600.0 8.03 22.48 30.51 32.12 Light and Medium
Hermosa New 600.0 - 1.81 9.64 12.05 Light , non -pollutive
PNOC Petrochemical Complex New 150.0 - 0.45 2.41 3.01 Petrochemical industries
Pampanga Angeles Industrial park EZ Existing 32.0 - 0.10 0.51 0.64 Light and Medium
Tarlac Luisita Industrial Park SEPZ Existing 29.4 0.37 0.53 0.59 0.59 Light and Medium
Zambales Subic Shipyard SEPZ Existing 70.8 0.40 0.99 1.42 1.42 Marine -related industries
Region III (Total) 2,482.2 8.80 26.36 45.08 49.83
Region IV Batangas First Batangas Industrial Park EZ New 54.0 0.16 0.87 1.08 Metal Based electronical machineries electric
First Philippine Industrial Park EZ New 75.0 0.23 1.20 1.51 Light manufacturing high tecnology
Lima Technology Center New 485.0 1.46 7.79 9.74 Light to medium and high quality
RLC SEPZ New 95.0 0.29 1.53 1.91 Light to medium industries
Sto Thomas Batangas Ecozone New 133.0 0.40 2.14 2.67 Light to medium industries
Tabangao SEPZ Existing 88.0 0.41 1.24 1.77 1.77
Cavite EZ Existing 275.8 0.37 4.98 5.54 5.54 Electronics, garments, light industries including metals
Cambridge Industrial Park EZ New 88.0 0.26 1.41 1.77 Light and medium industries
Daiichi Industrial Park EZ New 60.0 0.18 0.96 1.20 Light and medium industries
Fil-Estate SEZ New 266.9 0.80 4.29 5.36 Light to medium high technology industries
Filinvest Industrial Park Cavite New 86.0 0.26 1.38 1.73 Light to medium industries
Filoil SEZ New 37.5 0.11 0.60 0.75
First Cavite Industrial Estate Existing 53.7 0.94 1.02 1.08 1.08 Light and medium non-pollutants industries
Gateway Business Park SEPZ Existing 100.0 1.04 1.71 2.01 2.01 Light and medium non-pollutants industries
Taipan Gold Industrial EZ New 100.0 0.60 1.61 2.01
Laguna Cameray Industrial Park SEPZ Existing 46.0 0.67 0.92 0.92 0.92 Light to medium, electronics/electrical
Filinvest SEZ New 250.0 0.75 4.02 5.02 Non-polluting Industries
Laguna International Industrial
Park SEPZ Existing 32.0 0.37 0.55 0.64 0.64 Light to medium, non-polluting industries
Laguna Technopark Existing 139.4 1.28 2.66 2.80 2.80 Light to medium , essentially non-polluting industries
Light Industry and Science Park 2 Existing 65.0 0.25 1.04 1.30 1.30 Light to medium, non-polluting industries
LHP Calamba Industrial Community New 114.7 0.35 1.84 2.30 Light to medium, non-polluting industries
Southwoods Ecocentrum Tourism New 76.0 0.23 1.22 1.53 Theme Park
Toyota sta. Rosa SEPZ Existing 25.0 0.54 0.50 0.50 0.50 Automobile Park
Metro Manila Victorial Wave SEPZ Existing 50.0 0.30 0.80 1.00 1.00 Export oriented light to medium industries
Region IV (Total) 2,863.0 6.81 22.86 49.76 57.47
Region V Albay Legaspi City SEPZ New 33.1 0.10 0.53 0.66 Food processing, light metal industries, electronics
Table 4.27a (continued ...)
Estimated Water Demand

Region Province Name of Economic Zone Status Area ha. 1996 2000 2005 2010 Preferred Industries
Region VII Cebu Mactan EPZ Existing 150.0 2.02 2.71 3.01 3.01 Light and medium industries
Cebu Light Industrial Park EZ New 63.0 0.19 1.01 1.26 Light to medium, non-polluting industries
Mactan EPZ II Existing 63.3 0.13 0.76 1.21 1.27 Light and medium industries
New Cebu TownShip Existing 36.6 0.11 0.59 0.73 Light industries manufacturing and precision
West Cebu Industrial Park SEZ New 245.0 0.74 3.93 4.92 Export processing, ship building, heavy
Region VII (Total) 2,863.0 6.81 22.86 49.76 57.47
Region VIII Leyte Leyte Industrial development Estate Existing 427.7 4.55 7.30 8.59 8.59
Tacloban SEZ New 236.9 0.71 3.80 4.76
RegionVIII (Total) 664.6 4.55 8.01 12.39 13.34
Region IX Zamboanga Ayala De Zamboanga Industrial

Del Sur Park EZ New 50.0 0.15 0.80 1.00 Small and medium scale industries
Region X Agusan Tubay Agri-Processing Center New 196.0 0.59 3.15 3.93 Agri-based industries
Del Norte Nasipit Agusan Del Norte
Industrial New 296.0 0.89 4.75 5.94 Light and Medium industries
Surigao del
Norte Philnico Industrial Estate SEZ New 100.0 0.30 1.61 2.01 Downstream Nickel refinery operations
Region X (Total) 592.0 1.78 9.51 11.88
Region XI Davao Oriental First Oriental Business &

Industrial Park EZ New 57.0 0.17 0.92 1.14 Procesed friuts, and vegetables, furniture
Region XII South Cotabato Filinvest SEPZ New 120.0 0.36 1.93 2.41 Non-polluting Industries
Lanao del Sur NSC SEZ New 274.0 0.83 4.40 5.50 Downstream steel manufacturing
Region XII (Total) 394.0 1.19 6.33 7.91
Grand Total 6,849.0 24.62 66.00 122.00 137.00
Note: Land Utilization: 15 percent, 30 percent, 45 percent, 60 percent, 70 percent, 85 percent, 95 percent, 100 percent for 10 years.
Water demand referred from existing records: Cavite, First Cavite Industrial Estate, Laguna Technopark, Light and
Science Park I/II, Toyota Santa Rosa, SEPZ.
Assumed water consumption: 55 cubic meter per hectare per day.
Source: Philippine Economic Zone Authority (Economic Zone, Area, Status, Land Utilized as of 1996)
Table 4.28
IRRIGATION SYSTEMS & WATER RIGHTS
1996
Million cubic meters per year
Water Potential Irrigation System Surface Water Registered Water Rights

Resources Arable Area Total Area Coverage Total Area Wells Area Surface Water Wells Springs
Region (hectares) Facilities (hectares) (%) Number (hectares) Facilities (hectares) Facilities Amount Facilities Amount Facilities Amount
WRR-I 121,760 2,301 94,206 77 2,218 93,896 83 310 980 3,310 30 2 135 58
WRR-II 547,210 2,082 235,246 43 1,987 234,899 95 347 862 12,396 452 187 17 16
WRR-III 662,730 1,374 359,262 54 1,122 358,680 252 582 1,207 6,503 160 58 41 27
WRR-IV 263,590 971 122,040 46 917 121,945 54 95 602 2,693 49 11 16 12
WRR-V 239,660 1,257 112,584 47 1,197 112,394 60 190 724 4,636 55 47 18 19
WRR-VI 197,250 513 79,362 40 406 79,044 107 318 396 1,588 20 6 105 59
WRR-VII 50,740 437 22,541 44 421 22,504 16 37 394 2,062 10 2 21 8
WRR-VIII 84,380 467 50,824 60 460 50,810 7 14 124 1,038 3 5
WRR-IX 76,500 263 34,551 45 224 34,400 39 151 336 4,091 4 1 21 20
WRR-X 230,150 615 67,759 29 540 67,473 75 286 329 3,460 10 6 13 36
WRR-XI 189,900 218 63,019 33 208 62,982 10 37 365 5,413 83 23 16 74
WRR-XII 462,470 591 120,312 26 405 119,798 186 514 7,573 55,314 936 355 462 345
Total 3,126,340 11,089 1,361,706 44 10,105 1,358,825 984 2,881 13,892 102,504 1,809 698 868 679
Remarks: The boundary of the Water Resource Region (WRR) is to evaluate for groundwater resources.
- based on the 3 percent slope criteria estimated by the NIA;
- based on NIA Inventory (1996 Report);
- based on Inventory of Completed and Operational Projects of the Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM), DPWH and NIA (1996 Report);
- based on the Inventory of Completed Projects of BSWM (1996 Report);
- based on the Database of Water Rights Registration as of 31 March 1997 (NWRB).
Source: National Irrigation Administration and the National Water Resources Board
Table 4.29
INVENTORY OF CLASSIFIED RIVERS
As of January 1995
Name of River Location Region Class Year
1. Abra Ilocos Sur 1 A 1993

2. Agno Lower Pangasinan 1 C 1993
3. Amburayan Ilocos Sur-La Union 1 C 1993
4. Aringay Ilocos Norte 1 B 1993
5. Bacarra-Vintar Ilocos Norte 1 A 1993
6. Balincaguing Pangasinan 1 B 1993
7. Barroro La Union 1 A 1993
8. Bauang Lower La Union 1 C 1993
9. Bonga Ilocos Norte 1 A 1993
10. Buaya Ilocos Sur 1 A 1993
11. Dagupan Upper Pangasinan 1 A 1993
Dagupan Lower Pangasinan 1 C 1993
12. Laoag Ilocos Norte 1 A 1993
13. Patalan La Union 1 C 1993
14. Abulug Kalinga Apayao CAR C 1993
15. Agno Upper Benguet CAR A 1993
16. Amburayan Upper Benguet CAR B 1994
17. Alimit Mt. Province CAR C 1993
18. Ambalanga Benguet CAR C 1993
19. Bokod Benguet CAR A 1993
20. Bued* Benguet CAR C 1995
21. Ibulao Mt. Province CAR C 1993
22. Lamut Mt. Province CAR C 1993
23. Naguillan Upper Benguet CAR A 1975
Naguillan Lower La Union 1 C 1975
24. Tanudan Kalinga Apayao CAR A 1993
25. Tineg Abra CAR B 1993

26. Galiano Upper Tuba Benguet CAR B 1993
27. Chico Upper Mt. Province CAR B 1994
28. Abuan Isabela 2 C 1993
29. Balasig Isabela 2 D 1993
30. Cabicungan Upper Cagayan 2 B 1994
Cabicungan Lower Cagayan 2 C 1994
31. Cagayan Upper Quezon 2 A 1993
Cagayan Lower Cagayan 2 C 1993
32. Diadi Isabela 2 C 1993
33. Disabungan Isabela 2 C 1993
34. Ganano Isabela 2 C 1993
35. Ilagan Isabela 2 C 1993
36. Linao Cagayan 2 C 1993
37. Magat Isabela 2 C 1993
38. Matuno Nueva Vizcaya 2 C 1993
39. Palanan-Pinacanauan Isabela 2 D 1993
40. Parred Cagayan 2 C 1993
41. Pinacanauan Isabela 2 D 1993
42. Tangatan* Cagayan 2 C 1995
43. Sta. Fe Nueva Vizcaya 2 C 1993
44. Siffu Isabela 2 C 1993
45. Tamauni Isabela 2 D 1993
46. Tuguegarao Upper Cagayan 2 B 1993
Tuguegarao Lower Cagayan 2 C 1993
47. Aguang Nueva Ecija 2 A 1993
48. Angat Upper Bulacan 3 B 1993
Angat Lower Bulacan 3 C 1993

49. Bagac Bay Bataan 3 SB 1993
50. Balagtas Bulacan 3 C 1975
51. Bamban Tarlac 3 A 1993
52. Bambang Bulacan 3 C 1975
53. Bancal Zambales 3 C 1993
54. Binuangan Bulacan 3 C 1975
55 Bocaue Upper Bulacan 3 A 1975
Bocaue Lower Bulacan 3 C 1975
56. Bucao Zambales 3 B 1993
57. Bulacan Bulacan 3 C 1975
58. Cabigo Point Bataan 3 SC 1993
59. Calumpit Bulacan 3 C 1975
60. Camiling Tarlac 3 C 1993
61. Eguia Zambales 3 D 1933
62. Guiguinto Bulacan 3 C 1975
63. La Paz Tarlac 3 A 1993
64. Lawis Zambales 3 B 1993
65. Looc Bay Bataan 3 SB 1993
66. Mabayuan Zambales 3 A 1993
67. Marilao Upper Bulacan 3 A 1975
Marilao Lower Bulacan 3 C 1975
68. Meycauayan Bulacan 3 C 1975
69. Napot Point Bataan 3 SC 1993
70. Nayom* Upper Zambales 3 B 1995
Nayom* Lower Zambales 3 C 1995
Cagayan Lower Cagayan 2 C 1993
71. O'Donnel Tarlac 3 C 1993

72. Pamatawan Upper Zambales 3 B 1993
Pamatawan Lower Zambales 3 C 1994
73. Pampanga Upper Nueva Ecija 3 A 1975
Pampanga Lower Pampanga 3 C 1975
74. Pantabangan Nueva Ecija 3 C 1993
75. Pantal Zambales 3 C 1993
76. Parongking Zambales 3 C 1993
77. Polo Bulacan 3 C 1975
78. Porac Upper Pampanga 3 A 1993
Porac Lower Pampanga 3 C 1993
79. Rio Chico Tarlac 3 C 1993
80. San Fernando Pampanga 3 C 1975
81. San Juan Bataan 3 C 1975
82. Sinocalan Zambales 3 C 1993
83. Sorabia Tarlac 3 A 1993
84. Sta. Rita Upper Zambales 3 A 1993
Lower Zambales 3 C 1993
85. Sto. Tomas Zambales 3 A 1993
86. Tarlac Tarlac 3 C 1993
87. Banadero Laguna 4 C 1975
88. Balete Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
89. Bansud Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
90. Batangas Bay Batangas 4 SC 1993
91. Baroc Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
92. Binambang Batangas 4 C 1975
93. Boac Marinduque 4 C 1975
94. Bongabong Oriental Mindoro 4 D 1993

95. Bulalacao Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
96. Buso-buso Rizal 4 C 1993
97 Butas Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
98. Caguray Occidental Mindoro 4 A 1993
99. Dacanlao Batangas 4 C 1993
100.Dumacaa Quezon 4 C 1993
101.Iyam Quezon 4 C 1993
102.Kalumpang Batangas 4 C 1993
103.Katubusan Palawan 4 C 1993
104.Lagnas Quezon 4 C 1993
105.Lumintao Occidental Mindoro 4 A 1993
106.Magasawang Tubig Oriental Mindoro 4 A 1993
107.Magbando Occidental Mindoro 4 A 1993
108.Malaking Ilog Tiaong, Quezon 4 C 1993
109.Malatgao Palawan 4 A 1993
110.Malaylay-Buco Oriental Mindoro 4 A 1993
111.Mamburao Occidental Mindoro 4 A 1993
112.Masin Quezon 4 C 1993
113.Mogpog Marinduque 4 C 1975
114.Molino Cavite 4 C 1993
115.Pagbahan Occidental Mindoro 4 C 1993
116.Pagsanjan Laguna 4 B 1993
117.Palico Batangas 4 C 1975
118.Pandanan Palawan 4 C 1993
119.Pansipit Batangas 4 C 1993
120.Puerto Galera (Mulle Bay) Oriental Mindoro 4 SA 1996
121.Pula Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993

122.Pulang Tubig Oriental Mindoro 4 A 1993
123.Rosario Lobo, Batangas 4 A 1993
124.Sumagui Oriental Mindoro 4 C 1993
125.San Cristobal Laguna 4 C 1993
126 San Juan Upper Batangas 4 A 1993
San Juan Lower Laguna 4 C 1993
127.San Pedro Laguna 4 C 1975
128.Sta. Cruz Laguna 4 C 1975
129.Sta. Rosa Laguna 4 B 1993
130.Sapang Baho Quezon 4 C 1993
131.Tayuman Palawan 4 C 1993
132.Teretian Palawan 4 C 1993
133 Tigas Laguna 4 A 1993
134.Ylang-Ylang Upper Cavite 4 B 1980
Ylang-Ylang Lower Cavite 4 C 1980
135.Bicol Camarines Sur 5 A 1993
136.Bombon Albay 5 A 1993
137.Cawayan Sorsogon 5 B 1994
138.Daet Upper Camarines Norte 5 A 1993
Daet Lower Camarines Norte 5 C 1993
139.Gumaus Camarines Norte 5 D 1993
140.Labo Upper Camarines Norte 5 A 1993
Labo Lower Camarines Norte 5 C 1993
141.Lagonoy Camarines Sur 5 C 1993
142.Malaguit Camarines Norte 5 C 1993
143 Naga Albay 5 C 1993
144 Quinale Albay 5 C 1993

145 Pawili Camarines Sur 5 C 1993
146.Salog River* Upper Sorsogon 5 B 1995
Salog River* Lower Sorsogon 5 C 1995
147 San Francisco Albay 5 B 1996
148.Tagas Albay 5 C 1994
149.Talisay Upper Camarines Norte 5 A 1993
Talisay Lower Camarines Norte 5 C 1993
150.Tayli Albay 5 A 1993
151 Yawa Albay 5 A 1975
152 Aklan Upper Aklan 6 A 1993
Aklan Lower Aklan 6 B 1993
153.Alacaygan Iloilo 6 C 1993
154.Alugon Capiz 6 C 1975
155.Bago Negros Occidental 6 C 1993
156.Balantias Iloilo 6 B 1993
157.Barotac Iloilo 6 B 1993
158.Batiano Iloilo 6 C 1994
159 Cairnan Upper Antique 6 A 1993
Cairnan Lower Antique 6 B 1993
160.Calajunan Creek Iloilo 6 C 1996
161.Cangaranan Antique 6 A 1993
162.Guimbal Iloilo 6 B 1993
163.Himoga-an Negros Occidental 6 C 1993
164.Ilog Upper Negros Occidental 6 A 1975
Ilog Lower Negros Occidental 6 C 1975
165.Jalaur Upper Iloilo 6 A 1975
Jalaur Lower Iloilo 6 C 1975

166.Jaro-Agaman Iloilo 6 C 1993
167.Jaro Upper Iloilo 6 A 1993
Jaro Lower Iloilo 6 B 1993
168.Malihao* Upper Negros Occidental 6 B 1995
Malihao* Lower Negros Occidental 6 C 1995
169.Palawan Antique 6 A 1993
170.Panay Capiz 6 A 1993
171.Pontevedra Negros Occidental 6 C 1975
172.Salamanca Negros Occidental 6 C 1975
173.Sicaba Negros Occidental 6 C 1975
174.Sibalom* Iloilo-Antique 6 B 1996
175.Sibalom* Upper Antique 6 A 1993
176.Sipalay Upper Negros Occidental 6 A 1975
Sipalay Lower Negros Occidental 6 C 1975
177 Tumagbok Upper Iloilo 6 A 1994
Tumagbok Lower Iloilo 6 C 1994
178.Abatan Upper Bohol 7 A 1995
Abatan Middle Bohol 7 B 1995
Abatan Lower Bohol 7 C 1995
179.Argao Upper Cebu 7 A 1994
Argao Lower Cebu 7 B 1994
180.Balamban Upper Cebu 7 A 1994
Balamban Lower Cebu 7 B 1994
181.Banica* Upper Negros Oriental 7 A 1996
Banica* Middle Negros Oriental 7 B 1996
Banica* Lower Negros Oriental 7 C 1996
182.Danao* Upper Cebu 7 A 1995

Danao* Lower Cebu 7 B 1995
183.Guinadarohan Upper Cebu 7 A 1996
Guinadarohan Lower Cebu 7 C 1996
184.Loboc* Bohol 7 B 1995
185.Luyang Upper Cebu 7 A 1994
Luyang Lower Cebu 7 C 1994
186.Manaba* Upper Bohol 7 A 1996
Manaba* Bohol 7 B 1996
Manaba* Lower Bohol 7 C 1996
187.Ocoy* Upper Negros Oriental 7 A 1996
Ocoy* Lower Negros Oriental 7 B 1996
188.Panamangan Negros Oriental 7 C 1993
189.Sapang Daku Upper Cebu 7 A 1994
Sapang Daku Lower Cebu 7 C 1994
190.Tanjay Negros Oriental 7 B 1993
191.Bao Leyte 8 A 1993
192.Taft Samar 8 C 1993
193.Tigbao* Leyte 8 C 1996
194.Mercedes* Upper Zamboanga 9 B 1996
Mercedes* Zamboanga 9 C 1996
195.Tumaga Upper Zamboanga 9 A 1995
Tumaga Middle Zamboanga 9 B 1995
Tumaga Lower Zamboanga 9 C 1995
196.Adgawan Agusan del Sur 10 A 1993
197.Agusan* Upper Misamis Oriental 10 A 1996
Agusan* Lower Misamis Oriental 10 C 1996
198.Agusan* Agusan del Norte 10 C 1993

199.Alae* Upper Bukidnon 10 A 1996
Alae* Lower Bukidnon 10 C 1996
200.Balatocan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
201.Bigaan* Upper Misamis Oriental 10 A 1995
Bigaan* Lower Misamis Oriental 10 C 1995
202.Cabadbaran Agusan del Norte 10 A 1993
203.Cagayan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
204.Clarin Misamis Occidental 10 A 1993
205.Cabulig Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
206.Cugman Upper Misamis Oriental 10 A 1996
Cugman Lower Misamis Oriental 10 C 1996
207.Gibong Agusan del Sur 10 A 1993
208.Gingoog Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
209.Gingoog Bay Misamis Occidental 10 SC 1993
210.Ihawan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
211.Iponan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
212.Odiongan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
213.Ojot Agusan del Norte 10 A 1993
214.Oroguieta Misamis Occidental 10 A 1993
215.Magallanes Agusan del Norte 10 C 1993
216.Magpayang Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
217.Magsaysay Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
218.Naawan Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
219.Palilan* Upper Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
Palilan* Lower Misamis Oriental 10 C 1993
220.Polangi Bukidnon 10 A 1993
221.Sawaga Bukidnon 10 A 1993

222.Simulao Agusan del Sur 10 A 1993
223.Solana Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
224.Surigao Surigao del Norte 10 A 1993
225.Tagolo-an Misamis Oriental 10 A 1993
226.Tubay Agusan del Norte 10 A 1993
227.Umalag* Upper Misamis Oriental 10 A 1995
Umalag* Lower Misamis Oriental 10 C 1995
228.Wawa Agusan del Norte 10 A 1993
229.Davao* Upper Davao City 11 A 1995
Davao* Lower Davao City 11 B 1995
230.Digos* Upper Davao del Sur 11 B 1995
Digos* Lower Davao del Sur 11 C 1995
231.Hijo-Masara* Davao del Norte 11 D 1995
232.Lasang* Davao City 11 B 1995
233.Padada* Davao del Sur 11 D 1995
234.Sibulan* Upper Davao del Sur 11 A 1995
Sibulan* Lower Davao del Sur 11 B 1995
235.Talomo* Davao City 11 B 1995
236.Tagum* Davao del Norte 11 D 1995
237.Tuganay* Davao del Norte 11 B 1995
238.Agus Lanao del Norte 12 C 1993
239.Allah* Sultan Kudarat 12 B 1995
240.Libungan* Cotabato 12 D 1996
241.Marble Upper Cotabato 12 B 1994
Marble Lower Cotabato 12 D 1994
242.Matingao Cotabato 12 B 1994
243.Nuangan* Cotabato 12 D 1996

244.Panguil Bay* Lanao del Norte 12 SC 1996
245.Polangi* Cotabato 12 D 1995
246.Rio Grande de Mindanao* Cotabato 12 C 1995
247.Marikina* Upper Metro Manila NCR A 1975
Marikina* Lower Metro Manila NCR C 1975
248.Paranaque-Zapote Metro Manila NCR C 1975
249.Pasig Metro Manila NCR C 1975
250 San Juan Metro Manila NCR C 1975
251 Tullahan-Tenejeros Metro Manila NCR C 1975
Note: Preliminary classification; for classification definitions, please refer to Table II.D.I.6.a (page 143).
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Table 4.30
CLASSIFICATION OF FRESH SURFACE WATER
Classification Beneficial Use
Class AA Public Water Supply Class I. Water having watersheds

which are uninhabited and otherwise protected and which
require only approved disinfection in order to meet the
National Standards for Drinking Water (NSDW) of the Philippines.
Class A Public Water Supply Class II. Sources of water supply

that will require complete treatment (coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration and desinfection) in order to meet the NSDW.
Class B Recreational Water Class I. Waters for primary contact

recreation such as bathing, swimming, skin driving, etc.
particularly those designated for tourism purposes.
Class C 1. Fishery Water for the propagation and growth of fish and
other aquatic resources.
2. Recreational Water Class II (Boating, etc.)
3. Industrial Water Supply Class I (for manufacturing Processes
after treatment.
Class D 1. For agriculture, irrigation, livestock watering, etc.

2. Industrial Water Supply Class II (e.g. cooling, etc.)
3. Other inland water, by their quality, belong to this classification.
Source: Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Table 4.31
LIST OF LARGE SCALE DAMS IDENTIFIED IN THE PHILIPPINES
1978
Region/ Coordinates of Damsite Dam Area Dam

Number Site River Province North East (Square Height
Latitude Longitude Kilometers) (Meters)
Region I
1. Bulu Bulu Ilocos Norte 18-31-08 120-50-52 165 220
2. Vintar #1 Ilocos Norte 18-21-52 120-46-54 55.8 80
3. Dadaur Ban-ban River Ilocos Norte 19-28-24 120-43-47 39.62 60
4. Vintar #2 Vintar Ilocos Norte 18-31-55 120-44-24 139 160
5. Sulbec Pasuquin Ilocos Norte 18-20-54 120-38-15 39-87 30
6. Tamdagan Tamdagan Ilocos Norte 18-17-57 120-46-02 248 160
7. Solsona #1 Cura Ilocos Norte 18-09-10 120-50-57 67 90
8. Solsona #2 Labugaon Ilocos Norte 18-06-45 120-50-23 101 110
9. Solsona # 3 Solsona Ilocos Norte 18-04-55 120-49-04 49 90
10. Dingras Madongan Ilocos Norte 18-00-29 120-45-39 154 120
11. So. Sacritan Ilocos Norte 17-53-51 120-36-38 31.71 45
12. Sto Niño Papa Ilocos Norte 17-57-46 120-43-46 51 90
13. Nueva Era Banga Ilocos Norte 17-53-37 120-44-52 52 160
14. Nagrebcan Tibangran Ilocos Norte 17-53-47 120-31-51 72 120
15. Palsiguan Palsiguan Ilocos Norte 17-49-45 120-43-47 153 180
16. Banucal Lancuas Ilocos Sur 17-17-24 120-33-03 55 140
17. Bugui Sta. Maria Ilocos Sur 17-14-33 120-32-42 34 120
18 Buaya Buaya Ilocos Sur 17-08-27 120-33-38 110 160
19. UP Bucnit Abra #1 Ilocos Sur 17-03-30 120-44-45 525 130
20. Bucnit Abra Ilocos Sur 17-05-18 120-44-00 563 190
21. Suagayan Dagman Ilocos Sur 17-06-45 120-40-02 27.94 60
22. Namitpit Namitpit Ilocos Sur 17-05-30 120-41-05 74.49 60
23. Suysuyan Balasian Ilocos Sur 17-07-30 120-44-20 164.43 120
25. Uso Chico #2 Ilocos Sur 16-58-26 120-32-17 150.74 150

26. Tibunec Baklin Ilocos Sur 16-52-30 120-32-52 244 190

27. Dayapan Malaya Ilocos Sur 16-55-10 120-44-12 214.83 40
28. Luya Amburayan Ilocos Sur 16-47-40 120-32-30 610 205
29. Agagrao Agagrao Ilocos Sur 17-22-30 120-33-24 75 150
30. Banoang Abra Ilocos Sur 17-33-30 120-28-18 4742.1 150
31. Amluagan Damanit Abra 17-18-35 120-43-00 148.71 100
32. Kumanga Ditong Abra 17-11-10 120-43-24 99.39 140
33. Boyan Ikmin Abra 17-24-47 120-46-36 256.52 60
34. Mabungtat Manikbel R. Abra 17-28-26 120-20-52 40.51 80
35. Caliaban Manikbel R. Abra 17-27-31 120-46-50 66.28 80
36. Upper Maguyepyep Bucloc R. Abra 17-26-50 120-47-07 216.79 60
37. Bucloc Sulden Cr. Abra 17-26-34 120-52-04 147.39 50
38. Toqueng Ikmin Abra 17-22-46 120-49-53 185.4 50
39. Danac Ikmin Abra 17-23-05 120-52-38 117.78 50
40. Daguioman Bucloc R. Abra 17-27-25 120-55-00 97.76 60
41. Taping #1 Baay R. Abra 17-33-55 120-46-50 147.41 200
45. Taping #2 Lingas Abra 17-35-24 120-47-25 68.23 80
46. Kapualan Kawayan Abra 17-37-39 120-57-23 62.68 80
47. Omagit Malapaao R. Abra 17-36-14 120-33-05 42 60
48. Palang Abra 17-34-03 120-30-29 34.6 30
49. Arab Sinalang Abra 17-30-59 120-37-15 123.93 30
50. Bangued Malapaao R. Abra 17-43-20 120-33-54 60.51 80
51. Bandi Saquet-soot R. Abra 17-43-10 120-38-40 117.94 100
52. Langiden Malapaao R. Abra 17-40-50 120-32-30 93.45 80
53. Tineg #3 Tineg Abra 17-47-20 120-57-35 309.55 80
54. Alaoa Binongan Abra 17-45-22 120-52-20 492 210

55. Tineg #2 Tineg Abra 17-48-30 120-52-00 419.05 200

56. Tineg #3 Tineg Abra 17-47-00 120-47-00 982 200
57. Abualan Abra 17-42-56 120-46-39 77.06 120
58. Naglibacan Anayan Abra 17-51-30 120-53-00 171.87 140
59. duplas Duplas R. La Union 16-49-08 120-29-38 30.39 60
60. Drissor Cabasitan R. La Union 16-39-28 120-26-08 31.26 60
61. Rizal Galiano La Union 16-22-40 120-26-00 126.37 140
62. Bagulin Naguilian La Union 16-36-53 120-27-15 319.08 100
Regon II
63. Sisiritan Abulog Kalinga-Apayao 18-09-42 120-21-00 1951 45
64. Bubulayan Abulog Kalinga-Apayao 18-06-18 121-18-18 1679 70
65. Gened Abulog Kalinga-Apayao 18-05-18 121-15-36 1661 160
66. Bulu Abulog Kalinga-Apayao 18-02-30 121-13-00 1609 140
67. Nababalayan Apayao Kalinga-Apayao 18-02-00 121-08-00 1050 70
68. Dibagat Apayao Kalinga-Apayao 18-05-20 121-06-00 832 70
69. Agbulu Apayao Kalinga-Apayao 18-08-20 121-05-00 769 115
70. Aoan Apayao Kalinga-Apayao 18-15-30 120-00-20 147 100
71. Pinukpuk Saltan #1 Kalinga-Apayao 17-37-06 121-23-52 817.4 80
72. Adaga Saltan #2 Kalinga-Apayao 17-30-15 121-16-20 353.8 125
73. Saltan #4 Saltan #4 Kalinga-Apayao 17-30-30 121-11-00 204.4 185
74. Saltan #5 Saltan #5 Kalinga-Apayao 17-30-04 121-07-00 145.8 210
75. Naneng Tanudan Kalinga-Apayao 17-23-15 121-16-41 385 195
76. Mt. Bolantot Pasil Kalinga-Apayao 17-23-15 121-09-30 250 114
77. Banatao Mallig #2 Kalinga-Apayao 17- 18- 06 121-28-55 345.1 110
78. Basao Chico #3 Kalinga-Apayao 17-14-32 121-07-30 920 64

79. Tomiangan Chico #4 Kalinga-Apayao 17-23-38 121-13-37 1408 160

80. Bontoc Chico #1 Mt. Province 17-04-18 120-56-30 371 160
81. Sadanga Chico #2 Mt. Province 17-08-53 121-03-08 720 160
82. Taotao Taotao Mt. Province 16-57-16 121-33-02 387 30
83. Tabuk Mallig #1 Mt. Province 17-16-20 121-32-06 563 30
84. Natonin Siffu #1 Mt. Province 17-08-00 121-30-10 414 100
85. Pastor Siffu #2 Mt. Province 17-05-53 121-20-18 359 140
86. Alimit #1 Alimit Ifugao 16-46-20 121-16-30 513 220
87. Alimit #2 Alimit Ifugao 16-54-00 121-16-22 426 120
88. Huoab Ibulao Ifugao 16-44-36 121-10-00 526.4 120
89. Capisayan Dummon Cagayan 18-03-06 121-51-15 195.2 55
90. Zinundungan Zinundungan Cagayan 17-59-45 121-27-28 152 60
91. Matalag Matalag Cagayan 17-49-53 121-24-17 642.9 130
92. Bantay Paret Cagayan 17-55-00 121-49-00 735 75
93. Dabba Pinacanaoan De Tu Cagayan 17-42-05 121-50-05 452 160
94. Zimigui Zimigui Cagayan 18-24-45 121-18-06 317.85 100
95. Sta. Ana Palawig Cagayan 18-22-55 122-12-06 100.03 90
96. Sta. Filomina Nagabaron Cagayan 18-00-30 121-04-10 65.74 40
97. San Pablo Pinacanaoan Isabela 17-28-12 121-49-40 209.8 110
98. Tumauini #1 Pinacanaoan Isabela 17-18-25 121-57-38 165 150
99. Mariano Pinacanaoan de IlaIsabela 16-44-36 122-04-00 1226.1 100
100. Catangalan Catangan Isabela 16-59-24 122-04-05 286.1 115
101. Mariano Disabungan Isabela 16-51-56 122-08-35 180.6 45
102. Madella Dabubu Isabela 16-22-09 121-48-12 138.5 80
103. Oscaris Magat Isabela 16-47-53 121-22-37 4143 105
104. Ballasang Abuan Isabela 17-05-05 122-03-03 493 142

105. Divisoria Calumangan Isabela 17-01-40 122-11-10 77.79 120

106. Palanan Pinacanaoan Isabela 16-55-15 122-23-50 365 65
107. Madella Dibuluan Quirino 16-25-56 121-50-40 192.8 150
108. Madella Cagayan #1 Quirino 16-22-07 121-44-06 2316.8 50
109. Pinaripad Addalam Quirino 16-27-56 121-34-50 849.1 85
110. Madella Tabuyong Quirino 16-01-04 121-27-33 128.1 95
111. Madella Diduyon Quirino 16-15-58 121-26-47 485 110
112. Dakgan Casecnan Quirino 16-03-04 121-27-31 820 110
113. Cabingatan Conwap Quirino 16-13-32 121-37-31 1473 135
114. Gadeng Casecnan Nueva Viscaya 16-01-30 121-20-54 565 150
115. Barat Matuno Nueva Viscaya 16-24-40 121-03-20 583 170
116. Sta. Cruz Sta. Cruz Nueva Viscaya 16-22-00 121-02-00 269 75
117. Kagipsipan Casicnan Nueva Viscaya 16-01-29 121-2243 609.7 160
Region III
118. Angat Angat Bulacan 14-54-55 121-10-06 568 131
119. Sta. Maria Sta. Maria Bulacan 14-50-16 121-05-25 34.1 40
120. Bagong Bayabas Bulacan 14-57-34 121-0426 63.4 100
121. Balacag Balacag Bulacan 40 75
122. Salapangan Salampangan Bulacan 15-01-56 121-00-35 52.4 30
123. Maasim Maasim Bulacan 15-00-37 121-00-30 48 30
124. Bardias #1 Bulu Bulacan 15-14-36 121-02-30 44 30
125. Mt. Biscal Bulu Bulacan 15-13-59 121-06-00 45 97
126. Madlum Madlum Bulacan 15-11-27 121-06-06 76 80
127. San Roque Agno Pangasinan 16-07-54 120-41-00 1221 200
128. Kaliplip Toboy Pangasinan 16-08-20 120-28-30 74 103

129. Lubas Toboy Pangasinan 16-05-42 120-39-55 89 120

130. Bayaoas Bayaoas Pangasinan 15-49-11 120-13-37 63 97
131. Pila Pila Pangasinan 15-44-37 120-14-58 156.47 131
132. Balintingon Sumacbao Nueva Ecija 15-18-01 121-07-19 236.9 140
133. Lubingan Lubingan Nueva Ecija 15-41-00 121-19-00 134 215
134. Antipas Antipas Nueva Ecija 15-31-40 121-15-10 38 80
135. Bugnam Bugnam Nueva Ecija 15-26-53 121-16-22 39 77
136. Upper Coronel Coronel Nueva Ecija 15-25-30 121-21-30 68 60
137. Cabu Talictic Nueva Ecija 15-27-18 121-07-00 71 100
138. Papaya Chico Nueva Ecija 15-21-39 121-10-26 124 86
139. Marinat Marinat Nueva Ecija 15-33-32 121-08-38 44 50
140. Kalaanan Digmala Nueva Ecija 15-39-35 121-12-05 89 94
141. Canaan Banco Nueva Ecija 15-41-49 121-10-18 71 31
143. Pantabangan Pampanga Nueva Ecija 16-49-00 121-06-35 845 110.5
144. Maringalo Talavera Nueva Ecija 15-56-23 120-00-36 52 54
145. Ambuklao Agno Benguet 16-28-42 120-44-45 684 129
146. Binga Agno Benguet 16-25-10 120-43-29 936 107
147. Teb-bo Agno Benguet 16-17-04 120-44-26 1070 100
148. Tayum Agno Benguet 16-14-58 120-43-00 1148 184
149. Bucau Bucau Zambales 15-15-25 120-16-00 34 160
150. Marella Marella Zambales 15-02-27 120-17-21 75 80
151. Mananuepe Mapanuepe Zambales 14-58-30 120-18-00 32 30
152. Candelaria Mamboraw, Taposo Zambales 15-14-47 120-14-20 64.36 160
153. Camiling #2 Camiling Tarlac 15-32-52 120-18-32 228.7 136
154. Sula Bulsa Tarlac 15-27-22 120-22-27 289.6 39
155. Balog-balog Bulsa Tarlac 15-25-51 120-21-18 282 97

156. O'Donnel Bangat Tarlac 15-19-20 120-27-48 44.3 60

157. O'Donnel #1 O'donnell Tarlac 15-17-02 120-22-49 40.3 70
158. San Nicholas Marimla Tarlac 15-15-18 120-32-57 75.5 60
159. Bamban Malago Tarlac 15-14-03 120-28-16 35.5 30
160. Dolores Bamban Tarlac 15-14-20 120-33-30 35 30
161. Gumain Gumain Pampanga 15-01-30 120-27-45 103 93
162. Sta. Rosa Ambayaoan Nueva Viscaya 16-12-24 12046-05 256.4 151
163. Malupa Malupa Quezon 15-44-40 121-21-30 202 100
Region IV
164. Wawa Marikina Rizal 14-43-30 121-31-54 280 135
165. Caliraya Caliraya Laguna 14-16-05 121-30-30 91.5 106
166. Lower Agos Agos Quezon 14-41-40 121-32-00 873 130
167. Daraitan Kaliwa Quezon 14-36-00 121-26-10 340 106
168. Santa Rosa Ados Quezon 13-33-52 122-22-10 42.44 30
169. Picsaan Guinhalinan Quezon 13-41-30 122-25-25 54.75 50
170. Binunga Boac Marinduque 13-23-57 121-55-23 153 140
171. Morente Bongabong Mindoro 12-41-50 121-01-48 343.12 90
172. Bongabong Bongabong Mindoro 12-44-17 121-20-18 149.27 70
173. Banutan Banus Mindoro 12-55-00 121-22-00 69.14 110
174. Malubay Balete Mindoro 12-57-50 121-20-50 109.78 130
175. Pambisan Pula Mindoro 13-00-15 121-20-20 171.67 70
176. Tangon Salangan Mindoro 13-06-37 120-47-12 93.87 70
177. Bangih Mts. Tanguilan Mindoro 13-16-20 120-34-20 55.27 90
178. Lumintao Lumintao Mindoro 12-40-30 121-07-40 231 140
179. Amnay Amnay Mindoro 13-01-00 120-56-30 227 123

180. Patrick Patrick Mindoro 12-53-40 120-58-10 212 108

181. Paclolo Cagaray Mindoro 12-53-70 121-11-50 401.13 90
182. Cabirian Labangan Mindoro 12-28-10 121-07-00 165.3 50
183. Pitogo Bugsanga Mindoro 12-35-07 121-08-54 384.81 110
184. San Mariano Baroc Mindoro 12-37-20 121-24-02 82.99 70
185. Batangan Mongpong Mindoro 12-48-05 120-57-10 130 30
186. Bansud Mindoro 12-52-14 121-22-21 56.25 90
187. Cogon Marangas Palawan 8-42-32 117-37-12 49.22 160
188. Filantropia Filantropia Palawan 8-57-06 117-53-53 44 90
189. Quezon Kinlugan Palawan 9-05-48 117-48-10 38.49 70
190. Quezon Lamikan Palawan 9-06-10 117-52-35 106 90
191. Aborlan Panacan Palawan 9-17-58 118-21-06 36.64 130
192. Malatgao #1 Malatgao #1 Palawan 9-24-28 118-23-47 107.96 110
193. Inagawan Inagawan Palawan 9-34-10 118-35-16 117.85 80
194. Iwahig Iwahig Palawan 9-41-00 118-36-00 54.23 40
195. Barraqui Aborlan Palawan 9-28-18 118-28-00 40.67 40
196. Baton-baton Baton-baton Palawan 9-17-00 118-16-00 79.78 140
197. Apurauan Apurauan Palawan 9-35-00 118-21-39 78.94 100
198. Babuyan Babuyan River Palawan 10-03-00 118-53-00 213.29 80
199. Caramay Rizal River Palawan 10-16-12 119-10-42 129.33 120
200. Langogan Langogan Palawan 10-03-00 119-06-36 198.17 90
201. Rosario Malaking-ilog Batangas 13-47-24 121-07-05 234.67 40
202. Gen. Luna Hingoso Quezon 13-44-50 122-13-50 30.47 40
203. Montalban #2 Puray Rizal 14-46-00 121-10-50 33.01 50

Region V
204. Talisay Albay Albay 13-13-00 123-28-00 146 80
205. Pulantuna Pulantuna Camarines Sur 13-52-01 122-54-50 288 90
206. Culaling Culaling Camarines Sur 13-47-00 122-54-00 101 45
207. Salvacion Manapot Camarines Sur 13-45-00 123-51-04 35.98 90
208. Labo Labo Camarines Sur 14-04-45 122-44-00 62.58 110
209. Malabago Toytoy Catanduanes 13-58-18 124-09-50 32.45 70
210. Sagrada Viga Catanduanes 13-50-10 124-16-00 39.11 110
211. Pagsagnahan Bato Catanduanes 13-45-00 124-16-15 79.26 130
212. Mabariw Narangasan Masbate 12-14-58 122-25-50 31.73 30
213. Simbahan Bito Masbate 12-29-24 123-43-45 57.55 30
214. Pinamalatikan Banadero Masbate 12-39-06 123-39-06 53.04 30
Region VI
215. Panglangangan Tipuluan Antique 10-44-30 122-07-00 67.97 190
216. Villa Saloman Ipayo Antique 10-54-44 122-03-15 52.93 180
217. San Agustin Cangaranan Antique 11-05-00 122-11-43 65.71 110
218. Igroso Paliwan Antique 11-05-10 122-07-35 143.33 150
219. Pan-an Dalanas Antique 11-15-25 122-06-38 122.03 190
220. Camansihan Bacong Antique 11-25-10 122-05-50 31.29 150
221. Rizal Manila Antique 10-55-47 122-11-22 114.85 170
222. Luna Manoit Antique 10-46-34 122-04-50 108.47 150
223. Libacao Aklan Aklan 11-24-20 122-17-10 251.88 90
224. Talangban Tingbaan Aklan 11-32-35 122-15-10 113.69 70
225. Mt. Caguman Ibajay Aklan 11-41-10 122-11-05 117.34 170
226. Catabangan Ulian Iloilo 11-04-20 12-23-00 45.89 110

227. Dap Alibunan Iloilo 11-09-00 122-26-12 18.77 100

228. Tigum Tigum Iloilo 10-55-15 122-23-00 46.92 100
229. Carucuan Tanian Iloilo 10-44-50 122-14-30 78.59 100
230. Magallon Binalbagan Negros Occ. 10-18-45 123-09-32 229.46 90
231. Bago I Bago River Negros Occ. 10-33-05 123-09-18 435.45 115
232. Bago II Bago River Negros Occ. 10-33-20 123-07-48 443.5 45
233. Hilabangan I Hilabangan Negros Occ. 9-56-00 122-55-00 384.1 90
234. Ilog #2 Ilog Negros Occ. 9-46-00 122-46-00 283.06 70
235. Ilog #1 Ilog Negros Occ. 9-52-00 122-51-00 1371 100
236. Hilabangan #2 Hilabangan Negros Occ. 9-56-00 122-57-00 320.87 240
237. Isio Isio Negros Occ. 9-56-45 122-34-05 56.32 110
238. Dapdap Hill Binulug Creek Negros Occ. 9-44-30 122-31-00 161.67 70
239. Sipalay Calatong River Negros Occ. 9-46-58 122-29-15 73.01 90
240. Tablas Kanalum Negros Or. 9-27-10 122-47-25 31.29 130
241. Catumbahan Pagatban Negros Or. 9-28-20 122-43-25 361.4 170
242. Ugbo Aganon Iloilo 10-53-24 122-20-37 40.43 100
Region VII
243. Sta. Catalina Cauitan Negros Or. 9-18-48 122-56-00 62.58 150
244. Siaton Negros Or. Negros Or. 9-9-15 123-01-40 180.96 130
245. Bayawan #1 Sicopong Negros Or. 9-24-50 122-54-52 189.3 70
246. Maluminsag Libertad Negros Or. 10-3-00 123-12-32 225.8 130
247. Biga Pagatban Negros Or. 9-26-44 122-43-30 364.9 190
248. Bayawan #2 Bayawan Negros Or. 9-27-00 122-48-30 248.23 110
249. Sapang Daku Cebu 10-23-10 123-44-30 55.8 130
250. Mantauhan Languyon Cebu 10-42-05 123-50-22 60.49 90

251. Danao City Luyang River Cebu 10-36-00 124-00-21 46.93 70
Region VIII
252. Burawen #1 Daguitan Leyte 10-56-20 124-50-24 113.16 30
253. Amparo Amparo Leyte 10-08-30 124-56-20 66 100
254. Catmon Salog Leyte 10-22-50 124-55-40 79 60
255. Kapudlosan Salog Leyte 10-25-45 124-50-20 43 90
256. Bojo Salug Leyte 10-27-25 124-48-00 52.15 120
257. Guinsangan Himbangan Leyte 10-22-20 125-06-40 47.69 110
258. Buntay Bito Leyte 10-44-25 124-54-50 67 90
259. Cabagnon Bisay Leyte 10-23-20 125-09-10 38 40
260. Abuyog Higasaan Leyte 10-33-25 125-04-08 51 30
261. Dolores Dolores Samar 12-08-37 125-11-00 278 80
262. Gandara Gandara Samar 11-59-10 124-55-18 272.2 100
263. Mawo #1 Mawo Samar 12-23-19 124-23-40 119.42 35
264. Gandara Blanca Samar 12-01-25 124-58-00 203.38 50
265. San Rufino Hayiban Samar 12-13-30 124-33-50 59.45 80
266. Gen. Luna Hibunawan Samar 12-17-00 124-41-00 61.53 50
267. Mirader Bugko Samar 12-25-40 124-49-20 104.3 60
268. Solong Pambukhan Samar 12-21-20 124-51-10 113.68 80
269. Trujillo Gulganti Samar 12-25-40 124-31-00 53.71 80
270. Hipli Hilino Creek Samar 12-20-25 124-43-10 43.28 60
271. Ponod Patikwa Samar 12-20-30 124-33-25 39.11 5050
272. Polahongon Layog Samar 10-31-40 124-58-18 44.84 50
273. Himamara Samar 10-37-30 124-59-30 48.49 80
274. Mt. Sagad Sohotan Samar 11-23-40 125-12-25 47.97 100

275. Calbiga Calbiga Samar 11-35-20 125-04-40 263.35 60

276. Wright Samar 11-54-30 125-13-00 144.45 50
Region IX
277. Gumalarang Gumalarang Basilan 6-37-12 121-59-00 84 73
278. Pagadian #1 Labangan Zamboanga S 7-53-40 123-16-32 148 100
279. Pagadian #2 Labangan Zamboanga S 7-55-50 123-19-20 54 160
280. Malaugas Sibuguey Zamboanga S 7-53-20 123-04-40 148.62 100
281. Molave #1 Dipolog Zamboanga S 8-14-30 123-24-00 123.07 120
282. Molave #2 Dikayo Zamboanga S 8-18-50 123-16-40 117.33 120
283. Pasonanga Tumanga Zamboanga S 6-58-15 122-04-10 101 150
284. Tagasilay Vitali Zamboanga S 7-18-00 122-14-00 113.68 80
285. Piacan Piacan Zamboanga N 7-31-35 122-10-12 53 90
286. Siocon #1 Sibuco Zamboanga N 7-14-40 122-05-10 119.94 100
287. Panganuran Panganuran Zamboanga N 7-24-50 122-06-40 101.17 100
288. Anungan Anungan Zamboanga N 7-28-20 122-06-30 93.87 160
289. Siraguay Siraguay Zamboanga N 7-35-20 122-10-30 53.71 60
290. Labason Quipit Zamboanga N 7-58-40 122-26-00 626.84 90
291. Siocon #2 Siocon Zamboanga N 7-45-50 122-11-00 45.89 80
292. Siocon #3 Litoban Zamboanga N 7-42-50 122-14-20 262.83 80
293. Disakan Disakan Zamboanga N 8-28-00 123-03-35 107.95 80
Region X
294. Adgaoan Agdaoan #1 Agusan Sur 8-19-00 125-39-00 373 70

297. Andanon Andanon Agusan Sur 8-45-00 125-46-00 193 130

298. Bague Bague #1 Agusan Sur 8-05-00 125-36-00 443 115
299. Bague Bague #2 Agusan Sur 8-08-00 125-25-00 117 140
300. Bunawan Bunawan Agusan Sur 8-10-00 126-01-00 188 115
Region X
301. Busilao Busilao Agusan Sur 8-38-00 125-32-00 272 100
302. Casapa Casapa Agusan Sur 8-10-20 125-43-00 714 110
303. Cawayan Cawayan Agusan Sur 8-16-20 125-40-00 323 75
304. Prosperidad Gibong Agusan Sur 8-26-00 125-55-10 414 85
305. Kasilayan Kasilayan Agusan Sur 8-34-00 125-38-00 107 80
306. Libang Libang Agusan Sur 8-29-00 125-35-00 241 100
307. Maasam Maasam 1 Agusan Sur 8-28-00 125-36-00 361 85
308. Maasam Maasam 2 Agusan Sur 8-40-00 125-25-00 184 175
309. Ojot Ojot Agusan Sur 8-48-00 125-32-00 467 100
310. Wawa Wawa Agusan Sur 8-48-00 125-42-00 381 160
311. Bugabus Bugabus Agusan Norte 8-48-30 125-33-00 184 120
312. Butuan City Bugabus Agusan Norte 7-32-00 125-33-10 257.62 80
313. Manlukup Agusan 1 Davao Norte 7-26-00 126-06-00 336 120
314. Sabaki Agusan 2 Davao Norte 8-00-00 126-08-00 284 160
315. Ihaoan Ihaoan Davao Norte 7-57-00 125-49-00 384 60
316 Lagum Lagum Davao Norte 7-59-00 125-55-00 95 50
317. Simulao Simulao Davao Norte 7-59-00 126-12-00 261 130
318. Umasa Umaasa Creek Davao Norte 7-59-00 125-54-00 99 35
319. Talakag Cagayan 1 Bukidnon 8-14-20 124-34-25 762.43 195
320. Maluko Tagloan III Bukidnon 8-23-40 124-56-49 567.9 181

321. Kalapiongan Tagoloan IV-A Bukidnon 8-29-37 124-50-21 1311.04 130

322. Sta. Ana Tagoloan IV Bukidnon 8-32-11 124-47-00 1409.91 70
323. Nicdao Bubunauan Bukidnon 8-23-20 124-37-54 224.24 150
324. Mamburaya Cagayan 2 Misamis Or. 8-19-34 124-36-14 893.32 110
325. Cagayan de Oro Cagayan 3 Misamis Or. 8-24-23 124-37-26 1132.17 75
326. Claveria Malitbog Misamis Or. 8-35-42 124-57-15 34.41 170
Region XI
327. Lingdan Hijo Davao Norte 7-25-00 124-57-56 299.58 100
328. Mabantao Simong Davao Norte 7-40-32 125-35-45 110.41 90
329. Jaguimitan Kapalong Davao Norte 7-51-10 125-37-20 162.5 120
330. Magtuga Langitang Davao Norte 7-53-27 125-32-27 73.01 130
331. Calinan 1 Davao Davao Sur 7-16-00 125-23-50 1603.61 90
332. Calinan 2 Suwanan Davao Sur 7-16-35 125-18-50 157.5 160
333 Taglandasa Sumlog Davao Or. 7-03-10 126-05-35 219.55 90
334. Tagugpo Bitanagan Davao Or. 7-02-01 126-06-37 26.68 190
335. Anibongan Casauman Davao Or. 7-11-35 126-27-20 362.44 120
336. Quinonoan Quinonoan Davao Or. 7-06-10 126-27-00 108.47 160
337. Madrid 1 Taracan Surigao Sur. 9-12-40 125-53-51 55 90
338. Madrid 2 Caracan Surigao Sur. 9-15-35 125-54-15 237.5 70
339. Madrid 3 Eyamjo Surigao Sur. -17-10 125-54-30 73.75 80
340. Lun Grande Big Lun Cotabato S. 6-02-50 125-19-30 299.58 130
Region XII
341. Muleta 2 Muleta 2 Bukidnon 7-33-00 124-54-00 517 180
342. Maramag Pulangi 3 Bukidnon 7-38-16 125-03-13 3.633 115

343. Lumbayao Pulangi 4 Bukidnon 7-57-00 125-16-00 1.126 115

344. Pulangi Pulangi 6 Bukidnon 8-21-00 125-14-00 376 100
345. Pulangi 5 Pulangi 5 Bukidnon 8-10-00 125-19-00 737 110
346. Katidan Libungan North Cotabato 7-23-00 124-33-00 367 80
347. Kitubud Maladugao 1 North Cotabato 7-16-00 124-43-00 1342 70
348. Gata Maladugao2 North Cotabato 7-29-00 124-47-00 1068 180
349. Mulueta Mulueta 1 North Cotabato 7-23-00 124-55-00 1126 110
350. Malitubog Malitubog 1 North Cotabato 7-15-00 124-39-00 551 65
351. Mt. Baboy Malitubog 2 North Cotabato 7-21-00 124-39-00 473 130
352. datu Santilla Pulangi 1 North Cotabato 7-20-18 124-54-48 5216 35
353. Balatukan Pulangi 2 North Cotabato 7-23-24 124-01-49 4.652 105
354. Lake Sebu Lanon North Cotabato 6-14-00 124-44-00 88 55
355 Batdan Cabilanan 1 Maguidanao 6-38-00 124-22-00 568 200
356. Penas Cabilanan 2 Maguidanao 8-33-00 124-25-00 514 150
357. Tiubangan Maganoy 1 Maguidanao 6-48-00 124-24-00 981 355
358. Mt. Sultan Maganoy 2 Maguidanao 6-36-00 124-21-00 399 190
359. Laguilayan Maganoy 3 Maguidanao 6-31-00 124-22-00 317 170
360. Tran Tran Sultan Kudarat 6-45-30 124-05-30 793.33 110
361. Saguiaran Agus 2 Lanao del Sur 8-02-00 124-16-00 1768.76 31
362. Kalanganan Agus-3-A Lanao del Norte 8-05-06 124-14-45 1844.18 50
363. Matampay Agus 4 Lanao Norte 8-07-00 124-14-00 1872 32
364. Linamon Agus 7 Lanao Norte 8-11-24 124-09-48 2000.84 43
Source: National Water Resources Board (formerly the National Water Resources Council, 1978)
Table 4.32
NUMBER OF RESERVOIRS
1978
Dam Height (m) Density on

Region Land Area 30D.H<100 100 D.H<200 200 D.H. Total Dam Nos.
(km2) (2) =(2)/(1)x1000
Region I 14,400 30 25 7 62 4.31

Region II 34,500 20 33 2 55 1.59
Region III 23,600 27 17 2 46 1.95
Region IV 46,500 23 17 0 40 0.86
Region V 17,600 8 3 0 11 0.63
Region VI 20,200 8 19 1 28 1.39
Region VII 14,900 3 6 0 9 0.60
Region VIII 20,400 20 5 0 25 1.23
Region IX 20,600 8 9 0 17 0.83
Region X 24,300 11 22 0 33 1.36
Region XI 24,900 6 8 0 14 0.56
Region XII 31,900 9 13 2 24 0.75
Total 293,800 173 177 14 364 1.24
These dam schemes are distributed in the major rivers of the Philippines. The data collected from NPC with
respect to the proposed major dam schemes are as follows:
1). List of existing and proposed hydropower projects of NPC, which contain a total of 122
schemes consisting of 57 reservoir-type schemes and 65 run-of-river-type ones, (hereinafter
referred as NPC's list).
2). Proposed Hydroelectric Projects (summarized project features of 34 schemes based on the
feasibility and pre-feasibility study reports), and
3). Feasibility study and pre-feasibility study reports on each of the proposed hydropower deve-
lopment projects.

Table 4.33
WATER PRODUCTION AND FACILITIES OF WATER DISTRICTS
Production in million cubic meters per year
As of January 1997
Region Facilities/ Water Supply Index

Wells SPs Sur W Production Pop. Serv. Pop. '95 Coverage
WRR-I 106 32 4 26.18 440,160 1,227,180 36%

WR-II 48 3 7.24 128,920 956,460 13%
WRR-III 337 8 3 136.26 1,865,560 6,258,060 30%
WRR-IV 383 69 1 106.26 1,153,980 4,664,170 25%
WRR-V 62 63 7 35.33 489,310 2,351,140 21%
WRR-VI 87 29 7 48.24 695,740 3,617,330 19%
WRR-VII 128 17 1 74.06 516,330 2,097,800 25%
WRR-VIII 18 11 5 17.44 328,750 1,429,280 23%
WRR-IX 28 8 2 39.32 488,270 1,372,940 36%
WRR-X 48 23 3 47.69 716,550 1,944,090 37%
WRR-XI 51 8 3 58.73 1,028,500 2,139,650 48%
WRR-XII 31 6 15.58 251,540 1,906,570 13%
Total 1,327 277 46 612.95 8,103,610 29,964,670 27%
Note: List of Local Water Districts as of January 1997 and Annual Reports as of 1995 and 1996.
Source: Local Water Utilities Administration

Table 4.34
REGISTERED WATER RIGHTS OF WATER DISTRICTS
Total Amount of Grants Total Numbers of Water Rights Average Grants Amount
Region ( M. cum/y ) ( Numeric ) ( M. cum/yf )
Wells Springs S. Water Total Wells Springs S. Water Total Wells Springs SW
WRR-I 27.3 11.6 2.2 41.1 63 24 6 93 0.43 0.48 0.37

WRR-II 12.4 0.4 12.8 22 3 25 0.56 0.12
WRR-III 67.7 4.0 71.8 118 4 122 0.57 1
WRR-IV 63.4 65.4 3.7 132.5 89 55 6 150 0.71 1.19 0.62
WRR-V 16.5 17.9 34.4 41 52 93 0.4 0.34
WRR-VI 38.6 13.5 52 48 35 93 0.8 0.38
WRR-VII 68.6 3.9 14.8 87.4 121 20 4 145 0.57 0.2 3.7
WRR-VIII 1.1 8.9 9.6 19.6 4 21 1 26 0.27 0.42 9.64
WRR-IX 2.5 4.1 13.4 20 5 5 3 13 0.5 0.82 4.46
WRR-X 6.2 15.7 10.3 32.3 18 22 10 50 0.35 0.71 1.03
WRR-XI 49.7 4.4 19.6 73.6 39 5 5 49 1.27 0.87 3.91
WRR-XII 24.7 3.9 13.5 42.1 16 7 2 25 1.54 0.55 6.77
Total 378.7 153.7 87.2 619.4 584 253 37 874 0.04 0.61 0.37
Note: Database for Water Rights Registration as of 31 March 1997.

Table 4.35
NUMBER OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS SERVED
Range of Population Served (capita)

Region Total Number of 4,999 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 50,000 100,000
System or less 9,999 14,999 19,999 49,999 99,999 or more
WRR-I 29 9 8 4 2 2 1 2 1
WRR-II 42 26 10 2 2 2
WRR-III 120 34 22 20 8 9 19 5 3
WRR-IV 74 6 28 16 10 2 4 4 4
WRR- V 43 6 17 8 2 1 7 2
WRR-VI 75 22 31 8 5 3 2 2 2
WRR-VII 23 4 5 8 1 1 2 1 1
WRR-VIII 35 13 12 4 4 1 1
WRR-IX 26 8 11 1 1 4 1
WRR-X 29 6 9 4 2 6 1 1
WRR-XI 28 7 8 4 4 2 1 1 1
WRR-XII 32 11 12 4 2 2 1
Total 556 152 173 83 36 27 51 18 16
Note: List of Local Water Districts as of January 1997.
Source: Local Water Utilities

Table 4.36
ESTIMATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY
Year Rural Population Population Served * Population Served (functioning) ** Number of

Annual Cummulative (%) Number (%) Wells
1987 24,356,294 0 15,379,999 11,534,999 47.36% 667,808
1988 29,585,433 918,710 16,298,709 55.09% 12,453,709 42.09% 674,875
1989 30,354,655 2,445,430 18,744,139 61.75% 14,899,139 49.08% 693,686
1990 31,158,409 3,354,780 22,098,919 70.92% 18,253,919 58.58% 719,492
1991 32,694,430 2,990,910 25,089,829 76.74% 21,244,829 64.98% 742,499
1992 33,539,939 1,892,930 26,982,759 80.45% 23,137,759 68.99% 757,060
1993 34,383,134 659,490 27,642,249 80.39% 23,797,249 69.21% 762,133
1994 35,226,334 1,134,250 28,776,499 81.69% 24,931,499 70.78% 770,858
1995 36,069,531 1,371,370 30,147,869 83.58% 26,302,869 72.92% 781,407
1996 36,907,406 522,600 30,670,469 83.10% 26,825,469 72.68% 785,427
1997 37,742,994 1,230,580 31,901,049 84.52% 28,056,049 74.33% 794,893
1998 38,578,581 1,246,960 33,148,009 85.92% 29,303,009 75.96% 804,485
1999 39,414,169 1,240,720 34,388,729 87.25% 30,543,729 77.49% 814,029
2000 40,252,044 1,280,110 35,668,839 88.61% 31,823,839 79.06% 823,876
Note: * Percent population coverage ar 130 persons per well.

** Population served to account non-functioning wells 25 percent of stock.

Table 4.37
PROJECTED WATER CONSUMPTION IN METRO MANILA
Year Domestic Commercial Industrial Sub-total Revenue Water Non-Revenue Water Total
1995 127 26 6 159 44% 56% 361

2000 148 30 7 185 50% 50% 370
2005 161 32 8 201 55% 45% 366
2010 173 35 9 217 60% 40% 362
2015 186 37 9 232 65% 35% 357
2020 196 39 10 245 70% 30% 350
2025 206 41 10 257 70% 30% 368
Note: Water consumption for the year 2000 to 2025 were projected on the basis of trend described in the Master
Plan. Non-Revenue Water Ratio was modified based on existing condition.
Source: Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System

Table 4.38
PROJECTED WATER CONSUMPTION BY WATER DISTRICTS IN SELECTED REGIONS
Group Item 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Domestic Use 155 165 175 184 193 203 214 224
Commercial/Industrial/Institutional 33 34 35 37 39 41 43 45
1 Accounted-for water 188 199 210 221 232 244 257 269
Unaccounted-for water 73 98 90 86 77 69 64 67
Total 261 297 300 307 310 313 321 337
Domestic Use 135 143 150 158 166 174 183 192
Total 220 254 257 263 265 267 274 288
Domestic Use 120 128 135 142 149 157 165 173
Total 193 225 227 235 237 241 247 260
Domestic Use 110 118 125 131 138 145 153 160
Total 174 203 207 214 219 223 229 240
Domestic Use 100 105 110 116 122 128 134 141
Total 157 179 181 188 191 194 200 211
NRW Rate (%) 40 33 30 28 25 22 20 20
Note: Annual rate of increase of domestic water consumption/use: 1.5 percent for 2000; 1 percent for 2001 to 2010.
Source: Design Criteria, Local Water Utilities Administration

Table 4.39
PROJECTED SERVICES COVERAGE AND WATER DEMAND FOR PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
Region Type Public Water Supply 2000 2005

Coverage/Demand Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural
WRR-1 Total Population ('000) 2,582 921 1,661 2,807 1,078 1,728
L-III Population Served 594 403 191 782 591 191
Coverage (%) 23% 44% 11% 28% 55% 11%
Water Demand (M.cum/y) 37 25 12 52 39 13
L-I, II Population Served 1,472 318 1,154 1,597 303 1,293
Coverage (%) 57% 35% 69% 57% 28% 75%
Total Population Served 2,067 722 1,345 2,379 895 1,484
Coverage (%) 80% 78% 81% 85% 83% 86%
WRR-2 Total Population ('000) 3,368 745 2,623 3,694 854 2,840
Coverage (%) 7% 26% 2% 10% 39% 2
Water Demand (M.cum/y) 14 11 3 24 21 3%
Coverage (%) 67% 44% 74% 70% 36% 80%
Total Population Served 2,503 518 1,986 2,965 643 2,322
Coverage (%) 74% 69% 76% 80% 75% 82%
WRR-3 Total Population ('000) 10,036 5,814 4,222 10,975 6,756 4,220
L-III Population Served 2,741 2,365 376 3,831 3,455 376
Coverage (%) 27% 41% 9% 35% 51% 9%
L-I, II Population Served 5,021 1,957 3,064 5,279 1,961 3,319
Coverage (%) 50% 0% 73% 48% 29% 79%


Total Population Served 7,762 4,322 3,440 9,110 5,416 3,695
Coverage (%) 77% 74% 81% 83% 80% 88%
WRR-4 Total Population ('000) 21,633 17,235 4398 24,002 19,422 4,580
Coverage (%) 52% 64% 6% 58% 71% 6%
Water Demand (M.cum/y) 1,433 1,406 27 1,735 1,709 26
Coverage (%) 23% 12% 69% 23% 11% 76%
Coverage (%) 75% 75% 75% 81% 81% 82%
Coverage (%) 17% 32% 7% 19% 47% 6%
Coverage (%) 63% 41% 77% 67% 31% 83%
Coverage (%) 80% 73% 84% 86% 78% 89%
L-III Population Served 1,149 890 260 1,725 1,465 260
Coverage (%) 18% 31% 7% 25% 44% 7%


Coverage (%) 62% 44% 76% 60% 36% 82%
Coverage (%) 80% 75% 83% 85% 80% 89%
L-III Population Served 932 836 96 1,475 1,379 96
Coverage (%) 17% 31% 3% 24% 44% 3%
Coverage (%) 62% 44% 79% 59% 36% 84%
Coverage (%) 79% 75% 82% 84% 80% 88%
Coverage (%) 14% 30% 6% 18% 44% 5%
Coverage (%) 68% 45% 79% 67% 36% 83%
Total Population Served 3,045 893 2,152 3,533 1,113 2,420
Coverage (%) 82% 75% 85% 86% 80% 89%

Coverage (%) 19% 45% 3% 26% 55% 3%
Coverage (%) 59% 30% 77% 57% 25% 83%
Coverage (%) 78% 75% 80% 83% 80% 85%
L-III Population Served 1,038 926 111 1,477 1,366 111
Coverage (%) 23% 44% 5% 30% 54% 5%
Coverage (%) 55% 31% 76% 53% 26% 82%
Coverage (%) 78% 75% 81% 83% 80% 87%
Coverage (%) 28% 66% 3% 31% 72% 3%
Coverage (%) 54% 20% 77% 56% 17% 83%

Total Population Served 3574 1481 2093 4127 1723 2404

Coverage (%) 83% 86% 81% 87% 88% 86%
Coverage (%) 11% 27% 1% 17% 41% 1%
L-I, II Population Served 3,655 991 2,663 4,095 1,023 3,072
Coverage (%) 67% 48% 78% 66% 39% 84%
Coverage (%) 77% 75% 79% 83% 80% 85%
Grand-Total Population ('000) 76,319 40,856 35,463 84,215 46,724 37,491

L-III Population Served 21,854 19,995 1,860 29,088 27,228 1,860
Coverage (%) 29% 49% 5% 35% 58% 5%
Coverage (%) 49% 26% 75% 49% 22% 81%
Coverage (%) 78% 75% 80% 83% 81% 86%

Table 4.40
LIST OF RIVERS SURVEYED ACCORDING TO POLUTION LEVEL IN SELECTED REGIONS
1989 to 1992
ILOCOS
Abra Vigan, Ilocos Sur - NP
Agno San Miguel, Pangasinan NP
Amburayan Sudipen, La Union Dead
Aringay Aringay, La Union NP
Baroro Bacnotan, La Union Dead
Balincaquin Agno, Pangasinan Dead
Bued (D) San Fabian, Pangasinan Dead
Dagupan (D) Tambal, Dagupan City Dead
Laoag Sarrat, Ilocos Sur NP
Naguilan Bauang, La Union SP
CAGAYAN VALLEY
Apiyan (D) Bambang, N.V. NP
Cagayan Bal-lo, Cagayan NP
Ganano Santiago, Isabela NP
Karaballo (M) Aritao, N. V. SP
Magat (U) Bambang, N.V. SP
Magat (D) Bayumbong, N.V. NP
Matuno Bambang, N.V. NP
Pinacanauan Tuguegarao, Cagayan NP
Sta Cruz Bambang, N.V. NP
Sta Fe Bambang, N.V. NP
CENTRAL LUZON
Abucay Abucay, Bataan SP
Balagtas Balagtas, Bulacan Dead
Bamban (M) Bamban, Tarlac NP

Bocaue Bocaue, Bulacan Dead
Caulamang Dinalupihan, Pampanga NP
Dinlupihan Dinalupihan, Pampanga NP
Guagua Guagua, Pampanga SP
Guiguinto Guiguinto, Bulacan Dead
Gumain (m) Lubao, Pampanga SP
Ibayo Balanga, Bataan NP
Kalaguiman Samal, Bataan NP
Labangan Calumpit, Bulacan NP
Layac (M) Dinalupihan, Bataan NP
Limay Limay, Bataan NP
Maasin Candaba, Pampanga NP
Mapahuepe Zambales NP
Marella Zambales NP
Marilao Marilao, Bulacan Dead
Meycauayan Meycauayan, Bulacan Dead
Pamatawan (D) Zambales NP
Pamatawan (M) Subic, Zambales NP
Pampanga Apalit, Pampanga NP
Pasig Potrero Potrero, Pampanga NP
Polo Lubao, Pampanga SP
Porac (D) Florida Blanca, Pampanga SP
Porac (M) Porac, Pampanga NP
Potrero Guagua, Pampanga NP
O'Donnel Sitio Dam, Tarlac SP
Orani Orani, Bataan SP
Rio Chico Gapan, N.Ecija NP
Samal Samal, Bataan SP

San Fernando Bacolor, Pampanga HP
San Juan Samal, Bataan SP
Sta. Catalina Lubao, Pampanga SP
Sta Maria Sta. Maria, Pampanga NP
Sta Rita (U) Olongapo, Zambales NP
Sta Rita (D) Olongapo, Zambales NP
Sto. Tomas (M) Castillejos, Zambales NP
Sto. Tomas (D) San Narcisio, Zambales SP
Tagwaling Pilar, Bataan NP
SOUTHERN TAGALOG
Alitao (U) Tayabas, Quezon SP
Balatuin San Pablo City, Laguna NP
Banadero San Pablo, Laguna NP
Calaca Calaca, Batangas SP
Calumpang Calumpang, Batangas City SP
Dumaca-a (D) Cotta, Lucena City, Quezon Dead
Dumaca-a (M) Sto. Rosario, Lucena, Quezon SP
Dumaca-a (U) Tayabas, Quezon SP
Dumuklong Bagbaguin, Lucena City SP
Iyan (D) Teachers Village, Lucena City SP
Iyan (M) Ilayang Iyan, Lucena City SP
Iyan (U) Tayabas, Quezon SP
Lacawan (M) Bagbaguin, Lucena City SP
Lian Lian, Batangas SP
Lobo Lobo, Batangas SP
Mahangpong San Pablo City, Laguna NP
Malaunod (U) San Pablo City, Laguna NP

Molino Molino, Batangas SP
Pagbilao (M) Pagbilao, Quezon SP
Palsabangan (U) Pagbilao, Quezon SP
Prinsa (U) San Pablo City, Laguna NP
San Cristobal (T) Calamba, Laguna SP
San Cristobal (M) Calamba, Laguna SP
San Cristobal (U) Calamba, Laguna SP
San Juan (M) Real Calamba, Laguna SP
San Juan (D) Calamba, Laguna SP
BICOL
Naga City Naga City NP
Legend:
T - Tributary NP - Not polluted
M - Midstream SP - Slightly Polluted
D - Downstream HP - Highly Polluted
U - Upstream UC - Unclassified

5
Land & Soil
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 5 LAND AND SOIL

Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-ii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
1.3.1 Social and Economic Activities and Natural
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities and
Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4

2.1 Highlights of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
a. Social and Economic Activities and Natural
Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
a.1. Land Use . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
a.2. Use of Fertilizer . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
a.3. Solid Waste Disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20
a.4 Generation of Toxic and Hazardous
Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.20
a.5 Natural Calamities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
b. Environmental Impacts of Activities and
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 5-22
b.1. Physical Land Degradation . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
b.2. Nutrient Loss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22
c. Stocks and Inventory . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-23
c.1. Inventory of Land Resources . . . . . . . . . 5-23
5-i
Land & Soil
LIST OF TABLES
A Conceptual Framework on Land and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
B Statistical Framework on Land and Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
C Data Assessment of the Land and Soil Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-13
5.1a Distribution of Land Use Vegetation by Region, 1991

(In Hectares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
5.1b Number and Floor Area/Length of Local Government 5-26

Construction by Type of Construction, 1991 to 1997 . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1c Length of National Public Roads by Surface Type, 1987, 1990

to 1998 (In kilometers) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31
5.2 Inventory of Land Area Reclaimed Nationwide, Prior to 1988 and 5-36
1993 to 1998 (In hectares) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3a Solid Waste Generation per City/Municipal/Sector, 1995. . . . . . . . 5-37
5.3b Waste Volume Transported to Selected Area from

City/Municipality, 1994 to 1997 (San Mateo and Carmona Land
Fill Sites) and 1994 to 1996 (Las Piñas Transfer Station)
(In tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38
5.3c Municipal Incinerator by Site, 1997. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
5.4a Toxic and Hazardous Waste Generated by Waste Class, 1996

(In tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
5.4b Toxic and Hazardous Waste Generated by Industry, 1996

(In tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
5.5 Production, Importation and Consumption of Fertilizers, 1990 to

1998 (In thousand metric tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
5.6 Damages Caused By Major Natural Disasters, 1990 to 1997

(In tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46
5-ii
Land & Soil
5.7 Irrigated Land by Type of Irrigation, 1990 to 1997(In hectares). . . . 5-49
5.8a Lands Suffering from Moderate (E2) to Severe (E3) Erosion by

Region, 1990. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
5.8b Average Erosion Rates for Various Land Uses, 1987 and 1991 5-53
(In tons per hectare per year). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.9 Physical Asset Accounts of Soil Resources, 1988 to 1993

(In thousand metric tons). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
5.10 Physical Asset Accounts of Land Resources Devoted to

Agricultural Uses, 1988 to 1993 (In thousand hectares). . . .. . . . . . . 5-55
5.11 Area Accounts of Old Growth Dipterocarp Forests, 1988 to 1994

(In thousand hectares). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
5.12 Area Accounts of Second Growth Dipterocarp Forests, 1988 to

1994 (In thousand hectares). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
5.13 Area Accounts of Pine Forests, 1988 to 1994 (In thousand

hectares). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
5-iii
Land & Soil
LIST OF FIGURES
5.1 Percent Distribution of Land/Vegetation in the Philippines, 1991 . 5-19
5.2 Percent Distribution of Land Reclamation in the Philippines, 5-20

1987 to 1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 Hazardous Waste Generated by Industry,1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
5.4 Major hazardous Wastes Generated by Type, 1996 . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
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Land & Soil
INTRODUCTION
The Philippine archipelago has a land area of about 30 million hectares. It is

composed of 7,107 islands covering valleys, mountains, volcanoes, and other natural
forms. A large portion of the total land area is for agriculture; in 1991 about 33 percent
of the total land area was devoted to agricultural uses.
Land and soil resources are classified as non-renewable, non-produced assets

under the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA). These
resources are considered non-renewable because their natural replenishment is so slow,
thus do not offer a potential for augmenting their stock within a reasonable time frame.
The land and soil resources are one of nature’s vital resources due to their role as habitat
and in food production. Thus, there is a need for collective understanding and awareness
of their conditions and characteristics in order to preserve and sustain their usefulness.
Intensified social and economic activities such as changes in permanent structures

like transport and infrastructure projects, higher production and consumption of fertilizer
products, and increase in volume of solid waste generated subjects land and soil resources
to environmental pressures such as land degradation and loss in soil nutrients.
Recently, massive and indiscriminate land conversion has been threatening the
country’s agricultural land. Conversion from agricultural to other economic uses most
often results from competing land uses. Prioritization for a specific land use depends
largely on the most viable and most economically rewarding use. With commercial and
industrial development offering immediate and more attractive returns, converting
agricultural lands into commercial land uses has escalated, despite regulation. If left
unchecked, the dwindling of area plowed would have an impact on the country’s
economy and its food supply. This, therefore, raises the need to conserve, manage and
protect agricultural lands from unrestrained and haphazard development that could lead to
their diminished productivity.
Likewise, natural calamities like volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and typhoons

also create an enormous impact on the land and soil consistency and formation. The
eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 has buried substantially farmlands by 25,610
hectares for the period 1992 to 1993. This does not include the other land used for
residential, commercial and industrial purposes.
As the threat on the deterioration of land increases, necessary actions like

formulation of policies and standards, rehabilitation, and regulation are being
strengthened, implemented and monitored by the government. The Bureau of Soils and
Water Management (BSWM) is the agency involved in controlling and managing land
and soil activities while the Housing and Land Regulatory Board (HLURB) sets up
policies and regulations on land conversions and related activities.
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Land & Soil
1. FRAMEWORK
Table A presents the conceptual framework for land and soil resources statistics.
Using the UN Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics, it relates land
and soil resource to four information categories, namely Social and Economic Activities
and Natural Events, Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events, Responses to
Environmental Impacts, and Stocks and Inventories. Comparing it to the Pressure-State-
Response model the Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events and their
Environmental Impacts correspond to Pressure, the Responses to Environmental Impacts
correspond to Response while Stocks and Inventories correspond to State.
The Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events component includes
human activities and natural events which have a direct impact on the land and soil
resources. Human activities consist mainly of the production and consumption activities,
which affects the quality of land and soil resources through direct use or misuse or
through the discharge of waste and emissions to land. For the land and soil resources,
production activities would be mostly related to land use, use of agrochemical,
reclamation activity and toxic waste disposal while consumption activities would relate to
solid waste disposal. On the other hand, natural events that are mostly natural disasters
such as volcanic eruptions, floods and earthquakes usually cause damage on our land and
soil resources.
The Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events are the results of both the
Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events and the Responses to
Environmental Impacts, which may therefore be either harmful or beneficial. Negative
impacts on land and soil resources include nutrient loss, physical land degradation, land
use impacts and human health impacts. Positive impacts can be identified also through the
land uses of the resources.
The Responses to Environmental Impacts component consists mostly of

policies, programmes and projects designed to prevent, control, counter, reverse or avoid
negative impacts and to generate, improve, or reinforce positive ones. Examples of such
policies and programmes, which are relevant to the land and soil resources, are
comprehensive land use planning, zoning, standards for proper disposal of toxic waste,
rehabilitation activities, pollution abatement, and those relating to issuance of permits.
The Stocks and Inventories component provides benchmark data and are
intended to illustrate links with the other components for possible statistical analyses of
these relationships. Since the stock of land at the national level does not significantly
change (unless massive reclamation activities are undertaken), only the changes in the
different land use types are considered.
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5-3
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To operationalize the conceptual framework, the statistical framework for land
and soil resources was developed. This is shown in Table B. The statistical framework
starts with the topics/items identified in the conceptual framework and proceeds to the
identification of relevant variables and their corresponding units of measurement.
1.3 Data Assessment

The statistical framework was further put to test by assessing the availability of
the identified variables. Table C summarizes the results of the data assessment.
1.3.1 Social and Economic Activity and Natural Events
Most of the variables under this component are available but at the national level
only. In some cases these are only available for one year. Some variables, specifically on
land use, require standardization. Others such as data on waste will be processed in the
near future due to the newly created institution, i.e., the Presidential Task Force on Waste
Management.
Compared to the first component, this has more unavailable and partly available
variables than available variables. Specific examples of available data, but with some
limitations, include areas affected by soil erosion, salinization, water logging, siltation;
these are available on an annual basis but are collected as special studies. On the other
hand, data on toxic wastes are available only for one year. Loss of soil fertility, which is
an important variable to measure nutrient loss, has a one-time availability since it was
taken from a special study.
Based on the results of the data assessment, which was attended by the TWG
members who are representatives of the different agencies, most of the identified
variables are available. However no tables under this component were generated because
no tables were provided by the TWG members. It may be possible that the data are not
yet processed, or that the TWG members have not enough knowledge of the existence of
the data sets. Given this, there is a need to further validate the results of the first data
assessment.
5-4
Land & Soil
The identified variables in this component are available for a limited period and
their continuous availability is ensured by the institutionalization of the environmental
and natural resource accounting in the Philippines.
5-5
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5-6
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5-7
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5-8
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5-9
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5-10
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5-11
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5-12
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5-13
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5-14
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5-15
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5-16
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5-17
Land & Soil
Intensified social and economic activities, as well as increased number of natural

calamities further subjected the land and soil resources of the country to higher
environmental stress. Such factor included permanent structural changes such as
transport projects and other infrastructure projects; heightened production and use of
fertilizer products; increased volume of solid waste generated; and the higher number of
calamities which struck the country.
As a result of those factors, environmental impacts such as land degradation and

loss in soil nutrients have been observed. Almost half of the country is affected by
moderate and severe soil erosion, which correspondingly led to loss in soil fertility.
Despite land reclamation activities, the stock of land resources did not
correspondingly change over time. Nonetheless, there were changes in land use,
specifically the lands devoted to agricultural uses.
Both human activities and natural events during the past decades contributed to
higher environmental stress to the land and soil resources. Permanent structural changes
through major and minor infrastructures such as transport and irrigation projects, housing
projects, reclamation activities and construction of public buildings were on the rise.
Likewise, higher consumption of fertilizer was also observed. Moreover, there was an
increase in the volume of solid waste generated, and eventually disposed. Natural
calamities did not spare the country in the 1990’s: volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and
floods struck, consequently affecting the quality of land and soil resources.
a.1 Land Use
As of 1991, more than 10 million hectares were devoted to agricultural use

representing around 34.3 percent of the total land area as exhibited in Figure 1.
Grassland/shrubland and woodland areas had 30 percent share each of the total land area.
The rest were utilized as wetland (2.6 percent) and for other uses (3.2 percent). Among
the regions, Region V recorded the largest share of land for agricultural purposes at 57
percent; while Region I was mostly grassland/shrubland comprising about 47 percent of
the region’s total area. On the other hand, 48 percent of Region II’s land area was
woodland areas while Region IV registered the highest miscellaneous use areas including
built up areas at 6 percent.
5-18
Land & Soil
Figure 1. Percent Distribution of Land Use/Vegetation

in the Philippines, 1991
2.6 3.2
34.3
30.0
30.0
Agricultural Areas Grassland/Shrubland Areas Woodland Areas

Wetland Areas Other Uses
Within the miscellaneous use areas, specifically built-up areas, permanent

structural changes have taken place. These included major and minor infrastructures on
transport, irrigation projects, housing projects and other public buildings.
Local government construction increased from 1991 to 1997 at an average rate of

58 percent per annum. The construction of streets and bridges and other projects
accounted for 22 percent each of the total local government construction. Water supply
system and residential buildings had 17 percent share each of total local government
construction. The rest consisted of public buildings ( 12 percent) , educational buildings
(9 percent ) and hospitals (2 percent). The bulk of construction of streets and bridges was
in Region XII (24 percent) while Region IV had the largest share of construction of other
projects at 21 percent.
Likewise, the construction of national public roads by surface type increased from
1987 to 1998. Gravel-based roads and concrete roads accounted for 41 percent and 33
percent of the surface area of national public roads. The rest were asphalt roads (24
percent) and earth-based (1.4 percent) roads. Among the regions, Region IV had the
largest share of the total length of gravel-based roads at 16 percent followed by CAR at
12 percent.
From 1987 to 1998, a total of 1,389 hectares have been recla imed in the
Philippines. As exhibited in Figure 2, fifty-four percent or 751 hectares were undertaken
in Metro Manila while 44 percent, or 611 hectares were reclaimed in Visayas. The rest
were undertaken in Luzon. Two percent, or 27 hectares, were done in the Luzon areas.
There were no reclaimed areas reported for the Mindanao region.
5-19
Land & Soil
Figure 2. Percent Distribution of Land Reclamation

in the Philippines, 1987 to 1998
44.0
54.0
2.0
Metro Manila Luzon Visayas
a.2 Use of Fertilizer
The production and consumption of fertilizer products (and consequently, their

corresponding plant nutrients) all increased from 1990 to 1998. Production and
consumption of fertilizer products annually grew by 3.0 percent and 0.6 percent,
respectively. Imports of fertilizers, on the other hand, registered an average annual
decline of 4.0 percent.
a.3 Solid Waste Disposal
From 1994 to 1997, the total volume of waste transported to two landfill sites (San
Mateo and Carmona) expanded from 1,317 thousand tons to 2,868 thousand tons,
recording an average annual growth of 29.6 percent. Such significant increase attests to
the environmental pressure on land used for solid wastes disposal. From a share of 96
percent in 1994, the waste transported to San Mateo decreased to 76 percent in 1997. As a
result, the Carmona Land Fill Site increased its share from 4 percent in 1994 to 24 percent
in 1997.
In Metro Manila alone, the estimated volume of solid waste generated per day was
6,334 tons. Most (25 percent) of the daily solid waste came from the South Sector of
Metro Manila while the least (15 percent) were generated from the East Sector.
a.4 Generation of Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
Toxic and hazardous wastes are classified by type (waste class) and by the
industry of which generated such wastes (Figures 3 and 4).
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Land & Soil
In 1996, alkali wastes accounted for 16 percent of the total volume of toxic and
hazardous wastes generated in Metro Manila followed by immobile wastes at 13.5
percent, oil wastes at 13 percent and putrescible organic at 12.8 percent.
On the other hand, the chemicals, petroleum and coal industry generated the
highest volume of toxic and hazardous wastes, accounting for 21 percent of the total
followed by other industries, 20 percent; food beverages and tobacco, 18 percent; and
textile, clothing and footwear, 17 percent.
Figure 3. Hazardous Waste Generated by Industry, 1996

60,000
50,000
40,000
In Tons
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Wood & wood Paper products & Miscellaneous Basic metal Non-metallic Engineering Textile, clothing Food, beverages Chemicals, Other
products printing manufacturing products products & footwear & tobacco petroleum & coal
Industry
Figure 4. Major Hazardous Wastes Generated by Type,

1996
40,000
35,000
30,000
In Tons
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Alkali wastes Immobile wastes Oil wastes Putresc. organics Misc./pesticides Textiles/tannery
Waste Type
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a.5 Natural Calamities
During the period 1990 to 1997, various calamities mainly earthquakes and
volcanic eruptions struck the country. A total of seven (7) earthquakes, two (2) volcanic
eruptions and several floods and flashfloods occurred from 1990 to 1997. The major and
most destructive calamities were the earthquake in 1990, the Mount Pinatubo eruption
and the Ormoc flashflood in 1991.
Physical land degradation and nutritional loss were observed while various natural
calamities changed the landscape of large areas in selected regions of the country. The
creeping urbanization led to the massive conversion of agricultural land to other
economic uses. Agricultural land which have been given up for residential, commercial
and industrial purposes displaced lowland farmers resulting to upland migration. Hence,
along with the increase in agricultural land conversion, an increasing trend in areas used
for kaingin purposes was noted in the uplands.
Soil erosion affected almost half of the total area of the country, which
correspondingly led to loss in soil fertility.
b.1. Physical Land Degradation
In 1990, 45 percent of total land area of the country was affected by soil erosion,
of which 17 percent was under severe erosion and the rest was moderately affected. By
region, the area which highly suffered from soil erosion was CAR at 63 percent, followed
by Region 10 at 54 percent. The least affected was Region 3 at 26 percent.
b.2. Nutrient Loss
The change in soil quality, expressed in terms of nutrient loss serves as an

indication of the extent of soil degradation. Based on the results of the NSCB’s
environmental accounts, in 1988, an estimated 339 million metric tons of soil were
eroded from both lowland and upland agricultural areas, which increased to 342 million
metric tons in 1993. The volume of sediment from farming in the country was estimated
at 67 to 68 million metric tons per year. The annual average nutrient loss from sediments,
expressed in fertilizer equivalent is at least 194,000 metric tons of nitrogen, 40,000 metric
tons of phosphorous and 30,000 metric tons of potassium. Degradation arising from
sedimentation particularly nutrient loss is valued at 917 million pesos in 1988 and it
reached 1.6 billion pesos in 1991.
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c. Stocks and Inventory
The country’s stock of land did not significantly change over time despite the
reclamation activities undertaken. The changes in land uses, however, caused the changes
in the stock of different land use types.
c.1. Inventory of Land Resources
Based on the 1980 and 1991 data, lands devoted to agricultural uses have
increased at an average annual rate of 0.23 percent. However, previous census periods
showed that the country’s agricultural areas have been increasing but at a declining rate.
This could be explained by the fact that the best arable lands have been opened up during
the eighties and the remaining expansion areas include those which are marginal and
located mostly in uplands, apart from those areas that have been identified as irrigated.
The estimated opening stock was 9.9 million hectares in 1988, which rose slightly
to 10 million hectares in 1993, indicating an average additional stock of about 22,800
hectares per year. The estimate based on the 1980 and 1991 Census of Agriculture (CA)
of NSO is 154,000 hectares greater than the 1987 Systems Probatoire D,Observation de la
Terre (SPOT) satellite data of the DENR.
The ending stock of 9.97 million hectares in 1991 is lower than the 10.33 million
hectares estimated for the same period by the BSWM. This translates to a difference of
360,000 hectares.
On the other hand, the estimated opening area of old growth dipterocarp forest
was 1.2 million hectares in 1988 and the closing stock stood at 805 thousand hectares in
1994. For second growth dipterocarp forests, the opening area was at 3.6 million hectares
in 1988 and decreased to 3.1 million hectares in 1994.
5-23
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Table 5.1a
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND USE/VEGETATION BY REGION
1991
(In hectares)
Land Use/Vegetation Philippines CAR Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII
Total Area 30,017,927 1,829,368 1,284,019 2,683,758 1,823,082 4,756,016 1,763,249 2,022,310 1,499,940 2,156,285 1,868,510 2,832,780 3,169,290 2,329,320
AGRICULTURAL AREAS 10,298,384 190,235 415,434 709,964 653,607 1,410,315 1,004,425 889,549 665,446 957,329 763,796 828,515 1,103,297 706,472
Coconut 3,376,249 24 14,025 11,099 4,752 315,636 536,225 142,434 227,502 682,108 426,022 320,224 488,234 207,964
Paddy rice, irrigated 1,558,158 68,517 79,397 325,046 300,341 175,257 116,064 83,721 18,590 69,660 51,844 39,673 85,135 144,913
Paddy rice, non-irrigated 1,369,992 24,820 262,721 95,581 244,409 142,071 63,628 174,845 57,410 77,945 30,586 33,814 81,344 80,818
Corn 1,243,073 19,275 4,148 190,445 4,540 31,145 62,035 72,624 178,770 9,750 121,402 214,103 162,597 172,239
Sugarcane 669,870 54 6,740 5,809 45,273 92,525 4,650 355,018 71,965 19,862 39,378 13,203 15,393
Coconut/shrubs 396,402 396,402
Pasture land 377,342 3,304 15,892 29,885 9,132 103,417 109,355 5,414 25,528 2,928 5,445 34,120 23,971 8,951
Banana 213,627 7,855 1,056 12,137 1,884 23,079 6,049 7,297 30,272 3,858 24,870 42,285 51,326 1,659
Upland rice 192,773 189 1,352 19,610 2,073 39,893 44,206 22,774 500 9,716 31,937 10,350 2,365 7,808
Fiber crops 132,334 441 225 100 39,909 3,660 1,290 47,733 6,050 2,640 20,870 9,416
Rootcrops 130,739 1,699 8,145 6,949 15,614 2,964 13,238 3,294 34,038 5,978 21,700 12,664 3,490 966
Fruit/Leafy Vegetables 106,206 14,639 2,616 560 4,363 2,722 387 1,917 4,379 766 1,093 8,120 63,569 1,075
Other fruit trees 104,820 224 14,897 678 5,820 12,898 3,615 1,017 9,483 5,841 4,317 45,269 761
Coffee 93,297 3,489 64 892 1,190 6,096 397 39 9,245 30,723 29,369 11,793
Rubber (tappable and non-tappable) 71,936 25,315 8,676 2,123 35,822
Rice terrace, irrigated 48,710 42,686 6,024
Coconut/banana 44,917 44,917
Pineapple 37,834 78 263 1,104 599 519 175 180 19,056 15,860
Legume Vegetables 31,924 216 154 11,812 5,009 1,464 2,283 1,881 453 219 7,133 1,300
Mango 31,285 125 113 8,803 13,331 426 5,404 3,083
Rice terrace, non-irrigated 24,502 199 3,573 20,730
Citrus 11,710 617 152 196 7,603 2,841 299 2
Oil crops 10,035 52 324 5,955 3,704
Cacao 9,594 801 10 1,498 196 5,461 1,628
PRN/Tobacco 2,350 2,350
Spices 2,345 240 846 577 8 132 171 104 5 262
Coconut/coffee/lanzones 2,318 2,318
Diversified Crops 2,002 2,002
Cacao/coffee 961 961
Ramie/coconut 946 946
Cutflowers 133 67 66
GRASSLAND/SHRUBLAND AREAS 8,991,375 758,363 598,830 573,066 569,054 1,096,094 423,756 783,984 680,560 548,281 637,661 720,200 732,201 869,325
Grasses 6,468,557 621,558 332,397 523,816 449,059 724,019 266,950 564,498 520,139 288,302 457,474 533,293 578,278 608,774
Shrubs 2,431,047 136,805 251,165 49,250 116,184 327,664 156,806 193,678 158,784 259,979 179,944 186,785 153,452 260,551
Bamboo 91,771 15,268 3,811 44,411 25,808 1,637 243 122 471
Land Use/Vegetation Philippines CAR Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII
WOODLAND AREAS 8,992,421 846,596 176,803 1,284,441 414,108 1,832,466 230,087 247,950 88,473 567,518 343,471 1,168,241 1,217,595 574,672
Forest 7,783,859 846,039 176,652 1,273,991 412,481 1,830,625 228,127 247,589 80,881 567,457 342,491 1,203,397 574,129
Agro-forest 1,152,260 10,252 237 1,141,771
Falcata 34,513 1,228 745 20,651 11,346 543
Ipil-ipil 15,505 151 53 785 1,876 361 7,419 61 103 1,844 2,852
Pine tree 5,136 557 198 190 84 132 3,975
Madre de cacao 1,148 156 819 173
WETLAND AREAS 770,517 18,857 18,057 62,395 124,618 51,765 72,813 37,009 54,393 109,064 72,935 34,613 113,998
Fishpond 227,527 13,667 5,887 50,144 17,500 10,279 69,781 6,425 11,239 24,038 3,015 8,013 7,539
Mangrove tree type (bakawan) 212,035 23 5,198 21,033 22,666 1,950 23,048 28,812 71,803 21,756 8,775 6,971
Mangrove, palm tree (nipa) 133,239 1,524 5,870 6,483 80,109 14,303 1,082 7,242 10,043 372 1,647 2,947 1,617
Inland swamp, grass type 111,355 2,926 4,419 2,019 4,862 15,230 6,236 75,663
Inland swamp, tree type 62,970 1,392 2,222 7,687 21,180 8,281 22,208
Fresh water swamp 21,335 2,851 1,102 5,768 1,246 203 58 10,107
Salt bed 2,056 792 412 98 91 302 361
MISCELLANEOUS AREAS 965,230 34,174 74,095 98,230 123,918 292,523 53,216 28,014 28,452 28,764 14,518 42,889 81,584 64,853
Built-up 539,261 7,567 33,137 51,630 80,709 114,596 16,162 18,398 21,676 23,824 14,518 10,607 81,584 64,853
Riverwash 118,156 14,727 23,015 13,582 21,532 31,064 871 9,224 1,231 1,882 1,028
Rivers (active), lakes 80,108 485 15,553 14,381 11,648 12,717 1,892 389 23,043
Kaingin 75,120 2,488 810 59,232 10,615 513 1,462
Beach sand 47,529 11,830 261 1,644 25,761 4,081 1,190 2,077 685
Plateau escarpment 46,704 1,951 44,753
Braided river bed 15,912 7,504 8,408
Reservior 12,668 3,276 7,986 1,202 204
Quarry 11,499 1,778 3,568 715 20 5,418
Open pit mines 5,538 892 ` 675 2,325 392 1,254
Rockland 5,531 510 1,923 2,544 18 536
Volcanic ashes 2,784 2,784
Sand dunes 2,566 2,566
Airport/airstrip 1,193 24 402 472 185 110
Industrial estate 389 389
Siltation/tailing pond 208 208
Islet 64 64
Source : Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Department of Agriculture

Table 5.1b
NUMBER AND FLOOR AREA/LENGTH OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT CONSTRUCTION BY TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
1991 to 1997
(Area in thousand square kilometers)
Island Group/Region/ 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Type of Construction Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area Number Fl. Area
PHILIPPINES 33,228 41,060 57,313 61,553 77,535 69,227 73,522

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 3,497 207 3,728 260 7,509 271 7,274 460 14,355 1,036 7,546 715 12,241 592
Public buildings (sq. m.) 6,180 641 7,618 693 9,018 826 10,057 1,252 10,368 1,573 9,596 1,129 9,091 900
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 2,806 267 3,223 284 4,928 397 6,118 560 6,612 611 7,293 567 6,486 556
Hospital and others (sq. m.) 563 44 637 36 1,153 71 1,639 92 1,545 105 1,612 78 1,534 183
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 7,545 1,869 7,873 1,119 13,018 1,440 13,878 2,079 14,953 2,313 12,802 1,656 15,977 2,172
Water supply system 6,771 10,228 9,963 10,750 15,035 10,269 12,552
Other projects 5,866 7,753 11,724 11,837 14,667 20,109 15,641
LUZON 19,275 21,597 28,914 33,126 43,036 36,980 42,388

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 3,074 179 2,522 165 6,323 203 5,184 311 9,663 544 2,590 216 8,312 317
Public buildings (sq. m.) 2,781 273 3,633 289 3,762 310 4,243 643 4,733 504 4,351 408 4,648 409
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 1,453 122 1,515 82 2,480 148 3,105 177 3,101 180 3,567 237 3,614 246
Hospital and others (sq. m.) 270 25 286 15 534 25 665 28 707 38 701 43 830 85
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 4,559 978 4,266 543 5,614 660 7,261 869 7,769 1,048 6,377 715 9,802 1,068
Other projects 3,033 3,762 5,047 6,377 8,288 14,002 8,311
National Capital Region 1,890 2,109 3,138 3,494 4,034 2,743 4,981
Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 148 13 169 11 31 2 4 5 1,658 295 670 54 669 77
Public buildings (sq. m.) 183 79 201 130 269 131 334 84 438 291 238 115 283 78
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 182 43 393 102 146 105 306 186 261 192 239 119 241 134
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 737 73 786 127 2,427 227 1,862 475 1,031 272 1,039 333 1,411 297
Water supply system 67 131 76 485 329 155 115
Other projects 544 383 154 465 280 339 2,219
Cordillera Administrative Region 2,044 2,141 2,778 3,900 4,377 3,437 3,414
Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 519 77 59 1 199 9 102 2 122 5 31 2 4 0.05
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 468 218 623 41 815 24 947 58 773 138 707 16 933 154
Other projects 558 725 876 1,698 2,029 1,476 1,323

Region 1 2,981 2,375 3,992 3,616 5,518 7,988 5,197

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 151 9 118 5 173 10 244 11 338 20 214 15 522 42
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 916 224 773 45 1,089 44 1,058 92 1,255 197 1,098 86 1,950 131
Water supply system 783 418 558 588 1,887 689 949
Other projects 440 450 1,132 819 927 4,918 759
Region 2 1,156 1,700 1,958 3,403 2,924 1,774 2,652

Other projects 192 352 301 613 584 375 391
Region 3 3,260 4,214 5,062 5,422 11,908 6,468 418 13,268

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 131 2 761 49 595 36 467 56 5,634 177 1,020 67 6,061 163
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 903 176 641 162 827 173 1,146 270 1,198 152 1,140 130 2,120 123
Water supply system 968 854 1,470 1,816 2,218 1,264 1,998
Other projects 508 651 972 612 1,208 1,307 1,474
Region 4 8,493 8,204 12,452 13,468 14,015 13,781 13,909
Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 2,198 89 1,383 102 5,208 140 3,941 212 2,899 261 637 56 1,387 85
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 680 33 780 30 973 52 1,378 68 1,332 77 1,840 90 1,708 146
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 1,554 291 1,518 242 1,855 317 2,396 322 2,959 335 2,409 379 3,216 549
Other projects 1,062 1,072 1,197 1,782 1,978 4,773 3,246

Region 5 1,341 2,963 2,672 3,317 4,294 3,532 3,948

Hospital and others (sq. m.) 34 1 16 - 60 2 65 2 133 13 108 4 134 4
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 459 23 472 39 706 50 1,144 61 896 119 667 70 1,111 65
Water supply system 146 1,600 436 348 366 284 490
Other projects 273 512 569 853 1,562 1,153 1,118
VISAYAS 5,630 8,836 14,820 11,984 16,667 15,995 15,096

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 127 10 258 16 498 36 1,313 105 1,205 80 1,576 256 1,440 98
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 608 50 547 32 1,115 63 1,160 82 1,473 100 1,781 113 1,426 97
Other projects 1,077 2,359 4,436 2,674 3,720 3,209 3,001
Region 6 3,166 4,824 8,916 4,681 7,391 6,648 7,761

Public buildings (sq. m.) 695 65 899 54 1,184 96 970 83 1,030 76 848 77 1,003 99
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 546 81 740 70 1,693 113 968 98 1,253 234 906 148 1,023 90
Water supply system 854 1,243 2,038 590 2,231 1,924 3,071
Other projects 531 1,461 2,906 1,113 1,696 1,492 1,423
Region 7 1,178 2,116 2,667 3,915 4,053 6,131 4,455

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 2 - 49 2 130 8 798 64 578 32 948 217 863 52
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 222 109 264 194 582 75 540 35 751 67 1,733 53 810 122
Water supply system 210 710 637 1,113 827 1,183 647
Other projects 259 522 586 507 641 815 696

Region 8 1,286 1,896 3,237 3,388 5,223 3,216 2,880

Streets and bridges (l.m.) 306 18 403 17 670 86 602 68 1,672 222 716 61 601 74
Other projects 287 376 944 1,054 1,383 902 882
MINDANAO 6,433 8,518 10,441 12,949 13,798 13,509 15,460

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 148 4 779 68 657 32 773 38 1,829 118 2,710 190 1,820 100
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 563 53 768 68 1,187 83 1,547 114 1,777 139 1,706 99 1,205 79
Other projects 1,212 1,249 2,087 2,321 2,379 2,559 2,113
Region 9 729 1,160 1,934 2,272 2,604 2,106 1,942

Other projects 63 112 238 216 228 258 265
Region 10 2,160 2,801 3,674 5,062 4,284 4,044 3,760
Public buildings (sq. m.) 740 55 741 40 1,090 63 1,695 94 1,076 149 776 80 564 81
Other projects 338 354 593 742 671 1,017 673

Region 11 2,686 3,181 3,490 3,889 4,998 4,352 3,619

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 10 - 53 1 64 4 186 12 411 32 606 59 361 20
Public buildings (sq. m.) 640 57 804 63 827 57 694 101 1,067 202 982 96 644 45
Other projects 667 698 1,005 942 1,182 896 849
Region 12 858 1,376 1,343 1,726 1,338 2,491 5,849

Streets and bridges (l.m.) 182 52 195 11 373 22 339 86 218 69 474 33 4,884 92
Other projects 144 85 251 421 264 343 293
ARRM 574 516 290

Residential buildings ( sq. m.) 0 0 0 0 65 2
Public buildings (sq. m.) 80 15 154 16 63 5
Educational buildings (sq. m.) 24 4 74 4 22 3
Hospital and others (sq. m.) 5 - 20 1 5 0.32
Streets and bridges (l.m.) 78 33 192 37 85 18
Water supply system 353 31 17
Other projects 34 45 33
Note: - less than 500
Source: National Statistics Office
Table 5.1c
LENGTH OF NATIONAL PUBLIC ROADS BY SURFACE TYPE
1987, 1990 to 1998
(In kilometers)
Island Group/Region 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
PHILIPPINES 26,082 26,272 26,422 26,554 26,593 26,659 26,721 27,370 27,750 27,895
Concrete 6,180 6,731 7,055 7,250 7,270 7,447 7,574 8,349 8,800 9,294
Asphalt 5,794 6,011 6,371 6,379 6,388 6,375 6,395 6,806 6,894 6,735
Gravel 13,400 13,321 12,770 12,709 12,719 12,623 12,623 11,862 11,675 11,486
Earth 708 209 226 216 216 214 129 353 381 380
LUZON 12,350 12,338 12,405 12,404 12,435 12,539 12,612 12,849 13,013 13,166
Concrete 3,060 3,191 3,256 3,360 3,380 3,571 3,652 3,927 4,145 4,315
Asphalt 3,061 3,131 3,372 3,210 3,218 3,043 3,182 3,294 3,376 3,329
Gravel 5,967 5,974 5,715 5,798 5,799 5,858 5,746 5,454 5,256 5,265
Earth 262 42 62 36 38 67 32 174 236 257
National Capital Region 882 888 902 952 977 888 904 867 867 867
Concrete 447 513 550 579 580 540 510 597 597 606
Asphalt 421 368 348 369 393 344 390 270 270 261
Gravel 14 7 4 4 4 4 4 - - -
Earth - - - - - - - - - -
Cordillera Admnistrative Region 1,613 1,603 1,595 1,586 1,589 1,596 1,596 1,759 1,819 1,820
Concrete 101 86 129 150 150 157 157 243 304 319
Asphalt 294 280 227 203 204 206 206 144 125 119
Gravel 1,174 1,237 1,239 1,233 1,235 1,233 1,233 1,372 1,366 1,358
Earth 44 - - - - - - - 24 24
Table 5.1c (continued) . . .
Region 1 1,429 1,454 1,495 1,489 1,489 1,499 1,493 1,493 1,488 1,483
Concrete 402 492 425 443 443 494 513 581 623 638
Asphalt 636 615 749 679 679 660 637 575 573 560
Gravel 357 315 296 367 367 336 334 244 196 187
Earth 34 32 25 - - 9 9 93 96 98
Region 2 1,650 1,655 1,678 1,705 1,707 1,709 1,709 1,733 1,733 1,736
Concrete 545 568 571 607 607 632 658 654 723 733
Asphalt 98 77 120 79 79 65 117 166 174 174
Gravel 954 1,010 987 1,019 1,019 1,010 934 913 836 804
Earth 53 - - - 2 2 - - - 25
Region 3 1,693 1,701 1,698 1,698 1,698 1,705 1,654 1,669 1,683 1,683
Concrete 797 815 821 821 821 830 850 824 798 824
Asphalt 504 527 545 545 545 546 642 667 735 715
Gravel 392 359 332 332 332 329 162 178 127 123
Earth - - - - - - - - 23 21
Region 4 4,029 3,946 3,963 3,950 3,957 4,022 4,162 4,188 4,293 4,331
Concrete 567 598 653 663 682 736 762 812 897 988
Asphalt 1,192 1,238 1,350 1,352 1,359 1,270 1,284 1,381 1,443 1,437
Gravel 2,181 2,110 1,942 1,918 1,899 1,970 2,103 1,924 1,870 1,819
Earth 89 - 18 17 17 46 13 71 83 87
Region 5 1,936 1,979 1,976 1,976 1,995 2,008 1,998 2,007 1,997 2,113
Concrete 648 632 657 676 677 722 712 813 800 813
Asphalt 337 394 381 352 352 296 296 361 326 324
Gravel 909 943 919 929 947 980 980 823 861 974
Earth 42 10 19 19 19 10 10 10 10 2
VISAYAS 6,263 6,390 6,425 6,469 6,455 6,479 6,481 6,649 6,774 6,784
Concrete 1,134 1,384 1,474 1,506 1,506 1,510 1,627 1,851 1,935 2,086
Asphalt 1,523 1,556 1,608 1,718 1,695 1,771 1,613 2,025 2,091 2,004
Gravel 3,507 3,427 3,335 3,237 3,246 3,168 3,211 2,711 2,634 2,575
Earth 99 23 8 8 8 30 30 62 114 119
Region 6 2,633 2,671 2,671 2,670 2,670 2,671 2,712 2,843 2,842 2,866
Concrete 307 332 358 384 384 383 406 539 563 573
Asphalt 789 708 730 733 733 727 703 941 983 982
Gravel 1,534 1,612 1,579 1,549 1,549 1,551 1,593 1,333 1,266 1,268
Earth 3 19 4 4 4 10 10 30 30 43
Region 7 1,667 1,663 1,659 1,696 1,682 1,703 1,664 1,677 1,676 1,677
Concrete 165 178 211 211 211 207 301 240 276 400
Asphalt 677 648 675 783 760 846 712 875 890 817
Gravel 821 833 769 698 707 640 641 558 504 454
Earth 4 4 4 4 4 10 10 4 6 6
Region 8 1,963 2,056 2,095 2,103 2,103 2,105 2,105 2,129 2,256 2,241
Concrete 662 874 905 911 911 920 920 1,072 1,096 1,113
Asphalt 57 200 203 202 202 198 198 209 218 205
Gravel 1,152 982 987 990 990 977 977 820 864 853
Earth 92 - - - - 10 10 28 78 70
MINDANAO 6,588 6,652 6,690 6,729 6,729 6,754 6,724 7,004 7,104 7,110
Concrete 1,540 1,642 1,778 1,805 1,806 1,828 1,786 1,974 2,122 2,285
Asphalt 789 954 1,042 1,083 1,082 1,216 1,209 1,217 1,217 1,143
Gravel 3,912 3,912 3,715 3,670 3,670 3,592 3,662 3,697 3,684 3,647
Earth 347 144 155 171 171 118 67 116 81 35
Region 9 1,020 1,062 1,079 1,092 864 1,086 858 1,006 1,008 1,008
Concrete 53 78 80 136 94 137 111 137 171 191
Asphalt 313 329 344 301 274 293 287 369 339 317
Gravel 654 655 655 655 496 656 460 500 498 495
Earth - - - - - - - - - 5
Region 10 2,152 2,194 2,201 2,202 2,202 2,227 1,335 1,315 1,317 1,332
Concrete 635 673 648 659 659 661 263 314 358 382
Asphalt 317 427 462 511 511 641 481 391 361 363
Gravel 1,200 1,081 1,090 1,031 1,031 925 591 610 598 587
Earth - 13 1 1 1 - - - - -
Region 11 1,954 1,967 1,978 1,997 1,997 1,996 1,804 1,707 1,823 1,789
Concrete 455 474 622 589 589 612 567 549 601 637
Asphalt 130 159 143 177 177 191 319 318 367 321
Gravel 1,224 1,229 1,090 1,091 1,091 1,092 890 776 827 810
Earth 145 105 123 140 140 101 28 64 28 21
Region 12 1,462 1,429 1,432 1,438 948 1,445 777 974 975 973
Concrete 397 417 428 421 265 418 201 288 294 351
Asphalt 29 39 93 94 94 91 89 114 122 112
Gravel 834 947 880 893 559 919 448 520 506 503
Earth 202 26 31 30 30 17 39 52 53 7
Region 13 - - - - - - 1,225 1,277 1,256 1,283

Concrete - - - - - - 436 478 490 516
Asphalt - - - - - - 13 5 8 10
Gravel - - - - - - 776 794 758 755
Earth - - - - - - - - - 2
ARRM - - - - 718 - 725 725 725 725

Concrete - - - - 199 - 208 208 208 208
Asphalt - - - - 26 - 20 20 20 20
Gravel - - - - 493 - 497 497 497 497
Earth - - - - - - - - - -
Note: a/ Includes the North Luzon Expressway (84 kms) and the South Luzon Expressway (43 kms)
Source(s): Department of Public Works and Highways, Bureau of Maintenance (Inventory and Statistics Division) and Planning Service
(Infrastructure Planning, Research and Statistics Division)
Table 5.2
INVENTORY OF LAND AREA RECLAIMED NATIONWIDE
Prior to 1988, 1993 to 1998
(In hectares)
Areas to be Reclamed Areas Areas Still to be

Name of Project Location Reclamed
Reclamed Prior to 1988 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Total (As of December 1998)
I. National Capital Region 1,655 704 60 65 19 116 64 9 1,037 618

1.CCP/Financial Center Area Pasay City 154 154 154 0
2.Central Business Park I-A Pasay City 200 141 10 43 194 6
3.Central Business Park I-B and C Pasay City 204 20 25 19 95 17 9 185 19
4.Central Business Park II, original Paranaque 43 43 43 0
5.Central Business Park II, seaside channel Paranaque 4 4 4 0
6.Asiaworld, original Paranaque 173 173 173 0
7.Asiaworld, Inland Channel Relcamation Paranaque 11 11 11 0
8.Centennial City (Three Islands) Paranaque 750 157 157 593
9.Manila-Cavite Coastal Road ROW Pasay City 36 36 36 0
10.
Smokey Mountain Reclamation/NHA Tondo, Manila 79 40 39 79 0
11.
Odessa Fishing Manila 1 1 1 0
II. Luzon 114 12 34 4 45 95 19

1.Badoc Reclamation Gabut-Sur Badoc, Ilocos Norte 15 3 3 12
2.NPC power plant Sual, Pangasinan 44 42 42 2
3.Tarlac Reclamation Tarlac 15 15 15 0
4.J. G. Summit Petrochemical Corporation Batangas 4 4 4 0
5.Cavite City Public Market, Phase I Cavite 19 19 19 0
6.Villa Porta Vaga Cavite City 12 12 12 0
7.Tinaan/Apo Cement Naga City 5 0 5
III.Visayas 657 126 135 45 5 8 39 358 299

1.G.D. Fishing Bacolod City 1 1 1 0
2.BREDCO Reclamation Bacolod City 250 125 125 125
3.Cebu Port Centre Cebu City 169 0 169
4.F.F. Cruz Mandaue, Cebu 180 135 45 180 0
5.Bogo Reclamation Bogo, Cebu 5 5 5 0
6.M & M Reclamation Cebu City 8 8 8 0
7.Site Traders Reclamation Mandaue, Cebu 20 15 15 5
8.Kimhee Reclamation Pakna-an, Mandaue City, Cebu 20 20 20 0
9 Ubay Reclamation Bohol 4 4 4 0
IV.Mindanao 56 55 1 56
1.National Steel Reclamation Iligan City 46 46 46 0
2.Maria Cristina Chemical Corporation Iligan 9 9 9 0
3.Zamboanga Reclamation Zamboanga 1 1 1 0
GRAND TOTAL 2,482 897 229 110 24 128 149 9 1,546 936
Source: Philippine Estate Authority (PEA)

Table 5.3a
SOLID WASTE GENERATION PER CITY/MUNICIPALITY/SECTOR
1995
Estimated Volume Generated % Share to Total Metro

Cities/Municipalities/Sector Population Kilograms Tons Cubic Meters Manila Volume
(per day)
West Sector (Manila) 1,654,761 1,108,689.9 1,108.7 3,359.7 17.5

Quezon City Sector 1,989,419 1,332,910.7 1,332.9 4,039.1 21.0
North Sector 2,036,847 1,364,687.5 1,364.7 4,135.4 21.5
Kalookan City 1,023,159 685,516.5 685.5 2,077.3 10.8
Malabon 347,484 232,814.3 232.8 705.5 3.7
Navotas 229,039 153,456.1 153.5 465.0 2.4
Valenzuela 437,165 292,900.6 292.9 887.6 4.6
East Sector 1,389,129 930,716.4 930.7 2,820.4 14.7
Pasig City 471,075 315,620.3 315.6 956.4 5.0
San Juan 124,187 83,205.3 83.2 252.1 1.3
Marikina 357,231 239,344.8 239.3 725.3 3.8
Taguig 381,350 255,504.5 255.5 774.3 4.0
Pateros 55,286 37,041.6 37.0 112.3 0.6
South Sector 2,383,884 1,597,202.3 1,597.2 4,840.0 25.2
Makati City 484,176 324,397.9 324.4 983.0 5.1
Mandaluyong City 286,870 192,202.9 192.2 582.4 3.0
Paranaque 391,296 262,168.3 262.2 794.5 4.1
Las Pinas 413,086 276,767.6 276.8 838.7 4.4
Muntinlupa 399,846 267,896.8 267.9 811.8 4.2
Pasay City 408,610 273,768.7 273.8 829.6 4.3
GRAND TOTAL 9,454,040 6,334,206.8 6,334.2 19,194.6 100.0
Note: Generation rate per capita is .667 kg. (plus 10% for transient)
Sources :
1. Total Population, Household Population, Institutional Population and Number of Households by Provincce base year 1995, National Statistics Office (September 1, 1995 - actual census)
2. World Bank Mission Reports 1992
Table 5.3b
WASTE VOLUME TRANSPORTED TO SELECTED AREA FROM CITY/MUNICIPALITY
(In tons)
San Mateo Land Fill Site, 1994 to 1997
Locality 1994 1995 1996 1997
Antipolo 1,588 2,916 1,679 960
Cainta 20,390 27,669 39,702 69,114
Caloocan 963 14,831 31,404 108,275
Carmona 13 91 96 527
Las Pinas 6,377 9,930 6,663 3.486
Makati 164,151 265,243 290,419 331,244
Malabon 275 3,093 135 0
Mandaluyong 106,613 174,171 186,379 215,359
Manila 565,636 730,240 597,813 502,441
Marikina 122,651 20,871 109,618 135,351
Montalban 0 18 0 0
Muntinlupa 26 1,655 6,668 28,959
Navotas 0 72 7,414 44,045
Paranaque 831 19,104 6,268 29,461
Pasay 94,627 106,258 110,174 153,012
Pasig 34,471 270,489 222,977 361,816
Pateros 23,922 27,134 27,981 27,785
Quezon City 1,875 9,420 16,476 12,821
San Juan 11,425 21,745 33,302 13,588
San Mateo 15,905 20,891 21,767 28,015
San Roque 105 0 0 0
Spl. Opns. 41,404 24,366 97,077 39,519
Taguig 41,897 47,139 51,820 65,689
Taytay 0 21 0 0
Valenzuela 4,647 1,933 162 46
TOTAL 1,259,792 1,799,300 1,865,994 2,168,030
Las Pinas Transfer Station, 1994 to 1996
Locality 1994 1995 1996
Caloocan 0 16 0
EDSA 59 0 0
Las Pinas 165,021 435,021 1,087,860
Makati 77,226 14,728 1,194
Mandaluyong 163 0 0
Manila 32,222 350,085 708,619
Muntinlupa 28,656 71,518 24,591
Navotas 237 0 0
Paranaque 48,060 32,988 188,796
Pasay 129,406 8 0
Pasig 69 56 48
Quezon City 0 26 0
San Juan 25 0 0
Spl. Opns. 10,009 96 0
Taguig 965 0 0
Valenzuela 22 0 0
Others 3,305 7,578 30,691
TOTAL 495,445 912,120 2,041,799
CARMONA Land Fill Site (direct dumping)
Locality 1994 1995 1996 1997
Biñan 0 0 2,379 3,331

Carmona 2,232 7,425 14,353 21,438
Dasmarinas 4,048 7,318 19,202 19,608
GMA 0 1,144 1,469 5,737
Imus 20,664 21,854 25,231 22,349
Leonel.-Mla. 28,210 0 0 572,858
Makati 128 0 0 7,726
Muntinlupa 1,896 0 0 6,409
Silang 0 1,696 4,948 7,332
Spl. Opns. 288 0 0 16,178
Sta. Rosa 0 5,961 4,736 10,001
Trece Martires 24 0 0 0
TOTAL 57,490 45,398 72,318 692,967
Source : Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

Table 5.3c
MUNICIPAL INCINERATOR BY SITE
1997
Municipal Waste Incinerator
Smokey Mountain 1,350 ton per day (tpd) Mass Burn Incinerator
RII Builder - Volund Ecology
Carmona Cavite 2,000 tpd Waste - to - energy Incinerator

(Ogden Martin (US)
San Mateo, Rizal 4,500 tpd Waste - to - Energy Incinerator

JANCOM International. (Australia) and Sea
Brown Boveri (ABB Sae Sadelmi) US$ 185 Million
Payatas, Quezon City 2,000 tpd Mixed Waste Processing - Pyrolysis - Incinerator
Guoco Holdings
Mabalacat, Pampanga 2,000 tpd Waste to Energy Incinerator Lohning

International (Australia)
San Ildefonso, Bulacan Pyrolysis - Incinerator Phoenix Pacific Resources, Inc.

Balboa Pacific corporation (USA)
Cabugao, Ilocos Sur Waste - to - Energy Incinerator to import garbage from

overseas Combulec - Sovatran S.A (Belgium)
Export Processing Zone, Mandaue, Cebu An existing very crude incinerator with the Olivine Brand
Caloocan City and Dagupan City Also existing proposals to put up incinerator
Source : Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA)

Table 5.4a
TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATED BY WASTE CLASS
1996
(In tons)
Waste Class Volume
Alkali Wastes 37,736

Immobile Wastes 31,449
Oil Wastes 30,553
Putresc. Organics 29,844
Misc./Pesticides 26,161
Textiles/Tannery 19,965
Acid Wastes 19,783
Paints/Resins 13,808
Inorganic Wastes 10,194
Containers 7,261
Plating Wastes 2,280
Organic Solvents 2,097
Organic Chemicals 694
Reactive Wastes 422
Others 59
TOTAL 232,306
Source: Metro Manila Toxic and Hazardous Waste Study (1996), Environmental Management Bureau
Table 5.4b
TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATED BY INDUSTRY
1996
(In tons)
By Industry Volume
Chemicals, Petroleum, Coal 48,929

Food, Beverages and Tobacco 40,829
Textile, Clothing, Footwear 40,143
Engineering 17,642
Non-metallic Products 15,629
Basic Metal Products 11,809
Miscellaneous Manufacturing 5,862
Paper Products and Printing 3,816
Wood and Wood Products 1,968
Others 45,679
Others 232,306
Note: *-
Others include Agriculture, Mining, Power Generation and Distribution, Transport,
Health Care and Construction
Source: Metro Manila Toxic and Hazardous Waste Study (1996), Environmental Management Bureau
Table 5.5
PRODUCTION, IMPORTATION AND CONSUMPTION OF FERTILIZERS
1990 to 1998
(In thousand metric tons)
Plant Nutrients Fertilizer Products

Year
Total Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Total Urea Ammosul NP & P NPK Potash Others
Production
1990 407.6 145.7 199.0 62.9 934.4 - - 475.8 453.5 5.0 -
1991 432.0 152.6 190.1 89.3 1,007.7 - - 363.0 636.2 7.6 1.0
1992 394.9 142.4 183.2 69.3 930.1 - - 429.2 494.1 6.7 -
1993 418.2 157.5 186.1 74.6 1,035.5 - - 431.6 597.3 6.6 -
1994 451.0 168.9 205.1 77.0 1,098.9 - - 427.3 665.3 6.3 -
1995 575.8 215.3 264.4 96.1 1,389.7 - 19.5 502.2 861.0 7.0 -
1996 637.9 255.7 273.4 108.8 1,600.6 - 185.6 489.5 917.5 8.0 -
1997 522.4 213.0 217.1 92.3 1,321.9 - 172.7 357.3 777.0 8.6 6.3
1998 464.4 184.6 192.7 87.1 1,180.6 - 113.2 320.4 731.6 14.5 0.9
Importation
1990 458.2 354.9 19.3 84.0 1,118.4 607.8 289.7 46.3 34.4 129.4 10.8
1991 438.0 300.6 29.5 107.9 1,102.2 436.0 410.8 64.2 5.7 178.6 6.9
1992 452.7 357.7 32.3 62.7 1,163.3 567.4 389.0 72.9 7.4 114.2 12.4
1993 473.4 363.5 43.7 66.2 1,099.2 638.1 239.1 93.7 - 110.4 17.9
1994 466.0 390.1 38.7 37.2 1,130.7 672.0 253.5 99.3 2.0 59.9 44.0
1995 528.4 383.5 37.4 107.5 1,237.5 651.9 282.1 84.7 - 179.2 39.6
1996 557.5 368.1 65.9 123.5 1,190.3 660.1 166.3 143.4 - 205.5 15.0
1997 545.5 369.6 39.1 136.8 1,235.6 640.5 240.9 87.5 6.20 226.3 34.2
1998 331.7 293.9 15.3 22.5 785.6 550.7 162.8 33.2 - 35.9 3.0
Plant Nutrients Fertilizer Products

Year
Total Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Total Urea Ammosul NP & P NPK Potash Others
Consumption
1990 588.0 400.5 105.0 82.5 1,447.1 580.3 226.4 276.0 286.5 70.3 7.6
1991 437.5 298.7 71.3 67.5 1,125.1 395.0 288.7 175.9 188.1 68.9 8.5
1992 504.3 362.3 73.2 68.8 1,261.3 540.8 252.4 188.5 202.8 67.3 9.5
1993 565.6 401.2 96.5 67.9 1,387.3 602.2 241.0 241.8 235.0 57.0 10.3
1994 601.8 402.6 106.6 92.6 1,474.5 580.2 217.6 250.7 340.6 74.0 11.4
1995 595.0 394.7 129.1 71.2 1,469.4 544.3 182.9 310.4 394.7 25.4 11.7
1996 601.6 383.5 145.7 72.4 1,626.2 568.7 224.5 333.5 447.5 40.0 12.0
1997 809.2 548.5 148.3 112.4 2,032.3 742.3 413.3 324.6 453.9 80.7 17.5
1998 622.4 400.9 121.1 100.4 1,518.2 561.5 208.0 285.1 373.0 77.2 13.4
Note: Totals may not add up due to rounding off

Source: Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority
Table 5.6
DAMAGES CAUSED BY MAJOR NATURAL DISASTERS
1990 to 1997
Type of Date of Population Affected Casualties Houses Damaged

Year Areas Affected
Disaster Occurrence Families Persons Dead Injured Missing Total Partial
1990 Drought Jan-Apr Regions 1-12 220,269 1,189,309 - - - - -

Earthquake Feb 8 Region 7 (Bohol) 10,931 54,059 10 273 - 199 2,949
Jul 16 Regions 1 to 4, CAR, 227,918 1,255,248 1,283 2,786 - 25,207 77,249
& NCR
Flashflood Jun 12 Region 9 (Zamboanga 1,534 8,108 36 - - 168 163
del Sur)
Typhoon Aug 28-30 Regions 1-4, CAR & NCR 130,219 568,675 50 53 - 684 1,961
Nov 10-14 Regions 4-12 1,010,004 5,498,290 508 1,278 - 22,026 630,885
1991 Mt. Pinatubo Jun 12-16 Region 3 (6 provinces) 249,371 1,180,132 850 184 - 40,867 67,862
Lahar I Jul to Sep Region 3 (6 provinces) 33,479 161,545 16 9 - 2,378 444
Drought Jan-Apr Regions 6, 9-12 - - - - - - -
Typhoon Nov 2-6 Region 6 & 8 (Ormoc 43,397 223,985 5,101 292 - 5,232 25,272
City - badly affected)
Oct 23-30 Regions 1-2 & CAR 105,317 534,307 82 55 - 8,070 58,305
1992 Earthquake Mar 19 Baguio City, - - 1 1 - - -

Mt. Province, Kalinga
Apayao, Abra
Mt. Pinatubo Jul 9 to 21 Region 3 19,932 96,102 6 7 - 1,712 -
Flashflood Dec 28-30 Region 11 11,430 58,093 17 - - 27 20
Jul 9-21 Region 3 144,476 707,807 22 - - 1,569 3,137
Red tide Jun-Dec Regions 3-4 & NCR 6,416 38,500 10 67 - - -
Typhoon Jul 9-12 Regions 2-3 1,027 5,135 3 - - 5 15
Jul 17-21 Regions 3 & NCR 27,902 134,417 36 77 - 478 1,305
Aug 16-18 Regions 3-4 & NCR 148,049 725,956 22 - - 1,428 3,072
Aug 26-31 Regions 1-2 & CAR 23,677 114,084 19 1 - 214 197
Value of
Year Areas Affected Damages
Disaster Occurrence Families Persons Dead Injured Missing Total Partial (million pesos)
Aug 26-Sep Regions 1-2 & CAR 31,787 171,603 10 1 - 393 145 903.0
Sep 18-23 Regions 1-3 & CAR 113,686 570,136 27 13 - 785 3,272 2,155.0
1993 Mt. Mayon Feb 2 Region 5 (8 Mun. of 21,600 106,917 80 9 - - - 73.0

Volcano Albay & Legaspi City)
1994 Earthquake May 14 Pagadian City 128 729 4 - - 31 92 1.0

Earthquake Jul 5 Southern Leyte - - - 2 - - - 2.7
Lahar III Sept Pampanga 11,805 55,951 20 1 2 1,648 37 10.4
(Bacolor and Porac) 404.2
1996 Earthquake Bohol

Earthquake Eastern Samar 2 1.1
1997 Big waves Davao Oriental 132 22 0.2

Flashflood Bukidnon 651 6 4 3 4 0.4
Davao del Norte 2,400
Davao Oriental 10,950 3 18 13 2.9
South Cotabato 150 2 99.0
Zamboanga del Sur 3,600
Flood Agusan del Norte 18,925 213 17.2
Agusan del Sur 9,877 10 16 98 56.0
Bukidnon 190 3 0.5
Butuan City 89,503 2 3 20.4
Davao del Norte 106,339 9 2 22 8 160.8
Davao Oriental 20,942 1 6 27 25.3
Surigao del Norte 44,904 6.3
Surigao del Sur 14,525 10 3 1 21.8
Value of
Year Areas Affected Damages
Disaster Occurrence Families Persons Dead Injured Missing Total Partial (million pesos)
Zamboanga del Norte 11.1

Landslide Agusan del Sur 79 6 8
Bukidnon 265 6 1 0.1
Catanduanes 15 4 3 280.0
Cebu City 327 16 5 20 10 0.3
Tornado Antique 21 1 5 0.4
Davao Oriental 488 1 1 11 9 0.2
South Cotabato 31 5 3
Zambales 553 6 16 14 0.3
Zamboanga del Sur 25 5 3 0.2
Typhoon Antique 4.0
Bulacan 145,658 4 25.3
Cagayan 154,149 13 7 2 911 11,078 280.0
Iloilo 11,425 45 59 78.7
Negros Occidental 5,383 2 2 1 1 4.6
Pampanga 115,237 11 1 2 2 136.4
Quezon City 15,000 3
Zambales 66,772 14 22 10 50 13.0
Source : National Disaster Coordinating Council

Table 5.7
IRRIGATED LAND BY TYPE OF IRRIGATION
1990 TO 1997
IN HECTARES
Island 1990 1991 1992

Group/Region Total National Communal Private Total National Communal Private Total National Communal Private
PHILIPPINES 1,161,262 620,964 381,798 158,500 1,257,861 636,118 400,502 221,241 1,235,291 645,789 408,829 180,673
NCR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LUZON 814,493 442,221 238,907 133,365 881,352 444,419 250,006 186,927 854,662 449,990 258,658 146,014
CAR
Region 1 165,621 45,386 78,018 42,217 215,077 45,386 78,232 91,459 176,143 45,386 80,211 50,546
Region 2 212,928 153,107 29,372 30,449 219,555 153,107 33,848 32,600 222,575 155,662 34,313 32,600
Region 3 243,391 172,064 55,507 15,820 246,286 172,064 56,211 18,011 252,621 172,064 62,546 18,011
Region 4 117,889 55,455 36,089 26,345 123,581 55,455 41,739 26,387 124,781 56,655 41,739 26,387
Region 5 74,664 16,209 39,921 18,534 76,853 18,407 39,976 18,470 78,542 20,223 39,849 18,470
VISAYAS 132,267 69,133 54,445 8,689 136,983 69,133 59,015 8,835 136,610 69,133 58,577 8,900
Region 6 71,529 53,500 16,955 1,074 73,041 53,500 18,228 1,313 72,819 53,500 18,006 1,313
Region 7 14,917 12,333 2,584 16,855 14,219 2,636 16,488 13,877 2,611
Region 8 45,821 15,633 25,157 5,031 47,087 15,633 26,568 4,886 47,303 15,633 26,694 4,976
MINDANAO 214,502 109,610 88,446 16,446 239,526 122,566 91,481 25,479 244,019 126,666 91,594 25,759
Region 9 27,643 13,348 12,335 1,960 28,512 13,348 13,204 1,960 30,386 13,348 15,078 1,960
Region 10 47,253 20,282 24,654 2,317 51,058 22,732 25,583 2,743 50,741 23,332 24,386 3,023
Region 11 64,988 38,370 17,590 9,028 76,729 48,876 18,825 9,028 78,165 50,876 18,261 9,028
Region 12 74,618 37,610 33,867 3,141 83,227 37,610 33,869 11,748 84,727 39,110 33,869 11,748
Region 13
ARRM
Island 1993 1994 1995

Group/Region Total National Communal Private Total National Communal Private Total National Communal Private
PHILIPPINES 1,246,607 646,519 434,671 165,417 1,251,188 634,573 442,006 174,609 1,306,794 651,812 472,865 182,117
NCR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LUZON 844,408 432,541 278,126 133,741 849,453 428,292 278,342 142,819 890,979 445,531 299,672 145,776
CAR 42,676 14,470 28,206 62,519 17,551 16,314 28,654 65,546 17,551 18,874 29,121
Region 1 154,054 45,386 76,974 31,694 154,301 44,546 78,092 31,663 154,891 44,546 79,881 30,464
Region 2 182,881 138,187 31,014 13,680 172,659 119,714 29,850 23,095 189,898 136,953 29,850 23,095
Region 3 250,926 172,064 61,446 17,416 245,379 170,841 58,242 16,296 251,028 170,841 63,625 16,562
Region 4 120,342 56,681 39,846 23,815 117,478 52,228 41,468 23,782 120,062 52,228 44,010 23,824
Region 5 93,529 20,223 54,376 18,930 97,117 23,412 54,376 19,329 109,554 23,412 63,432 22,710
VISAYAS 141,209 69,133 60,071 12,005 143,683 68,077 62,587 13,019 145,362 68,077 64,333 12,952
Region 6 75,828 53,500 18,594 3,734 76,711 52,235 18,977 5,499 76,711 52,235 18,977 5,499
Region 7 17,130 14,545 2,585 18,639 16,040 2,599 19,066 16,544 2,522
Region 8 48,251 15,633 26,932 5,686 48,333 15,842 27,570 4,921 49,585 15,842 28,812 4,931
MINDANAO 260,990 144,845 96,474 19,671 258,052 138,204 101,077 18,771 270,453 138,204 108,860 23,389
Region 9 29,760 14,578 13,330 1,852 32,227 15,162 15,213 1,852 33,556 15,162 16,422 1,972
Region 10 57,767 29,948 25,252 2,567 57,130 28,660 25,813 2,657 62,885 28,660 28,344 5,881
Region 11 98,169 61,176 25,472 11,521 87,846 49,684 27,631 10,531 88,056 49,684 27,841 10,531
Region 12 75,294 39,143 32,420 3,731 80,849 44,698 32,420 3,731 85,956 44,698 36,253 5,005
Region 13
ARRM
1996 1997
Island Group/Region
Total National Communal Private Total National Communal Private
PHILIPPINES 1,322,860 651,812 488,532 182,516 1,574,313 863,296 504,739 206,278
NCR 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LUZON 903,455 445,531 311,746 146,178 1,035,198 552,110 313,030 170,058

CAR 65,064 17,551 19,498 28,015 76,616 19,563 15,555 41,498
Region 1 166,381 44,546 91,293 30,542 180,084 44,357 103,684 32,043
Region 2 189,898 136,953 29,850 23,095 259,506 197,726 32,639 29,141
Region 3 252,496 170,841 63,663 17,992 272,088 203,901 51,450 16,737
Region 4 120,062 52,228 44,010 23,824 133,564 59,072 43,976 30,516
Region 5 109,554 23,412 63,432 22,710 113,340 27,491 65,726 20,123
VISAYAS 145,999 68,077 64,973 12,949 177,591 96,939 66,544 14,108

Region 6 76,418 52,235 18,684 5,499 101,566 73,527 22,373 5,666
Region 7 19,846 - 17,327 2,519 22,383 - 19,147 3,236
Region 8 49,735 15,842 28,962 4,931 53,642 23,412 25,024 5,206
MINDANAO 273,406 138,204 111,813 23,389 361,524 214,247 125,165 22,112

Region 9 33,582 15,162 16,448 1,972 46,071 23,026 19,864 3,181
Region 10 35,193 17,757 14,684 2,752 44,494 24,181 18,426 1,887
Region 11 108,933 59,029 37,835 12,069 162,145 98,997 50,573 12,575
Region 12 61,096 31,365 26,264 3,467 70,205 42,023 24,597 3,585
Region 13 38,609 26,020 11,705 884
ARRM 34,602 14,891 16,582 3,129
Note: National irrigation systems are 1000 ha and above which are constructed and maintained by NIA; communal syatems are < 1000 ha
which are constructed by NIA but maintained by the irrigation associations wherein the constructions costs are paid in 50 years without
interest while private systems are those constructed and maintained by the private sector but technical asssitance s provided by the NIA
Source: National Irrigation Authority, Corporate Planning
Table 5.8a
LANDS SUFFERING FROM MODERATE (E2) TO SEVERE (E3) EROSION BY REGION
1990
Area Erosion Class Total Area

Region %Share
(In ha.) Moderate Severe Affected
PHILIPPINES 30,004,802 8,478,513 5,080,979 13,559,492 45.2
Luzon 14,139,492 4,127,613 1,709,155 5,836,768 41.3

CAR 1,829,368 737,134 413,729 1,150,863 62.9
Region I 1,284,019 262,226 264,569 526,795 41.0
Region II 2,683,758 1,158,953 416,644 1,575,597 58.7
Region III 1,823,082 323,659 143,297 466,956 25.6
Region IV 4,756,016 1,134,444 317,337 1,451,781 30.5
Region V 1,763,249 511,197 153,579 664,776 37.7
Visayas 5,665,420 1,443,609 1,124,896 2,568,505 45.3

Region VI 2,022,310 497,893 391,721 889,614 44.0
Region VII 1,499,940 558,010 328,733 886,743 59.1
Region VIII 2,143,170 387,706 404,442 792,148 37.0
Mindanao 10,199,890 2,907,291 2,246,928 5,154,219 50.3

Region IX 1,868,510 705,116 212,343 917,459 49.1
Region X 2,832,770 920,531 603,451 1,523,982 53.8
Region XI 3,169,290 574,877 966,174 1,541,051 48.6
Region XII 2,329,320 706,767 464,960 1,171,727 50.3
Source: Bureau of Soils and Water Management

Table 5.8b
AVERAGE EROSION RATES FOR VARIOUS LAND USES
1987 and 1991
(Tons per hectare per year)
Land Use ENRAP (1991) DAVID (1987)
Grassland/pastureland 267.8 0.0

Upland agriculture 112.8 0.0
Open grasslands 79.6 210.7
Fruit trees 22.1 0.0
Trees, grasses, shrubs 12.5 0.0
Secondary forest 3.0 7.0
Paddy rice, irrigated 2.3 0.5
Gmelina, Ipil-ipil, coffee 1.0 0.0
Kaingin 0.0 508.0
Primary forest 0.0 2.2
Source : Francisco (1994)

Table 5.9
PHYSICAL ASSET ACCOUNTS OF SOIL RESOURCES
1988 to 1993
(In thousand metric tons)
Changes in Quality 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
1/
Soil Eroded 338,989.3 340,559.3 339,250.9 340,372.2 340,856.3 341,644.5
2/
Sediment 67,797.9 68,111.9 67,850.2 68,074.4 68,171.3 68,328.9
3/
Nutrient Loss
(Fertilizer Equivalent)
N (45-0-0) 193.2 194.1 193.4 194.0 194.3 194.7
P (0-20-0) 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1 4.1
K (0-0-60) 29.8 30.0 29.9 30.0 36.0 30.1
Note:
1/ Total soil eroded from lowland, upland and kaingin areas using the following rates of erosion: lowland (irrigated rice) -2.3 mt/ha.; upland - 61.83 mt/ha.;
kaingin areas - 507.99 mt/ha. based on Francisco (1994) and David (1987) studies. Using BSWM data, the lowland was estimated to be 46.6%
and the upland 53.4%
2/ Sediment delivery rate was established at 30% in Magat Watershed by David
3/ The equivalent fertilizer loss in agriculture is 2.85 kg/mt. of N (45-0-0); 0.06 kg/mt. of P (0-20-0); and 0.44 kg/mt.of K (0-0-60), Francisco (1994)
Source : Philippine Asset Accounts, 1998
Table 5.10
PHYSICAL ASSET ACCOUNT OF LAND RESOURCES DEVOTED TO AGRICULTURAL USES
1988 TO 1993
Land Area 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

1/
OPENING STOCK 9,883.4 9,906.2 9,929.0 9,951.9 9,974.9 9,997.9
Other Accumulation
2/
a. Kaingin 2.9 4.7 na 0.8 0.1 0.1
3/
b. Land Use Conversion (0.5) (0.5) (4.1) (6.8) (9.5) (4.5)
Other Volume Changes

a. Lahar areas 4/ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (13.6) (12.0)
Adjustment 5/ 20.4 18.7 27.0 29.0 46.0 39.5
CLOSING STOCK 9,906.2 9,929.0 9,951.9 9,974.9 9,997.9 10,021.0
Notes:
1/ Physical area derived from the projected physical area from NSO using the annual growth (geometric) rate by crop
2/ Planning and Policy Service, DENR (Philippine Statistical Yearbook 1994, NSCB)
3/ Center for Land Use Policy, Planning and Implementation (CLUPPI), DAR
4/ Bureau of Soil and Water Management (BSWM)
5/ Balancing item = CS-[OS+OAa+(-Oab)+(-OVCa)]
Table 5.11
AREA ACCOUNTS OF OLD GROWTH DIPTEROCAP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
Land Area 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 1,219.7 988.3 922.0 861.2 804.9 804.9 804.9
Changes due to economic activity (97.3) (50.0) (35.0) (35.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Depletion (-)
Logged Area 2/ 97.3 50.0 35.0 35.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

to non-forest use 3/ (14.0) (10.0) (9.8) (9.7) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other volume changes (+/-) (120.1) (6.3) (16.0) (11.6) 0.0 0.0 0.0
4/
Additions
Other changes (s.d.) (120.1) (6.3) (16.0) (11.6) 0.0 0.0 0.0
Net Change in Area (231.4) (66.3) (60.8) (56.3) 0.0 0.0 0.0
CLOSING AREA 988.3 922.0 861.2 804.9 804.9 804.9 804.9
Note:
1/ Based on the RP-German Forest Inventory as indicated in the Philippine Forestry Statistics. The Opening area in a given year is based on the area of
old growth forest of the preceding year
2/ From Master Plan for Forestry Development (MPFD): Appendix 15
3/ 1988 & 1989 - Table 9 of Tonie Balangue's paper; 1990 to 1991- MPFD, Appendix 8 (Current trends scenario:total logging ban); 1992 onwards was assumed to be zero
4/ There is no additional area for old growth forest
Table 5.12
AREA ACCOUNTS OF SECOND GROWTH DIPTEROCARP FORESTS
1988 to 1994
Land Area 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 3,618.9 3,412.8 3,350.9 3,287.6 3,224.3 3,131.9 3,041.8
Changes due to economic activity (15.9) (14.6) (7.5) (5.3) (5.3) 0.0 0.0
Depletion (-)
Damage from logging 2/ 15.9 14.6 7.5 5.3 5.3 0.0 0.0
Other Accumulation (+/-) 40.4 32.7 (17.6) (29.3) (28.3) (56.9) (55.9)
Old growth area converted to
second growth area 3/ 90.4 82.7 42.5 29.8 29.8 0.0 0.0
to non-forest use 4/ (50.0) (50.0) (60.1) (59.0) (58.0) (56.9) (55.9)
Other volume changes (+/-) (230.5) (80.0) (38.2) (28.8) (58.9) (33.2) 0.0
Other changes (s.d.) (230.5) (80.0) (38.2) (28.8) (58.9) (33.2) 0.0
CLOSING AREA 3,412.8 3,350.9 3,287.6 3,224.3 3,131.9 3,041.8 2,962.7
Note:
1/ Based on the RP-German Forest Inventory as indicated in the Philippine Forestry Statistics (PFS). The opening area for each year is based on the area of old growth forest in
the preceding year
2/ Equivalent to 15% of logged area in previous year, for logged landings, roads, skidding/yarding trails
3/ Area logged in old growth forest in previous year less 15% for log landings, roads, skidding/yarding trails
4/ 1990 onwards - MPFD Appendix 8 (Current trends scenario:total logging ban); 1988 & 1989 - Table 9 of Tonie Balangue's paper
Table 5.13
AREA ACCOUNTS OF PINE FORESTS
1988 to 1994
Land Area 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
OPENING AREA 1/ 238.9 238.9 237.6 236.4 235.2 233.9 232.7

Closed 162.4 162.4 161.6 160.8 159.9 159.1 158.2
Open 76.4 76.4 76.0 75.6 75.3 74.8 74.5
Depletion (-) 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Harvest 2/ 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other Accumulation (+/-) (1.2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Forest Conversion (1.2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Other Volume Changes (+/-) 2.1 (1.1) (1.2) (1.2) (1.3) (1.2) (1.2)
Additions 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Reductions (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6)
Stand Mortality 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Forest Fires 3/ (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6) (0.6)
Other Changes (S.D.) 2.7 (0.5) (0.6) (0.6) (0.7) (0.6) (0.6)
CLOSING AREA 1/ 238.9 237.6 236.4 235.2 233.9 232.7 231.5
Note:
1/ Based on PFS data
2/ Zero harvest for 1990 to 1994 due to log ban
3/ Forest Fires: 640 has./year
6
Mineral and Energy Resources
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 6 MINERAL AND ENERGY RESOURCES

Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-ii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1

1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
1.3.1 Social and Economic Activities and Natural
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities and
Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-11

2.1 Highlights of Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
a. Social and Economic Activities and Natural
Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
b. Environmental Impacts of Activities and
Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 6-20
c. Responses to Environmental Impacts . . . . . . 6-23
d. Stocks and Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
6-i
LIST OF TABLES
A Conceptual Framework on Mineral and Energy Resources. . . . . . . . 6-4
B Statistical Framework on Mineral and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . 6-7
C Data Assessment on Mineral and Energy Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13
6.1 Metallic Mineral Production, 1990-1998

(Quantity in thousands; value in thousand pesos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
6.2 Non-Metallic Mineral Production, 1990-1998

(Quantity in thousands; value in thousand pesos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
6.3 Accident Statistics, 1993-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
6.4 Metallic Mine Waste and Tailings Generated, Utilized and

Contained, 1970- 1999 (Quantity in thousand metric tons; value in
thousand pesos) . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31
6.5 Metallic Mine Waste and Tailings Generated, 1990-1999

(Quantity in thousand metric tons; value in thousand pesos) . . . . . 6-32
6.6 Non-Metallic Mine Waste and Tailings Generated, Utilized and

Contained, 1970-1999 (Quantity in thousand metric tons; value in
thousand pesos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-33
6.7 Non-Metallic Mine Waste and Tailings Generated, 1990-1999

(Quantity in thousand metric tons; value in thousand pesos) . . . . . 6-34
6.8 Metallic Mineral Reserves, 1990-1996

(In thousand metric tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
6.9 Non-Metallic Mineral Reserves, 1990-1996

(In thousand metric tons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36
6.10 Energy Consumption By Source, 1990-1997

(In million barrels of fuel-oil equivalent, MMBFOE) . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-38
6-ii
6.11 Electric Energy Consumption By Sector, 1990-1998

(In million kilowatt hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-39
6.12 Installed Generating Capacity, 1990-1998

(In megawatts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40
6.13 Power Generation By Utility, 1990-1997

(In million kilowatt hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41
6-iii
LIST OF FIGURES
6.1 Selected Metallic Mineral Production, 1991-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17
6.2 Selected Non-Metallic Mineral Production, 1991-1998 . . . . . . . . . 6-18
6.3 Installed Generating Capacity, 1991-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
6.4 Incidence Rate on Mining Accidents, 1993-1998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20
6.5 Metallic Mine Wastes and Tailings Generated,

By Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21
6.6 Non-Metallic Mine Wastes and Tailings Generated,

By Region, 1990-1999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
6-iv
INTRODUCTION
The very existence of human society particularly in the context of its economic
activity is to some extent, related to the use of natural resources including mineral and
energy resources. These natural resources however, are exhaustible meaning that they are
reduced in quantity by their use. More importantly, they are non-renewable such that their
regeneration is not possible or may require time of about several centuries. The economic
extraction of these mineral and energy resources is associated with radical obstruction in
natural environmental structures and may lead to extinction of these resources. Such
environmental changes are basically irreversible. Thus, it is imperative that measures to
ensure the sustainable use of these natural resources be established. Likewise, it is
important that a system of information be made available to take stock of the existing
situation and the other factors relating to it.
In this report, the framework for the development of statistics on mineral and
energy resources is presented. Section 1 outlines the conceptual and statistical framework
while Section 2 presents the situational analysis if mineral resources in the country. Also,
the general issues and developments related to mineral and energy sector are presented in
this chapter.
Minerals are substances occurring in nature, usually comprising inorganic

elements or compounds of definite chemical composition. Mineral resources include both
metallic and non-metallic minerals. Among the metallic minerals are gold, copper, iron,
chromite, nickel, manganese, cobalt, lead, zinc, molybdenum, mercury and aluminum.
Non-metallic minerals, on the other hand, include phospate rock, magnetite, sulfur,
guano, barite, bentonite, clay, diatomite, feldspar, gypsum, perlite, silica, gravel and sand,
basalt, marble, limestone, shale, diorite, jade, opal, quartz, rhodonite, obsidian, agate and
serpentinite.
Minerals are used as important inputs in the manufacturing of a wide array of

products. They are also a source of foreign exchange earnings for the country. The
Philippines, despite its relatively small area, is among the world’s most richly endowed
countries in terms of mineral resources. Among the mineral types, gold and copper are
the most significant in the country in terms of their economic contribution.
As previously mentioned, mineral resources are non-renewable. Once extracted, the

ore is lost and it will take a very long time to replenish it. With the continued extraction
of mineral resources therefore, the issue of sustainability of mining activity arises. But as
alarming as the problem of sustainability is the threat that the mining activity poses to the
environment. Mining can cause sedimentation due to mine tailings. Spillage of mine
tailings to water bodies will result to deterioration of water quality and the killing of
marine life. Leakage of tailings to agricultural lands may cause clogging and destroying
6-1
Mineral and Energy Resource
of irrigation systems resulting to reduction in productivity of agricultural crops.

Underground mining operation can also result to loss of water from waters and springs.
Lastly, mining activity also poses risks to human health.
A number of interventions are being implemented to protect our mineral

resources. The government, as steward of our natural resource and environment, has the
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) to administer and manage the country’s mineral
wealth. MGB is mandated to regulate mining operations and to undertake research works
on geology, mining, metallurgy and mineral exploration.
In its effort to integrate environmental protection measures in all stages of mining

operation, the MGB under its present administration is institutionalizing the principles of
sustainable mining taking into account societal needs and community expectation as the
means of pro-environment and pro-people mining industry. To carry out its mission, the
MGB is engaged in several activities for environment protection such as mine
rehabilitation, water quality audit, environmental study of closed/abandoned mines,
development and promotion of environmental impact assessment system (EIA) on mining
operation, and “Adopt a Tree, Adopt a Mining Forest Movement”.
In their effort to enhance and protect the environment, most mining companies
have likewise undertaken environment protection measures as integral part of their
operation. Some of these measures are the construction of tailings disposal system, slope
stabilization, and backfilling of subsidence area and reforestation of mined out areas.
Small-scale miners are also required by law to undertake similar environmental protection
measures but oftentimes, they violate the provision due to their migratory nature, lack of
technical capability and the added cost that such environment protection measures or
enhancement would entail.
In the case of energy resources, the ones covered under this resource are the non-
renewable energy resources, coal and crude oil.
Coal is a black or brownish black solid combustible rock containing less than 40
percent non-combustible inorganic components, formed by the accumulation,
decomposition and compaction of plant materials under long acting geological processes.
Coals differ in kinds and manners of preservation, of plant materials (type) and in degree
of carbon concentration (rank). Coals also vary in the amount of inorganic impurities they
contain (grade).
Crude oil is the liquid member that constitutes petroleum, a naturally occurring
complex of hydrocarbons widely distributed in the sedimentary rocks of the earth.
Security of energy, being one of the major inputs in various economic activities, is
a major concern of the country. As the economy progresses, the demand for energy
likewise increases, thus, the Philippines is facing difficult challenges in the energy sector.
The government has already issued a number of policy measures and implementation
6-2
strategies to find effective ways of hurdling these challenges. While it addresses the
issues, adherence to the commitment of protecting the environment is likewise being
constantly pursued.
1. Framework
In this chapter, the conceptual and statistical framework on the development of

environment statistics on mineral and energy resources are presented. The framework
shall serve as a guide in facilitating the organization and development of environment
statistics relating to these resources.
1.1. Conceptual Framework
Table A presents the conceptual framework on the development of environment

statistics on mineral and energy resources. In the framework, mineral and energy
resources are related to four information categories namely 1) social and economic
activities and natural events, 2) environmental impacts of activities and events, 3)
responses to environmental impacts, and 3) stocks, inventories and background
conditions. The information categories suggest that environmental problems emanate
either from human activities or natural occurrences. These activities and natural events
create impacts on the environment such as depletion of the natural resources. In response
to these, the government, the people or other organizations themselves mitigate the
negative impacts or strengthen positive ones. The last information category relates to
existing stock or inventory and background condition of the resource at the end of a
particular period after the events, impacts and responses have taken place.
6-3
6-4
6-5
The social and economic activities and natural events information category
covers those that have direct impact on mineral and energy resources. For instance,
production and consumption of these resources produce environmental impacts through
the direct use of these resources and through generation of wastes during these processes.
Political, economic and natural events are also included in this category as they may also
have impacts on the resources.
Under the environmental impacts of activities/events category, the impacts of the

activities and events in the first category are shown. For instance, extraction of minerals
results to its depletion. Furthermore, mining also discharges residues which may affect
the natural environment. Finally, it will also have health impacts in the form of morbidity
associated with the activity.
The responses to environmental impacts category comprises the action of the

society, government and non-government organizations to the impacts earlier stated.
These responses are meant to avoid, mitigate, or reverse the negative impacts and
reinforce the positive ones, if there are any. Included in this category are the related
policies and programs adopted by the bodies concerned.
Finally, the stocks, inventories and background conditions category is meant to

provide information on the amount of available resources at a specific period.
The statistical framework as shown in Table B details the specific variables and
measurements needed to quantify the concepts discussed earlier. But while there are
many variables identified in this table, not all of them are necessarily available.
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
6-10
1.3 Data Assessment

Table B thus gives an assessment of the availability of the required variables, their
disaggregation, periodicity, manner of collection and source of information.
1.3.1. Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events
To monitor economic activities and natural events relating to mineral and energy
resources, data on production and consumption of these resources, as well as closure of
mining sites due to various problems are needed. Data on metallic and non-metallic
mineral production are available in volume terms with regional disaggregation every year
from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau. The data are taken from administrative reports
submitted by mining firms to MGB. On the other hand, the Department of Energy
consolidates reports from companies to come up with a monthly, national data on energy
production, conversion and consumption. Closure of mining sites due to political,
economic and natural events can be taken from MGB. However, these data were not yet
available as of the time this report was being made.
1.3.2 Environmental Impacts of Activities/Events
Depletion of mineral and energy resources is one of the most important indicators
in measuring impacts of the activities or events. Other indicators are the amount of mine
tailings created during the production activity of mining companies, as well as the
production of hazardous chemical residue. The data are gathered from administrative
reports by the MGB and are available on an annual basis in volume terms. In terms of
human health impacts, the variables required are the morbidity associated with exposure
to hazardous mine wastes, and accidents associated with mining activities. The former
can be taken from the Department of Health while the latter is sourced from MGB.
This topic consists of the various ways of managing and conserving mineral and
energy resources. The variables include among others, the number of mining licenses
issued, the number of mining companies closed due to adverse environmental effects of
their operation, the amount of tax collected on mine tailings and economic policies
relating to the energy sector. Most of the data come from MGB and the Department of
Energy (DOE).
6-11
1.3.4 Stocks, Inventories and Background Conditions
This information category aims to provide a picture of the existing quantity of

mineral and energy resources available for the country. The most important variables
covered are stock of metallic and non-metallic mineral resources, metallic and non-
metallic mineral reserves, and milling capacity for mineral resources. The data come
from administrative reports gathered by MGB. In the case of inventory of non-renewable
energy resources, the possible data source is the DOE. However, the desired data is not
readily available,
6-12
6-13
6-14
6-15
6-16
It is a fact that the existence of these non-renewable resources is declining.
Products and by-products that are generated from these resources cater to all
sectors/industries that are of great importance in our everyday needs. The continuous
decrease in supply in one location of a particular mineral resource results in the
continuous exploration of other sites thus affecting habitat. Sources of these resources are
decreasing but demand is increasing tremendously.
2.1. Highlights of Results

Mining as an industry is vital to both the national and regional economy.
However, the influx of environmental activism such as NGOs and other interest groups
whose sole objective is to “banish mining from the face of the earth” poses a threat to the
industry. Mineral produce provides the basic materials for manufacturing metallic and
non-metallic good, and is a source of foreign exchange earnings. Thus, the struggle to
survive poses a challenge to MGB.
Figure 1. Selected Metallic Mineral Production,

1991 to 1998
150.0
140.0
I
130.0
n
m 120.0
t e 110.0
h t
100.0
o r
u i 90.0
s c
80.0
a
n t 70.0
d o 60.0
n
d s 50.0
r 40.0
y
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Gold Silver Chromite Copper
6-17
On the metallic mineral resources, it has been observed that generally, production
in minerals has declined in the past five years. While some mineral resources do not
maintain a definite trend in (Figure 1), below, Table 6.1 shows that other minerals posed a
no-production at all for the past eight years. The imposition of a firm stand by various
environmental sectors on mining as well as decreasing supply of resources in a particular
area are just some of the major issues that brought this kind of scenario.
On the non-metallic mineral resources, most of its production has increased over
the past 5 years. This type of resource is an essential commodity in the construction
sector since it provides the materials required by the various projects both the government
and private sector. Unlike the metallic mineral, its sources are not as rigid and difficult to
find. Over the years, gigantic amount of these resources has been generated, however,
this does not pose a threat since there is an ample supply in our country as seen in its
topographical and geological features.
Figure 2. Selected Non-Metallic Mineral Production, 1991 to 1998
m 45.00
I
e 40.00
n
t 35.00
r 30.00
m
i
i 25.00
c
l 20.00
l 15.00
t
i 10.00
o
o
n 5.00
n
s -
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Coal Sand and Gravel Limestone
Energy sector as well follows the same condition as the mining sector; although
the former is treated differently. Energy resources are still scarce in the country. Local
supply could not even satisfy the nation’s energy requirement, but still the opportunity to
develop other energy resource is yet to be achieved.
6-18
On the energy resources, it has also been observed that the diesel/oil power plants
posted the highest generated capacity while other plant types such as hydro, coal, and
geothermal contributed only half of the total capacity generated by diesel/oil as shown in
Figure 3. The local supply of diesel and oil plants extracted from our soils does not meet
the country’s demand for power, thus mostly is imported and continuous exploration is
conducted on the countryside. Referring to table 6.10, wherein energy from various
sources is presented, total conventional indigenous energy (oil, coal, hydro, geothermal)
contributes only a small portion to the total energy consumption.
Figure 3. Installed Generating Capacity, 1991 to 1998

I
n 7,000
6,000
m
5,000
e
g 4,000
a 3,000
w
2,000
a
t 1,000
t 0
s
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Hydro Coal Geothermal Diesel/Oil
On the other resources, coal exploration maintained an increasing growth for the
past five years, small-scale mining program augment to the positive trend. Hydro power
plants maintained a trend of slightly higher than two gigawatts of power for the last seven
years.
6-19
Both mineral and energy resources require a puncture on the terrain, the
exploration activities affect the underground mounting of the sub-soil, resulting in the
movement and sometimes misplacement in the normal formation and consistency of the
sub soil. These resources are deemed impossible to recover because of its nature as a
non-renewable resource, hence, in a site where resource is nil, exploration in other
locations are conducted and drilling of the sub soil is continuous.
In polishing off raw materials for commercial use, further processing is required.
This procedure entails toxic wastes. These chemical wastes create adverse effect on the
environment such as: siltation, chemical pollution, land degradation, contamination of
domestic water supply, ground subsidence, and encroachment of ancestral lands and
domains.
Figure 4. Incidence Rate on Mining Accidents, 1993 to 1998
16.00
14.74 15.16
14.00 13.94
13.36
12.00 11.75
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
-
93-94 94-95 95-96 96-97 97-98
6-20
Exploration activity for both mineral and energy resources demand highly skilled
manpower vis-a-vis hazards brought by the type of job. The risks that accompany the
nature of work result to unavoidable situation such as: injuries, deaths, contaminations,
and alike. As shown in Figure 4, incidence rate on mining accidents posed a very slight
increase in the last five years.
Figure 5. Metallic Mine Wastes and Tailings Generated, by Region,

1990 to 1999
I m 90,000
n e
80,000
t
t r 70,000
h i 60,000
Mine wastes
o c 50,000
u
40,000 Mine tailings
s t
a o
30,000
n n 20,000
d s 10,000
0
CAR 4 5 6 8 9 13
Region
On the metallic mineral resources, Region 6 (Western Visayas) produced the most
mine waste over a period of ten years, while CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
produced the highest mine tailings also for the same period. Only seven regions are
engaged in metallic mineral mining while ten regions are into non-metallic mining.
6-21
On the non-metallic mineral resources, Region 3 (Central Luzon) produced the

most mine wastes over a period of ten years, while Region 4 (Southern Tagalog)
produced the highest mine tailings also for the same period.
Figure 6. Non-Metallic Mine Wastes and Tailings Generated,

by Region, 1990 to 1999
1,600.00 Mine wastes

I m
n e 1,400.00 Mine tailings
t
1,200.00
t r
h i 1,000.00
o c
800.00
u
s t 600.00
a o 400.00
n n
d s 200.00
-
1 CAR 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12
Region
6-22
c. Responses to Environmental Impacts
Corporations engaged in mining and exploration activities have to reposition their

focus to parry the onslaught of resistance, and ensure themselves a place in the overall
economic development agenda in the government. They have to consider the following:
a) reflect on environmental protection as part of corporate commitment; b) blend
economic interests with societal demands; c) develop own mechanisms on self-regulation;
and d) being proactive.
Sustainable mining is one option to survive the issue aired by the growing
environmentalists and oppositionists of this sector. The following terms are to be highly
considered: a) mining is for creation of wealth and not an instrument to destroy other
forms of natural and environmental resources; b) wealth created should lead to other
wealth-generating opportunities for people and other environment-friendly projects; c)
economic considerations should not take precedence to environmental, health, and safety
concerns; and d) conservation of minerals is effected thru technological efficiency of
mining operations and recycling of mineral based products to effectively lengthen the
usable life of these commodities.
This sector recognizes even before the concept of reliable energy availability in
terms of ecological balance and sustainable development. This entails for the “reduction
of the environmental effects of energy production and use by promoting conversion and
end-use efficiency and by shifting to renewable environment-friendly energy forms”.
Policies, thrusts, and programs have been formulated to conform to this idea. Refer to
framework (responses to environment) for details.
6-23
d. Stocks and Inventory
Figure 7. Selected Metallic Mineral Reserves 1990 to 1996

6,000,000
I m
n e 5,000,000
t
t r 4,000,000
h i
o c
3,000,000
u
s t
a o 2,000,000
n n
d s 1,000,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Copper Gold Nickel
Referring to the data on mineral reserves (Table 5.1.4.1.1 and 2), it shows that
total mineral reserves increased from5344.3 million metric tonnes in 1990 to 6682.3
million metric tonnes in 1996. The biggest was the copper reserve with a total level of
4789.5 million metic tones in 1996 followed by our mickle reserves wherein it was
reported at 1088.9 million metric tones in 1996.
Figure 7 shows that Copper posted a huge amount of reserves consistently for the
past seven years, while Gold reported a slight increase in reserves from 1990 to 1994
which dropped significantly in 1995 but again regained its position the next year. On the
non-metallic minerals, Limestone and related type dominated the reserves as well as
marble and shale.
6-24

Table 6.1
METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION
1990 to 1998
(Quantity in thousands; value in thousand pesos)
Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993

Mineral/Mineral Product
Used Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
TOTAL .. #REF! .. #REF! .. #REF! .. #REF!
METALLICS - 16,183,040 - 17,064,137 - 14,672,018 - 14,757,027
Precious Metals - 7,336,916 - 8,330,330 - 7,291,803 - 8,042,422
Gold KG 24.6 7,166,119 25.9 8,196,155 25.6 7,189,015 24.9 7,926,153
Silver KG 47.1 170,797 39.1 134,175 32.7 102,788 32.0 116,269
Base Metals - 8,846,124 8,733,807 7,380,215 6,714,605
Chromite:
Chemical Grade DMT 20.2 32,637 19.8 36,457 9.9 19,272 1.6 960
Metallurgical Concentrate
DMT 25.0 74,385 18.8 36,425 14.0 14,616 4.2 4,029
Metallurgical Ore DMT 117.2 137,494 89.2 121,894 30.9 39,135 9.7 16,307
Cobalt Metal MT - - - - - - - -
Copper:
Concentrate DMT 698.2 7,890,603 572.3 7,676,529 491.7 6,641,471 526.2 6,261,898
Metal MT 180.5 - 148.0 123.5 136.2
Iron Ore MT 8.2 390 7.3 475 7.3 445 - -
Manganese DMT 15.0 23,814 4.1 6,245 13.7 7,418 1.2 587
Nickel
Beneficiated Ore DMT 608.1 686,063 557.2 648,318 593.9 595,938 346.9 350,771
Metal MT 15.8 - 13.7 14.0 7.9
Zinc:
Concentrate DMT 113.0 738 - - - - - -
Metal MT 0.05 - - - - -
Molybdenum
Concentrate DMT - - - - - - - -
Metal MT - - - - - - - -
Table 6.1 (continued…)
METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION
1991 to 1998
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
TOTAL .. #REF! .. #REF! .. #REF! .. #REF! .. #REF!
METALLICS - ######## - ######## - ######## - ######## - ########
Precious Metals - 4,944,959 - 8,556,697 - 9,888,115 - ######## - ########
Gold 14.7 4,821,844 26.9 8,442,113 30.0 9,784,384 32.7 9,909,028 34.0 ########
Silver 29.6 123,115 32.0 114,584 24.0 103,731 20.7 91,192 18.2 124,801
Base Metals 5,848,801 - 5,853,598 - 3,459,602 - 3,405,323 - 3,438,745
Chromite:
Chemical Grade - - - - - - - - - -
Metallurgical Concentrate 1.0 2,252 13.3 22,465 31.5 52,530 26.9 49,805 12.2 29,434
Metallurgical Ore 10.9 35,230 22.0 44,751 17.2 42,784 17.0 48,870 9.5 32,390
Cobalt Metal - -
Copper:
Concentrate 435.3 5,521,403 399.0 ######## 256.5 3,364,288 187.6 2,792,220 177.8 2,753,486
Metal 112.1 102.6 5,786,382 62.3 - 48.6 - - -
Iron Ore - - - - - - 11.8 347 - -
Manganese - - - - - - - - - -
Nickel
Beneficiated Ore 431.0 289,916 - - - - 814.3 514,081 959.9 623,435
Metal 9.9 - - - - - - - -
Zinc:
Concentrate - - - - - - - - - -
Metal - - - - - - - - - -
Molybdenum
Concentrate - - - - - - - - - -
Metal - - - - - - - - - -
Preliminary Data
( ) Cement in the National Account is classified under the manufacturing sector. Value for
cement shall be excluded in the total mineral production values. Instead, value for cement
Table 6.2
NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION
1990 to 1998
Unit 1990 1991 1992 1993

Used Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
TOTAL - 5,977,115 - 7,022,293 - 9,991,853 - 8,682,460
Coal MT 1,246.8 1,059,760 1,307.0 1,420,754 1,665.2 1,828,390 1,581.8 1,581,873
Salt MT 490.4 1,802,736 492.9 2,178,437 495.8 2,193,986 535.4 3,128,136
Silica Sand MT 256.1 18,486 275.0 28,829 744.5 57,065 102.9 17,016
Sand and Gravel Cu. M 15,672.7 2,194,174 15,676.6 2,257,429 15,786.6 2,399,562 16,692.7 3,389,094
Others - 683,505 - 838,595 - 2,580,492 - 244,616
Cement Raw Materials
Limestone MT 3,818.1 139,244 5,384.3 215,247 10,225.1 750,907 5,355.7 267,642
Shale Clay MT 758.2 27,602 808.1 31,707 1,496.8 78,756 647.5 23,294
Silica Sand MT 305.6 27,608 257.5 28,895 1,142.0 102,695 225.7 30,789
Gypsum MT 30.0 24,000 28.0 22,400 - - - -
Cement Bags 160,941.8 (11,060,843) 172,285.4 (14,730,405) 166,673.6 (17,500,728) 199,035.2 (12,539,215)
Table 6.2 (continued...)
NON-METALLIC MINERAL PRODUCTION
1990 to 1998
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value
TOTAL - 7,863,937 - 8,682,460 - 9,390,337 - 19,486,028 - 20,405,713
Coal 1,458.0 1,458,071 1,581.8 1,581,873 1,458.0 1,458,071 1,078.7 1,186,519 1,157 1,157,204
Salt 492.1 1,043,395 535.4 3,128,136 492.1 1,043,395 686.5 7,250,251 728 7,685,788
Silica Sand 63.0 6,001 102.9 17,016 63.0 6,001 20.5 2,754 15.5 1,616
Sand and Gravel 16,393.0 6,111,117 16,692.7 3,389,094 16,393.0 6,111,117 40,030.1 10,061,713 35,626.8 8,945,316
Others 600,091.0 592,260 - 244,616 600,091.0 592,260 40,030 175,298 - 240,493
Cement Raw Materials
Limestone 3,803.0 143,053 5,355.7 267,642 3,803.0 143,053 10,216.3 705,619 18,690.5 2,295,754
Shale Clay 638.0 25,597 647.5 23,294 638.0 25,597 1,126.0 66,644 780.4 35,175
Silica Sand 71.0 10,843 225.7 30,789 71.0 10,843 212.3 37,230 317.6 44,367
Gypsum - - - - - - - - - -
Cement 239,270 (21,055,757) 199,035 (12,539,215) 239,270 (21,055,757) 367,019 (33,031,702) 322,196 (22,553,751)
Preliminary Data
( ) Cement in the National Account is classified under the manufacturing sector. Value for
cement shall be excluded in the total mineral production values. Instead, value for cement
raw materials shall be considered.
Source: Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau.
Table 6.3
ACCIDENT STATISTICS
FY 1993 to 1998
LTA Days Manhours Frequenc Severity Combined Incidenc

Category NLTA
Non- Lost Worked y Rate Rate FR & SR e Rate
Fatal
Fatal
FY 1997-1998
(45 Companies Considered) 478 319 10 68158 53,215,694.94 6.18 1,280.78 3,959.12 15.16
Underground Operations 178 73 5 35,159 17,261,266.50 4.52 2,036.87 4,602.10 14.83
Surface Operations 29 37 0 666 10,458,272.30 3.54 63.68 112.65 6.31
Combined Operations 49 1 1 6,031 2,648,185.00 0.76 2,277.41 859.99 19.26
Quarry Operations 10 1 0 64 2,133,508.09 0.47 30.00 7.03 5.16
Cement Plant 212 207 4 26,238 20,714,463.05 10.19 1,266.63 6,450.94 20.42
FY 1996-1997
(41 Companies Considered) 410 417 14 94,547 57,051,443.00 7.55 1,657.22 6,259.82 14.74
Surface Operations 68 37 0 2,156 11,348,880.85 3.26 189.97 309.68 9.25
Combined Operations 36 2 0 297 2,334,114.00 0.86 127.24 54.51 16.28
Quarry Operations 11 5 1 6,137 2,324,147.70 2.58 2,640.54 3,408.40 7.31
Cement Plant 109 225 4 27,362 21,666,335.00 10.57 1,262.88 6,673.94 15.60
FY 1995-1996
Surface Operations 32 44 5 30,529 14,492,853.30 3.38 2,106.49 3,560.99 5.59
Combined Operations 22 4 1 6,038 1,487,457.00 3.36 4,059.28 6,822.51 18.15
Cement Plant 142 247 2 14,936 19,697,958.75 12.64 758.25 1,492.49 19.85
Table 6.3 (continued)
ACCIDENT STATISTICS
FY 1993 to 1998
LTA Days Manhours Frequenc Severity Combined Incidenc

Category NLTA Non-
Fatal Lost Worked y Rate Rate FR & SR e Rate
Fatal
FY 1994-1995
Surface Operations 127 165 1 6,685 18,328,417.50 9.06 364.73 1,651.69 15.99
Combined Operations No Operating Company
Cement Plant 68 213 2 13,692 18,889,401.53 11.38 724.85 4,125.14 14.98
FY 1993-1994
Surface Operations 102 54 1 7,178 15,738,047.00 3.49 456.09 796.96 9.98
Combined Operations 196 28 4 25,857 15,661,591.50 2.04 1,650.98 1,686.66 14.56
Cement Plant 87 169 2 13,927 16,085,713.43 10.63 865.80 4,601.96 16.04
FY 1993-1998
( All Operations ) 1,984 2,022 68 453,289 297,519,735.82 7.02 1,523.56 5,351.31 13.69
1997 - 1998 478 319 10 68,158 53,215,994.94 6.18 1,280.78 3,959.12 15.16
1996 - 1997 410 417 14 94,547 57,051,442.00 7.55 1,657.22 6,259.82 14.74
1995 - 1996 323 437 15 100,995 58,007,385.05 7.79 1,741.07 6,783.31 13.36
1994 - 1995 332 495 15 99,145 60,412,230.60 8.44 1,641.14 6,927.26 13.94
1993 - 1994 441 354 14 90,444 68,832,683.23 5.35 1,313.97 3,512.43 11.75
NLTA - non-life tailings accident

LTA - life tailings accident
Table 6.4
METALLIC MINE WASTE AND TAILINGS GENERATED, UTILIZED AND CONTAINED
1970 to 1999
(Quantity in thousand metric tonnes; value in thousand pesos)
MINE WASTE TAILINGS

PERIOD Total
COVERED Produce Utilized Containe Fees Fees Produce
Utilized Contained
Fees Fees
Fees
d d Payable Paid d Payable Paid
Paid
1970-1979 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1980-1989 52,505 43,748 8,757 0 0 62,488 3,093 59,333 2,830 6,689 7,007
1990-1999 131,228 69,396 59,146 2,630 1,283 136,352 131,228 131,228 131,228 9,115 11,497
Source: Mines and Geosciences Bureau.

Table 6.5
METALLIC MINE WASTE AND TAILINGS GENERATED
1990 to 1999
MINE WASTE TAILINGS

REGION Produce Total
Containe Fees Fees Produce Fees Fees
Utilized Utilized Contained Fees
d d Payable Paid d Payable Paid
Paid
CAR 2,799 1,666 1,133 24 7 85,534 3,417 82,117 6,849 5,997 6,489
4 9,331 1,967 6,324 74 101 0 0 0 0 0 101
5 2,998 2,998 0 0 0 1,506 2,998 2,998 2,998 102 123
6 73,917 50,847 23,070 1,154 1,049 48,531 0 48,531 4,545 2,847 4,443
8 2,021 154 868 43 43 128 0 128 13 45 89
9 3,912 3,912 0 0 0 199 0 199 16 0 0
13 36,248 7,851 27,751 1,335 83 454 147 307 34 123 251
TOTAL 131,228 69,396 59,146 2,630 1,283 136,352 6,562 134,281 14,454 9,115 11,497
CAR ITOGUN - SUYOC MINES, LEPANTO CONSOLIDATED MINING COMPANY, PHILEX MINING CORPORATION
4 RIO - TUBA NICKEL MINING CORPORATION
5 UNITED PARAGON MINING CORPORATION (LONGOS GOLD OPERATION)
6 MARICALUM MINING CORPORATION, PHILEX GOLD PHILS., INC.
8 HERITAGE MINING CORPORATION, HINATUAN MINING CORPORATION
9 APEX MINING CO., INC.
13 KROMINCO, INC., HINATUAN MINING CORP., MANILA MINING CORP.,
SURICON RESOURCES CORP., TAGANITO MINING CORP., VELORE MINING CORP.
Note: Data for 1999 is from January to June only.
Table 6.6
NON-METALLIC MINE WASTE AND TAILINGS GENERATED, UTILIZED AND CONTAINED
1970 to 1999
MINE WASTE TAILINGS

PERIOD Fees Fees Total
COVERED Fees Produc Containe Fees
Produced Utilized Contained Payabl Utilized Payabl Fees
Paid ed d Paid
e e Paid
1970 - 1979 1.08 1.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1980 - 1989 1,214.74 1,047.65 145.43 7.16 0.55 5.66 0.00 5.66 0.57 0.57 1.21
1990 - 1999 5,881.71 3,937.12 1,975.03 107.74 84.56 188.32 84.09 104.23 10.42 9.49 93.78

Table 6.7
NON-METALLIC MINE WASTE AND TAILINGS GENERATED
1990 to 1999
MINE WASTE TAILINGS

REGION Fees Fees Total
Fees Produc Containe Fees
Produced Utilized Contained Payabl Utilized Payabl Fees
Paid ed d Paid
e e Paid
1 4.64 4.64 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CAR 110.41 109.87 0.92 0.05 0.05 2.22 0.00 2.22 0.22 0.07 0.24
3 1,522.23 719.50 802.73 40.14 40.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.14
4 1,048.55 795.57 252.97 12.36 0.00 163.98 84.09 79.89 7.99 7.20 7.20
5 199.21 23.45 175.76 8.79 8.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.82
7 1,226.21 526.72 699.49 34.97 34.30 22.12 0.00 22.12 2.21 2.22 36.08
8 26.21 26.21 26.21 1.31 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30
10 427.93 414.83 16.96 10.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
11 1,204.13 1,204.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
12 112.21 112.21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
TOTAL 5,877.07 3,932.49 1,975.03 107.74 84.60 188.32 84.09 104.23 10.42 9.49 93.78
Note: Data for 1999 is from January to June only.

Table 6.8
METALLIC MINERAL RESERVES
1990 to 1996
(In thousand metric tonnes)
Estimated reserves as of December 31

Kind of Mineral
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
TOTAL 5,344,348 6,377,460 5,846,256 6,420,621 7,368,795 2,093,952 6,682,303
Cadmium - - - - - - -
Chromite
Chemical 2,800 1,352 1,323 2,876 2,876 2,876 2,791
Metallurgical (Lumpy) 16,883 17,739 17,563 16,479 19,263 12,987 13,581
Metallurgical (Sandy) 5,794 6,228 9,854 9,925 11,880 11,880 11,850
Refractory 10,460 9,965 10,220 8,180 9,294 5,809 8,445
Copper 3,705,434 4,776,983 3,951,945 4,481,417 5,017,239 817,432 4,789,519
Gold 1 133,993 155,574 150,682 200,269 202,730 64,087 226,852
Iron - - - - 485,197 168,425 484,696
Aluminum Laterite - - - - - - -
Laterite - - 180 - - - -
Lumpy 97,130 80,910 79,077 159,496 83,077 - -
Sandy 101,620 101,620 397,836 402,017 401,620 - -
Lead 6,313 6,313 6,313 6,313 6,313 6,313 6,313
Manganese 1,951 1,955 2,231 2,212 2,517 2,003 2,551
Mercury 16,243 16,243 15,425 16,243 16,243 15,425 16,243
Molybdenum 30,608 30,608 30,608 30,608 30,608 30,608 30,608
Nickel 1,215,119 1,171,970 1,172,999 1,084,586 1,079,938 956,107 1,088,854
Platinum - - - - - - -
Uranium - - - - - - -
Zinc - - - - - - -
1 - Data from 1990 to 1996 are for primary gold only.
a - in thousand cubic meters.
Table 6.9
NON-METALLIC MINERAL RESERVES
1990 to 1996

Kind of Mineral
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Non-Metallic
Asbestos - 1,944 1,944 1,944 5,811 - 5,816
Barite - 163 163 163 163 - 163
Bauxite 374,660 408,241 408,241 408,241 408,241 408,241 408,241
Bentonite 1,334 - - - - - -
Clay - - - - - - -
Ball clay 27,153 27,152 181,152 63,526 83,175 35,864 64,800
Bentonitic 5,736 7,753 7,617 9,611 7,544 6,473 7,718
Feldspathic 32 7,846 3,127 3,131 3,176 3,099 11,592
Fire clay 3,296 3,296 260,501 252,309 269,113 263,829 269,113
Kaolinitic 10,000 23,219 17,839 20,515 21,777 9,729 21,777
Siliceous 2,125 2,125 7,293 10,043 120,827 120,074 120,827
Diatomaceuos Earth 2,952 2,952 3,711 3,711 4,725 4,573 4,725
Feldspar 20,952 21,571 28,845 41,137 34,412 22,706 34,412
Guano 120 123 298 298 298
Gypsum 1,883 1,883 1,985 1,985 2,438 2,054 2,438
Limestone 3,423,033 15,111,168 17,392,354 27,792,711 28,044,415 - -
Cement raw materials
2,515,955 6,613,832 6,748,707 16,343,548 19,361,674 16,978,082 18,905,021
Dolomitic 227,045 515,572 515,572 634,902 650,070 549,873 466,306
Lime raw materials 7,089,307 6,529,360 6,543,825 7,426,017 8,032,671 1,072,944 3,899,598
a a a a a
Marblelized 19,606 1,452,404 3,584,250 3,388,244 3,574,829 444,113 3,574,661
Magnesite 26,534 26,534 78,315 78,315 78,715 52,196 78,795
a a a a a
Marble 3,919,570 89,938 11,166,032 4,358,114 14,390,704 10,815,008 10,873,230
Table 6.9 (continued... )
NON-METALLIC MINERAL RESERVES
1990 to 1996

Kind of Mineral
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
a a a a a
Pebbles 6,409 6,409 26,409 22,557 22,557 22,557 33,103
Peat
Perlite 14,518 27,607 46,878 24,349 24,298 13,767 13,922
Pumice and Pumicite 21,878 21,982 23,760 23,760 23,760 21,981 23,760
Pyrite 983,400 986,933 985,097 14,155 14,195 13,798 13,195
a a a a
Rock Aggregates 676,540 300,496 367,926 437,834 1,683,757 1,447,703 1,689,848
Rock phosphate - - 89 106 513 513 513
a a a a a a a
Sand and Gravel 4,471 1,303 14,629 28,963 84,167 82,863 84,167
Shale 1,928,805 2,142,260 2,818,361 2,796,057 2,947,545 1,204,215 2,456,154
Silica 1,487,303 1,121,069 1,279,952 1,516,971 2,766,257 - -
Quartz-Boulder 37 37 37 37 - - 68,925
a
Quartz-Massive 60,643 60,643 62,075 62,425 67,098 60,089 -
a
Sand 328,526 126,226 163,462 201,152 649,626 296,844 573,689
a
Siliceous rock/Massive
1,098,097 934,163 1,054,378 1,253,357 1,471,166 1,425,201 1,482,634
Sulphur 48,781 48,781 48,781 48,831 48,877 19,534 48,872
Talc 503 512 512 512 512 9 512
Tuff 1,875 35,481 45,038 118,538 152,407 149,624 152,208
a - in thousand cubic meters.

Table 6.10
ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE
1990 to 1997
(In million barrels of fuel-oil equivalent, MMBFOE)
Energy Source 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 p
Total 120.6 122.5 129.7 136.8 146.8 209.8 222.9 228.6

I. Indigenous Energy 41.3 40.6 38.0 39.3 42.5 92.2 97.1 96.0
a. Conventional 25.2 25.1 22.7 25.5 28.1 27.4 29.0 26.9
Oil 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1
Coal 3.8 5.2 5.0 5.9 6.6 6.1 5.1 4.0
Hydro 10.5 8.9 7.3 8.7 10.1 10.7 12.2 10.4
Geothermal 9.4 9.9 9.8 9.8 10.9 10.6 11.3 12.5
b. Non-Conventional 16.1 15.5 15.3 13.8 14.0 64.8 68.1 69.1
Bagasse 5.4 6.1 6.1 4.9 5.2 4.2 7.9 5.3
Agriwaste 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.4 8.3 ... 60.01 63.34
Coconut Husks/Shell ... ... ... ... ... 15.1 13.9 15.2
Rice Husk ... ... ... ... ... 4.1 4.1 4.3
Wood/Woodwaste ... ... ... ... ... 39.3 39.8 39.9
Charcoal ... ... ... ... ... 2.1 2.1 3.9
Others 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.4
II. Imported Energy 79.3 81.9 91.7 97.5 104.3 117.5 125.7 132.6
Oil 76.2 78.6 89.0 94.8 102.2 114.0 117.4 120.8
Coal 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 2.2 3.5 8.3 11.8
p - Data are preliminary as of 30 May 1998.

Notes: 1. Details may not add up to totals due to rounding.
2. Data on non-conventional energy were based on actual production plus the household consumption.
3. 1996 data of coconut consumption was revised based on the submission of PCA dated 30 March 1998.
Source: Department of Energy.
Table 6.10
1990 to 1997
Energy Source 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 p
Total 120.6 122.5 129.7 136.8 146.8 209.8 222.9 228.6

I. Indigenous Energy 41.3 40.6 38.0 39.3 42.5 92.2 97.1 96.0
a. Conventional 25.2 25.1 22.7 25.5 28.1 27.4 29.0 26.9
Oil 1.5 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.5 0.1
Coal 3.8 5.2 5.0 5.9 6.6 6.1 5.1 4.0
Hydro 10.5 8.9 7.3 8.7 10.1 10.7 12.2 10.4
Geothermal 9.4 9.9 9.8 9.8 10.9 10.6 11.3 12.5
b. Non-Conventional 16.1 15.5 15.3 13.8 14.0 64.8 68.1 69.1
Bagasse 5.4 6.1 6.1 4.9 5.2 4.2 7.9 5.3
Agriwaste 10.4 9.0 8.8 8.4 8.3 ... 60.01 63.34
Coconut Husks/Shell ... ... ... ... ... 15.1 13.9 15.2
Rice Husk ... ... ... ... ... 4.1 4.1 4.3
Wood/Woodwaste ... ... ... ... ... 39.3 39.8 39.9
Charcoal ... ... ... ... ... 2.1 2.1 3.9
Others 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.4
II. Imported Energy 79.3 81.9 91.7 97.5 104.3 117.5 125.7 132.6
Oil 76.2 78.6 89.0 94.8 102.2 114.0 117.4 120.8
Coal 3.1 3.3 2.7 2.8 2.2 3.5 8.3 11.8
p - Data are preliminary as of 30 May 1998.

Notes: 1. Details may not add up to totals due to rounding.
2. Data on non-conventional energy were based on actual production plus the household consumption.
3. 1996 data of coconut consumption was revised based on the submission of PCA dated 30 March 1998.
Table 6.11
ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SECTOR
1990 to 1998
(In million kilowatt hours)
Residenti Commercia Industri Utilities Power

Year Total Others
al l al Own Use Losses
1990 26,327 5,609 4,695 9,943 966 1,134 3,980

1991 25,649 6,249 4,847 9,339 952 1,086 3,176
1992 25,870 5,988 4,931 8,646 1,080 1,133 4,091
1993 26,579 6,368 4,725 9,395 721 1,132 4,238
1994 30,459 7,282 5,865 10,684 762 1,132 4,734
1995 33,554 8,223 6,353 10,950 1,067 1,226 5,735
1996 36,708 9,150 7,072 11,851 1,167 1,340 6,128
1997 39,797 10,477 7,984 12,531 1,296 1,471 6,037
1998 41,207 11,467 8,555 11,386 1,412 1,592 6,796
Note: Details may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Table 6.12
INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY
1990 to 1998
(In megawatts)
Plant Type 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
TOTAL 6,869 6,789 6,695 8,014 9,212 9,696 11,190 11,752 12,068
Hydro 2,153 2,155 2,257 2,259 2,254 2,258 2,300 2,300 2,304
Coal 525 405 405 441 550 850 1,600 1,600 2,200
Geothermal 888 888 888 1,018 1,073 1,163 2,971 1,886 1,907
Diesel/Oil 3,136 3,341 3,145 4,296 5,335 5,425 4,319 5,966 5,654
Non-Conventional 167 - - - - - - - -
Natural gas - - - - - - - - 3

Table 6.13
POWER GENERATION BY UTILITY
1990 to 1997
(In million kilowatt hours)
National
Manila National Self- Independent
Power Private
Year Total Electric Electrification Generating Power
Corporatio Utilities
Company Cooperatives Industries Producers
n
1990 25,215 24,769 283 32 131 - -
1991 25,654 25,451 - 35 168 - -
1992 25,870 25,538 - 43 289 - -
1993 26,579 26,421 - 40 118 - -
1994 30,465 25,092 - 32 70 - 5,270
1995 33,529 22,138 - 48 53 - 11,291
1996 36,708 23,816 - 93 60 - 12,739
1997 39,815 23,167 - 62 44 - 16,542
Note: Details may not add up to totals due to rounding.

Source: Department of Energy
7
Human Settlements
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 7 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Page
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-ii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1

1.3 Data Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

7-i
Human Settlements
LIST OF TABLES
A Conceptual Framework on Human Settlements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3
B Statistical Framework on Human Settlements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
C Data Assessment for the Human Settlements Component . . . . . . . 7-14
7.1 Population Growth Rate by Region and Province: Census Years 7-31
1980 to 1995
7.2 Number of Housing Units Constructed Using HUDCC 7-32

Accredited Technologies by Project & by Location: 1994 to 1997
7.3 Volume of Crude Oil Importations by Country of Origin: 1990 to 7-33

1996
7.4 Energy Consumption by Source: 1990 to 1995 7-34
7.5 Existing Rural Water Supply (Level 1) Facilities by Region: 1990 7-35
to 1997
7.6 Number of Motor Vehicles Registered by Type of Vehicle: 1990 7-36

to 1996
7.7a Annual Average Daily Traffic – National Capital Region: 1990 to 7-37
1996
7.7b Annual Average Daily Traffic – Cebu City: 1990 to 1996 7-41
7.7c Annual Average Daily Traffic – Davao City: 1990 to 1996 7-42
7.8 Land Use Plans Approved by Region by Province: As of 7-43

September 1997
7.9 Disaster Occurrences: 1993 to 1997 7-46
7.10 Total Population by Age Group and Region: 1995 7-47
7.11a/b Natural Disaster Incidents: 1995-1996 7-49
7-ii
Human Settlements
7.12a National Shelter Program Expenditure by Agency: 1993 to 1997 7-51
7.12b National Shelter Program Expenditure by Major Program: 1993 7-52

to 1997
7.13 Number of Households Assisted in Community Development 7-53

Programs by Program by Region: 1993 to 1997
7.14 Subdivisions/Projects Investigated for Violations: 1994 to 1997 7-55
7.15 Households Awarded Resettlement Areas by Region: 1993 to 7-56

1997
7.16 Percentage of Households With Access to Sanitary Toilet by 7-57

Region: 1986, 1990 and 1994
7.17 Households With Access to Health Services by Type of Services 7-58

Received, Urban & Rural: 1992
7.18 National Roads by Surface Type: 1990 to 1996 7-59
7.19 Existing Bridges by Classification and Standards by Region 7-60

(Along National Roads): 1995
7.20 List of Disaster Prone Areas by Type of Disaster: As of 7-61

December 1997
7.21 Infant Mortality Rate by Region: 1990 to 1995 7-63
7.22 Unemployment Rate by Region: 1990 to 1996 7-64
7-iii
Human Settlements
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Philippine Population, Census Years 1948-1995 7-24
2 Percentage of Households Assisted in Community Development 7-26

Programs by Type of Program: 1997
3 Percentage of Households With/Without Access to Sanitary 7-29

Toilet/Safe Drinking Water, Philippines: 1994
7-iv
Human Settlements
INTRODUCTION
Human settlements are man’s territorial habitat, the place where he lives, works
and seeks recreation, and where he raises his family. The settlements are made up of
physical elements, such as shelter and infrastructure, and services which are required by a
community, such as education, health and recreation. The quality of life in the
settlements is largely determined by the availability of the facilities and services and their
accessibility to the population.
In human settlements, there is interdependence between the natural and man-made

elements. The natural environment provides the place for human activities which in turn
contribute to the changes in the environment by introducing man-made phenomena.
Since the environmental impact of human activities is usually concentrated in settlements,
those intrusions alter the quality of the natural environment, often resulting in hazardous
effects on the well-being of the man. Not all environmental interventions, however,
produce negative consequences but the environmental impact in the settlements is a
serious problem which should be given utmost importance by the different nations of the
world.
The most important and basic man-made elements of settlements are housing,
industry, business and commercial centers, social services and recreation. These
elements are supplemented by an infrastructure which includes utilities, community
facilities, transport and communication networks. The mere existence of man-made
elements creates conflicts with components of the natural environment, but the situation
becomes worse when intensive economic activities accompany settlement. Only after an
industrial plant begins production are the problems of air pollution, congestion and waste
disposal created. These problems are aggravated once residential areas are developed
near industries. In this case, human activities have not only spoiled the natural
environment, but have worsen the quality of other aspects of the settlements.
While the improvement of the quality of life in human settlements has been
considered “the first and most important objective of every human settlements policy”,
the significant interactions between development and environment can no longer be
ignored. It is now a necessity for a country to be concerned with accelerating economic
growth and looking after the environment at the same time in order to set the conditions
for productive and sustainable human settlements.
A wide range of problems affecting the environment of human settlements have

been identified, as follows: a) rapid population growth, migration and urbanization,
b) inadequate shelter and basic amenities, c) overcrowding and urban decay,
d) environmental degradation, especially through waste discharge and other forms of
pollution, e) lack of services and related infrastructure in rural and urban settlements,
especially water supply and sanitation, f) impairment of the cultural heritage, and
7-1
Human Settlements
g) health effects and deteriorating living conditions. All these concerns affect the social,
economic and environmental aspects of human settlements.
1. FRAMEWORK
Given the multitude of factors affecting human settlements, the conceptual

framework for the development of environment statistics was developed as presented in
Table A. Basically, the framework translates general environmental concerns into more
operational statistical topics. It highlights the environmental aspects of human
settlements without losing track of their relationships with other socio-economic and
cultural issues. Still, the focus of the framework is on environmental impacts, and
economic, social and demographic activities are considered only to the extent that they
produce such impacts. Those factors which do not directly influence but which are
related to environmental aspects of human settlements are also part of the framework.
The environmental concerns relating to human settlements are grouped into four
information categories, namely a) social and economic activities and natural events, b)
environmental impacts of activities and events, c) responses to environmental impacts,
and d) stocks, inventories and background conditions. Included under social and
economic activities and natural events are activities that may have a direct impact on the
environment of human settlements. Human activities consist mostly of the production
and consumption of goods and services, but could also include activities in pursuit of
non-economic goals. They produce environmental impacts through the direct use or
misuse of natural resources or through the generation of waste and emissions in
production and consumption processes. These activities include population growth and
change, construction of shelter and infrastructure, energy and water utilities, transport,
land use in human settlements, emission and waste discharge, hazardous activities at
workplace and natural events and man-made disasters. The natural events, such as
earthquakes, landslides, hurricanes or floods, are brought about by natural forces and are
largely independent from human behavior. However, human activities frequently
contribute to natural disasters through activities, such as deforestation or construction of
buildings in hazardous areas.
The second information category refers to environmental impacts resulting from

the socio-economic and natural events. Environmental impacts which may include the
depletion or discovery of natural resources, changes in ambient concentrations of
pollutants and deteriorating or improving living conditions in human settlements, can thus
be harmful or beneficial. The items included under environmental impact are housing,
access to infrastructure and services, pollutants and wastes, exposure and health effects
and settlements-related damage and accidents.
7-2
Table A: Conceptual Framework on HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
Social and economic activities Environmental impacts Responses to Stocks, inventories

and natural events of activities and events environmental impacts and background conditions
1. Population growth and change 1. Housing 1. Human settlements policies 1. Stocks of shelter and
and programs infrastructure
2. Construction of shelter and 2. Access to infrastructure - Housing
infrastructure and services 2. Environmental standards - Non-residential buildings
and other physical
3. Energy and water utilities 3. Pollutants and wastes 3. Pollution monitoring infrastructures
and control
4.Transport 4. Exposure and health 2. Environmental inventory
effects 4. Treatment disposal and
5. Land use in human settlements reuse of discharges 3. Human settlements
5. Settlements-related vulnerable to natural
6. Emission and waste discharge damage and accidents 5. Disaster management disasters
7. Hazardous activities at 4. Socio-demographic factors

workplace affecting human
settlements
8. Natural events and
man-made disasters
Human Settlements
The third information category has been designed to review the responses of
individuals, social groups, non-governmental organizations and public authorities to
environmental impacts of human activities and natural events upon human settlements.
Their responses intend to prevent, control, counter, reverse or avoid negative impacts and
to generate, promote or reinforce positive ones. The responses to environmental impacts
include human settlements policies and programs, environmental standards, pollution
monitoring and control, treatment dipsosal and reuse of discharges and disaster
management.
The fourth information category which refers to stocks, inventories and

background conditions is intended to provide “benchmark” data and to illustrate links
with other subject areas for possible further statistical analysis of these relationships. The
topics include stocks of shelter and infrastructure, environmental inventory, human
settlements vulnerable to natural disasters and socio-demographic factors affecting human
settlements.
Table B presents the statistical framework which consists of the topic/item,

variables and the measurement of each variable for the four information categories.
For social and economic activities and natural events, the variables under
population growth and change include average rate of change in population size and net
migration rate which are both in percent. Under construction of shelter and infrastructure,
the variables are housing units/residential buildings, institutional buildings, and non-
residential buildings which have been constructed/restored. For energy and water
utilities, the variables are energy supply and consumption which is in thousand barrels of
oil equivalent, electricity supply and consumption in gigawatthours and water supply and
consumption in cu. m. For transport, the variables are number of registered motor
vehicles, vessel arrivals and departures and flights. Also included are passenger
transport, volume of traffic and freight transport. The other variables are settlement land
area, air pollution emissions and solid waste collected, occurrence of hazardous activities
and occurrence of natural events and disasters.
For environmental impacts of activities and events, the variables under housing
are household/institutional population and homeless persons/families. The variables
identified for access to infrastructure and services include households with access to safe
drinking water, households with access to satisfactory garbage disposal, households
supplied with electricity, average distance from home to nearest public transportation
system, average time spent travelling from home to workplace and households with
access to sanitation system. The other variables include ambient concentration of
pollutants and wastes, number of persons affected with diseases associated with housing
and working conditions. Under settlements-related damage and accidents, the variables
7-4
Table B: Statistical Framework on HUMAN SETTLEMENTS
INFORMATION CATEGORY: Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events
TOPIC/ITEM VARIABLE MEASUREMENT
Population growth and change Average rate of change in population size Percent
Net migration rate Percent
Construction of shelter and Housing units/residential buildings constructed/ Number

infrastructure restored
Institutional buildings constructed/restored Number
Non-residential buildings constructed/restored Number
Energy and water utilities Energy supply and consumption Thousand barrels of fuel oil equivalent
Electricity supply and consumption Gigawatthours
Water supply and consumption cu. m
Transport Registered motor vehicles Number
Vessel arrivals and departures Number, tonnage
Air traffic Number of flights
Passenger transport Number of passengers, passenger

kilometers
Volume of traffic Average daily traffic count

TOPIC/ITEM VARIABLE MEASUREMENT
Freight transport Tons of freight, ton kilometers
Land use in human settlements Settlement land area Sq. km
Emission and waste discharge Air pollution emissions tons
Solid waste collected Cu. m or tons
Hazardous activities at workplace Occurrence of hazardous activities Number
Natural events and man-made Occurrence of natural events and disasters Frequency, magnitude
disasters
INFORMATION CATEGORY: Environmental Impacts of Activities and Events
Housing Household/institutional population Number
Homeless persons/families Number
Access to infrastructure and services Households with access to safe drinking water Number
Households with access to satisfactory Number

garbage disposal
Households supplied with electricity Number
Average distance from home to nearest public Meter

transportation system
Average time spent travelling from home to Minutes

work place
Households with access to sanitation system Number
Pollutants and wastes Ambient concentration of pollutants and Micrograms per cubic meter
wastes
Exposure and health effects Diseases associated with housing conditions Number of affected persons
Diseases associated with working conditions Number of affected persons

Settlements-related damage and Loss of lives and injuries from natural disasters Number of dead, injured and
accidents missing persons
Affected families from natural disasters Number
Value of damage of natural disasters to Peso

property
Road traffic accidents Number
Industrial accidents Number

Table B: Statistical Framework on HUMAN SETTLEMENTS (continued)...
INFORMATION CATEGORY: Responses to Environmental Impacts
Human settlements policies and Expenditures for human settlements development Peso
programs
Community development programs Number
Violations of building codes and regulations Number

prosecuted
Settlements area under land use regulations Square kilometers
Historic sites preserved Number
Resettlement areas for displaced families/communities Number
Environmental standards Air pollution emission standards Number of parts per measured unit
Air pollution concentration standards Microgrammes per cubic meter
Water pollution standards
Solid waste treatment and removal standards
Pollution monitoring and control Monitoring stations Number
Violations prosecuted and regulatory actions Number
Expenditures for pollution control Peso

Treatment disposal and reuse of Waste water treatment

discharges
Reuse and recycling of solid waste Tons
Treatment and disposal of solid waste Tons
Disaster management Disaster preparedness and mitigation programs Number and type of programs
Expenditures on management of natural disasters Peso
Investments for mitigating natural disasters Peso

INFORMATION CATEGORY: Stocks, Inventories and Background Conditions
Stocks of shelter and infrastructure
- Housing Residential buildings Number
Housing units with toilet Number
Housing units with water supply system Number
- Non-residential buildings and other Non-residential buildings Number

physical infrastructures
Civil engineering structures Number
Environmental inventory Air pollutants
Solid wastes
Human settlements vulnerable to Areas prone to disasters Number

natural disasters
Socio-demographic factors affecting Population Number

human settlements
Population density Number per sq. km.
Fertility rate Percent
Infant mortality rate Percent
Unemployment rate Percent

Human Settlements
are loss of lives and injuries from natural disasters, number of affected families from
natural disasters, value of damage to property, and number of road traffic and industrial
accidents.
For responses to environmental impacts, several variables have been identified.

Under human settlements policies and programs, the variables include expenditures for
human settlements development, community development programs, violations of
building codes and regulations prosecuted, settlements area under land use regulations,
historic sites preserved and resettlement areas for displaced families/communities. Under
environmental standards, the variables are air pollution emission and concentration
standards, water pollution standards, and solid waste treatment and removal standards.
For the topic pollution monitoring and control, the variables are number of monitoring
stations, number of violations prosecuted and regulatory actions and expenditures for
pollution control. Under treatment disposal and reuse of discharges, the variables are
waste water treatment, reuse and recycling of solid waste and treatment and disposal of
solid waste. Under disaster management, the variables include disaster preparedness and
mitigation programs, expenditures on management of natural disasters, and investments
for mitigating natural disasters
For stocks, inventories and background conditions, the variables under stocks of
shelter and infrastructure are residential buildings, housing units with toilet and housing
units with water supply system, non-residential buildings and civil engineering structures.
Under environmental inventory, the variables are air pollutants and solid wastes. The
other variables include areas prone to disasters and socio-economic variables, such as
population, population density, fertility rate, infant mortality rate and unemployment rate.
1.3 Data Assessment
For the data on population and housing, the source is the National Statistics
Office. While the data on energy are generated by the Department of Energy, the
Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System and the Local Water Utilities
Administration provide the data on water supply and consumption. For the transport data,
the sources are the Land Transportation Office, Philippine Ports Authority, Maritime
Industry Authority, Air Transportation Office, Philippine National Railways, Light Rail
Transit Authority and Department of Public Works and Highways. For solid waste data,
the source is the Department of Environment and Natural Resources while for hazardous
activities, the source is the Department of Labor and Employment. For natural events and
man-made disasters, the data sources are the Office of Civil Defense and the Philippine
Institute of Volcanology.
Most of the data in this information category are based on administrative records.
7-12
Human Settlements
The sources of data for this information category include the Department of Social
Welfare Development for the homeless persons/families, loss of lives and injuries and
affected families from natural disasters and value of damage to property. For the data on
access to infrastructure and services, the sources include the Department of Health, Local
Government Units, Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System, Local Water
Utilities Administration, National Electrification Administration, National Statistics
Office, and the Department of Transportation and Communications. Other sources of
data include the Department of Labor and Employment, Office of Civil Defense,
Philippine National Red Cross and Bureau of Working Conditions.
Those data which are not available include number of households with access to
satisfactory garbage disposal and sanitation system and number of road traffic accidents.
Some of the data are based on special studies, such as the average distance from home to
nearest public transportation system and average time spent travelling from home to
workplace.
Majority of the variables in this information category pertain to policies and

programs which entail budgetary outlay. The sources for the required data include the
Department of Budget and Management, Local Government Units, Housing Urban
Development and Coordinating Council, Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board,
Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural Resources,
Office of Civil Defense, Department of Social Welfare and Development, National
Housing Authority and Department of Tourism.
1.3.4 Stocks, Inventories and Background Conditions
Majority of the data in this information category are available from the National
Statistics Office. Other sources of data are the Department of Public Works and
Highways, Environmental Management Bureau, Department of Environment and Natural
Resources and Office of Civil Defense.
7-13
Table C: Data Assessment for the HUMAN SETTLEMENTS component
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
TOPIC/ITEM Per Statistical Actual Variable Disaggregation Periodicity Manner Source
Framework Measurement of Collection
Population Average rate of Percent National, by region Every five Census NSO
growth and change in by province and major years
change population size city
Net migration rate Percent By region Derived statistics NSO
Construction of Housing units/ Number By type of building, Annual Administrative NSO

shelter and residential buildings by region records
infrastructure constructed/
restored
Institutional buildings Number By type of building, Annual Administrative NSO

constructed/ by region records
restored
Non-residential Number By region Annual Administrative

buildings records
constructed/
restored
Energy and Energy supply and Thousand barrels of By type of energy Monthly Administrative records DOE
water utilities consumption fuel oil equivalent by type of user
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Electricity supply Gigawatthours By type of user Monthly Administrative records DOE

and consumption
Water supply and cu. m By source, by type of Monthly Administrative records MWSS,
consumption user LWUA
Transport Registered motor Number By type of vehicle, Monthly Administrative records LTO
vehicles by region
Vessel arrivals and Number, tonnage By major port/city Monthly Administrative records PPA,
departures MARINA,
NSO
Air traffic Number of flights By major city Monthly Administrative records ATO
Passenger transport Number of By mode of transport, Monthly Administrative records PNR, LRTA,
passengers, by major city MARINA,
passenger ATO, PPA
kilometers
Volume of traffic Average daily traffic By type of vehicle, Annual Survey DPWH
count by region
Freight transport Tons of freight, By mode of transport Monthly Administrative records PNR, PPA,
ton kilometers MARINA
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Land use in Settlement land area Sq. km By type of land use Administrative records DENR
human - residential
settlements - industrial
- commercial
- transportation
- recreational
- marginal
settlements
Emission and Air pollution tons By type of pollutant, Annual EMB

waste discharge emissions by type of activity
Solid waste Cu. m or tons By area, by type of MMDA

collected solid waste
- household
- commercial/
industrial
Hazardous Industries with Number By type of industry, Special study DOLE

activities at hazardous working by region
workplace conditions
Natural events Occurrence of Frequency, By type, by region Annual Administrative records OCD,
and man-made natural events and magnitude PHIVOLCS
disasters disasters
Table C: Data Assessment for the HUMAN SETTLEMENTS component (continued)...
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Housing Household/institutional Number By region Census NSO

population
Homeless persons/ Number National, by region DSWD

families
Access to Households with Number By region and Survey DOH, LGUs

infrastructure access to safe province, urban and MWSS,
and services drinking water rural LWUA
Households with Number

access to
satisfactory garbage
disposal
Households supplied Number National, by region Annual Administrative NEA, NSO

with electricity and province records/Census
Average distance Meter By area One-shot Special study DOTC

from home to nearest
tation system
Average time spent Minutes By area One-shot Special study DOTC

travelling from home
to work place
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Households with Number By type

access to sanitation
system
Pollutants and Ambient concentration Micrograms per By type of pollutant EMB

wastes of pollutants and cubic meter
wastes
Exposure and Diseases associated with Number of affected By region, by type of DOH
health effects housing conditions persons disease
Diseases associated Number of affected By region DOLE

with working persons
conditions
Settlements- Loss of lives and Number of dead, injured and By region and province, Annual Administrative records OCD, LGUs
related damage injuries from natural missing persons by type of disaster PNRC, DSWD
and accidents
Affected families from Number National, by type of Annual Adminstrative records OCD, LGUs
natural disasters disaster PNRC, DSWD
Value of damage of Peso National, by region Annual Adminstrative records OCD, LGUs
natural disasters to and province, by type PNRC, DSWD
property
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Road traffic accidents Number By type of accident, Annual

by region
Industrial accidents Number By type of accident, Annual BWC

by type of industry,
by region
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Human settlements Expenditures for human Peso National Annual Administrative DBM
policies and settlements records
programs development
Community Number By area Annual Administrative LGUs,

development programs records HUDCC
Violations of building Number By area Annual Administrative HLURB

codes and regulations records
prosecuted
Settlements area under Number National Administrative NHA, LGUs

land use regulations records
Historic sites preserved Number By area Administrative DOT

records
Resettlement areas Number Administrative NHA, LGUs
for displaced families/ records
communities
Environmental Air pollution emission Number of parts EMB

standards standards per measured
unit
Air pollution Microgrammes EMB
concentration per cubic meter
standards
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Pollution monitoring Monitoring stations Number EMB

and control
Violations prosecuted Number
and regulatory actions
Expenditures for Peso Annual Administrative DENR

pollution control records
Treatment disposal Waste water treatment

and reuse of
discharges Reuse and recycling Tons
of solid waste
Treatment and
dipsosal of solid waste
Disaster Disaster preparedness and Number and type National, by region Administrative OCD
management mitigation programs of programs records
Expenditures on Peso By area Annual Administrative OCD, DSWD

management of natural records
disasters
Investments for Peso By area Annual Administrative OCD, DSWD

mitigating natural records
disasters
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Stocks of shelter
and infrastructure
- Housing Residential buildings Number National, by region Every ten Census NSO
years
Housing units with Number National, by region Every ten Census NSO
toilet years
Housing units with Number National, by region, Every ten Census NSO
water supply system by type of water years
supply system
- Non-residential Non-residential Number National, by region Every ten Census NSO

buildings and buildings years
other physical
infrastructures Civil engineering Number National, by region, Annual Administrative DPWH
structures by type of physical records
infrastructure
Environmental Air pollutants EMB

inventory
Solid wastes EMB
VARIABLE ASSESSMENT
Human settlements Areas prone to Administrative OCD

vulnerable to disasters records
natural disasters
Socio-demographic Population Number National, by region, Every five Census NSO

factors affecting by age group years
human settlements
Population density Number per National, by region Every five Census NSO
sq. km. years
Fertility rate Percent National Annual Survey NSO
Infant mortality rate Percent National, by region Annual Derived statistics NSO
Unemployment rate Percent National, by region Annual Survey NSO

Human Settlements
The Philippines is in a situation of rapidly increasing population which poses

serious constraints on the environment as well as the capability of the government to
provide basic services. The pattern of human settlements in the country has been
characterized by growing urbanization. The continuous influx of migrants into premier
cities and urban centers results in overcrowding and increased demand for housing,
infrastructure and services. Consequently, greater environmental problems, such as
pollution, poor sanitation, inadequate garbage collection and disposal, inadequate
sewerage system, traffic congestion, and proliferation of slum and squatter settlements,
become very evident. Metro Manila, for instance, has to face all the environmental
challenges it is confronted with at present.
Being prone to natural disasters, the Philippines is continuously stricken by major

calamities, such as typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The occurrences of
these disasters bring about severe destruction of the environment as well as damage to
life and property.
Population
Population change is determined by the processes of fertility, mortality and

migration. Figure 1 shows the population levels for census years 1948 to 1995. In 1948,
the Philippines had a population of 19.2 million which almost doubled after 12 years at
36.6 million. The population continued to grow rapidly, reaching 60.7 million in 1990
and 68.6 million in 1995.
Figure 1. Philippine Population, Census Years 1948-1995
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1948
1960
1970
1975
1980
1990
1995
7-24
Human Settlements
Overall, the annual average growth rates of the population for the periods 1980-
1990 and 1990-1995 were 2.35 percent and 2.32 percent, respectively. Among the
regions, Southern Tagalog (Region 4) and Metro Manila (NCR) registered the highest
population growth rates at 3.05 percent and 2.98 percent, respectively for 1980-1990 and
3.53 percent and 3.30 percent, respectively for 1990-1995. In terms of population
density, Metro Manila is the most densely populated region at 12,480 persons per square
kilometer in 1990 and 14,865 persons per square kilometer in 1995. Next to Metro
Manila is Central Luzon (Region 3) with a population density of 340 per square kilometer
in 1990 and 380 per square kilometer in 1995. Metro Manila, having the smallest land
area, is heavily crowded compared to the rest of the regions in the country. The details
by region are provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Land Area, Population Density and Growth Rate by Region
Population Density Annual Average

Region Land Area (persons per sq. km) Growth Rate
(sq. km)
1990 1995 1980- 1990-
1990 1995
Philippines 3,000,000.0 202.3 228.7 2.35 2.32
Metro Manila 636.0 12,479.5 14,864.8 2.98 3.30
CAR 18,293.7 62.7 68.6 2.28 1.71
Region 1 12,840.2 276.5 296.2 0.92 1.30
Region 2 26,837.6 87.2 94.5 1.31 1.51
Region 3 18,230.8 340.0 380.3 2.58 2.12
Region 4 46,924.4 176.1 211.9 3.05 3.53
Region 5 17,632.5 221.7 245.3 1.18 1.91
Region 6 20,223.2 266.7 285.7 1.77 1.30
Region 7 14,951.5 307.3 335.4 1.95 1.65
Region 8 21,431.7 142.5 157.1 0.88 1.84
Region 9 15,997.0 153.8 174.7 2.28 2.42
Region 10 14,033.0 156.6 177.0 2.28 2.32
Region 11 27,140.7 147.6 169.6 2.28 2.72
Region 12 14,571.3 139.5 161.9 2.28 2.66
ARMM 11,409.7 161.0 177.1 2.28 1.80
Caraga 18,847.0 93.6 103.1 2.28 1.82
Source: National Statistics Office
7-25
Human Settlements
Based on the 1990 and 1995 population figures, the ten most populous cities in
the country, ranked from highest to lowest, are Quezon, Manila, Caloocan, Davao, Cebu,
Zamboanga, Makati, Pasig, Cagayan de Oro and Pasay. As to the density, the ten most
densely populated urban centers are Manila, Pasay, Mandaue, Caloocan, Quezon, Cavite,
Iloilo, Angeles, Baguio and Dagupan.
The problem on the country’s growing population may be manifested in terms of

incidence of poor families. In 1991 and 1995, high poverty incidences of 39.9 percent
and 35.5 percent, respectively were recorded. Among the regions, Central Mindanao
(Region 12) had the highest poverty incidence at 57.0 percent in 1991 while ARMM had
the highest poverty incidence at 60.0 percent in 1995. Metro Manila had the lowest
poverty rates at 13.2 percent and 8.0 percent in 1991 and 1995, respectively.
A new measure called the human development index indicates how well a country
has performed, not only in terms of real income growth but also in terms of social
indicators of people’s ability to lead a long and healthy life, to acquire knowledge and
skills, and to have access to the resources needed to afford a decent standard of living.
The composite index ranges from 0 to 1, with 1 as the best. In 1990 and 1994, the
indexes were 0.665 and 0.660, respectively.
With population pressures on the economy and the environment as well, strategies
of the government include control of population growth and development of human
resources. The need for urbanization strategy has also been emphasized.
Housing and Infrastructure
With the growing Figure 2. Percentage of Households Assisted in Community Development

population, the provision of Programs By Type of Program: 1997
housing becomes a major 10%
1%
concern of the government.
Through its National Shelter
Program, households
throughout the country were 44%
provided assistance concerning
their housing needs with a
combined value of 104 million 45%
pesos for the period 1993 to
1997. Table 2 shows the
number of households which
were assisted by type of Resettlement
Community Mortgage Program
program. Group Land Acquisition and Development
Cooperative Housing
7-26
Human Settlements
Table 2. Number of Households Assisted in Community Development

Programs by Type of Program, 1993 to 1997
Program 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Total 17,326 22,424 25,291 24,852 32,981

Resettlement 4,401 7,508 12,369 13,132 14,826
Community Mortgage Program 10,139 11,690 9,290 10,192 14,591
Group Land Acquisition and 2,428 3,205 3,398 1,266 3,399
Development
Cooperative Housing 358 21 234 262 165
Source: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board
Despite the efforts, the government has not been able to cope with the housing
needs of the populace. For the period 1993 to 1998, there is a backlog of about 3,726,000
housing units in the country. This is broken down as follows: growth - 1,498,000 units,
double-up - 444,000 units, relocation - 422,000 units, homeless - 7 units and upgrading
need - 1,355,000 units.
The proliferation of slum and squatter settlements continues to be very visible in

the country. Under the resettlement program of the government, a total of 52,236
households were relocated for the period 1993 to 1997.
Aside from housing, other thrusts of the government include provision of

infrastructures, such as national roads and bridges, schools, and hospitals. In 1997,
investments for national roads and bridges amounted to around 20 billion pesos while the
allocation for health infrastructure was estimated to be 860 million pesos.
Services
In 1994, 84.0 percent of the total households in the country had access to safe
drinking water while 71.1 percent had access to sanitary toilet. The table below provides
the percentage distribution of households with access to safe drinking water and sanitary
toilet by region.
7-27
Human Settlements
Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Households

With Access to Services By Region, 1994
With Access to With Access to

Region Safe Drinking Sanitary Toilet
Water
Philippines 84.0 71.1

Metro Manila 94.5 80.9
CAR 85.0 58.2
Region 1 91.7 84.3
Region 2 72.8 62.9
Region 3 96.2 79.2
Region 4 83.3 66.7
Region 5 74.2 58.1
Region 6 83.8 81.9
Region 7 74.3 64.6
Region 8 78.7 68.3
Region 9 76.5 66.1
Region 10 88.0 67.4
Region 11 80.9 63.5
Region 12 73.8 56.7
ARMM 74.0 63.8
Source: Department of Health
Other services availed of by the households include health services in which

2,971,366 households benefitted in 1992. The health services were provided by the
government hospitals, rural health units, barangay health stations and private hospitals. It
can be said that many of the country’s major health problems are traceable to poor
sanitation.
Because of the growing population, there is inadequate level of services in the

country and lack of access to them in some areas.
7-28
Human Settlements
Figure 3.
Percentage of Households With/Without Access Percentage of Households With/Without Access

to Sanitary Toilet, Philippines: 1994 to Safe Drinking Water, Philippines: 1994
16%
29%
71%
84%
With Access Without Access
Other services availed of by the households include health services in which

2,971,366 households benefitted in 1992. The health services were provided by the
government hospitals, rural health units, barangay health stations and private hospitals. It
can be said that many of the country’s major health problems are traceable to poor
sanitation.
Because of the growing population, there is inadequate level of services in the

country and lack of access to them in some areas.
Disasters
Disasters can be classified as natural and man-made. Table 4 provides the

details on the occurrences of disasters in the country.
Two major disasters which hit the country were the earthquake in 1990 and the
eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991. The earthquake, the strongest and most devastating
that hit Luzon Island, caused thousands of fatalities and injuries and widespread
destruction of buildings and physical infrastructures. On the other hand, the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption forced a great number of people to abandon their homes and lose their jobs and
permanently devastated several thousands of hectares of the country’s most productive
agricultural lands.
7-29
Human Settlements
Table 4. Number of Occurrences by Kind of Disaster
Kind of Disaster 1994 1995 1996 1997
Natural Disasters
Typhoon 13 9 10 6
Floodings 32 34 21 28
Earthquakes 12 35 29 8
Landslides 6 13 12 8
Tornado 7 3 7 12
Red Tide 8 5 5 -
Locust infestation 2 2 - -
Man-Made Disasters
Civil disturbances 34 25 11 4
Sea mishap 2 2 5 6
Vehicular accidents 10 11 2 12
Bomb/grenade explosion - 8 15 8
Air mishap 1 - - 3
Fire incidents - 161 81 143
Collapsed - 2 6 4
bridge/building wall
Source: Office of Civil Defense
7-30
Human Settlements

TABLE 7.1
POPULATION GROWTH RATE BY REGION AND PROVINCE
Census Years 1980 to 1995
(In percent)
Region and Province Annual Average Growth Rate Region and Province Annual Average Growth Rate Region and Province Annual Average Growth Rate
1980-1990 1990-1995 1980-1990 1990-1995 1980-1990 1990-1995
NCR 2.98 3.30 Region IV Region IX

Manila (0.18) 0.62 Southern Tagalog 3.05 3.53 Western Mindanao 2.28 2.42
City of Mandaluyong 1.91 2.75 Aurora 2.68 2.55 Basilan 1.70 4.12
Marikina 3.90 2.68 Batangas 2.32 2.20 Zamboanga del Norte 1.42 2.46
Pasig City 4.00 3.22 Cavite 4.10 6.47 Zamboanga del Sur 2.70 2.28
Quezon City 3.66 3.34 Laguna 3.48 3.32
San Juan (0.25) (0.40) Marinduque 0.66 1.41 Region X
Kalookan City 5.02 5.64 Occidental Mindoro 2.42 3.50 Northern Mindanao 2.28 2.32
Malabon 3.90 4.13 Oriental Mindoro 2.10 1.91 Bukidnon 2.94 2.05
Navotas 4.04 3.82 Palawan 3.58 3.67 Camiguin 1.18 1.08
Valenzuela 4.82 4.81 Quezon 1.97 2.30 Misamis Occidental 0.94 1.48
Las Pinas 8.08 6.37 Rizal 5.81 5.68 Misamis Oriental 2.29 3.27
City of Makati 1.98 1.25 Romblon 1.65 1.36
City of Muntinlupa 7.37 7.02 Region XI
Paranaque 3.98 4.57 Region V Southern Mindanao 2.28 2.72
Pasay City 2.50 1.96 Bicol 1.18 1.91 Davao 3.83 2.28
Pateros 2.47 1.37 Albay 1.11 2.01 Davao del Sur 2.72 2.58
Tagig 7.11 6.93 Camarines Norte 2.41 2.20 Davao Oriental 1.50 0.87
Camarines Sur 1.74 1.75 South Cotabato 3.37 4.16
CAR 2.28 1.71 Catanduanes 0.65 1.50
Abra 1.44 1.11 Masbate 0.25 1.65 Region XII
Benguet 3.19 Sorsogon 0.44 2.35 Central Mindanao 2.28 2.66
Ifugao 2.83 0.29 Lanao del Norte 2.91
Kalinga-Apayao 1.36 Region VI Cotabato 3.07 2.30
Mt,.Province 1.24 2.18 Western Visayas 1.77 1.30 Cotabato City 2.28 2.74
Aklan 1.60 1.43 Marawi City 2.28 4.19
Region I Antique 1.65 1.14 Sultan Kudarat 3.68 3.44
Ilocos 0.92 1.30 Capiz 1.73 1.26
Ilocos Norte 1.68 0.84 Iloilo 1.58 1.22 CARAGAa/ 2.28 1.82
Ilocos Sur 1.60 0.90 Negros Occidental 2.10 1.52 Agusan del Norte 2.45 2.02
La Union 1.95 1.61 Guimaras Agusan del Sur 4.73 3.85
Pangasinan 2.13 1.42 Surigao del Norte 1.60 0.70
Region VII Surigao del Sur 1.82 0.78
Region II Central Visayas 1.95 1.65
b/
Cagayan Valley 1.31 1.51 Bohol 1.64 0.89 ARMM 2.28 1.80
Batanes 2.20 (1.08) Cebu 2.38 1.99 Lanao del Sur 4.01 2.24
Cagayan 1.55 1.43 Negros Oriental 1.22 1.94 Maguindanao 3.51 0.92
Isabela 2.18 1.35 Siquijor 0.50 (0.04) Sulu 2.68 2.50
Nueva Vizcaya 2.22 2.01 Tawi-Tawi 1.60 1.78
Quirino 3.21 2.63 Region VIII
Eastern Visayas 0.88 1.84 Philippines 2.35 2.32
Region III Eastern Samar 0.27 1.80
Central Luzon 2.58 2.12 Leyte 1.32 1.89 Source: National Statistics Office.
a/
Bataan 2.79 2.72 Northern Samar 0.13 3.21 Created into a region under RA No. 7901
Bulacan 3.22 3.24 Samar 0.63 1.88 dated February 23, 1995, taken from
Nueva Ecija 2.07 2.61 Southern Leyte 0.83 (0.26) Region X and Region XI.
b/
Pampanga 2.64 1.31 Created into a region under RA No. 7864
Tarlac 2.25 1.80 dated November 26, 1989, taken from
Zambales 2.40 0.22 Region IX and Region XII.
TABLE 7.2
NUMBER OF HOUSING UNITS CONSTRUCTED USING HUDCC ACCREDITED TECHNOLOGIES
BY PROJECT AND BY LOCATION
1994 to 1997
Technology Project Location No. of Units
Light Gauge Steel Section Camella Attica Cavite 74

Macaria Homes Laguna 48
Austra-Fil Light Gauge Steel Section San Dionisio, Bacolod City 170
Architectural Pre-cast Concrete Liwayway Subdivision Cavite 380
Crystal Air Cavite 20
Aztec Homes Laguna 310
Pandaqui ResettlementProject
Pampanga 40
Duraspan-Steel Frame and Metal Cladding Lexberville Subdivision Baguio City 200
PBS Pre-Cast Concrete Legacy Homes Laguna 900
CSE Homes Laguna 122
Filinvest Pabahay 2000 Cavite 847
Lexber Homes Bulacan 343
Bahay Bayanihan Bulacan 999
Belvedere Towne Cavite 150
Sandwich Panel System Villa Elisa Subdivision Cavite 334
Cheecolite-Lightweight Concrete Camella Homes Cavite 60
Duplex Batangas 10
SWS Neopor-Lightweight Concrete Viva Homes Cavite 1,184
Zamboard Cristina Homes Zamboanga City 25
Carmen Valley Zamboanga 200
Modular Housing Residential Units 5
UBTI Building System Palao Development Corporation
Bataan 1,400
Sual, Pangasinan Pangasinan 700
Stephanie Homes Cebu 500
RR Builders Laguna 400
Source: Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council
TABLE 7.3
VOLUME OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTATIONS BY COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
1990 to 1996
(In thousand barrels)
Volume
Country
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Middle East 65,530 60,382 72,891 71,015 78,865 110,760 119,044

Saudi Arabia 25,659 34,682 43,441 37,641 53,549 80,620 76,797
Kuwait 6,748 -- 4,997 11,655 3,765 1,034 --
Iran 5,331 11,408 9,467 7,289 4,904 9,070 16,801
Iraq 3,843 -- -- -- -- -- --
Abu Dhabi -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Qatar 4,009 4,247 2,568 999 -- -- 1,169
Dubai 17,777 10,045 -- -- -- -- --
Oman 1,030 -- -- -- 2,240 6,303 12,083
Neutral Zone -- -- -- -- -- -- --
United Arab
Emirates 1,133 -- 12,418 13,431 14,407 13,733 12,194
Other Regions 14,568 16,274 16,119 12,690 9,562 8,324 8,974

Indonesia 708 1,432 1,631 2,542 2,742 2,399 1,363
Malaysia 7,474 7,130 9,194 7,138 4,886 2,767 3,476
Brunei 4,491 4,562 4,303 2,251 1,934 759 --
China (PROC) 1,154 2,989 760 759 -- -- 3,186
Mexico -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Australia 430 -- 231 -- -- -- --
Pakistan 311 161 -- -- -- -- --
Nigeria -- -- -- -- -- 2,399 948
Total 80,098 76,656 89,010 83,705 88,427 119,084 128,018

TABLE 7.4
1990 to 1995
Energy Source 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
Indigenous Energy 41.31 40.61 38.01 39.28 42.18 42.12

I. Conventional 25.22 25.07 22.69 25.49 28.15 27.32
Oil 1.53 1.06 0.54 1.19 0.55 0.03
Coal 3.82 5.21 4.99 5.86 6.59 6.07
Hydro 10.45 8.87 7.33 8.67 10.11 10.64
Geothermal 9.42 9.93 9.83 9.77 10.90 10.58
II. Non-Conventional 16.09 15.54 15.32 13.79 14.03 14.80
Bagasse 5.42 6.15 6.08 4.90 5.21 4.05
Agriwaste 10.35 9.03 8.83 8.42 8.28 10.33
Others 0.32 0.36 0.41 0.47 0.55 0.42
Imported Energy 79.27 81.85 91.66 97.54 104.35 117.73

Oil 76.20 78.58 88.97 94.79 102.19 113.98
Coal 3.07 3.28 2.69 2.75 2.16 3.75

TABLE 7.5
EXISTING RURAL WATER SUPPLY (LEVEL 1) FACILITIES BY REGION
1990 to 1997
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
NCR -- 298 184 -- -- -- -- --

CAR 1,105 845 625 64 134 123 81 --
Region I 1,070 2,040 129 134 389 402 360 53
Region II 1,495 723 4 3 306 370 41 10
Region III 1,746 1,238 2,188 312 1,679 1,764 108 29
Region IV 5,197 3,026 2,788 904 1,360 1,480 225 71
Region V 3,285 2,654 1,157 1,740 1,419 1,762 280 32
Region VI 2,357 5,759 1,788 1,252 1,029 247 172 --
Region VII 1,430 1,513 852 775 535 209 -- --
Region VIII 1,834 771 435 230 142 227 25 --
Region IX 2,060 1,172 1,685 285 370 135 -- --
Region X 749 609 921 294 252 179 11 10
Region XI 851 1,520 865 403 351 191 -- --
Region XII 988 444 485 180 104 122 -- --
ARMM 1,645 569 608 574 129 76 20 --
Philippines 25,812 23,181 14,714 7,150 8,199 7,287 1,323 205
Source: Department of Public Works and Highways.

TABLE 7.6
NUMBER OF MOTOR VEHICLES REGISTERED BY TYPE OF VEHICLE
1990 to 1996
Type of Vehicle 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Private 1,305,142 1,370,084 1,518,767 1,685,080 1,847,771 2,030,705 2,277,102

Cars 419,410 421,976 453,112 498,126 537,446 581,910 641,738
Utility Vehicles 517,679 558,347 624,698 689,406 754,829 837,271 928,159
Buses 3,279 3,399 4,796 3,948 4,155 3,735 4,080
Trucks 116,956 123,291 134,719 151,207 164,804 177,004 203,316
Motorcycles
Tricycles 232,848 247,328 284,526 322,944 365,679 407,050 472,492
Trailers 14,970 15,743 16,916 19,449 20,858 23,735 27,317
For Hire 246,082 280,254 307,887 386,777 437,797 493,103 564,974

Cars 13,676 16,360 19,484 24,047 26,195 35,977 51,299
Buses 14,667 16,884 20,493 20,303 23,095 23,983 25,002
Trucks 6,515 7,534 7,484 9,232 10,312 10,832 11,531
Motorcycles/
Tricycles 138,948 151,091 162,694 212,639 244,873 285,366 331,299
Trailers 911 1,100 1,261 1,348 1,383 1,716 1,650
Government 45,482 44,759 43,363 47,185 48,865 51,160 57,466

Cars 6,052 5,724 4,846 4,843 4,725 4,613 5,473
Buses 386 402 518 350 345 458 247
Trucks 5,607 4,552 4,210 4,632 4,546 4,878 5,464
Motorcycles/
Tricycles 9,617 11,144 11,603 12,065 13,713 15,571 17,754
Trailers 116 205 122 165 105 212 128
Diplomatic 5,895 6,205 3,227 3,241 3,309 3,070 3,273
Exempt 17,641 14,064 6,319 2,832 3,727 3,316 1,672
Total Motor Vehicles 1,620,242 1,715,366 1,879,563 2,125,115 2,341,469 2,581,354 2,904,487
Source: Land Transportation Office.
TABLE 7.7a
ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC - NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
1990 to 1996
Totals
Station Number Class KM No. Road Section
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996

1 SEAS 16 Valenzuela - Meycauayan 19,061 19,309 20,271 20,270 20,173 20,771 21,005
6 SEAS 33 Muntinlupa - San Pedro 18,576 19,974 22,085 21,303 21,914 22,826 23,454
42 SEAS 20 Pasig - Cainta 30,847 32,821 34,585 36,956 37,839 40,045 41,760
43 SEAS 16 Las Pinas - Bacoor 21,975 22,407 22,863 22,931 23,277 23,742 23,964
132 CONT 25 Novaliches - San Jose del Monte 7,222 7,537 8,314 8,802 9,247 9,820 10,395
Citcumferenial Road I
9911 CONT Juan Luna - Abad Santos 29,483 29,822 32,268 34,825 37,198 38,849
9912 COV Abad Santos - Avenida 30,730 31,394 32,243 31,730 31,794 32,319 32,316
9913 COV Quezon Ave. - P. Casal No Report 30,680 31,833 32,681 33,056 33,491 34,403
9914 COV C.M. Recto - Taft Avenue 39,393
C.M. Recto - Dagupan 49,431 49,757 53,777 57,753 62,392 64,796
9915 COV Taft Ave. - Roxas Boulevard 66,733 69,810 72,738 69,942 78,460 81,459
Circumferencial Road II
9921 COV Juan Luna - Abad Santos Ave. 25,824 26,562 28,036 29,537 30,978 32,173 33,706
9922 COV Abad Santos - Rizal Ave. 20,998 22,616 23,494 24,486 26,408 27,415 28,647
9923 COV Rizal Ave. - Dimasalang 21,506 21,932 22,311 22,684 23,062 23,458
9924 COV Dimasalang - Quezon Ave. 35,921 37,298 36,940 36,438 36,109 36,401
9925 COV Espana - G. Tuazon No Report 38,897 35,897 36,015 37,836 41,161 39,901
9927 COV South Superhighway - Taft Ave. 52,798
South Superhighway - Otis 59,830 62,596 65,811 68,918 73,458 76,355
9928 COV Taft Avenue - A. Mabini No Report 34,551 40,507 45,984 48,702 54,206 59,041
Circumferencial Road III

9931 COV Quezon Blvd. - E. Rodriguez 17,111 17,476 17,898 18,189 18,547 18,920
9932 COV E. Rodriguez - Aurora Blvd. 39,908 47,643 51,266 54,187 60,236 64,812 68,622
9933 COV South Ave. - South Superhighway 52,539 57,125 56,754 57,592 61,295 62,456 63,600
9934 COV South Superhighway - Taft Ave. 49,667 54,523 53,204 48,577 49,267 49,030 46,452
9935 COV Paseo de Roxas - Taft Ave. 57,377 58,483 59,543 60,617 61,663 62,748
TABLE 7.7a (continued )…
Totals
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Circumferencial Road IV
9940 COV Sangandaan - Dagupan 31,562 32,270 32,705 33,120 33,557 34,095
9941 COV McArthur - North Diversion 68,972 77,018 78,102 79,779 81,795 85,658 86,872
9942 COV Munoz - Project 7 83,527 41,575 98,771 102,348 111,595 119,136 126,675
9943 COV Quezon Blvd. - Timog No Report 65,922 74,047 81,482 85,637 93,238 99,972
9944 COV Kamias - New York 106,350 117,937 125,174 129,025 137,563 145,364 151,034
9945 COV Col. B. Serrano - Ortigas 84,208 85,652 87,327 88,941 90,430 92,031
9946 COV Ortigas - Shaw Blvd. 99,909 97,206 105,622 114,703 120,975 127,045 136,565
9947 COV Estrella - Buendia 159,806 173,646 179,472 182,104 192,062 194,313 200,498
9948 COV Pasay Road - South Superhighway 115,693 116,920 118,148 119,382 120,602 902,613
9949 COV Malibay - Tramo 103,143 114,100 118,648 125,392 132,694 139,985 145,910
9441 COV EDSA - QMC (North) No Report 54,917 49,375 54,306 52,419 58,302 56,769
9442 COV EDSA - Delta (West) 44,296 46,864 42,955 46,502 46,924 46,976 47,314
9443 COV EDSA - QMC (East) No Report 48,348 50,885 53,433 54,914 57,421 59,653
9444 COV EDSA - Delta (Along Timog) 39,316 36,365 39,206 44,290 47,637 48,873 53,656
9445 COV Amorsolo - Paseo de Roxas 30,144 30,678 31,276 31,883 32,496 33,068
9446 COV Buendia Ave. - Paseo de Roxas 53,100 53,721 55,288 57,506 58,443 59,953
Circumferencial Road V
9951 COV Visayas Ave. - DMMA 13,641 15,823 16,301 16,541 17,398 18,411 18,776
9952 COV U.P. Highschool - Ateneo 35,451 36,924 39,551 42,956 44,390 47,094 49,822
9953 COV Industrial - Ortigas 22,363 24,248 26,079 27,877 28,123 30,242 31,471
9954 COV Ortigas - Julio Vargas No Report 27,357 26,406 28,021 29,789 31,346 32,007
9955 COV San Antonio - B.F. Homes 19,730 18,908 20,352 19,164 19,701 19,631 19,789
9956 COV MIA Rd. - Paranaque Pob. 20,007 22,867 22,509 23,542 24,642 25,704 26,200
9957 COV Quirino Ave. - Imelda Ave. 24,579 28,084 18,972 16,925 21,336 23,717 20,936
TABLE 7.7.a (continued ) …
Totals
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Radial Roads
9801 COV C. M. Recto - Tayuman 11,841 12,065 12,289 12,511 12,733 12,957
9802 COV Honorio Lopez - Sangandaan 16,668 18,418 19,736 20,893 22,456 23,850 25,146
9803 COV Sangandaan - Sanciangco 10,519 10,562 11,139 11,617 12,432 12,718 13,390
9804 COV Juan Luna - Navotas 10,041 10,725 10,247 9,851 11,133 9,993 9,717
9811 COV C. M. - Forbes 37,595 37,917 39,201 40,535 41,790 42,848
9812 COV Forbes (Mendoza) - Antipolo No Report 27,309 28,319 28,984 30,387 31,378 32,417
9813 COV Aurora - Del Monte 44,557 47,218 49,085 50,171 53,992 55,552 57,676
9814 COV Del Monte - Edsa 53,810 56,921 56,427 60,043 65,396 66,840 99,495
9815 COV Quirino Highway No Report 40,673 48,891 56,060 60,154 68,113 73,816
9816 COV Mayon - G. Araneta Ave. 19,252 19,619 20,641 21,054 21,956 22,557 23,322
9821 COV Lerma - Forbes No Report 76,494 79,419 82,248 84,360 87,211 89,940
9822 COV Forbes - Blumentritt 77,062 82,208 86,499 89,706 96,540 100,309 104,625
9823 COV Mayon - Banawe 53,594 49,862 51,239 50,334 49,291 48,462 48,445
9824 COV Araneta - Roosevelt 79,496 80,265 81,040 81,822 82,318 83,149
9825 COV EDSA - QMC 37,075 37,436 37,796 38,155 38,513 38,874
9826 COV QMC - University Ave. 91,166 90,509 77,158 94,849 96,446 94,506 98,855
9827 COV Frisco - Munoz 28,339 28,437 28,965 29,507 30,013 30,379
9831 COV Welcome - G. Araneta 45,962 45,173 48,103 48,948 50,838 51,864 53,821
9832 COV G. Araneta - Gilmore 44,048 42,561 42,938 42,465 42,125 41,645 41,554
9833 COV New York - Cubao Interchange No Report 27,983 28,127 28,277 28,479 28,639 28,801
9834 COV Tomas Morato - EDSA 21,268 20,361 22,315 24,452 26,342 27,217 29,456
9841 COV C.M. Recto - Nagtahan 29,128 29,386 29,674 29,947 30,221 30,495
9842 COV Pureza - Old Sta. Mesa 88,345 89,947 91,715 93,483 95,234 96,947
9843 COV A. Luna - Hollywood 45,063 48,045 52,869 52,549 54,293 57,476 44,930
9844 COV Gilmore - Arayat 34,300 37,414 38,887 40,080 41,647 43,679 49,904
9845 COV Anonas - Katipunan 44,412 46,236 47,893 45,613 46,387 51,104 29,904
9846 COV Katipunan - J.P. Rizal No Report 34,790 36,606 34,614 32,400 30,496
9847 COV J.P. Rizal - Marikina Diversion 37,236 37,599 37,960 93,483 39,584 39,771
9848 COV Bayanbayanan - Nanka Bridge 9,861 10,400 10,233 9,847 9,612 11,776 12,214
9851 COV Ramon - Corazon de Jesus No Report 27,062 26,497 26,006 25,900 25,379 24,980
9852 COV EDSA - 20th Avenue 26,613 26,872 27,130 27,386 56,577 27,901
9861 COV Wilson - EDSA 50,967 50,803 51,968 52,413 56,804 56,577 58,634
TABLE 7.7a (continued )…
Totals
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Radial Roads
9862 COV E. Rodriguez - EDSA 25,605 25,853 26,101 26,348 26,414 26,699
9863 COV MLA East Road - Taytay Diversion 23,334 23,561 23,787 24,013 24,239 24,465
9871 COV Magsaysay Blvd. - Kalentong 35,235 35,521 35,953 36,392 36,819 37,195
9872 COV Gonzales - EDSA 39,707 41,397 40,860 41,142 41,653 41,864 41,976
9873 COV EDSA - Gen. Lim No Report 40,326 41,885 42,605 44,240 45,839 46,994
9881 COV Sanggumay - EDSA No Report 28,101 31,432 34,478 36,089 39,275 41,977
9891 COV JP Rizal Bet. Estrada (Estrella) - South Ave. 6,898 8,221 8,686 9,544 10,009 10,886 11,408
9892 COV Estrada - South Ave. (Soring - Palma) 27,688 32,626 31,829 33,997 35,727 37,613 38,519
9701 COV Pres. Quirino - Vito Cruz No Report 87,483 89,654 90,704 93,838 96,502 98,304
9702 COV Buendia Ave. - EDSA 62,594 52,335 56,638 54,908 52,728 50,693 51,308
9703 COV Highway Sales - Nichols Edsa 112,173 113,265 114,354 115,441 116,527 117,617
9711 COV Pedro Gil - Remedios 14,522 14,581 15,175 15,810 16,400 16,801 17,501
9712 COV Pasadena - Lovilina Sr 19,528 19,898 20,267 20,634 21,000 21,420
9721 COV Del Pan Bridge - P. Burgos 52,728 60,347 58,820 60,004 60,222 62,819 62,365
9722 COV Pres. Quirino - P. Burgos 86,802 88,448 90,086 91,715 93,339 94,964
9723 COV Redemptorist - MIA Rd. 68,112 71,679 79,291 83,552 88,362 93,909 99,446
9724 COV Paranaque - Sucat - MIA Road 23,725 18,397 22,798 25,595 27,827 28,291
9725 COV Ilaya - Pulang Lupa 38,144 38,358 41,278 42,971 43,968 45,822 47,762
9726 COV Earth Subd. - Alvarez Ave. 35,354 36,122 38,125 40,092 41,524 43,137 45,029
(Mother Earth - Marcos Highway)

TABLE 7.7b
ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC - CEBU CITY
1990 to 1996
Totals
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
7370 COV 7 Cebu South 20,651 21,895 24,057 25,921

7373 COV 4 De La Montana - Subungkadu 11,416 11,752 12,504 13,271
7324 COV 4 Legaspi - Juan Luna 16,220 17,515 19,087 20,633
7301 COV 3 Gen. Maxilom - San Jose 31,187 33,720 36,784 39,789
7383 COV 4 C. Padilla - Tres de Abril 7,843 8,041 8,502 8,981
7334 COV 2 Ramos - Sicatuna 8,994 9,284 9,763 10,306
7358 COV 2 Pelaez - Junquera 10,518 10,833 11,521 12,225
7382 COV 2 L. Kilat - V. Rama Ave. 15,563 15,931 16,315 16,697
7338 COV 2 C. Reyes - Gen. Maxilom 21,452 26,211 25,660 24,707
7327 COV 4 Juan Luna Magallanes 33,975 36,750 40,155 43,482
7342 COV 4 Escarion - Salinas Drive 22,498 24,300 26,488 28,638
0744 COV 1 Cebu North Road (Fuentes Capital) 33,252 29,726 30,028
0745 COV 5 M.J. Cuenco Ave. 28,483 34,191 35,630
0747 COV 2 Gerardo Ave. (Escario - Salinas) 27,669 25,539
0746 COV 4 San Jose dela Montana - Subangdaku 25,406
0748 COV 3 Gerardo Ave. (G. Reyes - Gen. Maxilom) 40,557

TABLE 7.7c
ANNUAL AVERAGE DAILY TRAFFIC - DAVAO CITY
1990 to 1996
Totals
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
54 CONT 350 Reg'l. Bdry. Quezon City 100 84 71 69

7518 COV 356 Davao - Cotabato 8,670 8,616 9,464 9,977
7500 COV 363 Davao - Cotabato 26,747 28,083 30,469 32,505
7525 COV Davao Port 19,174 20,320 22,010 23,544
7555 COV Airport Road 4,221 4,749 5,255 5,633
7533 COV Bonifacio - Davao Port 17,336 19,302 21,259 22,837
7539 COV San Pedro - A. Luna 21,719 22,693 23,946 25,618
7514 COV 349 Davao City Limit - Toril 5,357 5,215 4,675 4,234
7528 COV San Roque 34,309 35,469 37,540 39,844
7549 COV Jone Monumento - Harvadian School 22,862 23,209 22,772 22,616
7568 COV 372 Davao - Bukidnon - Calinan 3,718 4,502 4,373 4,455
7567 COV Rizal Ave. - San Pedro 28,300 15,268 15,891 16,761
7524 COV Carpenter - 4th -5th St. 13,269 13,831 14,859 15,899
7532 COV Bonifacio - Davao Port 38,954 41,782 45,134 48,434
7566 COV Anda Bolton 19,220 20,598 22,224 23,826
7526 COV Gompesaw - Libertad 9,332 9,967 10,793 11,642
53 SEAS 1621 Reg'l. Boundary Quezon - Davao City 205 279
1132 COV 1513 Davao - Cotabato Road (Matina Section) 22,216 25,748
1133 COV 1509 R - Magsaysay Ave. (Davao Port Road) 16,833 19,133
1134 COV 1501 Davao - Agusan Road (Airport Road) 6,078 7,378
1135 COV 1510 Quezon Blvd. Road
(Between Bonifacion - R. Magsaysay Road) 23,926
1136 COV 1510 Quirino Avenue
(Between San Pedro - A. Luna) 22,387
1137 COV 1521 Davao - Cotabato (Toril Section) 6,966
1138 COV 1508 Davao - Agusan (Bajada Street) 16,278
1139 COV 1690 Davao - Bukidnon Road (Calinan Section) 1,211

TABLE 7.8
LAND USE PLANS APPROVED BY REGION BY PROVINCE
As of September 1997
Region Province Total No. of With HLURB Without HLURB

Municipality/City Approved Plan Approved Plan
NCR Aurora 8 3 5
Occidental Mindoro 11 7 4
Palawan 24 11 13
Rizal 14 10 4
Romblon 17 10 7
Metro Manila 17 17 --
CAR Abra 27 6 21
Benguet 14 7 7
Ifugao 12 4 8
Apayao 7 5 2
Kalinga 8 4 4
Mt. Province 10 6 4
Region I Ilocos Norte 23 17 6
Ilocos Sur 34 22 12
La Union 20 20 --
Pangasinan 48 35 13
Region II Batanes 6 6 --
Cagayan 29 27 2
Isabela 37 32 4
Nueva Viscaya 15 11 4
Quirino 6 6 --
Region III Bataan 12 11 1
Bulacan 24 21 3
Nueva Ecija 32 27 5
Pampanga 22 18 4
Tarlac 18 14 4
Zambales 14 13 1
TABLE 7.8 (continued ) …

Region IV Batangas 34 18 16
Cavite 23 18 5
Laguna 30 18 12
Marinduque 6 5 1
Or. Mindoro 15 15 --
Quezon 41 28 13
Region V Albay 18 14 4
Camarines Norte 12 8 4
Camarines Sur 37 25 12
Catanduanes 11 7 4
Masbate 21 13 8
Sorsogon 16 13 3
Region VI Aklan 17 17 --
Antique 18 16 2
Capiz 17 17 --
Iloilo 44 42 2
Negros Occidental 32 29 3
Guimaras 5 2 3
Region VII Bohol 48 39 9
Cebu 53 39 14
Negros Oriental 25 17 8
Siquijor 6 6 --

Region VIII Biliran 8 7 1
Eastern Samar 23 13 10
Leyte 43 33 10
Northern Samar 24 12 12
Western Samar 26 14 12
Southern Leyte 19 9 10
Region IX Basilan 7 4 3
Zamboanga N. 27 20 7
Zamboanga S. 44 36 7
Region X Bukidnon 22 19 3
Camiguin 5 5 --
Misamis Oriental 26 24 2
Misamis Occidental 17 15 2
Region XI Davao Oriental 11 10 1
Davao del Norte 22 21 1
Davao del Sur 16 15 1
South Cotabato 12 12 --
Saranggani 7 6 1
CARAGA Agusan del Norte 12 11 1
Agusan del Sur 14 14 --
Surigao del Sur 19 18 1
Surigao del Norte 28 19 9
Region XII Lanao del Norte 23 13 10
North Cotabato 18 12 6
Sultan Kudarat 12 8 4
ARMM Sulu 18 7 11
Tawi-tawi 11 10
Lanao del Sur 39 14 25
Maguindanao 19 15 3
Total 1,610 1,182 424

Source: Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board.
* Cut off data: 1993
Table 7.9
Disaster Occurences
1993 to 1997
Year
Kind of Disaster a/
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
Natural Disasters
1. Typhoon 13 13 9 10 6
2. Floodings 26 32 34 21 28
3. Earthquakes 17 12 35 29 8
4. Landslides 7 6 13 12 8
5. Tornado 6 7 3 7 12
b/
6. Red Tide 6 8 5 5
b/ b/
7. Locust Infestation 3 2 2
Man Made Disasters

b/
1. Civil Disturbances 34 25 11 4
b/
2. Sea Mishap 2 2 5 6
b/
3. Vehicular Accidents 10 11 2 12
b/ b/
4. Bomb/Grenade Explosion 8 15 8
b/ b/ b/
5. Air Mishap 1 3
b/ b/
6. Fire Incidents 161 81 143
b/ b/
7. Collapsed Bridge/Building/Wall 2 6 4
Source: Office of Civil Defense - National Disaster Coordinating Council.

a/
January - November only
b/
No disaster incident occured
TABLE 7.10
TOTAL POPULATION BY AGE GROUP AND REGION
1995
Region Age Group

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
NCR 1,212,530 988,009 872,438 1,019,997 1,078,267 1,011,341 810,817 678,348 521,026
CAR 168,488 165,881 148,481 141,178 116,170 105,728 88,388 78,866 57,594
Region I 480,878 472,248 458,453 400,678 321,809 296,324 256,920 230,847 186,241
Region II 340,522 335,818 309,502 269,125 215,842 201,582 181,717 164,719 127,938
Region III 902,373 842,711 782,420 750,044 658,335 618,140 514,709 445,143 351,656
Region IV 1,378,737 1,258,566 1,146,746 1,061,235 908,720 853,855 730,687 652,917 512,508
Region V 652,799 625,143 567,625 466,832 339,385 305,376 262,745 235,101 192,533
Region VI 754,283 764,436 714,855 629,778 485,495 429,965 377,816 344,891 284,606
Region VII 676,205 652,005 588,166 535,789 443,234 391,361 338,900 297,280 245,689
Region VIII 503,356 473,691 423,432 344,172 262,281 235,512 205,225 187,006 150,897
Region IX 410,304 396,583 346,531 313,701 247,410 223,382 187,979 168,095 131,427
Region X 357,263 349,231 299,219 272,565 217,264 194,546 170,886 152,953 121,343
Region XI 638,296 636,990 563,115 524,501 428,074 380,861 319,510 285,330 221,915
Region XII 334,285 335,217 295,186 274,097 215,368 195,509 159,542 145,023 110,436
CARAGA 283,654 281,599 248,844 208,679 159,933 144,368 128,528 114,155 90,154
ARMM 267,868 315,058 275,422 252,849 172,772 164,523 126,452 137,221 96,636
Philippines 9,361,841 8,893,186 8,040,435 7,465,220 6,270,359 5,752,373 4,860,821 4,317,895 3,402,599
TABLE 7.10 (continued) …
Region Age Group

45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80 up Total
NCR 398,036 263,980 207,958 152,527 102,632 63,667 37,061 35,406 9,454,040
CAR 46,384 34,633 30,750 25,080 18,704 12,996 8,277 7,240 1,254,838
Region I 165,723 128,833 110,372 87,088 69,335 55,706 38,776 43,659 3,803,890
Region II 100,099 74,312 67,441 51,378 36,654 26,404 16,924 16,058 2,536,035
Region III 294,487 209,081 175,106 133,792 97,680 68,426 44,032 44,435 6,932,570
Region IV 398,305 291,603 238,184 182,447 131,414 88,208 55,358 53,606 9,943,096
Region V 164,697 136,224 113,380 90,042 70,643 46,731 29,288 26,763 4,325,307
Region VI 234,218 191,427 170,140 133,504 97,318 71,551 46,689 45,966 5,776,938
Region VII 197,585 164,809 142,141 114,983 86,988 61,708 40,396 37,349 5,014,588
Region VIII 132,911 115,148 99,070 80,659 62,104 42,993 25,842 22,618 3,366,917
Region IX 101,051 79,977 63,257 48,526 32,960 20,944 11,831 10,701 2,794,659
Region X 91,666 70,704 60,535 47,030 32,332 21,476 13,031 11,228 2,483,272
Region XI 171,597 128,345 102,741 76,621 53,547 34,109 20,852 17,754 4,604,158
Region XII 86,390 62,701 49,432 36,909 24,612 15,587 8,928 10,586 2,359,808
CARAGA 72,582 60,315 50,495 38,405 25,926 16,972 9,852 8,226 1,942,687
ARMM 78,455 51,133 33,942 23,016 13,005 6,962 2,864 2,725 2,020,903
Philippines 2,734,186 2,063,225 1,714,944 1,322,007 955,854 654,440 410,001 394,320 68,613,706
Source: National Statistics Office.

Note: Excludes Filipinos in Embassies, Consulates and Missions Abroad)
TABLE 7.11a
NATURAL DISASTER INCIDENTS
1995
Casualties Affected Houses Damaged POP Served Assistance (P M) Cost of Damage (P M)

Disaster Occurrences
Dead Injured Missing Families Persons Totally Partially Families Persons Relief Rehab Donation Agriculture Infra Prvt Prop
1. Mt. Parker 1 34 - 23 12,381 60,853 410 287 9,199 48,237 4.012 ##### 5.168 659.500 59.000 -
2. Floodings 34 86 2 9 133,530 736,900 941 1,834 12,845 64,662 5.648 - - 356.558 229.316 0.338
3. Red Tide 5 - - - 11,980 56,237 - - - - - - - - - -
4. Locust Infestation 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
5. Landslide 13 20 5 3 522 2,191 15 - - - - - - - 0.092 -
6. Drought 4 - - - 66,665 332,953 - - - - - - - 562.464 - -
7. Tornado 3 - - - 145 734 5 - - - - - - - 0.175 -
8. F& M Disease 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9. Earthquakes 35 - - 8 67 398 - - - - - - - - 26.500 -
10. Lahar Flows Effects are incorporated with typhoons "Karing, "Helming", "Naning" & "Rosing"
Total 98 140 7 43 225,290 1,190,266 1,371 2,121 22,044 112,899 9.660 ##### 5.168 1,578.522 315.083 0.338
Source: Department of National Defense.

TABLE 7.11b
NATURAL DISASTER INCIDENTS
1996
Casualties Affected Houses Damaged Cost of Damage (P M)

Disaster Occurrences Total
Dead Injured Missing Families Persons Totally Partially Agriculture Infrastructure Private Property
1. Typhoons 10 124 90 50 260,581 1,255,289 2,690 17,559 1,854.205 962.612 17.378 2,834.195
2. Floodings 31 20 2 6 25,671 147,987 215 1,272 139.242 87.405 26.100 252.747
3. Landslides 12 13 8 20 71 330 49 56 0.200 0.118 0.845 1.163
4. Tornado 7 1 29 66 314 41 29 0.060 0.217 0.605 0.882
5. Earthquakes 29 6 3 15 0.470 0.375 0.845
6. Red Tide 5 6 96 0.000
7. North Easterly 1 402 2,412 0.000
Wind Flow
8. Wirlwind 2 7 149 734 17 21 0.091 0.352 0.443
Total 97 170 232 76 286,943 1,407,081 3,012 18,937 1,994.268 1,050.727 45.280 3,090.275
Source: Department of National Defense

TABLE 7.12a
NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAM EXPENDITURE BY AGENCY
1993 to 1997
(In million pesos)
Agency 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 *
National Housing Authority 805.29 1,091.83 1,062.14 2,002.63 1,213.59

National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation 9,148.60 9,705.22 12,069.82 1,231.04 162.30
Home Insurance and Guaranty Corporation 4,818.19 7,453.71 10,416.46 16,729.52 11,004.85
Home Development Mutual Fund 1,954.44 3,160.02 4,094.27 14,237.27 7,747.11
Total 16,726.52 21,410.78 27,642.69 34,200.46 20,127.85
Source : Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council.

* January to May only
TABLE 7.12b
NATIONAL SHELTER PROGRAM EXPENDITURE BY MAJOR PROGRAM, 1993 to 1997
1993 to 1997
(In million pesos)
Major Program 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 *
Resettlement 154.85 558.27 701.89 1,460.76 806.21

Community Mortgage Program 241.23 283.33 283.01 311.99 162.30
Direct Housing Provisions 10,070.16 11,398.21 14,118.40 13,522.79 7,300.13
Indirect Housing Provision 4,443.01 7,020.93 8,260.49 14,661.05 8,464.83
Total 14,909.25 19,260.74 23,363.79 29,956.59 16,733.47
Source : Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council.

* January to May only
TABLE 7.13
NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ASSISTED IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS BY PROGRAM BY REGION
1993 - 1997
Programs NCR Region I Region II Region III Region IV Region V Region VI Region VII
1993
Resettlement 2,000 -- -- 823 978 600 -- --
Community Mortgage Program 3,847 -- 59 2,101 1,278 246 232 537
Group Land Acquisition and Development 2,269 118 -- -- -- -- -- --
Cooperative Housing 32 -- 6 -- -- 5 -- 159
1994
Resettlement 955 -- -- 280 4,365 282 1,055 571
Community Mortgage Program 4,378 88 -- 1,787 2,123 -- 447 196
Group Land Acquisition and Development 1,560 99 -- 613 -- 216 180 --
Cooperative Housing 11 -- -- -- -- 10 -- --
1995
Resettlement 4,967 244 -- 437 540 1,723 958 3,000
Community Mortgage Program 4,196 -- -- 447 1,531 -- 819 411
Group Land Acquisition and Development 2,054 204 -- 289 -- 227 -- 19
Cooperative Housing 148 30 -- 56 -- -- -- --
1996
Resettlement 2,743 150 658 2,566 971 971 2,026 483
Community Mortgage Program 4,254 -- 424 1,550 766 -- 212 1,014
Group Land Acquisition and Development 12 -- -- 117 -- 272 255 --
Cooperative Housing 173 89 -- -- -- -- -- --
1997
Resettlement 2,696 30 -- 6,737 521 559 599 386
Community Mortgage Program 4,426 258 238 1,339 5,027 457 1,170 181
Group Land Acquisition and Development 412 214 -- 625 1,067 85 104 195
Cooperative Housing 6 -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Programs Region VIII Region IX Region X Region XI Region XII Region XIII ARMM Philippines
1993
Resettlement -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4,401
Community Mortgage Program 73 578 160 686 342 -- -- 8,300
Group Land Acquisition and Development -- -- -- 41 -- -- -- 2,387
Cooperative Housing -- 117 39 -- -- -- -- 202
1994
Resettlement -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 7,508
Community Mortgage Program 200 166 666 1,575 64 -- -- 9,019
Group Land Acquisition and Development -- 251 -- 286 -- -- -- 2,668
Cooperative Housing -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 21
1995
Resettlement -- 500 -- -- -- -- -- 11,869
Community Mortgage Program 103 916 344 430 93 -- -- 7,404
Group Land Acquisition and Development 27 117 -- 461 -- -- -- 2,793
1996
Resettlement 651 292 227 -- 236 1,013 145 10,568
Community Mortgage Program -- 571 865 450 86 -- -- 8,220
Group Land Acquisition and Development -- 213 -- 397 -- -- -- 656
0
1997 0
Resettlement 228 682 134 1,585 414 233 22 11,528
Community Mortgage Program -- 366 192 917 20 -- -- 13,096
Group Land Acquisition and Development -- -- 126 571 -- -- -- 2,702
Cooperative Housing -- -- -- 159 -- -- -- 6
TABLE 7.14
SUBDIVISIONS/PROJECTS INVESTIGATED FOR VIOLATIONS
1994 - 1997
Performance Indicators 1994 1995 1996 1997
1. No. of field and non-field 10,564 14,025 14,576 15,848

investigations conducted
2. No. of violations found 3,914 6,109 4,864 4,654
3. No. of violations corrected 2,622 2,598 2,469 1,986

TABLE 7.15
HOUSEHOLDS AWARDED RESETTLEMENT AREAS BY REGION
1993 to 1997
Region 1993 1994 1995 1996 Jan - May 1997
NCR 2,000 955 5,354 2,743 185

CAR
Region I 244 150
Region II 658
Region III 823 280 50 2,566 863
Region IV 978 4,365 540 971
Region V 600 282 1,723 971 47
Region VI 1,055 958 2,026 339
Region VII 571 3,000 483 236
Region VIII 651 139
Region IX 500 292 132
Region X 227
Region XI 272
Region XII 381 149
ARMM 1,013 30
Philippines 4,401 7,508 12,369 13,132 2,392
Source: National Housing Authority.

TABLE 7.16
PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO SANITARY TOILET BY REGION
1986, 1990 and 1994
Region 1986 1990 1994
NCR 86.93 80.93

CAR 62.61 58.23
Region I 81.00 78.48 84.30
Region II 81.56 78.66 62.92*
Region III 71.44 67.83 79.16
Region IV 80.88 66.32 66.67*
Region V 55.77 60.53 58.12
Region VI 58.67 73.71 81.93
Region VII 80.55 96.20 64.61
Region VIII 61.26 64.76 68.27
Region IX 30.48 52.16 66.09
Region X 57.11 67.71 67.35
Region XI 62.49 68.76 63.53
Region XII 55.27 49.10 56.67
ARMM 63.84
Philippines 66.96 69.51 71.07
Source: Department of Health.

* 1993 Data
TABLE 7.17
HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO HEALTH SERVICES BY TYPE OF SERVICES RECEIVED, URBAN & RURAL
1992
Health Facility Total HouseholdsTreatment When Routine Laboratory Immunization Family Health & Nutrition Prenatal Delivery
and Area that Have used Ill or Injured Check-ups Services Planning Education and Postnatal
Facility % % % % % % %
Urban
Any Government Hospital 1,582,158 72 57 31 16 9 10 13
Rural Health Unit 1,227,706 61 57 11 35 24 24 17
Barangay Health Station 1,257,947 51 51 67 41 28 28 19
Any Private Hosp/Clinic/Others 2,327,920 73 63 30 11 6 7 8
Rural
Philippines
Source: The 1992 National Health Survey.

TABLE 7.18
NATIONAL ROADS BY SURFACE TYPE
1990 to 1996
(In kilometers)
Surface Year
Type 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Earth 208.82 225.72 215.90 216.30 214.04 128.50 352.84

Gravel 13,321.18 12,769.70 12,709.21 12,719.22 12,622.70 12,622.85 11,861.85
Asphalt 6,011.16 6,371.21 6,379.42 6,387.64 6,374.69 6,394.72 6,806.03
Concrete 6,730.87 7,055.25 7,249.90 7,270.44 7,447.33 7,574.18 8,348.65
All Types 26,272.03 26,421.88 26,554.43 26,593.60 26,658.76 26,720.25 27,369.37

TABLE 7.19
EXISTING BRIDGES BY CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS BY REGION, (Along National Roads)
1995
(In lineal meters)
Permanent Temporary
Region Province Total
Concrete Steel Bailey Timber
NCR Metro Manila 18,110 420 18,530

CAR Cordillera 2,590 2,663 2,522 114 7,889
Region I Ilocos 12,845 7,283 1,057 858 22,043
Region II Cagayan Valley 8,657 8,548 1,026 844 19,075
Region III Central Luzon 16,810 2,255 97 44 19,206
Region IV-A Southern Luzon 11,491 1,924 339 699 14,453
Region IV-B Southern Luzon (Island) 9,758 2,163 2,223 2,099 16,243
Region V Bicol 10,488 2,326 1,559 886 15,259
Region VI Western Visayas 15,249 2,957 4,788 1,473 24,467
Region VII Central Visayas 9,917 2,821 1,493 290 14,521
Region VIII Eastern Visayas 18,421 3,583 2,289 4,498 28,791
Region IX Western Mindanao 6,927 984 854 179 8,944
Region X Northern Mindanao 8,421 825 574 805 10,625
Region XI Southern Mindanao 9,250 1,274 2,390 452 13,366
Region XII Central Mindanao 4,592 537 510 242 5,881
Region XIII CARAGA 8,899 825 711 3,447 13,882
ARMM Muslim Mindanao 2,263 326 839 165 3,593
Philippines Total 174,688 41,674 23,271 17,095 256,728

TABLE 7.20
LIST OF DISASTER PRONE AREAS BY TYPE OF DISASTER
As of December 1997
Type of Disaster Region Province Type of Disaster Region Province
Drought 2 Cagayan Earthquake 4 Aurora

Isabela Marinduque
Nueva Vizcaya Mindoro
Quirino 5 Albay
6 Antique Catanduanes
Capiz 6 Antique
Guimaras Iloilo
Iloilo 8 Eastern Samar
Negros Occidental Northern Samar
9 Zamboanga del Norte leyte
Zamboanga del Sur 9 Zamboanga del Norte
10 Bukidnon Zamboanga del Sur
Misamis Oriental 10 Bikidnon
11 Davao del Sur Surigao del Norte
Davao Oriental 11 South Cotabato
South Cotabato Surigao del Norte
12 Maguindanao 12 Maguindanao
North Cotabato Sultan Kudarat
Earthquake NCR Flood NCR
CAR Benguet 10 Agusan del Norte
1 Ilocos Norte Agusan del Sur
Ilocos Sur Misamis Oriental
Pangasinan 11 Davao del Norte
2 Batanes Davao del Sur
Cagayan Surigao del Sur
3 Zambales
Type of Disaster Region Province Type of Disaster Region Province
Flood 12 Maguindanao Typhoon 5 Albay

North Cotabato Camarines Norte
Sultan Kudarat Camarines Sur
Landslide CAR Benguet Catanduanes
Typhoon CAR Benguet Masbate
Mt. Province Sorsogon
Kalinga-Apayao 6 Aklan
1 Ilocos Norte Antique
Ilocos Sur Capiz
La Union Iloilo
Pangasinan Negros Occidental
2 Batanes Bohol
Cagayan 7 Cebu
Isabela Negros Oriental
Nueva Vizcaya 8 Biliran
Quirino Eastern Samar
3 Bataan Northern Samar
Bulacan Southern Leyte
Nueva Ecija Western Samar
Pampanga 10 Agusan del Norte
Tarlac Misamis Oriental
Zambales Surigao del Norte
4 Batangas
Cavite
Marinduque
Quezon
Source: Office of the Civil Defense - National Disaster Coordinating Council.

TABLE 7.21
INFANT MORTALITY RATE BY REGION
1990 to 1995
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
NCR 45.81 43.09 40.37 37.66 34.94 32.22

CAR 63.03 61.41 59.79 58.16 56.54 54.92
Region I 55.64 53.65 51.66 49.68 47.69 45.70
Region II 61.65 60.06 58.47 56.88 55.29 53.70
Region III 44.75 43.89 43.02 42.16 41.29 40.43
Region IV 53.19 51.53 49.87 48.21 46.55 44.89
Region V 63.69 62.61 61.53 60.44 59.36 58.28
Region VI 60.84 59.71 58.58 57.45 56.32 55.19
Region VII 55.19 53.62 52.05 50.48 48.91 47.34
Region VIII 76.29 73.90 71.51 69.12 66.73 64.34
Region IX 63.59 62.58 61.57 60.57 59.56 58.55
Region X 57.38 56.64 55.90 55.15 54.41 53.67
Region XI 55.75 54.97 54.18 53.40 52.61 51.83
Region XII 56.50 55.90 55.31 54.71 54.12 53.52
ARMM 74.09 71.96 69.83 67.69 65.56 63.43
Philippines 56.69 55.14 53.59 52.03 50.48 48.93
Source: NSCB Technical Working Group on Maternal and Child Mortality.

TABLE 7.22
UNEMPLOYMENT RATE BY REGION
1990 to 1996
(In percent)
Region 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
NCR 14.1 15.4 15.7 16.1 16.2 15.8 11.6

CAR 3.8 4.5 5.0 5.3 5.2 6.2 6.9
Region I 7.4 7.8 6.9 8.9 6.7 7.7 6.2
Region II 4.7 7.7 5.8 4.0 4.6 2.7 2.9
Region III 9.9 11.8 12.1 12.3 11.3 9.0 8.7
Region IV 8.7 10.4 8.4 8.5 8.9 9.0 7.1
Region V 5.6 5.9 5.6 5.3 4.2 6.6 6.5
Region VI 7.7 7.3 8.0 7.7 7.4 8.9 7.6
Region VII 7.4 7.7 7.9 8.6 8.9 8.9 8.3
Region VIII 5.9 5.8 6.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 7.8
Region IX 5.9 6.1 5.8 6.6 5.7 6.6 4.6
Region X 7.3 7.7 5.9 8.3 7.2 5.5 5.6
Region XI 7.7 8.5 9.5 8.6 7.9 7.2 6.9
Region XII 4.5 6.9 4.7 6.4 4.2 5.3 5.2
CARAGA b b b b b b 7.0
ARMM a 1.8 1.9 3.1 1.7 0.6 2.6
Philippines 8.1 9.0 8.6 8.9 8.4 8.4 7.4

a The Autonomous Region for Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was formally recognized
as a separate region in 1990. ARMM is composed of the following provinces:
Lanao del Sur (excluding Marawi City), Sulu, Tawi-tawi and Maguindanao
Provinces (excluding Cotabato City). Generation of data for ARMM started
only in 1992.
b The CARAGA Administrative Region was formally recognized as a separate region
in 1995. CARAGA is composed of the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Agusan del
Sur, Surigao del Norte and the cities of Butuan and Surigao.
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Glossary of Terms
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Acid Precipitation – any form of precipitation (rain, snow, hail or fog) whose acidity has
been increased through the uptake of acid pollutants from the air. (UN Glossary of
Environment Statistics)
Acid Rain – see acid precipitation.
Agricultural Land – lands including arable land, land under permanent crops and land
under permanent meadows and pastures. (BSWM)
Agricultural Pollution – liquid and solid wastes from all types of farming activities,
including run-off from pesticide and fertilizer use, and from feedlots; erosion and dust
from plowing animal manure and carcasses; and crop residues and debris. (UN Glossary
of Environment Statistics)
Agricultural Waste – waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations. It

includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry houses and slaughterhouses;
harvest waste; fertilizer run-off from fields; pesticides that enter into water, air or soils;
and silt drained from fields. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Agroforestry - land management which combines agricultural crops with tree crops and
forest plants and/or animals simultaneously or sequentially and applies management
practices which are compatible with the cultural patterns of the local population.
Air Contaminant - see air pollutants
Air Pollutants – substances in the air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm
human beings, animals, vegetation or material. Air pollutants may thus include forms of
matter of almost any natural or artificial composition capable of being airborne. They
may consist of solid particles, liquid droplets or of being airborne. They may consist of
solid particles, liquid droplets or gases, or combinations of these forms. (UN Glossary of
Air Pollution - the presence of contaminant or pollutant substances in the air that do not
disperse properly and that interferes with human health or welfare, or produce other
harmful environmental effects. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Air Pollution Control - steps taken to maintain a standard of purity of air for good public
health; for protection of plant and animal life, and property; for visibility; and for safe
ground and air transportation. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-1
Glossary of Terms
Air Pollution Episode - the high concentration of air pollutants due to temperature
inversion and low winds. It may give rise to serious and sometimes-fatal illness. See also
Inversion. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Air Pollution Index - quantitative measure that describes ambient air quality. The index
is obtained by combining figures for various air pollutants into a single measurement.
(UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Air Pollution Sources - activities that result in air pollution including agricultural
activities, combustion processes, dust producing processes, manufacturing activities,
nuclear energy-related activities, spray-painting, printing, dry-cleaning and so on. (UN
Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Air Quality Criteria - levels of, and length of exposure to pollution resulting in adverse
effects on human health and well being. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Air Quality Index - see air pollution index.
Air Quality Standards - levels of air pollutants prescribed by regulations that may not be
exceeded during a specified time in a defined area. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Airborne Disease - disease that is generally transmitted by nasopharyngeal discharges

and by respiratory secretions, through coughing and sneezing, though it may also be
conveyed through close contact. Respiratory diseases include the common childhood
infections, measles, whooping cough, chickenpox, mumps, diphtheria and acute sore
throat, as well as diseases of the respiratory tract, influenza and other acute viral
infections, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis (WHO, 1992)
Aitken Nuclei - very small particles that exist in high concentrations in the atmosphere
and are generally produced by combustion process. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Alienable or Disposable Lands - refer to those lands of the public domain, which have
been the subject of the present system of classification and declared as not needed for
forest purposes (PD 1559).
Allowable Cut - the volume of wood or quantity of forest products that is authorized to
be cut from a forest under a particular license during a given year.
Almaciga Resin - sap exuded by almaciga trees (Agathis philippinensis) of the family
Araucariaceae. Also known commercially as Manila Copal.
Appendix A-2
Glossary of Terms
Alternative Fuels – any fuel used for vehicular sources other than standard gasoline or
diesel fuels. Alternative fuels include ethanol, methanol, compressed natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas and electricity. (EMB)
Ambient – surrounding environmental. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Ambient Air – any portion of the troposphere that is not confined by a structure, i.e.,
outside air. (EMB)
Ambient Air Quality Standard – concentrations of pollutants established by the

government, which are set to protect public health and welfare. (EMB)
Ambient Concentration – measure of environmental quality indicating the amount of

pollutants found per unit volume in different environmental media. (UN Glossary of
Amphibia – a class of vertebrates which include toads, frogs, caecilians and salamanders.
They are characterized by having smooth, moist and scaleless skin that usually breathes
by gills in young and by lungs in adults. (PAWB)
Anadromous Species – fish that spend their adult life in the sea but swim upriver to
freshwater spawning grounds in order to reproduce. (BFAR)
Animal Importation –the act of bringing into the country animals from another country.
(PAWB)
Animal Population – see Inventory of Animals.
Annual Average Daily Traffic – the volume of vehicular traffic for a particular road
section for one day computed as an average in a year cycle; the total yearly traffic volume
divided by the number of days in the year. (DPWH and NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Annual Depletion Rate – average rate over a period of year at which withdrawals
deplete the storage in a groundwater reservoir. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Annual Log Requirement – the volume of log input needed to sustain the operation of a
sawmill at full or attainable capacity for a period of one year.
Aquaculture – rearing or raising under controlled conditions of aquatic products such as

fish, oysters, seaweeds and other aquatic resources in sea, lakes, rivers and swamps and
other bodies of water. Examples are fishpond, fishpen, and seaweed cultures. (IAC-
Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Aquatic Pollution – the introduction by human or machine, directly or indirectly, of

substances or energy to the aquatic environment which results or is likely to result in such
Appendix A-3
Glossary of Terms
deleterious effects as to harm living and non-living aquatic resources, hazard to human
health, hindrance to aquatic activities such as fishing and navigation, including
dumping/disposal of waste and other marine liters, discharge of petroleum or residual
products of petroleum or carbonaceous materials/substances, and other radioactive,
noxious or harmful liquid, gaseous or solid substances, from any water land or air
transport or other human-made structure, deforestation, unsound agricultural practices
such as the use of banned chemicals and excessive use of chemicals, intensive use of
artificial fish feed, and wetland conversion, which cause similar hazards and deleterious
effects shall also constitute aquatic pollution. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Aquifer – underground geologic formation, or group of formations, containing

groundwater that can supply wells and springs. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Architectural Pre-Cast Concrete Panel – a housing technology which consists of

concrete pre-cast concrete panel (rib type). (HUDCC)
Area Source – source of non-natural air pollution released over a relatively small area
that cannot be classified as a point source. Such sources may include vehicles and other
small fuel combustion engines. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Artesian Well – well tapping a confined or artesian aquifer in which the static water level
stands above the water table. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Artificial Reefs – any structure of natural or man-made materials placed on a body of

water to serve as shelter and habitat, source of food, breeding areas for fishery species
and shoreline protection. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Artificial Water Impoundment – body of water impounded by a dam, used for the
supply of drinking water, electricity generation, irrigation or animal husbandry.
Watercourses serving as part of a reservoir system are included. (UN Glossary of
Asbestos – mineral fiber that can pollute air or water and cause cancer or asbestosis when
inhaled. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Atmosphere – mass of air surrounding the earth, composed largely of oxygen and
nitrogen. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Atmospheric Absorption – absorption by the earth's atmosphere of most of the X-rays

and ultraviolet and infrared radiation emitted by the sun, except visible light. It prevents
the earth's surface from becoming too hot. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Atmospheric Assimilation – process that helps to maintain concentrations of various

substances in different atmospheric regions. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-4
Glossary of Terms
Atmospheric Dispersion – process of dilution of gaseous or smoke pollution in the

atmosphere. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Austra-Fil Light Gauge Steel Section – a housing technology, which consists of pre-
engineered and pre-fabricated galvanized steel frames and bended iron sheets. This is
used for purlins, rafters and trusses supported by steel wall frames assembled and welded
together to form a complete housing unit. (HUDCC)
Automobile Air Pollution – emissions form cars and other vehicular traffic consisting
chiefly of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, unburned gasoline, carbon dioxide and lead.
Average Annual Population Growth Rate – measure of the annual growth rate of the
population stock caused by births and deaths and international migration using the censal
years as reference period.
Average Annual Rainfall – specified for a place; it is the mean of the annual amounts
over the period for which rainfall statistics are available. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Aves – a class of vertebrate whose members are characterized by having feathers as a

body covering, forelimbs modified into wings and unique respiratory system. (PAWB)
Bacterial Count – public hygiene coefficient for water that defines the permissible
number of bacteria in a given volume of water according to the use of that water. (UN
Bacterial Purity – term referring to the maximum number of permissible Escherichia

coli or other coliform bacteria in drinking water. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Bag Net – a box–like net operated from outriggers or booms of a boat with the aid of
light, effecting the capture of fish by its dipping and lifting motion. The net stimulates an
inverted mosquito net under the boat during the operation. (BAS)
Barangay Health Station – the primary health care facility at the barangay level where
basic health services are delivered. (1998 Compendium of Health Statistics in the
Philippines)
Beach Seine/Drag Seine – a drag net consisting of a bag or bunt and two long wings
flanked on both sides. Attached to the upper rim of the net is a headrope provided with
wooden floats and to the lower rim is a ground rope provided with claystone or lead
sinkers. The float and sinker lines are extended to the wing bridles to which are attached
wooden brails. Pull ropes are tied to the brails and used to draw the net to the breach.
(BAS)
Appendix A-5
Glossary of Terms
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) – dissolved oxygen required by organisms for the
aerobic decomposition of organic matter present in water. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Biogenic Emissions – emissions originated from natural sources such as vegetation and
oil seeps. (EMB)
Biological Diversity – the variability among living organisms from all sources including
terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystem and the ecological complexes of which
they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
(PAWB)
Birds – group of animals representing class Aves. (PAWB)
Blockboard – a board having a core of blocks, each not exceeding 2.54 cm. (1 inch) in
width, connected or glued face to face to form a slab which is cemented and glued
between two or more outer piles with the direction of the grain of the core block running
at right angle to that of the adjacent outer veneers.
Boat, Fishing – a type of watercraft, such as banca, sailboat, motor boat, etc., either
licensed or not, used for fishing purposes. Boat used for the purpose of transporting fish
in the course of fishing shall also be considered a fishing boat. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery
and Forestry Statistics)
Boats, Carrier – boat/vessel that carries or buys fish from the fishing ground and brings
them to the landing center. (BAS)
Boats, Commercial – fishing boats more than three (3) gross tons. (BAS)
Boats, Mother/Catcher – boat/vessel that catches fish from the fishing ground. (BAS)
Boats, Municipal – fishing boats that are three (3) gross tons or less. (BAS)
Boxboard - a type of paperboard used in the manufacture of boxes.
Brackish Water – a mixture of seawater and fresh water, the salinity of which varies
with the tidal movements. Examples are mouth of rivers and swamps, where salt water
enters. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Brackish Water – water containing salts at a concentration significantly lower than that
of seawater. The concentration of total dissolved salts is usually in the range of 1,000-
10,000 milligrams per liter (mg/l). (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-6
Glossary of Terms
Bred-in-captivity – refers to offspring, including eggs, born or otherwise produced in a

controlled environment. (PAWB)
Bridge – a structure across a waterway or other opening serving as a pathway and/or

roadway with a minimum clear span of six (6) meters. (NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Brushland – degraded or untimbered areas dominated by a discontinuous cover of

shrubby vegetation.
Built-Up and Related Land – land under houses, roads, mines, quarries or any other
facilities including their auxiliary spaces, deliberately installed so that human activities
may be pursued. Included also are certain types of open land (non-built-up land) that are
closely connected with these activities, such as waste, derelict land in built-up areas,
junkyards, city parks and gardens. Land occupied by scattered farm buildings, yards and
their annexes are excluded. (HLURB)
Buri (Corypha elata) – the largest native palm species found in the Philippines, with
trunks attaining a diameter of 1 meter and a height of 20 meters with a large fan shaped
leaves from which buri braids and buri raffia are made.
Buri Raffia – strong weaving material obtained by hand stripping the fine fibers from the
young leaves of buri.
Carabao – Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo, characterized by its heavy built,
low and wide body, raised primarily for work. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Carbon Dioxide – colorless, odorless and non-poisonous gas that results from fossil fuel
combustion and is normally a part of ambient air. It is also produced in the respiration of
living organisms (Plants and animals), and considered to be the main greenhouse gas,
contributing to climate change. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Carbon Monoxide – colorless, odorless and poisonous gas produced by incomplete fossil
fuel combustion. Carbon monoxide combines with the hemoglobin of human beings,
reducing its oxygen carrying capacity, with effects harmful to human beings. (UN
Carrying Capacity – maximum number of animals of one or more species that can be
supported by a particular habitat or area through the most unfavorable period of the year.
The carrying capacity is different for each species in habitat because of particular food,
shelter, and social requirements and because of competition from other species that may
have similar requirements. (PAWB)
Catalytic Converter – after-treatment device for exhaust emissions of gasoline-powered

motor vehicles. Shaped like a muffler and placed in the exhaust system in front of the
muffler, it converts the exhaust pollutants hydrocarbons, (HC), carbon monoxide (CO)
Appendix A-7
Glossary of Terms
and nitrous oxide (NOx ) to carbon dioxide and water. Catalytic converter requires the use
of unleaded gasoline. (EMB)
Catchment Area – area from which rainwater drains into river systems, lakes and seas.
Cattle – General term for animals belonging to the bovine family, genus Bos. (TWG-
Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Census Value Added - the difference between the value of output and the total costs of
materials and supplies consumed, fuels consumed, electricity purchased, contract work
and industrial services done by others and goods purchased for resale.
Cetacea – order of marine mammals including whales, dolphins and porpoises. (BFAR)
Change in Inventories – computed as the value of ending inventory less the value of
beginning inventory.
Charcoal – solid product obtained from the destructive distillation and/or thermal
degradation of wood.
Charcoal (M) – refers to mangrove charcoal or charcoal derived from mangrove species.
Charcoal (U) – refers to upland charcoal or charcoal derived from upland tree species.
Cheecolite Building System – a housing technology, which consists of a lightweight

concrete produced from Portland cement, water and cheecol frothing agent, mixed to
form a homogeneous mass in a cheecol-whisking machine. (Housing and Urban
Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC))
Chemical Oxygen Demand – index of water pollution measuring the mass concentration
of oxygen consumed by the chemical breakdown of organic and inorganic matter. (UN
Chicken – a domestic fowl raised for meat, eggs and other by-products, genus Gallus.
(TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Chilling Effect – lowering of the earth's temperature because of accumulation of particles

in the air blocking the sun's rays. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Chlorination – the application of chlorine to drinking water, sewage or industrial waste

in order to disinfect or oxidize undesirable compounds. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Appendix A-8
Glossary of Terms
Chloro-fluorocarbons – inert, non-toxic and easily liquefied chemicals used in

refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging and insulation, or as solvents and aerosol
propellants. Because CFCs are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, they drift into the
upper atmosphere where their chlorine components destroy ozone. They are also among
the greenhouse gases that may affect climate change. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Cholera – intestinal disease generally caused by fecal contamination of water and food.
CITES – an acronym for the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora. It is an international treaty ratified by the Philippine
Government purposely to regulate, control and prohibit the trade of wildlife. (PAWB)
CITES Appendix I – list of endangered fauna and flora prohibited by the contracting
states of CITES for commercial trade and/or export. Species listed in Appendix I could
be exported only for educational and scientific purposes. (PAWB)
CITES Appendix II – list of endangered fauna and flora strictly regulated by the
contracting states of CITES for commercial trade and/or export. List of all species,
although not necessarily threatened with extinction at present may become so unless trade
in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization
incompatible with their survival. (PAWB)
CITES Appendix lll – species listed under this appendix highly need local protection set
under national policies as determined by the country’s CITES Management Authority.
(PAWB)
Civil Reservations - refers to forestland which have been proclaimed by the President for
a specific purpose such as town sites, resettlement areas, ancestral lands, etc.
Climate - condition of the atmosphere at a particular location (microclimate) or region

over a long period of time. It is the long-term summation of atmospheric elements - such
as solar radiation, temperature, humidity, precipitation type (frequency and amount),
atmospheric pressure and wind (speed and direction) - and their variations. (UN Glossary
Climate Change - term frequently used in reference to global warming due to

greenhouse gas emissions from human activities. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Climatological Statistics - statistics dealing with long-term weather conditions. (UN

Appendix A-9
Glossary of Terms
Cloud Seeding - technique for promoting rainfall by the introduction of sea salt, dry ice,
zinc or silver iodine into the clouds. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Coast – general region of indefinite width that extends from the sea inland to the first
major change in terrain features. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Coast Line – the imaginary line that forms the boundary between the land and the sea.
(IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Coke Oven Emissions - toxic emissions released at various stages in the production and
use of coke, and causing cancers in human beings. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Coliform Index – rating of water purity based on fecal bacteria count. (UN Glossary of
Collection – trapping, hunting, taking, amassing, gathering and/or owning through any
mode of acquisition any species of wildlife. (PAWB)
Combustion - burning or rapid oxidation, accompanied by the release of energy in the

form of heat and light. It is also a basic cause of air pollution. (UN Glossary of
Commercial Fishing Boat License – a license authorizing a person (natural or juridical)

to engage in fishing operation. (BFAR)
Community Development Program – a program designed to develop and strengthen

communities and institutions as well as proper attitudes through a process which shall
encourage local initiatives and active participation in undertaking development activities
for a national socio-economic progress. (NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Community Mortgage Program – an innovative approach towards delivering social

housing finance. It is intended to reduce the development financing requirements of
social housing projects and will be the primary instrument for land acquisition and
payment in Areas for Priority Development (APDs) and other blighted areas where the
target beneficiaries are already in place or in new settlements. (HUDCC)
Coniferous Wood - all woods derived from trees classified botanically as

"Gymnospermae" - e.g. Benguet pine (Pinus), almaciga (Agathis), igem (Dacrycarpus),
malakauayan (Podocarpus), lokinai (Dacrydium), etc. These are generally referred to as
softwoods.
Contaminant – any physical, chemical, biological or radiological substance or matter

that has an adverse effect on air, water, land/soil or biota. The term is frequently used
synonymously with pollutant.
Appendix A-10
Glossary of Terms
Cooperative Housing – a type of housing project in which an occupant purchases stocks

or shares in a corporation owning and operating a multi-unit housing project. (NEDA
Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Coral Reef – a natural aggregation of coral skeleton, with or without living coral polyps,
occurring in inter-tidal and sub-tidal marine waters. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Cost - refers to all expenses incurred during the year whether paid or payable. Valuation
should be as market price including taxes and other charges, net of discounts, rebates,
returns and allowances. Goods and services received by the establishment from other
establishment of the same enterprise are valued as though purchased.
Criteria Pollutants – pollutants for which National Ambient Air Quality Standards exist.
The criteria pollutants include ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
lead, sulfates, hydrogen sulfide, and particulate matter with a diameter of 10 microns or
less. (EMB)
Crude Oil – a mixture of hydrocarbons in liquid form found in natural underground

petroleum reservoirs. It has a heat content of 1.46 million calories/barrels and is the raw
material from which most refined petroleum products are made. (ESI, 1991)
Crude Oil Importation – intends to measure the dependence on foreign sources for the
country’s crude oil supply. When disaggregated by geographical region and country of
origin, they reflect the pattern of concentration of oil imports and monitor the extent of
diversification of the source of oil supply for increased reliability and security. (ESI,
1991)
Crustaceans – group of mainly marine invertebrates, including lobsters, crabs and

shrimps, with hard shells.
Daily Rated Capacity - the maximum volume of output that a mill can produce in one
shift of 8 hours based on actual performance of the machinery/equipment, sometimes
referred to as true rated capacity.
Deforestation - clearing of tree formations and their replacement by non-forest land uses.
Deforestation – clearing of tree formations and their replacement by non-forest land

uses.
Depletion - for renewable resources, the part of the harvest, logging, catch and so forth
above the sustainable level of the resource stock; for non-renewable resources, the
quantity of resources extracted. (UN Operations Manual on SEEA)
Appendix A-11
Glossary of Terms
Desalinization – 1. removal of salt from ocean or brackish water. It is achieved by

various methods, for example, distillation, electrodialysis, ion exchange, multiple-effect
distillation, reverse osmosis hyperfiltration, solar evaporation and vapor compression; 2.
removal of salt from soil by artificial means, usually leaching. (UN Glossary of
Diliman - a coarse climbing fern (Stenochlaena palustris) of indefinite length whose stem
is brown, smooth, generally less than 1 cm. in diameter and sparingly branched.
Dilution – method of disposing of industrial waste or plant effluent by discharge into a

stream or other body of water. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Dilution Ratio – ratio of the volume of water in a water body to the whole volume of
incoming waste. This factor affects the waste assimilation capacity of the water body.
Diplomatic Motor Vehicles – motor vehicles owned by foreign governments or by their

duly accredited diplomatic officials in the Philippines. The registration thereof must be
supported by communications from the Department of Foreign Affairs. (NEDA Glossary
of Terms, 1985)
Disaster/Calamity – a situation usually catastrophic in nature, in which a number of

persons are plunged into helplessness and suffering, and as a result may be in need of
food, clothing, shelter, medical care and other basic necessities of life. (OCD/NDCC)
Discharge - release of substances (residuals of production and consumption) into water or

soil. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Disposal of Waste - waste elimination techniques comprising landfills, containment,

underground disposal, dumping at sea and all other disposal methods. (UN Glossary of
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – amount of gaseous oxygen (O2 ) actually present in water
expressed in terms either of its presence in the volume of water (milligrams of O2 per
liter) or of its share in saturated water (percentage). (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Dissolved Solids – disintegrated organic and inorganic material contained in water.

Excessive amounts make water unsuitable for drinking or for use in industrial processes.
Domestic Use of Water – use of water primarily for household purposes, the watering of
livestock, the irrigation of gardens, lawns, shrubbery, etc., surrounding a house or
domicile. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-12
Glossary of Terms
Donation – the act of liberality whereby a party disposes an animal or animals in favor of
another party who accepts it free of charge. (PAWB)
Drainage Basin/Catchment Area/Watershed – area from which all precipitation flows

to a single stream or a set of streams. It is also called a catchment area or watershed.
Drawdown – 1. the change in surface elevation of a body of water as a result of the

withdrawal of water therefrom; 2. the lowering of the water surface in a well, and of the
water table or piezometric surface adjacent to the well, resulting from the withdrawal of
water from the well by pumping.
Dredging – removal of mud from the bottom of water bodies for deepening through the
use of special mechanical devices. Dredging disturbs the ecosystem and can kill aquatic
life. Dredging of contaminated mud can expose aquatic life to heavy metals and other
toxic materials. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Dredging Sludge – sludge obtained from dredging of rivers, river mouths, harbors and
coastal areas. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Drift Net Fishing – type of fishing involving very long nets that drift with the winds and
currents, thus creating a webbing curtain in which fish are enmeshed. It may result in: (a)
commercially important species being unusable when landed owing to a long soak time or
damaged by predators; and (b) incidental by-catch of non-targeted fish and other animals.
Drinking Water Standards – standards determining the quality of drinking water in the
context of prevailing environmental, social, economic and cultural conditions, with
reference to the presence of suspended matter, excess salts, unpleasant taste and all
harmful microbes. Meeting of those standards does not necessarily imply purity. (UN
Drought – prolonged absence or marked deficiency of precipitation, which may

contribute to desertification. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Duck – a general term for swimming birds with more or less depressed body of the
family Anatidae. It has short neck and legs, webbed feet, broad and flat bill with different
plumage for male and female. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Dump – site used to dispose of solid wastes without environmental controls. (UN
Dumping – waste disposal in an uncontrolled manner. (UN Glossary of Environment

Statistics)
Appendix A-13
Glossary of Terms
Dumping at Sea – disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous substances in the open sea.
Duraspan-Steel Frame and Metal Cladding – a housing technology, which consists of

light gauge steel materials as skeletal frames supporting the whole structure. Frames are
welded together for connection. The transfer of load from the wall to roof rests directly
on a 4” concrete slab on fill. (HUDCC)
Earthquake – sudden shaking or trembling of the earth caused by faulting or volcanic

activity.
Earthquakes – earth vibrations produced when the stability of rock masses under the
surface of the earth is disturbed. These disturbances usually occur along existing fault
lines or zones of structural weaknesses. (OCD-NDCC)
Effluent – liquid waste product (whether treated or untreated) discharged from an

industrial process or human activity that is discharged into the environment. (UN
Glossary of Environment Standards)
Effluent Standards – maximum amount of pollutants permitted in effluents. (UN

Elemi - resins exuded by the canarium species, such as pili and piling-liitan of the family
Burseraceae. Also known as Manila Elemi or Brea Blanca or Green Elemi.
Emission - discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere form stationary sources such as
smokestacks, other vents, surface areas of commercial or industrial facilities and mobile
source, for example, motor vehicles, locomotives and aircraft. (UN Glossary of
Emission Damage - effects of (air) pollution on buildings, monuments, organisms and

ecosystems. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Emission Factor - ratio between the amount of pollution generated and the amount of a
given raw material processed. The term may also refer to the ratio between the emissions
generated and the outputs of production processes. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Emission Inventory – listing by source, type and quantity of pollutants actually or

potentially discharged. Such an inventory is used to establish and put forth emission
standards. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Emission Standard - maximum amount of polluting discharge legally allowed from a

single source, mobile or stationary. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-14
Glossary of Terms
Endangered – species and subspecies of wildlife whose populations are in danger of

extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the casual factors continue operating. (PAWB)
Endemic – species and/or sub-species of wildlife found only on a particular island or on

several islands of the Philippines and which are not found anywhere else outside its
geographical boundaries. (PAWB)
Energy Resources – any substance by itself or in combination with others, or after

processing, refining, or application of technology, generates or causes the emanation or
generation of energy such as, but not limited to petroleum products, coal, marsh, gas,
methane gas, geothermal and hydroelectric sources of energy, uranium and other similar
radioactive minerals, solar energy, tidal power, as well as non-conventional existing and
potential resources (ESI, 1991)
Energy sources – all solid, liquid, and gaseous fuels; electricity, uranium; steam and hot
water; and the traditional fuels such as fuelwood, charcoal, vegetal and animal wastes.
Environment – the totality of all the external conditions affecting the life, development
and survival of an organism.
Erosion – wearing away and transport of the soil by wind or running water, glaciers or
waves. Erosion occurs naturally but is often intensified by human land-clearing activities
related to farming, residential or industrial development.
Escherichia Coli – bacilliform (rod-shaped) bacterium living in the intestinal tracts of

humans and other warm-blooded animals; its presence in water indicates fecal pollution;
there is a maximum number of colliforms (coli number) above which water is no longer
suitable for drinking or bathing. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Euthanasia – the practice of killing or putting to death an animal or animals in a painless

and human manner. (PAWB)
Evapotranspiration – combined loss of water by evaporation from the soil or surface

water and transpiration from plants and animals. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Exchange – the act whereby a party binds to give an animal or animals in consideration
of the other party’s promise to give another animal or animals. (PAWB)
Exclusive Economic Zone – an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea which
shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of
the territorial sea is measured. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Exhaust Emissions – tailpipe emissions from vehicles operating on a “warmed up”

operating mode. (EMB)
Appendix A-15
Glossary of Terms
Exhaust Gases - gases produced by the burning of petrol (gasoline) in combustion

engines. Exhaust gases are harmful to human beings, plants and animals. (UN Glossary
Exotic – species and/or sub-species of wildlife which are not native to the Philippines.
(PAWB)
Extinct – species whose population no longer exist. (PAWB)
Fauna – all species of animals in a given area. (PAWB)
Feedlot - relatively small confined area for the controlled feeding of animals. It tends to
concentrate large amounts of animal wastes that cannot be absorbed by soil and hence
may be carried to nearby streams or taken by rainfall run-off.
Fertilizers – organic or inorganic substances containing chemical elements that will

improve the growth of plants and the fertility of the soil. The percentage content of
nutrients in organic fertilizers (manures) is relatively low. In inorganic or mineral
fertilizers, the nutrients are inorganic salts, obtained by extraction and/or physical and
chemical processes. The three primary plant nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorous and
potassium.
Firewood or Fuelwood - wood used as fuel for household cooking and industrial
purposes (boiler fuel) derived either from mangrove or upland trees.
Fish – includes all fishes and other aquatic animals such as crustaceans (crabs, prawn,
shrimps lobsters, etc.) and mollusks (clams, mussels, scallops, oysters, snails and other
shellfish). (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Fish Cage – refers to an enclosure which is either stationary or floating, made up of

netting or screens sewer fastened together and installed in the water with opening at the
surface or covered and held in place by wooden/bamboo posts or various types of anchors
and floats. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fish Coral – guiding barriers constructed of bamboo, brush or chicken wire, which are
set by means of regularly-spaced stakes or posts in tidal waters or along the natural paths
of fish and which are of such shapes as to direct the voluntary movements of fish into a
desired area. (BAS)
Fish Sanctuary – an area in the Philippine waters designated by the Bureau of Fisheries
and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) for the protection of fish or fishery/aquatic products.
(IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Appendix A-16
Glossary of Terms
Fishery – the business of catching, taking, handling, marketing and preserving fish or
other fishery/aquatic products and the right to fish or take such products. (IAC-
Fishery Management Area - a bay, gulf, lake or any other fishery area delineated for
fishery resource management purposes. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fishery Refuge and Sanctuaries – a designated area where fishing or other forms of
activities, which may damage the ecosystem of the area is prohibited and human access
may be restricted. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fishery Reserve – a designated area where activities are regulated and set aside for
educational and research purposes. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fishery Species – all aquatic flora and fauna including but not restricted to fish, algae,
coelenterates, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and cetaceans. (TWG-Fishery
Statistics)
Fishing – catching, gathering and culturing of fish, crustaceans, mollusks and all other
aquatic animals and plants in the sea or in inland waters. It also includes catching of fish
and aquatic animals like turtles, gathering of clams, snails, shells and seaweeds; and
culturing of fish and oysters. (NSO)
Fishing Establishment – a business or enterprise engaged in commercial fishing or

fishpond operation, has a fixed physical location, and is run by a single management
control which, more or less, keeps records of its transactions. It includes all commercial
fishing boat operations and all partnerships, corporations, cooperatives and other
institutional enterprises registered for business with any government agency. (IAC-
Fishing Gear – apparatus, gadgets, implements and other paraphernalia used in catching
and gathering of fish with or without the use of boats. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and
Forestry Statistics)
Fishing Ground – seas, straits or seawater where actual fishing operations take place.
(TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fishing Vessel – any boat, ship or other watercraft equipped to be used for taking of
fishery species or aiding or assisting one (1) or more vessels in the performance of any
activity relating to fishing including but not limited to preservation, supply storage,
refrigeration, transportation and/or processing. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Fishing, Commercial – fishing for commercial purposes in waters more than 7 fathoms
deep with the use of fishing boats of more than three (3) gross tons. (IAC-Agriculture,
Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Appendix A-17
Glossary of Terms
Fishing, Household – a household in which one or more members are directly engaged
in fishing. (NEDA)
Fishing, Inland Municipal – covers municipal fishing operation in inland waters. (BAS)
Fishing, Marine Municipal – covers municipal fishing operation in marine waters.

(BAS)
Fishing, Municipal – fishing activity utilizing fishing boats of three (3) gross tons or
less, or using gear not requiring the use of boats, in municipal waters. (IAC-Agriculture,
Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Fishpen – a fish enclosure made of nylon screens or nets, or other similar materials
attached to poles staked to the bottom of fresh and/or salt-water areas, for the purpose of
growing and/or culturing fish. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Fishpond – a body of water (artificial or natural) where fish and other aquatic products
are cultured, raised or cultivated under controlled conditions. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery
Fishpond, Brackish Water – fishpond with mixed sea water and fresh water. (IAC-
Fishpond, Freshwater – fishpond whose water is fresh. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and

Flash Flood - flood of short duration with a relatively high peak discharge (UN Glossary
Flocculation – process by which clumps of solids in water or sewage are made to

increase by biological or chemical action so that they can be separated from the water.
Flood – the condition that occurs when water overflows the natural or artificial confines
of a stream or body of water, or when run-off from heavy rainfall accumulates over low-
lying areas. (OCD/NDCC)
Fluorocarbon - gas used as a propellant in aerosols. It contributes to the destruction of

the ozone layer in the stratosphere, thereby allowing harmful forms of solar radiation to
reach the earth's surface. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
For Hire Motor Vehicles – motor vehicles registered and authorized to be operated as
public utility by virtue of certificate of public convenience or provisional authority issued
by the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). (NEDA Glossary of
Terms, 1985)
Appendix A-18
Glossary of Terms
Forest - area of one hectare or more which is at least 10 percent stocked with forest trees
(including seedlings and saplings), wild palm, bamboo or brush. Narrow strips of land
bearing forest must be at least 60 meters wide and one hectare in size to qualify as forest.
Industrial tree plantations and tree farms one hectare or more in size are also included.
Forest Based Products - manufactured articles which mainly use raw materials derived
from forest.
Forest Charges - is a levy being imposed by the government on naturally-growing

timber and other forest products cut by the permittee/licensee and from plantations
established in compliance with TLA reforestation obligations. The rate of which is
provided under Section 70, 71 and 72 of RA 7161.
Forest Commercial - forest of commercial tree species in which the volume of trees with
15 cm. and over in diameter at breast height and merchantable height of at least 5 meters
measured from the base up to the first branch, is 40 cubic meters or more per hectare.
Forest Concession - refers to any tract of forestland under license agreement, lease or
permit.
Forest Dipterocarp, Old Growth - tropical rain forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae

without traces of commercial logging.
Forest Product - all usable raw materials yielded by the forest including the associated
water, fish, game, scenic, historical, recreational and geologic resources.
Forest Reservation - refer to forestlands, which have been reserved by the President of
the Philippines for any specific purpose or purposes (PD 1559).
Forest, Dipterocarp - forest stand dominated by trees of dipterocarp species such as red
and white lauan, tanguile, tiaong, almon, bagtikan and mayapis of the Philippine
mahogany group, apitongs and yakals.
Forest, Dipterocarp Residual - tropical rain forest dominated by Dipterocarpaceae with

traces of commercial logging.
Forest, Mangrove – the type of forest occurring on tidal flats along the sea coast
extending along the streams where the water is brackish and composed mainly of
bakauan, pototan, langarai, api-api, nipa palm and the like.
Forest, Mossy or Mid-Mountain – tropical rain forest of the high elevations dominated
by Podocarpaceae, Myrtaceae and Fagaceae with trees of medium height and short boled,
covered epiphytes.
Appendix A-19
Glossary of Terms
Forest, Pine Closed – pure stands of Benguet or Mindoro pine with a crown cover above
30 percent.
Forest, Pine Open – pure stands of Benguet or Mindoro pine with a crown cover of 10 -
30 percent.
Forest, Submarginal – tropical rain forest dominated by Leguminosae and lesser utilized
species, mainly restricted to shallow and excessively drained limestone soils.
Forestland – includes the public forest, the permanent forest or forest reserves, and forest
reservations.
Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics – conceptual framework

that assists in the development, coordination and organization of environment statistics
and related socio-economic and demographic statistics. It was developed by the United
Nations Statistics Division in 1984, and is based on stress-response principles of
environmental impacts. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Freshwater – (1) naturally occurring water having a low concentration of salts; it is

generally accepted as suitable for abstraction and treatment to produce potable water; (2)
water without salt, such as generally found in lakes, rivers, canals, dams, reservoirs,
paddy fields and swamps. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Game Refuge and Bird Sanctuary – refers to a forest land designated for the protection
of game animals, birds and fish and closed to hunting and fishing in order that the excess
population may flow and restock surrounding areas (PD 1559).
Geothermal Energy – energy resource obtained from trapped stream or hot water within
the earth’s crust. (ESI, 1991)
Gill Net – a curtain-like net consisting of one or more pieces of rectangular nets in which
fish capture is effected by entanglement in the actual meshes of the net. (BAS)
Goat – an animal of genus Capra, family Bovidae, comprising of various agile, hollow-
horned ruminants closely related to the sheep. It is commonly known as the “poor man’s
cow” because of its size and entails only a small risk of load. It is raised either for milk,
meat, angora or kashmir fibers. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Government Motor Vehicles – motor vehicles owned by the Government of the

Philippines or any of its political subdivisions. (NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Grazing Land - refers to that portion of the public domain which has been set aside, in
view of the suitability of its topography and vegetation, for raising of livestock (PD
1559).
Appendix A-20
Glossary of Terms
Greenhouse Effect - warming of the earth's atmosphere cause by a build-up of carbon

dioxide and other greenhouse or trace gases that act like a pane of glass in a greenhouse,
allowing sunlight to pass through and heat the earth but preventing a counterbalancing
loss of heat radiation. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Greenhouse Gases - carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, ozone and choler-
fluorocarbons occurring naturally and resulting from human (production and
consumption) activities, and contributing to the greenhouse effect (global warming). (UN
Gross Addition to Fixed Assets - is equal to capital expenditures for the year less the
value of sales of fixed assets during the year.
Ground-Level Ozone - ozone present as a secondary pollutant in the lower atmosphere,

where its formation can be enhanced by other pollutants. It is highly toxic at levels above
0.1 parts per million (p.p.m.). (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Ground-Level Pollution - weight of a pollutant per unit volume in the region of the air
between the ground and a height of about two meters above it. (UN Glossary of
Groundwater – freshwater beneath the earth’s surface (usually in aquifers) supplying

wells and springs; because groundwater is a major source of drinking water, there is a
growing concern over leaching of agricultural and industrial pollutants or substances from
underground storage tanks. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Habitat – place where an organism or population (human, animal, plant, microorganism)

lives. (PAWB)
Halogenated Hydrocarbon - compound formed when the hydrogen in a hydrocarbon

molecule such as methane, is replaced by any of the halogens (fluorine, chlorine,
bromine, and iodine). Their breakdown in the stratosphere releases chlorine and bromine,
which take part actively in the destruction of stratospheric ozone. The best-known groups
of halogenated hydrocarbons are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The brominated
compounds are referred to as halons. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Halons - see halogenated hydrocarbons.
Hard Water – alkaline water containing dissolved salts that interfere with some
industrial processes and prevent soap from lathering.
Hazardous Air Pollutants - air pollutants that may reasonably be expected to cause or
contribute to irreversible illness or death. They include asbestos, beryllium, mercury,
benzene, coke oven emissions, radionuclides and vinyl chloride. (UN Glossary of
Appendix A-21
Glossary of Terms
Hazardous Substance – any substance that poses a threat to human health and the
environment. Hazardous substances are toxic, corrosive, ignitable, explosive or
chemically reactive.
Hazardous Waste Treatment – two categories of treatment can be distinguished as (a)

physical hazardous waste treatment, an approach including phase separation such as
through lagooning, filtration or centrifugation, and solidification into hard material
allowing for landfill disposal; and (b) thermal hazardous waste treatment, high
temperature oxidation of wastes that converts them into gases and solid residues.
Hazardous Wastes – wastes that, owing to their toxic, infectious, radioactive or

flammable properties pose a substantial actual or potential hazard to the health of humans
and other living organisms and the environment.
Haze - state of atmospheric obscurity due to the presence of fine dust particles in
suspension. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Haze Coefficient - measure of visibility interference. (UN Glossary of Environment

Statistics)
High-density Polyethylene - material that produces toxic fumes when burned. It is used
in the manufacturing of plastic bottles and other products. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Hog – a term used collectively for any of the stout-bodied, short-legged omnivorous
animals (family Suidae) with a long, mobile snout. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry
Statistics)
Home Development Mutual Fund – the shelter agency charged with the development of
saving schemes for home acquisition by private and government employees and
administers provident fund contributions collected from member employees and
employers, utilizing funds not required for provident benefits for housing loans for
members. (HUDCC)
Home Insurance and Guaranty Corporation – the shelter agency tasked to provide
incentives for greater private sector participation in both housing production and finance.
This is done primarily through the provision of insurance and guaranties, which make
bank loans to both developers and buyers risk-free. (HUDCC)
Household – an aggregate of persons, generally but not necessarily bound by ties of

kinship, which live together under same roof and eat together or share in common the
household food. Members comprise the head of the household, relatives living with him,
and other persons who share the community life for reasons of work or other
consideration. A person who lives alone is considered a separate household. (NSO)
Appendix A-22
Glossary of Terms
Household and Sanitary Paper - includes absorbent paper, creped or uncreped,

sometimes embossed, made from bleached or unbleached chemical wood pulp,
sometimes with the mixture of pulp from wastepaper and mechanical pulp. Examples are
napkin, facial tissues, etc.
Household Waste – waste material usually generated in the residential environment.

Waste with similar characteristics may be generated in other economic activities and can
thus be treated and disposed of together with household waste.
Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board – the shelter agency charged with
liberalizing housing standards to make shelter more affordable. (HUDCC)
Housing Construction – the building of residential units by the government, classified

into: (1) Administered by the government – Construction of residential units undertaken
by the National Housing Authority (NHA), and the National Home Mortgage Finance
Corporation (NHMFC); and (2) Financed by the government – Construction of residential
units financed through the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS), the Social
Security System (SSS), the Home Development Mutual Fund (HDMF), or the Home
Insurance Guaranty Corporation (HIGCC). (ESI, 1991)
Human Settlements - integrative concept that comprises (1) physical components of

shelter and infrastructure and (2) services to which the physical elements provide support,
that is to say, community services such as education, health, culture welfare, recreation
and nutrition. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Hydrocarbons - compounds of hydrogen and carbon in various combinations that are

present in petroleum products and natural gas. Some hydrocarbons are major air
pollutants, some may be carcinogenic and others contribute to photochemical smog. (UN
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons – compounds used as replacements for chlorofluorocarbons

(CFCs) in refrigeration because they are less active ozone depleters. (UN Glossary of
Hydrogeology – branch of geology that deals with the occurrence of groundwater. (UN
Hydrologic Cycle – succession of stages undergone by water in its passage from the
atmosphere to the earth and its return to the atmosphere; the stages include evaporation
from the land or sea or inland water, condensation to form clouds, precipitation,
accumulation in the soil or in bodies of water, and re-evaporation. (UN Glossary of
Appendix A-23
Glossary of Terms
Hydrology – (1) science that deals with the waters above and below the land surfaces of
the earth, their occurrence, circulation and distribution, both in time and in space, their
biological, chemical and physical properties, and their interaction with the environment
including their relation to living things; (2) science that deals with the process governing
the depletion and replenishment of water resources of the land areas of the earth,
including the various phases of the hydrologic cycle. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Hydrolysis – decomposition by chemical reaction with water. (UN Glossary of

Hydropower – electricity generation using the power of falling water. (UN Glossary of
Impoundment – body of water formed through collection of water, as by a dam. (UN

Incineration – controlled burning of solid, liquid or gaseous waste materials at high

temperature. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Incinerator – furnace for burning wastes under controlled conditions. (UN Glossary of
Indeterminate – species and subspecies of wildlife whose populations are suspected of

belonging to either one of the endangered, vulnerable and rare categories of species but
for which insufficient information is currently available to determine definite status.
(PAWB)
Indigenous Cultural Community – a group of people sharing common bonds of

language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits and who have since time
immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilized a territory. (PAWB)
Indoor Air Pollution – chemical, biological and physical contamination of indoor air. It
may result in adverse health effects. In developing countries, the main source of indoor
air pollution is biomass smoke, which contains suspended particulate matter (SPM),
nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), sulfur dioxide (SO2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In industrialized countries, in addition to
NO2 , CO, and formaldehyde, radon, asbestos, mercury, human-made mineral fibers,
volatile organic compounds, allergens, tobacco smoke, bacteria and viruses are the main
contributors in indoor air pollution. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Industrial Forest Plantation Management Agreement – Agreement entered into by

DENR and a qualified person, to occupy and process, in consideration of a specified
rental, any forest land of the public domain in order to establish an industrial forest
plantation (ITP).
Appendix A-24
Glossary of Terms
Industrial Tree Plantation – refers to any tract of forestland and other public and private
lands planted to timber producing species including rubber, and/or non-timber species
such as rattan, bamboo primarily to supply the raw material requirements of existing or
proposed forest-based industries, and energy-generating plants, and related industries, as
well as for export.
Infant Mortality Rate – the number of deaths among children below one year old per
1000 live births. This indicator provides a measure of the accessibility and quality of
medical care, immunization and disease control programs for children and mothers, and
the quality and level of infant and maternal nutrition and environmental sanitation.
Infiltration – flow of water through the soil surface into a porous medium. (UN
Influent – water, wastewater or other liquid flowing into a reservoir, basin or treatment
plant. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Inland Fishery – includes the freshwater fishery and brackish water fishponds. (TWG-
Fishery Statistics)
Inland Water – a body of water within the shoreline which includes brackish water, and
fresh water such as the lakes, rivers dams and etc. (BAS)
Insects – these are segmented, bilaterally symmetrical animals possessing a hard,

chitinous, exoskeleton and pairs of jointed appendages. They are distinguished from their
relatives by the presence of three body divisions – head, thorax, abdomen - the thorax
bearing three pairs of legs and usually two pairs of wings in the adult stage. (PAWB)
Instream Use – non-withdrawal use, that is, use of water taking place within a stream
channel, for example, in hydroelectric power generation, navigation, fish farming and
recreation. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Insufficiently Known – species and subspecies of wildlife that are suspected but not
definitely known to belong to the rare, endangered, threatened, vulnerable and
indeterminate categories of species because of the lack of information. (PAWB)
Inventory of Animals – the actual number of animals present in the farm as of a specific
reference date regardless of ownership. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Inversion – atmospheric condition caused by a layer of warm air preventing the rise of
the cool air trapped beneath it. Inversion prevents the rise of pollutants that might
otherwise be dispersed. See also Air Pollution Episode. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Appendix A-25
Glossary of Terms
Invertebrate – animal that does not have backbone or spinal column. (PAWB)
Ionosphere – layer of the upper atmosphere extending upwards from about 80 kilometers
above the earth's surface in which atoms tend to be ionized by incoming solar radiation.
Irrigation – artificial application of water land to assist in the growing of crops and
pastures; it is carried out by spraying water under pressure (spray irrigation) or by
pumping water onto the land (flood irrigation). (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Kaingin – a portion of the forest land, whether occupied of not which is subjected to
shifting and/or permanent slash and burn cultivation having little or no provision to
prevent soil erosion (PD 705)
Lahar – deposit formed by mudflow or water-saturated volcanic ash.
Land Classification – land categories, reflecting quality classes, capability classes or

grade, depending upon the characteristics of the land and/or its potential for agricultural
use.
Land Degradation – reduction or loss of the biological or economic productivity and

complexity of rain-fed cropland, irrigated cropland, or range, pasture, forest or woodlands
resulting from natural processes, land uses or other human activities and habitation
patterns such as land contamination, soil erosion and the destruction of the vegetation
cover.
Land Improvement – alteration in the qualities of land that improves its potential for
land use.
Land Reclamation – gain of land from the sea, or wetlands, or other water bodies, and
restoration of productivity or use to lands that have been degraded by human activities or
impaired by natural phenomena.
Land Use – the employment of a site or holding so as to derive revenue or other benefits
from it; the delineation by a governing authority of the utilization of the land within a
particular jurisdiction so as to promote the most advantageous development of the
community such as industrial, residential, commercial, recreational and other uses under a
plan. (HUDCC)
Landfill – final placement of waste in or on the land in a controlled or uncontrolled way

according to different sanitary, environmental protection and other safety requirements.
Landing Center - the place where the fish catch and other aquatic products are unloaded
and traded. (BAS)
Appendix A-26
Glossary of Terms
Land Use Classification – classification providing information on land cover and the
types of human activity involved in land use. It may also facilitate the assessment of
environmental impacts on, and potential or alternative uses of land. The classification
consists of seven main categories, namely (a) agricultural land; (b) forest and other
wooded land; (c) built-up and related land, excluding scattered farm buildings; (d) wet
open land; (e) dry open land with special vegetation cover; (f) open land with or without
insignificant vegetation cover; and (g) waters.
Leachate – liquid that results from water trickling through wastes, agricultural pesticides,
or fertilizers; leaching may occur in farm areas, feedlots and landfills, and may result in
hazardous substances entering surface water, groundwater soil. (UN Glossary of
Lead – heavy metal whose compounds are highly poisonous to health. Its use in
gasoline, paints and plumbing compounds has been generally reduced. (UN Glossary of
Lease – a privilege granted by the State to a person to occupy and possess in

consideration of specified rental, any authorized activity therein (PD 1559).
License – a privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest resources within
forest land, without any right of occupation and possession over the same, to the
exclusion of others, or establish and operate a wood processing plant or conduct any
activity involving the utilization of any forest resources (PD 1559)
License Agreement – a privilege granted by the State to a person to utilize forest

resources within any forest land with the right of possession and occupation thereof to the
exclusion of others, except the government, but with the corresponding obligation to
develop, protect and rehabilitate the same in accordance with the terms and conditions
set forth in said agreement (PD 1559).
License Agreement, Pulpwood – similar to timber license agreement except that it is

primarily for the cutting of pulpwood.
License Agreement, Timber – a long term license executed by and between the
Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources on behalf of the government and the
grantee for the harvesting and removal from the public forest of timber, and in
appropriate cases also of other forest products. It is drawn up by the Director of Forest
Management Bureau and recommended to the Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources for final approval. It is subject to review at least once every five (5) years to
ascertain the terms for major policy changes.
License, Miner's Timber – a license issued by the Department of Environment and

Natural Resources for the cutting and utilization of timber for mining purposes.
Appendix A-27
Glossary of Terms
License, Non-Timber Forest Product – a license issued for the cutting and utilization of
any forest products other than timber within a public forest or forested land.
License, Ordinary Timber – a short-term commercial license for timber.
License, Private Land Timber – a license issued for the cutting and commercial
utilization of timber in a private land, the title of which is not registered with the Bureau.
License, Provisional Timber – a short-term license issued by the Secretary of

Environment and natural Resources over area previously under ordinary license where
field evaluation has not been undertaken or completed due to fortuitous events or where
the area is covered by mining claim and the claimant does not need timber for mining
purposes and commercializes it or waives his right to another who is qualified to acquire
a timber license.
License, Softwood Timber – a license issued for the cutting within forestland of selected
timber species suitable and used solely for "bakya", matchsticks, carvings and similar
purposes.
License, Special Timber – license issued for the utilization of a class of timber or other
forest products not otherwise authorized under an existing license, or for the cutting of
timber and other forest products within alienable or disposable and private lands, or for
the removal of timber and other forest products incident to researches in experimental
forest, or for small sawmills to supply the needs of communities far from big sawmills.
Light Gauge Steel Section – a housing technology which consists of a structural framing
member with cement stucco plastered or sprayed unto expanded metal lath backed with
felt paper or other backing materials on both exterior and interior walls or partition.
(HUDCC)
Linerboard – paper or paperboard used as facing material on corrugated or solid paper or

paperboard boxes and containers.
Lithosphere – upper layer of the earth, including the earth's crust and upper mantle. (UN
Livestock – farm animals kept or raised for consumption, work or leisure. In general,
poultry are separated as a distinct group of farm animals. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry
Statistics)
Loading – the quantity of polluting material discharged into a body of water. (UN
Log – felled trees bucked into convenient length of at least 1.5 meters, with at least 15
cm. in diameter. It may either be poles, piles, pulpwood, sawlog or veneer log.
Appendix A-28
Glossary of Terms
Logging Operations – the cutting of timber and producing rough, round, hewn or river
forest or wood raw materials.
Logging Waste – wood residues generated in the course of normal logging operations.
This includes treetops, branches, stumps, trimmings and knocked down trees not within
the definition of merchantile logs.
Long line – an extremely long line with a large series of baited hooks, either set or
drifting and requiring only periodical attention at more or less fixed time intervals. (BAS)
Long-Range Transport of Air Pollutants – atmospheric tranport of air pollutants within

a moving air mass for a distance greater than 100 kilometers. (UN Glossary of
Lumber – solid wood not further manufactured other than sawing, resawing and passing
lengthwise through a standard planing machine cross-cut to length.
Mammals – group of animals representing class Mammilla. (PAWB)
Mammilla – a class of vertebrates which possesses mammary glands that produce milk to
feed the young. Other distinguishing characteristics of mammals are the possession of
hairs and majority bears their young alive. (PAWB)
Mangrove – a term applied to the type of forest occurring on tidal flat along the seacoast,
extending along stream where the water is brackish. (PAWB)
Mangrove Ecosystems – an ecosystem found in the inter-tidal zone directly under the
influence of high tides and low tides. It is a special type of land-sea interface ecosystem
where the internal processes (i.e. energy fixations, production of organic matter, mineral
cycling, etc.) are significantly influenced by external parameters such as regular supply of
sea water, regular tidal regime and stability of the substratum. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery
Mangrove Swamps – the brackish water coastal swamps or tropical and sub-tropical
areas that are usually dominated by shrubby salt –tolerant vegetation and are partly
inundated by tidal flow. It is extended to area where the nature of the soil, although
mangrove are identically of parallel origin and the ecological conditions therein are suited
for aquaculture. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Mariculture – the culture of fish, oysters, seaweeds and other aquatic resources in
marine or brackish water environment. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Marine Park – any offshore area inhabited by rare and unique species of marine flora
and fauna. (PAWB)
Appendix A-29
Glossary of Terms
Marine Pollution – direct or indirect introduction by humans of substances or energy

into the marine environment (including estuaries), resulting in harm to living resources,
hazards to human health, hindrances to marine activities including fishing, impairment of
the quality of sea water and reduction of amenities. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Marine Water – sea water outside the coastal line. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and
Mercury – heavy metal that can accumulate in the environment and is highly toxic if
breathed or swallowed. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Methane – colorless, non-poisonous and flammable gaseous hydrocarbon created by

anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas.
Migratory Species – any fishery species which in the course of their life could travel
from freshwater to marine water or vice versa, or any marine species which travel over
great distances in waters of the ocean as part of their behavioral adaptation for survival
and speciation. (TWG-Fishery Statistics)
Military Reservation - refers to forest land which has been proclaimed by the President
for military purposes, such as Airbase, Campsite, Docks and Harbors, Firing Range,
Naval Base, Target Range, Wharves, etc.
Mining Wastes – mining-related by-products of two types: (a) mining-and-quarrying

extraction wastes which are barren soils removed from mining and quarrying sites during
the preparation for mining and quarrying and do not enter into the dressing and
beneficiating processes; and (b) mining-and-quarrying dressing and beneficiating wastes
which are obtained materials extracted during mining-and-quarrying activities. These
wastes occupy valuable land and cause harm to stream life when they are deposited near
the drainage area of the stream.
Mobile Source – moving source of air pollution such as cars, trucks, buses and airplanes.
Monitoring – continuous or frequent standardized measurement and observation of the

environment (air, water, land/soil, biota) often used for warning and control. (UN
Monitoring Station – facility to measure emissions or ambient concentrations of

pollutants. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Motor Vehicle – any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using
the public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street sweepers, sprinklers,
Appendix A-30
Glossary of Terms
lawn mowers, bulldozers, graders, forklifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on
public highways, vehicles which run only on rails or trucks and tractors, trailers and
traction engines of all kinds used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Trailers having
any number of wheels, when propelled or intended to be propelled by attachment to a
motor vehicle, shall be classified as separate motor vehicle with no power rating. (NEDA
Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Municipal Water – includes streams, lakes and tidal waters within the municipality, not
being the subject of private ownership and not comprised within national parks, public
forests, timber lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves and marine waters included
between two lines drawn perpendicular to the general coastline from points where the
boundary lines of the municipality touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with
the general coastline and three nautical miles from such coastline. Where two
municipalities are so situated on the opposite shores that there is less than six nautical
miles of marine waters between them, the third line shall be a line equidistant from the
opposite shores of the respective municipalities. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry
Statistics)
National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation – the main implementing agency of the
Unified Home Lending Program (UHLP). It is the major government home mortgage
institution whose initial main function is to operate a viable home mortgage market,
utilizing long-term funds principally provided by Social Security System (SSS),
Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) and Home Development Mutual Fund
(HDMF) as funding agencies for the purchase of mortgages originated by both private
and public institutions based on government-approved guidelines. (HUDCC)
National Housing Authority – mandated as the sole government producer of shelter for
low and marginal income groups. Its activities are focused on housing solutions
affordable to these beneficiaries: slum upgrading or on-site development, provision of
new sites and services and resettlement projects. (HUDCC)
National Integrated Protected Areas System – the classification and administration of

all designated protected areas to maintain essential ecological processes and life-support
systems, to preserve genetic diversity, to ensure sustainable use of resources found
therein, and to maintain their natural conditions to the greatest extent possible. (PAWB)
National Park – a forest reservation essentially of natural wilderness character which has
been withdrawn from settlement, occupancy or any form of exploitation except in
conformity with approved management plan and set aside as such exclusively to conserve
the area or preserve the scenery, the natural and historic objects, wild animals and plants
therein and to provide enjoyment of these features in such areas. (PAWB)
National Shelter Program – a comprehensive program which provides the people

especially the lowest 30 percent with adequate housing facilities through affordable
financing packages. (HUDCC)
Appendix A-31
Glossary of Terms
Natural Biotic Area – an area set aside to allow the way of life of societies living in
harmony with the environment to adapt to modern technology at their pace. (PAWB)
Natural Disaster – sudden calamitous event as in the case of earthquakes, tsunamis,

floods, volcanic eruptions, cyclones and landslides, or ongoing misfortune as in
conditions or processes such as drought and desertification. (UN Glossary of
Natural Park – a relatively large area not materially altered by human activity where
extractive resource uses are not allowed and maintained to protect outstanding and natural
and scenic areas of national or international significance for scientific, educational and
recreational use. (PAWB)
Natural Pollutant – pollutant created by substances of natural origin such as volcanic

dust, sea salt particles, photochemically formed ozone, and products of forest fibers,
among others. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Net Emissions – the actual emissions occurring from a new modified project after actual
on-site and off-site mitigation and other effective mitigation have been applied, as
determined by the Air Pollution Control Officer. (EMB)
Newsprint – uncoated paper, unsized or only slightly-sized containing at least 60%

mechanical wood pulp (percent of fibrous content), usually weighing not less than
40g/m2 of the type used mainly for the printing of newspaper.
Nickel Carbonyl – highly poisonous volatile liquid formed by the reaction of hot carbon
monoxide and nickel. It is found in the emissions of automobiles. The vapor can cause
lung cancer. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Nipa Sap – liquid extracted from the bud of nipa palm (Nypha fruticans) as a result of
tapping, used in the manufacture of wine and vinegar.
Nipa Shingle – roofing material made from the fronds of nipa.
Nitrate – nitrogen-containing compound that can exist in the atmosphere or as a

dissolved gas in water. It may produce harmful effects on humans and animals. (UN
Nitric Oxide – gas formed by combustion under high pressure and high temperature in an
internal combustion engine. It changes into nitrogen dioxide in the ambient air and
contributes to photochemical smog. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Nitrogen Oxide – product of combustion from transportation and stationary sources. It is

a major contributor to acid depositions and the formation of ground-level ozone in the
troposphere. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-32
Glossary of Terms
Nitrous Oxide – relatively inert oxide of nitrogen produced as a result of microbial action
in the soil, use of fertilizers containing nitrogen, burning of timber, and so forth. This
nitrogen compound may contribute to greenhouse and ozone-depleting effects. (UN
Non-attainment – not achieving ambient air quality standards. (EMB)
Non-Coniferous – all woods derived from trees classified botanically as "Angiospermae"

eg. narra (Pterocarpus), ipil (Intsia), kalantas (Toona), agoho (Casuarina), teak (Tectona),
bakauan (Rhizophora), apitong (Dipterocarpus), tangile (Shorea), etc. Also known as
broadleaved or hardwood species.
Non-Conventional Energy – a form of energy that includes direct solar energy

conversion, wind, biomass, wood, biogas, tidal energy and ocean thermal energy (ESI,
1991)
Non-Government Organization – private, non-stock, non-profit voluntary organization

that is committed to the task of socioeconomic and sustainable development and is
established primarily for service. (PAWB)
Non-Renewable Natural Resources – exhaustible natural resources such as mineral

resources that cannot be regenerated after exploitation.
Non-Timber Forest Product – includes all forest products except timber. Also known
as minor forest product.
notably a reservoir.
Off-Stream Use of Water – water withdrawn or diverted from a groundwater or surface-

water source for public water supply, industry, irrigation, livestock, thermoelectric power
generation or other uses. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Organism – any living plant, animal or human being. (PAWB)
Other Forestry Activities – the operation of tree nurseries, planting, replanting and
conservation of forests; gathering of uncultivated materials such as gums and resins, wild
rubber, saps, barks, herbs, wild fruits and flowers, mosses, leaves, needles, reeds and
roots; and the concentrating and distilling of sap and charcoal burning when carried on in
the forest. Establishments primarily engaged in providing forestry services are included.
Other Industrial Roundwood – roundwood used for tanning, distillation, matchblocks,

poles, pilings, posts, etc.
Other Paper and Paperboard – includes all sheets made of fibrous materials such as
household and sanitary paper, wrapping and packaging paper and paperboard.
Appendix A-33
Glossary of Terms
Other Printing and Writing Paper – paper except newsprint suitable for printing and
business papers writing, sketching, drawing, etc., made from a variety of pulp blends and
with various finishes. Included are such papers as those for books and magazine, wall
paper based stock, stationery, bank note, manifold, onion skin, typewriter, poster, etc.
Oxidant – oxygen-containing substance that reacts chemically with other substances in

the air to produce new substances. Oxidants are the primary contributors to
photochemical smog. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Oxygenate – any oxygen-rich substance added to gasoline to enhance octane and reduce
carbon monoxide emissions. (EMB)
Ozone – a secondary pollutant formed from the reaction of oxides of nitrogen and
reactive organic gases in the presence of sunlight. In the stratosphere, ozone provides a
protective layer shielding the earth form the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation on
human beings and other biota. In the troposphere, it is a major component of
photochemical smog, which seriously affects the human respiratory system. (EMB)
Ozone Depletion – destruction of ozone in the stratosphere, where it shields the earth
from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Its destruction is caused by chemical reactions in
which oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and bromine act as catalysts. (UN Glossary
Ozone Hole – seasonal decrease in the total ozone column, 15-20 kilometers above the
Antarctic. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Ozonosphere or Ozone Layer – lower region of the stratosphere, 15-25 kilometers

above the earth's surface, in which there is an appreciable ozone concentration. (UN
p.p.m./p.p.b./p.p.t. – parts per million/parts per billion/parts per trillion, measures of the
concentrations of pollutants in air, water, soil, human tissue, food or other products. (UN
Paper and Paperboard – these products are made from pulps and waste paper plus
fillers, size colouring matter and other additives as required. They may be machine or
hand made. The products included under the heading are in rolls or sheets. The rolls
exceed 15 cm. in width and the sheets have no side less than 36 cm.
Particulates – fine liquid or solid particles, such as dust, smoke, mist, fumes or smog,
found in air or emissions. See also Suspended Particulate Matter. (UN Glossary of
Appendix A-34
Glossary of Terms
Pasture Lease – a lease issued for the occupancy and use of portion of forest land for
pasture purposes, executed by and between the Secretary of Environment and Natural
Resources in behalf of the Republic and the grantee as recommended by the Director of
the Forest Management Bureau.
Payao – any object or construction set up to attract and aggregate fish for harvest using
various types of fishing gear. (BAS)
PBS Pre-Cast Concrete – a housing technology which consists of a pre-cast concrete for
walls and steel for roof framing. (HUDCC)
Permanent Forest or Forest Reserve – refers to those lands of the public domain which
have been the subject of the present system of land classification declared as needed for
forest purposes (PD 1559).
Permit – is a short term privilege or authority granted by the State to a person to utilize
any limited forest resources or undertake a limited activity within any forest land without
any right of occupation and possession therein (PD 1559).
Permit to Operate – the written permission, with any specified conditions required, that
must be obtained from the Air Pollution Control Agency before any equipment that might
produce air pollution is used. (EMB)
Permit, Special – a short term permit granted for the cutting, hauling and/or transporting
of forest products.
Peroxyacetyl Nitrate – component of photochemical smog, injurious to plants at a

concentration of more than 0.05 parts per million (p.p.m.). (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Pesticide – any substance or mixture of substances that is used to prevent, destroy or

control pests, including vectors of human or animal disease, and unwanted species of
plants or animals. Pesticides may cause harm during, or marketing of food, agricultural
commodities, wood and wood products or animal feedstuffs or that may be administered
to animals so as to control insects, arachnids or other pests in or on their bodies.
Photochemical Air Pollution – pollution caused by the reaction of unsaturated and

saturated hydrocarbons, aromatics and aldehydes (emitted owing to the incomplete
combustion of fuels) with light. It causes eye irritation. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Photochemical Smog – see Photochemical Air Pollution and Smog
Plywood – an assembled product made of layers of veneer held together by an adhesive,

the chief characteristics of which is the alternate cross layers, distributing the longitudinal
Appendix A-35
Glossary of Terms
wood strength. It consists of three or more layers of veneer, firmly glued together with
the grain direction of the middle layer at right angles to that of the two parallel outer
layers.
Point Source – a facility, which emits a total of greater than ten tons per year of the
criteria pollutants. It covers stationary sources such as sewage treatment plants, power
plants, other industrial establishments, and similar buildings and premises of small spatial
extension. (EMB)
Poles and Piles – logs for use as electric post, pier piling, railroad ties, sleepers and the
like.
Pollutant – (1) substance that is present in concentrations that may harm organisms
(humans, plants and animals) or exceed an environmental quality standard; the term is
frequently used synonymously with contaminant; (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics); (2) presence of substances and heat in environmental media (air, water, land)
whose nature, location, or quantity produces undesirable environmental effects; (3)
activity that generates pollutants.
Population – total number of individuals in a territory or a locality living at a specified

moment of time with an agreed definition of residence; all the persons falling within the
scope of a census or other inquiry. (NSO)
Population Growth Rate – rate of increase/decrease of the population over a given year
due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentage of the base population
(ESI, 1993-1995)
Poultry – a collective term for all domestic birds of economic service to man; also used
to refer to the dressed carcass of fowls; includes chickens (native, gamefowl, layer and
broiler) and ducks. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Precipitation – (1) rains or snows falling from the atmosphere and deposited on land and
water surfaces; (2) forced removal of particles from flue gases or waste water. (UN
Precursor – a pollutant, that when emitted into the atmosphere, may undergo either a
chemical or physical change which then produces another pollutant. (UN Glossary of
Private Motor Vehicles – motor vehicles registered not to be used for hire under any
circumstances. (NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Processing Plant – any mechanical set-up, device, machine or combinations of machines

used for the conversion of logs and other forest raw materials into fiberboard, pulp, paper
or other finished wood products (PD 1559).
Appendix A-36
Glossary of Terms
Production, Meat – aggregate volume of meat recovered from locally raised animals
including the meat equivalent of imported fatteners/feeder stocks. (TWG-Livestock and
Poultry Statistics)
Protected Area – a relatively large area where one or more types of ecosystems of
ecological significance are adequately conserved, where plant and animal species and
habitats are not materially altered by human exploitation and/or occupation. (PAWB)
Protected Landscapes/Seascapes – areas of national significance which are

characterized by the harmonious interaction of man and land while providing
opportunities for public enjoyment through the recreation and tourism within the normal
lifestyle and economic activity of these areas. (PAWB)
Protection of Ambient Air – environmental protection activity involving the erection,

maintenance and operation of facilities for the reduction of emissions into ambient air, or
of concentrations in the air, of air pollutants through the use of particulate emission
collectors, gaseous emission control devices or other technical means. (UN Glossary of
Protection of Climate and the Ozone Layer - measures to control the emissions of
greenhouse gases and gases that adversely effect the stratospheric ozone layer (carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chloro-fluorocarbons and halons). (UN Glossary of
Proved Reserves – such estimated quantities of mineral deposits, at a specific date, as

analysis of geologic engineering data demonstrates with reasonable certainty to be
recoverable in the future under the same economic and operational conditions.
Provisional Timber Production Agreement - a temporary agreement entered into by

and between the DENR Secretary and an expired timber license holder for the continuity
of its logging operation pending the issuance of a regular Timber Production Sharing
Agreement (TPSA).
Pulpwood – any wood commercially used for the manufacture of any type of pulp.
Purse Seine – a long, rectangular net held vertically in water by a line of floats above and
a line of lead sinkers below with a bunt at the center and pursing device along the middle
half of the sinker line. (BAS)
Push Net – a triangular framed, collapsible net operated by one man. The capture of fish
is effected by a forward, horizontal motion along the bottom of shallow waters. (BAS)
Putrescible Waste – plant or animal residues that undergo quick degradation by

bacteriological action causing odors and attract flies.
Appendix A-37
Glossary of Terms
Quarry – an excavation or pit, usually open to the air, from which mineral deposits are
obtained by cutting, blasting, etc.
Rainforest – luxuriant forest, generally composed of tall, broad-leaved evergreen trees,

found in regions where annual rainfall exceeds 1,800 millimeters. (UN Glossary of
Rainwater – water that falls to earth as precipitation from atmospheric humidity. It may
contain undesirable quantities of nitrogen, sulfur and heavy metals which give rise to
problems of “acid rain”. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Rare Species – species and subspecies of wildlife found only in one particular area or
only in a few areas in the Philippines in very highly specialized habitat types but occur
only in very small numbers and are therefore, seldom met, even within their preferred
habitat types. Their populations are not at present endangered or vulnerable but are at
risk. (PAWB)
Rattan – refers to a group of cane-like climbing palm species such as the palasan and the
limuran belonging to the family Palmae generally found on moist tropical rain forest.
May come in split or unsplit forms, which are used primarily in furniture and households
fixtures.
Rattan Cutting Contracts – a contract entered into the Secretary of Environment and
Natural Resources and another party to cut, gather and transport rattan.
Reactive Organic Gases – compounds of principally carbon and hydrogen that react with
nitrogen oxides to form ozone (also known as reactive hydrocarbons and reactive organic
compounds). All organic gases are considered ROG except: methane, carbon monoxide,
carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, metallic carbides or carbonates, ammonium carbonates,
TCA, methylene chloride (dichloromethane, CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, FC-23, CFC-
113, CFC-114, CFC-115, HCFC-134a, HCFC-141b, HCFC-142b. (EMB)
Reasonably Available Control Technology – process changes and/or devices to

minimize air pollution from mobile and stationary sources that are cost-effective and
readily available. (EMB)
Recharge – process by which water is added from outside to the zone of saturation of an
aquifer. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Recreation – an activity which refreshes the body, spirit, or mind undertaken during
leisure time in an outdoor or natural setting. (PAWB)
Appendix A-38
Glossary of Terms
Recreation Areas – forest land reservation which has been set aside for the protection,
reservation, development and public enjoyment of natural scenery, primitive or natural
landscape, wildlife, natural phenomena and other natural attractions. (PAWB)
Recreation Facilities – structures or developments introduced within a protected area for

purposes of enhancing outdoor recreation activities, thereby making visitors better
appreciate and enjoy nature. (PAWB)
Recreational Land – land used for purposes of recreation, for example, sports fields,
gymnasiums, playgrounds, public parks and green areas, public beaches and swimming
pools, and camping sites.
Red List of Threatened Animals - listing of animals threatened with extinction. The
1994 IUCN Red List, compiled by World Conservation Monitoring Center, includes more
than 6,000 animal species known to be at risk. (PAWB)
Red Tide - proliferation of marine plankton that is toxic and often fatal to fish. This
natural phenomenon is stimulated by phosphorus and other nutrients that are discharges
into waterways by human beings. The color of the tide can be red, yellow, green or
brown. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Reforestation - the act of planting trees on bare or openland which is used to be covered
with forest growth.
Reproduction Brush - forest predominantly stocked with trees of at least one meter high
but less than 15 cm. in diameter.
Reptiles – vertebrate animals with tough skin, usually covered with scales in contrast to
amphibians with smooth, delicate skin. Snakes are typical examples of reptiles. Reptiles
either lay eggs (oviparous) or bear their young alive. (PAWB)
Reptilia – scientific term referring to reptiles. (PAWB)
Resettlement Program – involves the acquisition and development of large tracts of raw
land to generate serviced homelots for families displaced from sites earmarked for
government infrastructure projects and from danger areas. The program is non-cost
recoverable and relies on full subsidy support for land acquisition and site development.
(HUDCC)
Residual Inventory - an activity which pertains to evaluating the result of tree marking
after logging operations whether or not the loggers exercised care in avoiding damages to
mark trees, and to determine the condition, sizes, and number of healthy trees left.
Resin - translucent amber-colored to almost black brittle exudent obtained by chemical

means (e.g. oleoresin).
Appendix A-39
Glossary of Terms
Resource Reserve – an extensive and relatively isolated and uninhabited area normally
with difficult access designated as such to protect natural resources of the area for future
use and prevent or contain development activities that could affect the resource pending
the establishment of objectives which are based upon appropriate knowledge and
planning. (PAWB)
Revenue - includes cash received and receivable for products/crops/harvests/gatherings

sold and agricultural, industrial and non-industrial services rendered to others. Valuation
is at producer's prices (ex-establishment), net of discounts and allowances, including
duties and taxes but excluding subsidies.
Ring Net – a truck seine, which, in structure, combines the features of the round haul
seine (which has the bunt at the center and is flanked by two wings) and the purse seine
(which has a regular pursing device). (BAS)
River Basin – total land area drained by a river and its tributaries. (UN Glossary of
Roundwood - wood in its natural state as felled or otherwise harvested, with or without
bar, round, split roughly squared or other forms (e.g. roots, stumps). It may also be
impregnated (e.g. telegraph poles) or roughly shaped or pointed. It comprises all wood
obtained from the forest such as sawlogs/veneer logs, pulpwood, fuelwood and other
industrial roundwood.
Run-Off – portion of rainfall, melted snow or irrigation water that flows across the
ground’s surface and is eventually returned to streams. Run-off can pick up pollutants
from air or land and carry them to receiving waters. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Rural Health Units – health institutions located in rural areas, which provide medical
care and preventive health services, usually staffed by a multi-disciplinary team. (NEDA
Glossary of Terms, 1985 and Compendium of Philippine Social Statistics, 1998)
Rural Water Supply (Level 1) – a source of water supply which could either be a
protected well or a developed spring with an outlet but without a distribution system,
generally adaptable for rural areas where the houses are thinly scattered. A level 1
facility normally serves an average of 15 households. The farthest user of level 1 is not
more than 250 meters from the point source. (DPWH)
Sack Kraft Paper - strong paper made from sulphate pulp and used in manufacture of
single or multiwall sacks.
Salago Bark - bark obtained from the salago species (Wikstroemia spp.) used in making
paper money.
Appendix A-40
Glossary of Terms
Salinity – salt content of environmental media. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Salinization – increase in salt concentration in an environmental medium, notably soil.

Salt Water Intrusion – mixing of saltwater with freshwater. It can occur in either
surface water or groundwater bodies. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Sandwich Panel System – a housing technology, which consists of steel reinforced

concrete (SRC) panels for walls, beams and roofing system. The panel system consists of
a welded three-dimensional wire frame utilizing a truss concept for strength and stiffness
and a 40 mm thick polystyrene foam core in which both faces are plastered with concrete
mortar. (HUDCC)
Sanitary Sewage – domestic wastes from bathrooms, kitchen and so on. (UN Glossary
Sanitary Toilet Facilities – refer to water carriage excreta disposal system, which
include septic tanks and water-scaled types. (NEDA Glossary of Terms, 1985)
Sawdust – wood dust in the process of sawing.
Sawmill – a wood processing plant used for the conversion of logs/timbers into lumber,
which includes band or circular re-saws with carriage that are operated as independent
units for re-sawing/ripping of lumber, slabs and other wood wastes into desired
dimensions and forms and are not accessories to the head rig.
Sawtimber – trees having a diameter at breast height of 35 cm. or larger.
Schistosomiasis – disease contracted through exposure to water containing a species of

water snail that acts as host to flukes of the genus Schistosoma at their first larval stage.
The disease leads to malfunctioning and deterioration of the liver, heart, spleen, bladder
and kidneys. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Scientific Name – the formal nomenclature/name of specific plants and animals. (PAWB)
Secondary Pollutants – pollutants not emitted directly but formed in the atmosphere
through chemical reactions or transformations of other pollutants. (EMB)
Sedimentation – settling of matter to the bottom of a liquid or water body. (UN Glossary
Appendix A-41
Glossary of Terms
Sedimentation Tank – holding area for waste water where floating wastes are skimmed
off and settled solids are pumped to incinerators, digesters, filters or other means of
disposal. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Selective Logging – the systematic removal of the mature, overmature and defective trees
in such a manner as to leave adequate number and volume of healthy residual trees of the
desired species necessary to assure a future crop of timber, and forest cover for the
protection and conservation of soil, water and wildlife (PD 1559).
Septic Tank – underground tank receiving wastewater directly from the home. Organic
sewage/waste is decomposed by bacteria and settles down in the tank; effluents flow out
of the tank into the ground; and the sludge is periodically pumped out. (UN Glossary of
Sewage – organic waste and wastewater produced by residential and commercial

establishments. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Sewer – channel or conduit that carries wastewater, sewage and storm water from their
source to a treatment plant or receiving stream. A sanitary sewer conveys household and
commercial wastes, a storm sewer transports rain run-off and a combined sewer is used
for both purposes. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Shoreline – the line drawn along an area between the seawater and the land exposed
during the lowest tide. (IAC-Agriculture, Fishery and Forestry Statistics)
Silt – fine particles of sand and rock that can be picked up by air or by water and
deposited as sediments.
Sinking – controlling of oil spills through use of an agent to trap the oil and sink it to the
bottom of the body of water in which the agent and the oil are to be biodegraded. (UN
Skimming – mechanical removal of oil or scum from the surface of water. (UN Glossary
Smog Check - a vehicle inspection and maintenance examination. (EMB)
Species – any species, subspecies, or geographically separate population thereof. (PAWB)
Specimen - any animal, whether dead or alive, or any recognizable part or derivative
thereof. (PAWB)
State Implementation Plan – a comprehensive plan mandated by law that details the
programs and control measures to be implemented for the purposes of reducing
emissions. Emissions ultimately must be reduced to the extent that measured
Appendix A-42
Glossary of Terms
concentrations of pollutants in the air will not exceed the required air quality standards.
(EMB)
Stationary Source – a pollution source that does not move, e.g., plant boilers, paint,
asphalt, and oil tanks. A second definition is a group of facilities at contiguous locations
that are under common management and engaged in similar activity. (EMB)
Stationary Source Control Measures – a control measure designed to limit the kind and
amount of pollutants emitted from stationary sources. (EMB)
Stewardship Agreement – is a contract entered into by and between a forest occupant or

community. Forest management association or cooperative and the Government,
allowing the farmer land tenure and the right to peaceful occupation, development and
management over a designated area.
Stratosphere – the region of the atmosphere extending upward from the troposphere to
about 15 miles above the earth. (EMB)
Strict Nature Reserve – an area possessing some outstanding ecosystem features and/or
species of flora and fauna of national scientific importance maintained to protect nature
and maintain processes in an undisturbed state in order to have ecologically representative
examples of the natural environment available for scientific study, environmental
monitoring, education and for the maintenance of genetic resources in a dynamic and
evolutionary state. (PAWB)
Subsoil Assets – developed and undeveloped reserves of mineral deposits located on or

below the earth’s surface.
Surface Water – all water naturally open to the atmosphere, including rivers, lakes,
reservoirs, streams, impoundments, seas, estuaries and so on. The term also covers
springs, wells or other collectors of water that are directly influenced by surface waters.
Suspended Solids – small particles of solid pollutants in sewage that contribute to

turbidity and resist separation by conventional means. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Sustainability – refers to a) use of the biosphere by present generations while

maintaining its potential yield (benefit) for future generations; and/or b) non-declining
trends of economic growth and development that might be impaired by natural resource
depletion and environmental degradation.
Sustainable Use – means the use of components of biological diversity in a way that a
rate that does not lead to a long-term decline of biological diversity, thereby maintaining
its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations. (PAWB)
Appendix A-43
Glossary of Terms
SWS Neopor CLC Panel System – a housing technology which consists of materials
made from highly stable foam, cement aggregates and polypropylene fibers. The walls
are cast using monolithic construction or cast-in-place. The wall formwork system
utilizes the Outinord and Paschal molds wherein all components (i.e. piping for all
electrical and water door frames, etc.z) are incorporated into the wall. Mixed Cellular
Lightweight Concrete (CLC) with polypropylene fibers is then poured on the molds
thereby producing the desired panels/walls. (HUDCC)
Tailings – wastes separated out during the processing of crops and mineral ores,
including residues of raw materials.
Tanbark - a general term for tannin-producing barks e.g. camachile and bakauan barks.
Threatened Wildlife Species– species and subspecies of wildlife whose population

throughout the islands where they are found have suffered high degree of depletion to the
point of having their numbers reduced to the minimum below which said species or
subspecies will totally become extinct. (PAWB)
Timber – the major product of the forest, the standing tree.
Timber Stand Improvement – intermediate tending operations past the sampling stage
to regulate the growth number of pre-selected crop trees by cleaning and liberation of a
filling to be eventually harvested.
Timberland – refers to land of the public domain, which have been the subject of the
present system of land classification determined to be needed for forest purposes.
Eventually these lands will be proclaimed as forest reserves by the President.
Topography – physical feature of a surface area, including its relief or relative

elevations, and the position of human-made and natural features.
Total Energy Consumption – the quantity of energy consumed measured in barrels of

oil equivalent. It includes consumption of primary energy, i.e., oil, coal, hydroelectric,
geothermal energy and non-conventional energy. (ESI, 1991)
Toxic Pollutants – materials contaminating the environment that cause death, disease
and/or birth defects in the organisms that ingest or absorb them. The quantities and length
of exposure necessary to cause these effects can vary widely.
Translocation – the act or process of transferring or changing the location of an animal

or animals to an area stimulating the natural habitat. (PAWB)
Transpiration – the evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the surface of plant
leaves. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Appendix A-44
Glossary of Terms
Transportation Control Measure – any strategy to reduce vehicle trips, vehicle use,
vehicle miles traveled, vehicle idling or traffic congestion for the purpose of reducing
motor vehicle emissions. (EMB)
Trawl – an active fishing gear consisting of a bag-shaped net with or without otter boards
to open its opening which is dragged or towed along the bottom or through the water
column to take fishery species by straining them from the water, including all variations
and modifications of trawl (bottom, mid-water, and baby trawls) and tow nets. (BFAR)
Tree Farm – any small forestland or tract of land purposely planted to tree crops (PD
1559).
Tree Marking – the identification and marking of trees to be cut and those to be left as
residuals, which will form the future crop of timber.
Tsunami – translation of Japanese term meaning “storm wave”, giant ocean wave
produced by a seismic disturbances beneath the ocean floor. (UN Glossary of
Turbidity – hazy or cloudy condition of water due to the presence of suspended particles.
Type 1 IFMA Areas – IFMA Areas that do not contain any Residual Production Forest
and are for IFP establishment and management and protection forest, if any.
Type II IFMA Areas – IFMA Areas that contain Residual Production Forest and are for
Industrial Forest Plantation (IFP) establishment, sustainable management of the Residual
Production Forest and protection of Protection Forest.
Unemployed – include all those who, during the reference period are 15 years old and
over as of their last birthday who have no job/business and actively looking for work.
Also considered as unemployed are persons without a job or business who are reported
not looking for work because of their belief that no work was available or because of
temporary illness/disability, bad weather, pending job application or waiting for job
interview. (NSO)
Unemployment Rate – the proportion in percent of the total number of unemployed

persons to the total number of persons in the labor force. (NSO)
Universal Soil Loss Equation – equation used as an erosion index in which soil loss
(expressed in tons per acre) is defined as the mathematical product R K L S C P, where R
is the rainfall erosivity index, K the soil erodibility factor, L the slope length factor, S the
slope steepness factor, C the crop management factor and P the conservation factor.
Appendix A-45
Glossary of Terms
Unpaid Family Workers – persons living in the household of any of the proprietors and
working in the establishment and non-industrial receipts. (NSO)
Upland – highland; ground elevation above the lowlands along rivers or between hills.
Value of Livestock and Poultry – the value of the animal with reference to its farmgate
price. (TWG-Livestock and Poultry Statistics)
Veneer – thin sheets of wood of uniform thickness, rotary cut, sliced or sawn for use in
the manufacture of plywood.
Vulnerable – species or subspecies of wildlife whose populations are still sizeable but
are under threat from serious adverse factors throughout their range and are believed
likely to move to the endangered category in the near future. (PAWB)
Waste – materials that are not prime products (that is, products produced for the market)
for which the generator has no further use in terms of his own purposes of production,
transformation or consumption, and of which he wants to dispose. Wastes may be
generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into
intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human
activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded.
Waste Collection – collection and transport of waste to the place of treatment or

discharge by municipal services or similar institutions, or by public or private
corporations, specialized enterprises or general government. Collection of municipal
waste may be selective, that is to say, carried out for a specific type of product, or
undifferentiated, in other words, covering all kinds of waste at the same time.
Waste Management – characteristic activities include (a) collection, transport, treatment

and disposal of waste; (b) control, monitoring and regulation of the production,
collection, transport, treatment and disposal of waste; and (c) prevention of waste
production through in-process modifications, reuse and recycling.
Wastepaper – paper and paperboard which has been used for its original purposes or
residues from paper conversion, which could be re-used as a raw material for the
manufacture of paper, paperboard, panels, moulded products, etc. and for wrapping,
packaging or other purpose with or without further processing.
Wastewater – used water, typically discharged into the sewage system. It contains
matter and bacteria in solution or suspension. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Water Abstraction – removal of water from any source, either permanently or

temporarily. Mine water and drainage water are included. Water abstractions from
groundwater resources are defined as the difference between the total amount of water
Appendix A-46
Glossary of Terms
withdrawn from aquifers and the total amount charged artificially or injected to aquifers.
Water Conservation – preservation, control and development of water resources, both

surface and groundwater, and prevention of pollution. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Water Cycle – sequence of climatological events. The heat of the sun evaporates water
from land and water surfaces; vapor, being lighter than air, rises until it reaches the cooler
upper air level where it condenses into clouds; further condensation produces
precipitation that falls to earth as rain, sleet or snow; some of the water is retained by the
soil and some run-off returns to rivers, lakes and oceans. (UN Glossary of Environment
Statistics)
Water Mining – depletion (beyond replenishment) of water bodies, notably aquifers.

Water Pollution – presence in water of harmful and objectionable material – obtained

from sewers, industrial wastes and rainwater run-off – in sufficient concentrations to
make it unfit for use. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Water Quality – physical, chemical, biological and organoleptic (taste-related)

properties of water. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Water Quality Criteria – specific levels of water quality desired for identified uses,
including drinking, recreation, farming, fish production, propagation of other aquatic life,
and agricultural and industrial processes. (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Water Supply System – system for the collection, transmission, treatment, storage and
distribution of water from source to consumers, for example, homes, commercial
establishment, industry, irrigation facilities and public agencies for water-related
activities. (UN Glossary of Environmental Statistics)
Water Table – level below which water-saturated soil is encountered. It is also known as
groundwater surface. (UN Glossary of Environmental Statistics)
Water Treatment – (a) (prior to first use) process to render water withdrawn from any
source suitable for first use; (b) wastewater treatment by mechanical, biological and
advanced procedures.
Water Use – use of water by agriculture, industry, energy production and households,
including in-stream uses such as fishing, recreation, transportation and waste disposal.
Appendix A-47
Glossary of Terms
Waterborne Disease – disease that arises from infected water and is transmitted when is
used for drinking or cooking (for example, cholera or typhoid). It is to be distinguished
from water-based and water-related diseases. Water-based diseases are those in which
water provides the habitat for host organisms of parasites ingested (for example,
schistosomiasis). Water-related diseases are those in which insect vectors rely on water
as habitat but transmission is not through direct contact with water (for example, malaria
or onchocerciasis). (UN Glossary of Environment Statistics)
Watershed – a land area drained by a stream or fixed body of water and its tributaries
having a common outlet for surface run-off (PD 1559).
Watershed Reservation – a forest land reservation established to protect or improve the

conditions of the water yield thereof or reduce sedimentation (PD 1559).
Watershed, Critical – a drainage area of a river system supporting existing and proposed
hydroelectric power and irrigation water needing immediate rehabilitation as it is being
subjected to a fast denudation causing accelerated erosion and destructive floods. It is
closed from logging until it is rehabilitated.
Weather – day-to-day or sometimes even instantaneous changes of atmospheric

conditions over a given place or area. In contrast, climate encompasses the statistical
ensemble of all weather conditions during a long period of time over that place or area.
Atmospheric conditions are measured by the meteorological parameters of air
temperature, barometric pressure, wind velocity, humidity, clouds and precipitation. (UN
Wetland – area of low-lying land where the water table is at or near the surface most of
the time. Wetlands include swamps, bogs, fens, marshes and estuaries. (UN Glossary of
Wild Fauna By-Products – anything derived or produced directly or indirectly from

wild animals such as hides, antlers, fins, carapace and the like. (PAWB)
Wilderness Area – land of public domain which have been reserved as such by law to
preserve its natural conditions, maintain its hydrologic quality and restrict public use in
the interest of national welfare and security. This includes foreshore protection forests,
mossy forests and mangrove forests essentially needed for foreshore protection and
maintenance of estuarine and marine life including critical watershed reservations and
special forest which are the exclusive habitat of rare and endangered Philippine Flora and
Fauna. (PAWB)
Wildlife – non-domesticated flora and fauna. (PAWB)
Wildlife Export – the conveyance of wildlife and its by-products from any place within
the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines to another country. (PAWB)
Appendix A-48
Glossary of Terms
Wildlife Sanctuary – comprises an area, which assures the natural conditions necessary
to protect nationally significant species, groups of species, biotic communities or physical
features of the environment where these may require specific human manipulations for
their perpetuation. (PAWB)
Wildlife Trade – the act of purchasing, selling, offering or exposing for sale, or having in
possession for sale, live or dead, or any part of wildlife species. (PAWB)
Wood Processing Plant – a mechanical device, machine, combination of machines or

set-up used for the treatment of poles and piles or conversion of logs, and other wood raw
materials into lumber, veneer, plywood, wallboard, blackboard, paperboard, pulp paper or
other finished wood products.
Wood Pulp – the crude fiber material of one kind or another that is produced either
mechanically or chemically from fibrous cellulose raw material in which paper,
paperboard and the like are produced. Commodities included are mechanical, semi-
chemical and dissolving wood pulp.
Wood Residues – by product of logging, saw milling, and manufacturing operations in

the form of sawdust, flakes and other sub particulates.
Wood Waste – by product of logging, saw milling and manufacturing operations in the
form of slabs, edgings, trimmings, log cores and tree tops.
Working Owners – proprietors and active business partners who are actually engaged in
the work of the establishment and are not applicable to any incorporated or similar
enterprise the ownership of which is presented by equity shares. (NSO)
Wrapping Kraft – all other wrapping and packaging papers made principally from
sulphate pulp.
Zamboard – a housing technology which consists of a woodwool cement bonded board.

(HUDCC)
Appendix A-49

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Compendium of Philippine

This compendium is an initial attempt to compile priority environment

Although the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) is the implementing

Despite these, environment statistics in the Philippine is still considered

In response to the broad issue of inadequacy of environment statistics,

The PFDES provides a systematic approach to the development of

The document is divided into seven chapters corresponding to the following

Each chapter/component contains: (a) an introduction about the

Additionally, the List of Acronyms and Abbreviations of terms used in the

The Glossary of Terms, which contains the terminologies and definitions

The PFDES relates each component of the environment (Flora, Fauna,

Environmental impacts of activities and events, as the name suggests,

The fourth category, stocks and inventories, is intended to provide

List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-ii

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-iv

Section 1 Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

Section 2 Situational Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-25

Table No. Title Page

A Conceptual Framework on Flora 1-2

B Statistical Framework on Flora 1-8

C Data Assessment of the Flora Component 1-14

1.1 Land Classification: 1976-1996 1-27

1.2 Roundwood Production: 1990-1997 1-28

1.3 Log Production by Region: 1990-1995 1-28

1.4 Lumber Production by Region: 1990, 1992-1995 1-29

1.5 Veneer Production: 1990, 1992-1995 1-31

1.6 Plywood Production: 1990, 1992-1995 1-31

1.7 Production of Processed Wood Products: 1990-1995 1-32

1.8 Paperboard and Paperboard Production of PICOP: 1990-1995 1-32

1.9 Production of Non-Timber Products by Region: 1990-1997 1-33

1.10 Marine Municipal Fish Production by Species: 1992-1996 1-41

1.11 Seaweeds Culture, Volume of Production by Region: 1992-1996 1-42

1.12 Seaweeds Culture, Value of Production by Region: 1992-1996 1-43

1.13 Forest Destruction: 1992-1997 1-44

1.14 Forest Destruction by Cause: 1969-1987 1-45

1.14a-d Forest Destruction by Region: 1987, 1991, 1996-1997 1-46

1.15 Number of Wildlife Local Transport Permits Issued: 1990-1997 1-50

Table No. Title Page

1.16 Forestry Licenses, Leases and Permits by Region: 1990-1997 1-51

1.17 Number of Plants Confiscated: 1991-1997 1-59

1.18 Area Reforested by the Government and Private Sectors 1-60

1.20 List of Policy Issuances: 1995-1997 1-64

1.21 DENR Administrative Orders: 1995-1997 1-67

1.22 DENR Memorandum Circulars: 1995-1997 1-69

1.23 DENR Memorandum Orders: 1995-1996 1-69

1.24 Volume Accounts of Old Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-70

1.25 Volume Accounts of Second Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-71

1.26 Area Accounts of Old Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-72

1.27 Area Accounts of Second Growth Dipterocarp Forests: 1-73

1.28 Volume Accounts of Pine Forests: 1988-1994 1-74

1.29 Area Accounts of Pine Forests: 1988-1994 1-75

1.30 Volume Accounts of Rattan: 1988-1994 1-76

Figure No. Title Page

1 Philippine Land Classification: as of 1996 1-25

Because of these inherent characteristics, issues and concerns on flora are

• Continued degradation of natural forests or whatever is left of these resources;

The private sector and non-government organizations academic/scientific

1.1 Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework on the development of flora statistics (Table A), as

Through this classification, the Philippine framework on the development of flora

The framework is a product of research based on existing literature and discussion

1.1.1 Social and Economic Activities and Natural Events