MOLE CONCEPT

Brief Descriptions:

There are terms that indicate certain numbers such as dozen, ream, and century.
Table 1: Some Number-Related Terms
Terms Numbers
1 dozen eggs 12 eggs
1 case cola 24 cans of cola
1 ream of bond paper 500 pcs of bond paper

In chemistry, particles are counted by moles(mol), a unit that contains 6.02 x 10​23 species. This very
large number is called Avogadro’s Number, named after Amadeo Avogadro an Italian Physicist who
contributed to the development of the concept of the atomic nucleus.
Avogadro’s Number 602 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 = 6.02 x 10​23
This is used to indicate very small species that make up matter like atoms, ions or molecules. It is
also the number of atoms in 12 grams of 12​ ​ C. one mole of any element always has Avogadro’s number of
atoms.

Table 2. Relationship between Molar Mass, Number of Moles of the Components,

and Number of Particles in a Mole of a Substance
SUBSTANCE MOLAR NO. OF MOLES OF NUMBER OF PARTICLES IN A
MASS COMPONENTS MOLE
23​
Carbon 12 g 1 mol of C atom 6.02 x 10​ C atoms
1 mol of H​2​O molecule 6.02 x 10​23 ​H​2​O
Water, H​2​O 18 g 2 mol of H atoms molecules
1 mol of O atoms 2 (6.02 x 10​23​) H atoms
6.02 x 10​23​ O atoms
1 mol of C​6​H​12​O​6 6.02 x 10​23​ C​6​H​12​O​6
molecules Molecules
Glucose, 180 g 6 mol of C atoms 6 (6.02 x 10​23​) C atoms
C​6​H​12​O​6 12 mol of H atoms 12 (6.02 x 10​23​) H atoms
6 mol of O atoms 6 (6.02 x 10​23​) O atoms

Example.
1. Common table sugar (sucrose) C​12 H​22​O​11 has a molar mass of 342.0 grams. What is the mass of
0.15 mole of sucrose?

Solution:
Mass of C​12​ H​22​O​11​ = 0.15 mol C​12​ H​22​O​11​ x ​342 g C​12​ H​22​O​11​ = ​51.0 g
1 mol C​12​ H​22​O​11

2. Octane C​8​H​18​ is a substance in premium gasoline. How many moles are in 95.0 grams of octane?

Solution:
To​ ​find the molar mass of octane​ ​C​8​H​18
C - 8 x 12 = 96
 H – 1 x 18 = ​18
​114 a.m.u​.
95 g of C​8​H​18​ x ​1 mole of C​8​H​18​ ​ = ​0.83 mole of C​8​H​18
144 g of C​8​H​18

3. How many atoms are in a 344.75 g of Gold (Au) nugget?

Solution:
Atoms of Au = ​344.75 g Au ​x​ ​1 mole Au​ ​x​ 6
​ .02 x 10​23​ atoms Au ​ = ​1.05 x 10​23​ atoms
​197.0 g Au 1 mole Au

4. Cyclopropane, ​C​3​H​6​, is an anesthetic given by inhalation.

Calculate the mass of 1.2 x 10​24​ molecules of ​C​3​H​6​.

Solution:
Mass of ​C​3​H​6​ = ​1.2 x 10​24​ molecules of ​C​3​H​6​ ​x​ ​ 1 mole ​C​3​H​6
​6.02 x 10​23​ molecules C​3​H​6
​ x​ ​44.0 g ​C​3​H​6​ = 87.7 g
​1 mole C​3​H​6

Instructions/Procedures:
Solve the following problems.
Use the factor system in solving the problems.
1. How many grams are there in;

a. 4 moles of CO​2

b. 0.2 moles of FeCl​3

2. Calculate the number of moles in:

a. 10 g Br

b. 111 g Ca(OH)​2

3. Determine the number of atoms in:

a. 54 g Al

b. 0.24 g Mg

Atomic mass of some elements:

H=1 Fe = 56
C = 12 Ca = 40
O = 16 Br = 80
Mg = 24 Al = 27
N = 14 Cu = 64
P = 31

W
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8
Topic: Countless and Active Particles of Matter
Brief Descriptions:
Percentage Composition – ​is the percent by mass of the elements in a compound.
This percentage is obtained by using the equation:
mass of the element
% Mass = mass of the compound X 100%
Example:
Calculate the percentage composition of ascorbic acid (C​6​H​8​O​6​)
Solution:
a. The formula mass of 1 mole of ascorbic acid (C​6​H​8​O​6​) is calculated first,
12.0 g C
​Mass of C​ = 6 mol C x 1 mol C = ​72.0 g C

1.0 g H
Mass of H​ = 8 mol H x​ 1 mol H = 8.0 g H

16 g O
Mass of O​ = 6 mol O x​ 1 mol O = ​96.0 g O

Mass of 1 mole of C​6​H​8​O​6​ = ​176.0 g

b. The percent composition may then be calculated​:

72 g C
% C = 176 g C6H8O6 x 100% = 40.9 %

8gH
%H= 176 g C6H8O6 x 100% = 4.5 %

96 g C
%O= 176 g C6H8O6 x 100% = ​54.5%

TOTAL = 99.9% or 100%

Knowledge of percentage composition is useful in choosing the best brand of Vitamin C that
gives higher amount of Ascorbic Acid. Aside from this, it will help us to be a wise consumer because it
would be a good basis for choosing the food product we need to eat based on its content.

Instructions/Procedures:

Solve the following problems. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answer.
1. Phosphoric acid, H​3​PO​4, is
​ a component of detergents​. ​Find the percent composition of its
components.

2. Soil that is already depleted of its nutrients needs fertilizer. One of the nutrients needed to
replenish the soil is nitrogen. If you are an agricultural technician helping a farmer, which among
these fertilizers are you going to use?

Show your computations to convince the farmer about your choice.

a. Ammonia – NH​3
 b. Ammonium Sulfate – (NH​4​)​2​SO​4

c. Ammonium Nitrate – NH​4​NO​3

Hint: ​Find % N in each compound. The best fertilizer gives higher amount of Nitrogen in the soil.

Prepared by:

ALMA C. JOCSON, TII

MELISSA DC. IDOLOG, TIII
MARY ANN L. PALOMAR, DEM MTI