BACHELOR OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT WITH

HONOUR

SEMESTER 3 / YEAR 2020

XBHM3103

OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT

MATRICULATION NO : 980420075495001
IDENTITY CARD NO. : 980420075495
TELEPHONE NO. : 01121515733
E-MAIL : imanhifni89@gmail.com
LEARNING CENTRE : SEBERANG JAYA

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 Table of content

No. Content Page

1. (Task 1) Identification of types of hazard and risk factors of getting the
disease.
2. Description on type of disease including cause, infectious cycle and
complications.
3. Description on the proposed control measures for the workplace area.
4. Explanation on the propose plan of actions for health surveillance.
5. (Task 2) Discuss the control measures of the identified disease in the given
case study in the MyINSPIRE with the e-tutor and course member.
6. Your e-tutor will create a folder in the assignment discussion. Please leave
your discussion under that folder. Do not create another discussion folder
to avoid confusion.
7. a) Student need to printscreen the online discussion and paste it at the
end of the powerpoint slide as evidence.

Identification of types of hazard and risk factors of getting the disease.

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 The sort of danger chipping away at cooling tower is Legionnaires' ailment is a conceivably
deadly type of pneumonia brought about by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. Legionella
species can likewise cause less genuine ailments that are not for all time weakening. The
gathering of diseases brought about by types of Legionella is known as legionellosis. Legionella
microscopic organisms happen normally in the climate. They are regularly found in lakes,
waterways, brooks and soil. Individuals generally contract Legionnaires' infection by taking in
Legionella microscopic organisms in exceptionally fine beads of water called mist concentrates.
Fake water frameworks, including showers, spa pools, wellsprings, vehicle washes and cooling
towers, may give conditions that permit Legionella microbes to increase in enormous numbers.
Legionella would then be able to be spread by pressurized canned products. The primary danger
factors for an episode of the sickness are the presence of Legionella pneumophila microbes,
conditions appropriate for augmentation of the living being, including a reasonable temperature
(20–50 °C), and a wellspring of supplements, for example, ooze, scale, rust, green growth or
other natural issue, a methods for making and spreading breathable beads, for example, the mist
concentrates created by a cooling pinnacle, shower or spa and introduction of defenseless
individuals to these aerosols.During the typical activity of a cooling tower, pressurized canned
products are shaped and afterward helped into the climate through the pinnacle exhaust. In the
event that Legionella microbes are available in the water of the cooling tower framework,
breathing these mist concentrates can bring about contamination.

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 The risk of getting the disease.Legionnaires' illness normally strikes moderately aged
individuals, in spite of the fact that cases have been accounted for in all age gatherings. The
ailment often happens in individuals whose protection from contamination has been decreased,
however evidently sound individuals may likewise build up the infection. Individuals
experiencing malignant growth or ongoing kidney ailments are among those less ready to battle
contaminations. Constant ailments, for example, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD), diabetes and liquor addiction, likewise appear to build weakness to Legionnaires'
ailment. Cigarette smokers are additionally bound to get Legionnaires' ailment.

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Description on type of disease including cause, infectious cycle and complications.

The reason for this disease,The bacterium answerable for Legionnaires' illness has a place
with the sort Legionella. There are around 35 Legionella species known to create the illness.
Legionella species are regularly found in any sea-going climate. They can make due for a while
in a wet climate and duplicate within the sight of green growth and natural matter.The indication
of this malady, Legionnaires' infection for the most part starts with a migraine, torment in the
muscles and an overall sentiment of unwellness. These manifestations are trailed by high fever
(up to 40-40.5°C or around 104-105°F) and shaking chills. Queasiness, heaving, and looseness of
the bowels may happen. On the second or third day, dry hacking starts and chest agony may
happen. Trouble with breathing is regularly announced. Most patients create pneumonia, a
condition where a portion of the lungs' air sacs load up with liquid or discharge. The pneumonia
may include the two lungs and become so extreme that hospitalization is required. Pneumonia
coming about because of Legionnaires' illness is like pneumonia from different causes. Research
center tests are essential for a diagnosis.Mental changes, for example, disarray, bewilderment,
fantasy and loss of memory, can happen to a degree that appears to be messed up with regards to
the reality of fever. Complete recuperation can take a little while. About 30% of known instances
of Legionnaires' sickness have been fatal.To recognize Legionnaires' malady from pneumonia
from different causes, research center tests are required that are not regularly done on patients
with fever and pneumonia. The analysis is affirmed by research facility assessments that confine
Legionella from respiratory discharges (sputum) or testing a patient's blood or urine.Legionnaires'
ailment is treated with anti-microbials. Early treatment decreases the opportunity of genuine
intricacies.

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 The infection cycle of this disease is very fast. ne of the striking features of L.
pneumophila is its ability to replicate within a large number of different host cells. The
intracellular lifestyle and the adaptation capacity require a series of temporally distinct events
leading to the establishment of a successful infection cycle, many of which are provoked by the
action of one or more of the over 300 effector proteins known to be secreted by the Dot/Icm
secretion system. Following the uptake of L. pneumophila by phagocytic cells through
conventional or coiling phagocytosis (Bozue and Johnson, 1996; Escoll et al., 2013), this
bacterium avoids lysosome-mediated degradation and forms a unique replication-permissive
compartment within its host cell (Figure (Figure1).1). This single-
membrane Legionella containing vacuole (LCV) differs from the cellular compartment
containing non-pathogenic bacteria since it does not acidify and it has a distinct membrane
identity that is achieved by the recruitment of vesicles rich in lipids and proteins on the
cytoplasmic face. Four hours after entry into phagocytes, vesicles derived from rough
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cluster near the nascent LCV. Based on the localization of ER-
associated proteins within the LCV, these vesicles, which exit the ER, are able to deliver their
content into the vacuoles containing L. pneumophila (Robinson and Roy, 2006). In this
compartment the bacteria are replicating intravacuolarly, but the LCV was found later in
association with the late lysosomal compartment, suggesting that it may also play a role in the
replication of the bacteria by providing a nutrient-rich environment (Sturgill-Koszycki and
Swanson, 2000). Recent studies demonstrated that L. pneumophila evades the host-cell response
and interferes also with the host autophagy machinery by modulating the host sphingolipid
metabolism or autophagosome formation (Choy et al., 2012; Rolando et al., 2016). The question
remains open, whether the manipulation of the host sphingolipd metabolism may not only
modulate autophagy, but also provide L. pneumophila nutrients for replication. However,
additional membrane trafficking events may occur and modulate the intracellular life cycle of this
bacterium to manipulate the host response. Following intracellular multiplication, the depletion of
nutrients triggers morphological changes and a switch from a replicative form, where bacteria are
metabolically active but not infectious, to a transmissive form, which ensures that the bacteria
activate the infectious traits for the escape and transmission into a new suitable host or the
survival in the environment (Byrne and Swanson, 1998; Garduño et al., 2002; Molofsky and
Swanson, 2004; Robertson et al., 2014.

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 The confusion to human is Bacteria in the circulation system (bacteremia). Microbes that
enter the circulatory system from your lungs can spread the disease to different organs,
conceivably causing organ failure.Difficulty relaxing. On the off chance that your pneumonia is
extreme or you have ongoing hidden lung maladies, you may experience difficulty taking in
enough oxygen. You may should be hospitalized and utilize a breathing machine (ventilator)
while your lung heals.Fluid amassing around the lungs (pleural emanation). Pneumonia may
make liquid develop in the dainty space between layers of tissue that line the lungs and chest
cavity (pleura). On the off chance that the liquid gets contaminated, you may need to have it
depleted through a chest tube or eliminated with surgery.Lung boil. A canker happens if
discharge structures in a cavity in the lung. A canker is typically treated with anti-toxins. Now
and again, medical procedure or waste with a long needle or cylinder put into the boil is expected
to eliminate the discharge.

Transformation of L. pneumophila to cruel ecological conditions permitted them to get

universal in human-made amphibian frameworks where the temperature is higher than the
encompassing temperature. As outcome, thermally adjusted sea-going natural surroundings may
move the accessibility of hunters and bacterial preys, inevitably advancing Legionella replication
and the rise of the illness by inward breath of tainted pressurized canned products. Likely
wellsprings of Legionella transmission incorporate consumable water sources, for example,
wellsprings, showers and taps, and non-consumable sources, for example, spas, cooling towers
and evaporative condensers (Steinert et al., 2007; Newton et al., 2010; Cunha et al., 2016).
Endless supply of microbes debased pressurized canned products, Legionella arrive at the lung
and are overwhelmed by alveolar macrophages wherein they can effectively recreate, causing a
hazardous pneumonia called Legionnaires' malady (Newton et al., 2010). As Legionella is a
shrewd microbe, people with constant lung ailments, old, resistant traded off, male sex and
smokers are principally defenseless to get the malady (Newton et al., 2010; Cunha et al., 2016).
Strikingly, not all Legionella species appear to be to have the option to cause human malady as
among the 58 Legionella species at present distinguished, just around 20 have been related to
human infection. Among those, L. pneumophila serogroup 1 is answerable for over 85% of the
Legionnaires' infection cases around the world (Yu et al., 2002; Newton et al., 2010)

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Description on the proposed control measures for the workplace area.

First of all , Identify control alternatives .An abundance of data exists to assist managers
with exploring choices for controlling recognized dangers. Prior to choosing any control
alternatives, it is fundamental to request laborers' contribution on their attainability and
effectiveness.How to achieve it,Collect, arrange, and survey data with laborers to figure out what
sorts of dangers might be available and which laborers might be uncovered or conceivably
uncovered. Data accessible in the working environment may include:Review sources, for
example, OSHA guidelines and direction, industry agreement principles, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) distributions, producers' writing, and designing reports
to recognize potential control measures. Keep current on significant data from exchange or expert
associations.Investigate control estimates utilized in different working environments and decide if
they would be powerful at your workplace.Get contribution from laborers who might have the
option to recommend and assess arrangements dependent on their insight into the office,
hardware, and work processes.For complex perils, talk with security and wellbeing specialists,
remembering OSHA's For site Consultation Program.

Secondly , Select controls, Employers should choose the controls that are the most possible,
powerful, and permanent.How to achieve it,Eliminate or control every genuine risk (perils that
are causing or are probably going to cause passing or genuine physical mischief)
immediately.Use between time controls while you create and actualize longer-term
solutions.Select controls as per an order that underlines designing arrangements (counting
disposal or replacement) first, trailed by safe work rehearses, managerial controls, lastly close to
home defensive equipment.Avoid choosing controls that may legitimately or in a roundabout way
present new dangers. Models incorporate depleting tainted air into consumed work spaces or
utilizing hearing security that makes it hard to hear reinforcement alarms.Review and examine
control alternatives with laborers to guarantee that controls are plausible and effective.Use a
blend of control choices when no single strategy completely ensures laborers.

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 Thirdly, Develop and update a hazard control plan, A risk control plan portrays how the
chose controls will be actualized. A compelling arrangement will address genuine perils first.
Break controls might be essential, however the general objective is to guarantee compelling long
haul control of dangers. It is critical to follow progress toward finishing the control plan and
occasionally (at any rate every year and when conditions, cycles or gear change) confirm that
controls remain effective.How to achieve it. Rundown the dangers requiring controls arranged by
need. Dole out duty regarding introducing or executing the controls to a particular individual or
people with the force or capacity to actualize the controls.Establish an objective finishing date.
Plan how you will follow progress toward consummation. Plan how you will check the adequacy
of controls after they are introduced or executed.

Fourthly, Select controls to secure laborers during nonroutine activities and emergencies.
The danger control plan ought to incorporate arrangements to ensure laborers during nonroutine
tasks and predictable crises. Contingent upon your work environment, these could incorporate
fires and blast, compound deliveries, dangerous material spills, spontaneous hardware closures,
rare upkeep exercises, regular and climate debacles, working environment brutality,
psychological militant or criminal assaults, sickness episodes (e.g., pandemic flu), or health
related crises. Nonroutine assignments, or errands laborers don't ordinarily do, ought to be drawn
closer with specific alert. Preceding starting such work, audit work danger investigations and
occupation security examinations with any specialists included and advise others about the idea
of the work, work plan, and any essential precautions.How to achieve it, Develop strategies to
control perils that may emerge during nonroutine activities (e.g., eliminating machine guarding
during upkeep and fix). Create or alter plans to control risks that may emerge in crisis
circumstances. Obtain any hardware expected to control crisis related risks. Allot obligations
regarding actualizing the crisis plan. Lead crisis drills to guarantee that methodology and
hardware give satisfactory assurance during crisis circumstances.

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 Fifthly, Implement chosen controls in the working environment. When risk counteraction
and control measures have been distinguished, they ought to be executed by the danger control
plan. The most effective method to achieve it.Implement danger control measures as indicated by
the needs settled in the peril control plan. At the point when assets are restricted, execute
measures on a "most noticeably awful first" premise, as per the peril positioning needs (hazard)
set up during risk distinguishing proof and appraisal. (Note, in any case, that paying little heed to
restricted assets, businesses have a commitment to shield laborers from perceived, genuine
perils.) Promptly execute any estimates that are simple and cheap—e.g., general housekeeping,
expulsion of evident stumbling dangers, for example, electrical strings, fundamental lighting—
paying little mind to the degree of risk they include.

Finally, Follow up to affirm that controls are viable. To guarantee that control measures are
and stay powerful, managers should follow progress in actualizing controls, investigate and
assess controls whenever they are introduced, and follow routine preventive upkeep rehearses.
The most effective method to achieve it. Track advance and check usage by posing the
accompanying inquiries, Have all control measures been actualized by the peril control plan?,
Have designing controls been appropriately introduced and tried?, Have laborers been properly
prepared so they comprehend the controls, including how to work designing controls, safe work
practices, and PPE use necessities?, Are controls being utilized accurately and reliably?, Conduct
normal reviews (and modern cleanliness observing, whenever demonstrated) to affirm that
designing controls are working as planned, Evaluate control measures to decide whether they are
successful or should be adjusted. Include laborers in the assessment of the controls. In the event
that controls are not viable, distinguish, select, and actualize further control quantifies that will
give satisfactory insurance, Confirm that work rehearses, regulatory controls, and individual
defensive hardware use strategies are being followed and Conduct routine preventive support of
gear, offices, and controls to help forestall episodes because of hardware disappointment.

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Explanation on the propose plan of actions for health surveillance.

 
Proposed technique to improve wellbeing inclusion of laborers remembering those working
for little organizations and the casual area is to work with nations in the accompanying key ways.
Expanding abilities of essential consideration suppliers general experts, attendants, ecological and
general wellbeing specialists, and network wellbeing laborers to give fundamental word related
wellbeing administrations, for example, counsel on improving working conditions, checking the
wellbeing status of laborers and identifying the most well-known word related ailments among
laborers in little organizations, rustic territories, cultivates, the casual area and among
migrant.Moreover, Expanding the inclusion and improving nature of particular word related
wellbeing administrations in large and medium-sized organizations and modern zones, with an
emphasis on evaluating and diminishing word related dangers; reconnaissance and improvement
of the workplace, work association, hardware and gear; early identification and recovery of word
related infections; advancement of wellbeing; and the arrangement of emergency treatment at the
workplace.Other than that, Establishing associations between word related wellbeing
administrations and essential consideration communities to encourage the consideration of
laborers experiencing persistent ailments and their re-visitation of work after long haul
nonappearance because of sickness.Next, Developing working environment wellbeing activities,
devices and strategies for engaging organizations and other work settings to care more for
wellbeing, without unduly depending on proficient wellbeing services.Last however not least,
Including word related wellbeing in the pre-and in-administration preparing of all cutting edge
wellbeing suppliers and certain clinical pros managing malignancy, skin, respiratory and
neurological maladies, and musculoskeletal disorders.Lastly, Developing guides for scaling up
access of laborers to basic mediations and administrations, as characterized broadly, for
anticipation and control of word related and business related illnesses. These remember checking
inclusion and setting practical focuses for line with accessible human and budgetary assets for
wellbeing and nearby customs.

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Task 2

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