Task#1- 

Name: Bautista, April S.

The following names were popular philosophers or social scientist in their times.  Give
their ideas on government and politics.
 Hobbes in his idea of authority 

Hobbes' political philosophy serves as the foundation upon which his

political philosophy is built. The Elements of Law, De Cive, and Leviathan all
outline a general philosophical structure on human nature, which is thoroughly
established in this moral philosophy. Hobbes is widely regarded as the founder of
modern political theory. He has set the terms of discussion about the
fundamentals of political life, either directly or indirectly, into our own time. Few
people agree with his argument that a society's issues require it to recognize an
unaccountable sovereign as its sole political authority.

 John Locke on government and politics

John Locke is regarded as one of the most important political thinkers of

the modern era. He defended the claim that men are by nature free and equal
against arguments that God had made all citizens naturally subject to a monarch
in the Two Treatises of Government. He argued that people have rights, such as
the right to life, liberty, and property, that are based on principles that are
independent of any given society's laws.

 Plato’s case on politics 

Plato's Republic aspires to establish a "ideal state," typified by the

Philosopher-Kings' law. Plato's Republic is an ethical contribution: it discusses
what the virtue of justice is and why one should be just. However, since Socrates
connects his discussion of personal justice to a discussion of city justice and
makes statements on how good and poor cities are organized, the Republic often
sustains political reflections. Not that ethics and politics are the Republic's only
issues.

 Socrates on government decision

Socrates stayed out of politics where he could, and he had allies on both
sides of the fierce power struggles that followed the Peloponnesian War's end.
His name was drawn to serve in the assembly of Athens, or ekklesia, in 406 B.C.,
one of the three divisions of ancient Greek democracy known as demokratia.
Socrates became the sole critic of an unconstitutional attempt to prosecute a
number of Athens' top generals for failing to retrieve their dead from a war
against Sparta, the generals were executed after Socrates' assembly service
ended. While some historians speculate that political machinations may have
played a role in the trial, he was found guilty based on his beliefs and teachings.
 Plato recounts Socrates mounting a vigorous defense of his virtue before the jury
but calmly acknowledging their decision in his "The Apology of Socrates."
Socrates reportedly uttered the now-famous sentence, "the unexamined life is
not worth living," in court.

 Jean Bodin on politics

Bodin believed that the key to unlocking the secret was to recognize the
state's sovereignty, arguing that supreme power is the state's distinguishing
feature. This power is one-of-a-kind; absolute in that it has no time or
competence limits; and self-sustaining in that it does not require the subject's
consent to be valid. Because government is instituted by providence for the well-
being of humanity, Bodin assumed that governments command by divine right.
The power to command, as expressed in the making of laws, is the essence of
government. This power is exercised in a well-ordered state in accordance with
divine and natural law principles; in other words, the Ten Commandments.

 Voltaire on freedom of speech

Voltaire's ideas were published in over 70 books, including essays on

freedom of speech and religion. One of his main ideas was that tolerance,
reason, religious freedom, and freedom of speech should all be valued. This
means Voltaire fought to ensure that people were tolerant, which means
accepting people for who they are. Voltaire did not want people who are different
from him to be singled out. Voltaire's second important idea is that governments
should guarantee freedom of speech. This means Voltaire aided citizens in
exercising their right to free speech. Citizens were able to stand up for what they
believed in and have a voice in society thanks to freedom of speech.

 Jean-Jacques Rousseau on modern political thoughts

In the field of political philosophy, Rousseau holds a pivotal position. His

contribution to the "theory of social contract" is what he is best known for.
Rousseau sought to uncover the origin of state as an expression of the "general
will" as a social contractualist by conviction. He explained the emergence of the
state as the result of two phases: "state of nature" and "social contract." The
state of nature, as proposed by Rousseau, was the epitome of perfect liberty,
equality, and innocence. He associates it with a more tranquil, pleasant, and
idyllic setting. In his natural state, man lived in solitude, characterized by a
carefree existence devoid of desire.

 Immanuel Kant on his political philosophy

Kant's social and political theory was written to promote the Enlightenment
in general and the concept of liberty in particular. His dissertation was influenced
by both natural law and social contract theories. In order to understand and
 maintain that freedom, Kant believed that every rational being had both an
inherent right to freedom and an obligation to enter into a civil condition regulated
by a social contract. Kant's political philosophy is a sub-discipline of practical
philosophy, and it is one half of one of Kant's most extensive distinctions
between practical and theoretical philosophy.Within practical philosophy, political
philosophy must be differentiated from both scientific elements and virtue proper.
Later in this segment, we'll talk about how to separate yourself from morality. In
terms of empirical elements, it's worth noting that practical philosophy, as a
collection of rules regulating rational beings' free conduct, encompasses all
human activity in both its pure and applied (empirical, or "impure") forms.

 John Bordley Rawls on liberal tradition

The need to enforce a unified rule on a diverse citizenry, according to

Rawls, poses two fundamental challenges. The first is the authority challenge:
the legal use of arbitrary political force. Given that people will naturally hold very
different worldviews, how can it be legitimate to force all citizens to obey a single
law? The second problem is that of equilibrium, which examines political
influence from the other hand. Why would a person knowingly follow the law if it
is enforced on her by a group of people who hold views and principles that are
diametrically opposed to her own? However, no social order can be effective for
long unless the majority of people voluntarily follow the law.

 David Hume on treatise of human nature

Hume starts by arguing for the validity of empiricism, the idea that all of
our understanding is based on our experiences, and then examines several
philosophical principles using this approach. To begin, he shows that all of our
complex ideas are derived from simpler ideas, which were derived from
experiences we obtained through our senses. As a result, thoughts and
perceptions are not inherently dissimilar. Second, Hume describes "matters of
reality" as things that must be observed rather than thought out or intuited. Based
on these two claims, Hume attacks metaphysical systems used to prove the
existence of God, the soul, divine creation, and other such ideas. Since we have
no experience of any of these things and cannot receive a direct impression of
them, we have no real reason to believe that they are true.