A New Stabilization Technique For The Nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart Element Applied To Linear Elasticity

Introduction
Finite element discretisation

Stabilisation
A new stabilization technique for the nonconforming

Crouzeix-Raviart element applied to linear elasticity
Bishnu P. Lamichhane, bishnu.lamichhane@newcastle.edu.au
School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University
of Newcastle, Australia
Annual Meeting of Australian Mathematical Society

5–8 December, 2016
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Bishnu P. Lamichhane, bishnu.lamichhane@newcastle.edu.au A new stabilization technique for the nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart eleme
Introduction
Stabilisation
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 Finite element discretisation
3 Stabilisation
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Elasticity Problem
Consider an elastic body in a bounded polyhedral domain Ω
in Rd , d ∈ {2, 3}. We want to compute the deformation and
stress on the elastic body under a body force f on Ω and a
surface force g N on a part ΓN of the boundary of Ω. The elastic
body is supposed to be fixed on a part ΓD of its boundary, where
∂Ω = ΓD ∪ ΓN . Useful in manufacture engineering.
Measured (black) and computed (red) impact on the wall is plotted.

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Introduction
Stabilisation
Linear Elastic Problem
A linear elastic problem to find (u, p) ∈ V × R = L20 (Ω) such that
min 12 a(u, v) − `(v),

v ∈V
subject to the constraint (1)
b(u, q) = λ1 c(p, q), q ∈ R,
where
Z Z
a(u, v) := 2µ (u) : (v) dx, b(v, q) := div v q dx,
Ω Ω
Z Z
c(p, q) := p q dx, `(v) := v · f dx.
Ω Ω
Here f ∈ [L2 (Ω)]d is the prescribed body force, λ and µ are Lamé
parameters, u is the displacement, p is the pressure, and (u) is the
symmetric part of the gradient of u.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Linear Elastic Problem: Well-posedness
The bilinear forms a(·, ·) : V × V → R, b(·, ·) : V × L2 (Ω) → R and

c(·, ·) : L2 (Ω) × L2 (Ω) → R satisfy three conditions of well-posedness
[BF91, Bra01].
1 The linear form `(·), the bilinear forms a(·, ·) and b(·, ·) are continuous on the
spaces on which they are defined.
2 The bilinear form a(·, ·) is coercive on the space V - Korn’s inequality:
a(v, v) ≥ ckvk2V .
3 The finite element pair (V , R) satisfies a uniform inf-sup condition. That

means the bilinear form b(·, ·) satisfies
b(v, q)
sup ≥ βkqk0,Ω , q∈R (2)
v ∈V kvk1
for a constant β > 0 independent of λ.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Linear Elastic Problem: Finite Element Problem
1 The problem (3) has a unique solution which depends continuously on the
right hand side [BF91, Section II.1.2] and [Bra96].
2 A finite element problem is obtained by replacing the infinite-dimensional
Hilbert spaces V and R by discrete ones V h and Rh .
3 Find (uh , ph ) ∈ V h × Rh such that
min 21 ah (uh , v h ) − `(v h ),

v h ∈V h
subject to the constraint (3)
bh (uh , qh ) = λ1 c(ph , qh ), qh ∈ Rh .
4 Conforming if V h ⊂ V , and non-conforming if V h 6⊂ V .
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Introduction
Stabilisation
A Finite Element Method for the Linear Elastic Problem
We need to show the following three conditions of well-posedness.

1 The linear form `(·), the bilinear forms ah (·, ·) and bh (·, ·) are continuous on
the spaces on which they are defined.
2 The bilinear form ah (·, ·) is coercive on the space V h . There exists c
independent of h such that ah (v h , v h ) ≥ ckv h k2V .
h
3 The finite element pair (V h , Rh ) satisfies a uniform inf-sup condition. That
means the bilinear form bh (·, ·) satisfies
bh (v h , qh )
sup ≥ βkqh k0,Ω , qh ∈ Rh (4)
v h ∈V h kv h k1,h
for a constant β > 0 independent of λ and mesh-size h.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Crouzeix-Raviart Element
We want to use piecewise constant function for Rh . But the lowest order
conforming finite element space does not satisfy the discrete inf-sup stability
condition with the piecewise constant pressure space.
The lowest order nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart element is the simplest
element which satisfies the discrete inf-sup stability condition with the
piecewise constant pressure space.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
The nonconforming finite element methods relax the strong continuity requirement
along element interfaces, and the satisfaction of the discrete inf-sup condition
becomes easier - for an edge e of the triangulation:
Z
Je (v h ) := [v h ]e dσ = 0,
e
where [v h ]e is the jump of the function v h across the edge e.
Crouzeix-Raviart and conforming interpolation.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Moreover, the basis functions of the nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart method

have smaller support than the basis functions of the standard conforming
methods.
The main hindrance for using the nonconforming approach for elasticity
equations and Reissner-Mindlin plate theory is that the lowest order
nonconforming approach does not satisfy the Korn’s inequality in the discrete
setting. There exists a non-trivial v h in the Crouzeix-Raviart space such that
a(v h , v h ) = 0.
Support of basis functions for Crouzeix-Raviart and conforming finite element.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
A globally quasi-uniform triangulation Th of the polygonal or polyhedral

domain Ω, where Th consists of simplices, either triangles or tetrahedra, where
h denotes the mesh-size.
Then the Crouzeix-Raviart finite element space Wh is defined as
Wh := {v h ∈ [L2 (Ω)]d : v h |K ∈ [P1 (K)]d , K ∈ Th , Je (v h ) = 0, e ∈ Eh },
where Eh is the set of all edges in two dimensions and faces in three
dimensions in the triangulation Th . The finite element basis functions of V h
are associated with the mid-points of the edges of triangles or the barycenters
of the faces of tetrahedra.
To impose the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition on ΓD we define
V h as a subset of Wh , where
Z
V h := {v h ∈ Wh : v h dσ = 0, e ∈ Eh ∩ ΓD }.
e
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Introduction
Stabilisation
As V h 6⊂ V , we cannot use the standard H 1 -norm for an element in V h . So we

define a broken H 1 -semi-norm on V h as
sX
|v h |1,h := k∇v h k20,T , v h ∈ V h
T ∈Th
with the inner product for uh , v h ∈ V h as

X Z
(uh , v h )1,h = ∇uh : ∇v h dx,
T ∈Th T
and the broken H 1 -norm on V h as

q
kv h k1,h := kv h k20,Ω + |v h |21,h .
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Introduction
Stabilisation
We also define two relevant finite element spaces

Pressure space
Z
Rh := {qh ∈ L2 (Ω) : qh |K = P0 (K), K ∈ Th , qh dx = 0},
Ω
which is equipped with the standard L2 -norm, and

Conforming finite element space of the lowest order
1
Sh := {qh ∈ HD (Ω) : qh |K = P1 (K), K ∈ Th },
which is equipped with the standard H 1 -norm.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Well-posedness of the Finite Element Method
It is standard that the linear form `(·), and the bilinear forms ah (·, ·) and
bh (·, ·) are continuous, and the finite element pair (V h , Rh ) satisfies the
uniform inf-sup condition [CR73].
However, there exists a non-trivial v h such that ah (v h , v h ) = 0
[Fal91, Kno00].
Here we modify the bilinear form ah (·, ·) so that the Korn’s inequality holds
for the stabilized formulation. Our modification is based on a quasi-projection
operator Qh : L2 (Ω) → Sh to be defined below.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Crouzeix-Raviart Element: New Stabilisation
We introduce a very simple stabilisation technique for the Crouzeix-Raviart

element to enforce the Korn’s inequality.
The stabilization is based on projecting the displacement field onto the space
of the continuous piecewise linear functions. The projection is local as it is
defined by means of a biorthogonal system.
The action of Qh on a function v ∈ L2 (Ω) is defined by
Z Z
Qh v ψh dx = vψh dx, ψh ∈ Mh .
Ω Ω
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Korn’s Inequality
The modified bilinear form ãh (·, ·) is now defined as
ãh (uh , v h ) := ah (uh , v h ) + sh (uh , v h ),
where
sh (uh , v h ) = (uh − Qh uh , v h − Qh v h )1,h .
The bilinear form ãh (·, ·) satisfies the coercivity condition.
The proof is based on the following inverse inequality under the
quasi-uniformity of the mesh Th :
X 1
k[v h ]k20,e ≤ Ck∇h v h k20,Ω , vh ∈ V h , (5)
|e|
e∈Σh
where Σh is the set of all edges or faces in Th , |e| is the length of the edge e
and C is independent of the mesh-size h. This inverse estimate is a
consequence of the fact that [v h ]e = 0 at the mid-point of e [Brenner and
Scott, 2008].
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Quasi-Projection
The construction of the operator Qh : Let {φ1 , · · · , φN } be the standard finite

element basis of Sh , where each basis function is a standard linear basis function
associated with a vertex. Another space Mh is constructed by defining its basis
{ψ1 , · · · , ψN } so that the following biorthogonality condition is satisfied
Z
ψi φj dx = cj δij , cj 6= 0, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n, (6)
Ω
where n := dim Mh = dim Sh , δij is the Kronecker symbol, and cj a positive

scaling factor [KLPV01, LS12] This scaling factor cj is chosen to be proportional
to the area | supp φj |.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Lemma for the Quasi-Projection
Lemma
We have the following properties of Qh :
1 Stability in L2 -norm: If v ∈ L2 (Ω),
kQh vk0,Ω ≤ Ckvk0,Ω . (7)
2 Stability in H 1 -norm: If v ∈ H 1 (Ω),
|Qh v|1,Ω ≤ C|v|1,Ω . (8)
3 Approximation property: If v ∈ H s+1 (Ω) for 0 < s ≤ 1
kv − Qh vk0,Ω ≤ Ch1+s |v|s+1,Ω

(9)
kv − Qh vk1,Ω ≤ Chs |v|s+1,Ω .
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Introduction
Stabilisation
Main Results
Theorem
There exists a constant β independent of the mesh-size h such that
kv h k21,h ≤ β ãh (v h , v h ), vh ∈ V h .
Theorem
Let u ∈ [H 2 (Ω)]d ∩ V and uh ∈ V h be solutions of the continuous and discrete

problems, respectively. Then there exists a constant C independent of h and λ
such that
ku − uh kh ≤ Ch (λk div uk1,Ω + kuk2,Ω ) .
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Introduction
Stabilisation
D.N. Arnold, F. Brezzi, and L.D. Marini.

A family of discontinuous Galerkin finite elements for the ReissnerMindlin
plate.
Journal of Scientific Computing, 22–23:25–45, 2005.
F. Brezzi and M. Fortin.
Mixed and hybrid finite element methods.
Springer–Verlag, New York, 1991.
D. Braess.
Stability of saddle point problems with penalty.
Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis, 30:731–742, 1996.
D. Braess.
Finite Elements. Theory, fast solver, and applications in solid mechanics.
Cambridge University Press, Second Edition, 2001.
S.C. Brenner.
A nonconforming mixed multigrid method for the pure traction problem in
planar linear elasticity.
Mathematics of Computation, 63:435–460, 1994.
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Introduction
Stabilisation
S.C. Brenner and L.R. Scott.

The Mathematical Theory of Finite Element Methods.
Springer–Verlag, New York, third edition, 2008.
M. Crouzeix and P.A. Raviart.
Conforming and nonconforming finite element methods for solving the
stationary stokes equations.
RAIRO Anal. Numér., 7:33–36, 1973.
R.S. Falk.
Nonconforming finite element methods for the equations of linear elasticity.
C. Kim, R.D. Lazarov, J.E. Pasciak, and P.S. Vassilevski.
Multiplier spaces for the mortar finite element method in three dimensions.
SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 39:519–538, 2001.
P. Knobloch.
On Korn’s inequality for nonconforming finite elements.
Technische Mechanik, 20:205–214, 2000.
B.P. Lamichhane. NUlogo
Introduction
Stabilisation
Higher Order Mortar Finite Elements with Dual Lagrange Multiplier Spaces
and Applications.
PhD thesis, University of Stuttgart, 2006.
B.P. Lamichhane and E. Stephan.
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based on biorthogonal systems.
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A New Stabilization Technique For The Nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart Element Applied To Linear Elasticity

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Introduction

Finite element discretisation

A new stabilization technique for the nonconforming

Bishnu P. Lamichhane, bishnu.lamichhane@newcastle.edu.au

Annual Meeting of Australian Mathematical Society

2 Finite element discretisation

Measured (black) and computed (red) impact on the wall is plotted.

Linear Elastic Problem

A linear elastic problem to find (u, p) ∈ V × R = L20 (Ω) such that

min 12 a(u, v) − `(v),

Linear Elastic Problem: Well-posedness

The bilinear forms a(·, ·) : V × V → R, b(·, ·) : V × L2 (Ω) → R and

3 The finite element pair (V , R) satisfies a uniform inf-sup condition. That

Linear Elastic Problem: Finite Element Problem

min 21 ah (uh , v h ) − `(v h ),

4 Conforming if V h ⊂ V , and non-conforming if V h 6⊂ V .

A Finite Element Method for the Linear Elastic Problem

We need to show the following three conditions of well-posedness.

for a constant β > 0 independent of λ and mesh-size h.

Moreover, the basis functions of the nonconforming Crouzeix-Raviart method

Support of basis functions for Crouzeix-Raviart and conforming finite element.

A Finite Element Method for the Linear Elastic Problem

A globally quasi-uniform triangulation Th of the polygonal or polyhedral

Wh := {v h ∈ [L2 (Ω)]d : v h |K ∈ [P1 (K)]d , K ∈ Th , Je (v h ) = 0, e ∈ Eh },

A Finite Element Method for the Linear Elastic Problem

As V h 6⊂ V , we cannot use the standard H 1 -norm for an element in V h . So we

with the inner product for uh , v h ∈ V h as

and the broken H 1 -norm on V h as

A Finite Element Method for the Linear Elastic Problem

We also define two relevant finite element spaces

which is equipped with the standard L2 -norm, and

which is equipped with the standard H 1 -norm.

Well-posedness of the Finite Element Method

Crouzeix-Raviart Element: New Stabilisation

We introduce a very simple stabilisation technique for the Crouzeix-Raviart

ãh (uh , v h ) := ah (uh , v h ) + sh (uh , v h ),

The construction of the operator Qh : Let {φ1 , · · · , φN } be the standard finite

where n := dim Mh = dim Sh , δij is the Kronecker symbol, and cj a positive

Lemma for the Quasi-Projection

kQh vk0,Ω ≤ Ckvk0,Ω . (7)

2 Stability in H 1 -norm: If v ∈ H 1 (Ω),

|Qh v|1,Ω ≤ C|v|1,Ω . (8)

3 Approximation property: If v ∈ H s+1 (Ω) for 0 < s ≤ 1

kv − Qh vk0,Ω ≤ Ch1+s |v|s+1,Ω

Let u ∈ [H 2 (Ω)]d ∩ V and uh ∈ V h be solutions of the continuous and discrete

D.N. Arnold, F. Brezzi, and L.D. Marini.

S.C. Brenner and L.R. Scott.

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