2.

3 Calculating Limits

Usingtheliit Laws
 Algebmicliunit Laws

P "' P (a)
Ex : Showthatl.im Pcx ) = P (a) andl.im =

x→ a
xsa QCX ) Q (a)

forallpolynomials Pcx ) QM if Q (a)

tO.nl?f:SupposethatPl x )=I G i x k,w henenENUSo3K=On

,

nl.im
Pcx ) ǏGX
lim [ limccn 如 )
=
[ Cnhi ) = ,
=

Xsa
xsaeo 9 eoxsa
fko
Ma

Law 9
Bythelīvitlawl by Law 3
d n .

= [ Giǎ = P (a).
K= 0
by Law 5 hpcxj P (a)
PM d
l.im =
xsa ⼆
Q (a)
Ma Qlx ) 1 - Qcx )
X a
 xtx -6 炷"6
EX :
Gmpute lim 2
līm

xs-3x2-q.SU:1?z2.qtoi.limXT-6M2xEq=2
,

x→ 2 X -9

⾄2 -
6
0
D 2
⼆

z _
q -5

c -3 ): 9 = o
= 0

ix-6.ie " ⼗ 3) 以 2)

x_forx-t-3.CI#)cx-3)=X-2i.fnX2tX-6
=

2
X
3 2
-

5
1不
-

= =
2 ⼆
× 9 X -

3 6
MB -3 -3
-

X》 -

3
 f"
Ex : Shwthatifl.im ⼆ L and lim 9( x) = 0
xsa gcx , ,

xsatheul.im
fcx ) = 0 .

xsa

pfi f"
limfx ,

isdhednearagcxjandxta.li
"
= L
✗→ agcx )

07
fcx )

forxnearaandxta.Henubytheproductlimitlawlimfmt.hn
= ˙

和)
g,

xsa xia
fm.hn 秘 xia
= L 。

o_o
 3
E"
computeh.tn )
'
-8

h
s

hso

Sol :

? ht 32 lhi ) -8
1m
( 8+32
的0 h

2 3
12 ht 6 rh + h
lim Iīm
2
⼆
-

12 +6 hth
h
的 0
h -70

= 1 2
.
Root Laws

iflajiffnisapolynomidandflalso.PT
Ex : Showthatl.imǎifcx ) ⼆

Bylaw 11
,
līmnfcx ) = nil.info =
n fcaj
xsa xsa

( cifcaj-k.fm >
07
xsa
 4th -2 Cfh -2 ) ( Fht 2)
Ex : Findlim = 1 im
h → 0 h h C. 4tht
n_n 。 2
)
2 ,
☒ '
= ln Ctth ) -

2
līm =
1的 ⼆
=

h 7
-
0 h ( Tht 2) mohlfutzjnso.int 2 Fot 2

Ptx 2+8 tx ( 炸炸 8 比 ) ( 怪炷 8.x )

⼆年
Exi Findl.im
,

= hu
Xt 2
x→ ) (
_
z x-7 -2 Cxtz 怪怪 8 -
X )
:
h 垵 8) -

lxt 2) lxhxt 4)
⼆点
⼼ -2 ( 火2 ) ( 依48.x ) ⼼ -2 ( ㄨ+ 2 ) ( 炸炷 8 -
X )

= h.RU/t4 =
4 ⼗ 4 -14 12
3.
tzi
⼆

的 -2 怪怪 8.x 、 4
4
 ⼗年 9 -3 ( ⼗年 9 -3 ) ( ⼗年 9 ⼗ 3)
hn
⼀

Ex : Find
2
= līm 2
⼗
t→ t.no ⼗ ( ⼗年 9 3)

it
。 t

⼆点 ( 坛 9) -32 世
-

tl
_ -
_

h = lim
3)

t.io#ltiqt3jtsoT9t3EX:FindlimX?1x-ni-l=limM)(Xt1)(FFtfitl)x-i(
t.io ⼗年 9 ⼗

☆ -1 ) ( 如 +3ft 1
)
(⽇) 以1 1 ) ( 四⼗ 成
=
hn "
)
lncxnj Gfiftl
⼼ 1 X
_
_

1
=

M 1
)
= 2 -
3 =
6
 Thesqueeze Theorem

Exi Fiud līmisin (六)

xso
XDNE

SQilimx2sinhiknx2.hn Sinl 六)
X-70 Xso
X -70
?
2

E t.si峧 ) E 1 i-i.is inhsx

Morewer ,
lim-XEol.im ㄨ
2
= o
xso xso

Henubythe Squeezethm , limisin (六) = 0

.

f) 0
 y= 好

ynisīncǜ )

2
y :-x
EXIFiudlimx.in (六).
xso

SQ t.sivi) XEX5.nl 六 )
EX.fr
: c
: E 1 i. -

xnearo

X
Find flx ) , hlx ) Suchthat

(六) 49 必
frxnearoandl.im
f) EX.sin

fcx ) = 1的 9 以) = 0 .

xso xso
y =ㄨ

y = x -

sinli

y -_- x
Ex : Findlimx [ ⽂ 了 .

xso

Sol :

⽂ -1 < [⽂] E ⽂ tr aee x

when x> 0 , x (六 1 ) < X .

[ ⽂ 了 EX ☆

l-xcx.lt?E1MaeouerIim1-X=I ⼗
l.im 1 =
1
⼼ 0
ti

limxhl.xsotwhenxco.ir
Heuubythesqueezeth.nu
t.mx 们 =
1 .

✗ →0
 showthatlimfcxioiffl.im lfcx) 1 = 0
Ex
.

xsa xta

Pf :
Iflīmfcx ) thenl.im
2
līmlfcx ) 1
Xsa
= 0
, (f) ) =

xsa xsa

E 0 If linnlfcx) 1

thewx-la-lfMIEfMElfcxil.Moeouerknl.fm
焱秋 ⽉
⼆ ⼆ ⼆
= o
.
,

1=0 hilfx ) 1=-1.0=0

xna xna ⽌
Exi Showthatif 19 比 ) 1 EM forsome M > oand Heuuby
thesqee
km flx ) ⼆ 0
,
tbul.im fx ) 9 ( X )
- ⼆ 0 .
thm _ _ _ _

xsapfioflfm.gs/=lflx)l. 9Cx)lEM-lf(X)lMoreouer,limO=O,knMlfcxi1=
xna

⼆ 0
M.hn lfnl = M 0 .

xia
xsa na
Bythe Squeeze Thm
怎 lfcigcx ) 1 = 0 =
7 点yfcxrgcx )
⼆
0
Fiudl.im/i4tx2-coS(-).xtOSol:ci-lEcos(
Ex :

六) E 1 nfxttzo
"
_
xy.EEEF.ws 信 ) E 炸⽔

Maeur
, lim-TE-okn.EE = 0
.

x→ o X-70

Heuubythesqueezethm.hn xtxzcosci ) = 0
.

X 1
-
0
 Usiug Onesided Limits

Exi līmlx 1
knlxl-limx-ohulxlz.hn -
X =
0
.
x- x- xsō xsō
xso

Heuce
品 1×1=0 。

Exihmlx2-zxli x-03x2.in/l=2zS0l:ForxsoaudXisnearo,X-2X=X(X-2
⼗ ⼗
⼀

) < o
.

比王

hn-xh-XMU3X2tlxlx-3.it
" ' " +2
Hena ln =
⼆点
3 Xtl
⼆
2
x xsō
Forxsoandxisuearo ,
x_x >0

X -2
1 好-2×1 x Ezx
Heuu hn =
1的 =
公 =
2
成⾄ M Mō 3只 x 3X 1
-
.

xsō
-

⼼。
Ex : Findtheconstautasuchthatl.im 扣 , exists ,
XJ -1 X
1 Xt 11

fc-ijwwefxFIam.fr
trx > -1
,
xtl

XE " '

5 09 :
līmflx ) exists l.im fcx ) = liw.fm ,

⼼ -1 ⼗
x→ -1 Xsi

xtlhnfm-hnxy.it
lxtl 1
kn Xtl
⼆
= 1
⼼ 个 Xtl
n_n
⼀

hn fcxj =
1的 acx ] =
a lim [X ] =
a ( 2 -

)
X) X 7 1
-

1
- -

xyy
- - -

kta 4⼆ ⽀ ,