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y
y
x2
x
3 4
log 10 y
y2
log 10 x
x
1.2 Write the equation for the line of best fit of the following graphs.
1 y 2
Q(6,13) y . P(0,5)
X.
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
.XP(0,3)
X Q(2,0)
. .
x x
5 5
[ y 3 x3] [ y 2 x5]
Linear law 1
3 y .xQ(5,16) 4 y
x x.P(1,8)
x x
x x
x. x
P(-1,4) x.Q(3,2)
2
x2
x
[y=2x2+6] [y=-3x2+11]
5 6 P
s x
x B(5,9) .x x
A(-2,5)
x x
x x. B(4,2)
x
x V
t
A(3,0)
9 27 1
[s t ] [P v4 ]
2 2 2
7 8
p xB(5,3)
P x A(2,2)
A(2,) .x B(3,)
x
q V
5 7
[ p = 6q 6 ]
3
[ p 2v5]
1.3 Determine the values of variables from lines of best fit
Linear law 2
1 The diagram below shows a line of best 2 The diagram below shows a line of best fit. From
fit. From the graph, find the graph, find
i. the value of y when x = 0.5 i. the value of t when w = 38
ii. the value of x when y = 7 ii. the value of w when t = 1.6
y
8 x W
40 x
x
6 x
x 30
4 x
x
20 x
2x
10 x
0
1 2 3 4 x
1 2 3 4 t
x
(1, 6)
(6,0)
t q
1 2
[ d 3 t 2, 3, 3 ] [p=2q+4, 5.5, 14]
Linear law 3
Reduce each of the equations to the form Y=m X+C where a and b are constants.
1 y = a x2 + b x B
2 y = ax3 + bx2 y
ax b
x2
3 a y
y= b
x
4 a A
y = bx
x
5 a 1
xy = bx
x x2
6 x +by = axy 1
y
7 y
5
3x
5
x
8 y
a (b x ) xy
x2
9 y = abx log 10 b
10 y = axb log10 a
11 y =a2xb b
12 PV=a P
2.2 Determine values of constants of non-linear relations given lines of best fit
1 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 2 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
for the graph of y2 against x. Determine the 1
non-linear equation connecting y and x. for the graph of y2 against . Determine
x
y2 XP(0,4) the non-linear equation connecting y and x.
y2 X
Q(2,12)
Q(2,0)
X
x
P(0,2) 1
x
2 1
[y2=-2x+4] [ y 5 2 ]
x
Linear law 4
3 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 4 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
y y
for the graph of 2 against x. Determine the 2
x for the graph of x against x. Determine
non-linear equation connecting y and x. the non-linear equation connecting y and x.
y XQ(6,12)
y
x2 x2 (4, 5)
(2,4)
X
P(3,0) x
0 x
y y 1
[ 4 x 12 ] [ x3]
x2 x 2 2
5 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 6 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
for the graph of log10 y against x. Determine for the graph of log10 y against log 10 x.
the non-linear equation connecting y and x. Determine the non-linear equation
connecting y and x.
log10 y X (2,6)
log10 y X
(2,6)
X
X (0,2)
(0,0) x
log10 x
Linear law 5
7 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 8 The diagram below shows the straight line
for the graph of xy against x. Determine the graph of xy against x. Express y in terms of
relation between y and x. x.
xy X Q(4,12) xy (4,10)
X P(2,4) (1, 1)
x x
4 2
[ y 4 ] [ y 3 ]
x x
9 The diagram below shows the straight line 10 The diagram below shows the line of best fit
graph of x 2 y against x. Express y in terms of for the graph of x2y against x. Determine the
x. relation between y and x.
x2 y
x 2y
(4,10)
X Q(4,12)
(1, 1) X P(2,4)
x x
4 4
[ y
3 2
] [y ]
x x2
x x2
Linear law 6
11 y 12 y
The diagram below shows the line when The diagram below shows the line when
x x
against x is drawn. Express y as a function of against x is drawn. Express y as a function
x. of x.
y
x y
3 x
5
0 x
(8, -3)
0 x
(12, -1)
3 1
[ y x 2 3x ] [ y x2 5x ]
4 2
13 The diagram below shows the line of best fit 14 The diagram below shows the line when
y y
for the graph of 2 against x . Determine against x is drawn. Express y as a
x x2
the relation between y and x. function of x.
y
y XQ(6,12)
x2 x2 (4, 5)
(2,4)
X
P(3,0) x
0 x
1 3
[ y x 3x 2 ]
[ y 4 x 12 x ]
3 2
2
Linear law 7
15 y 1 16 1
The diagram below shows the line when The diagram below shows the line when y
x
against x is drawn. Express y in terms of x. against x is drawn. Determine the non-linear
equation connecting y and x
y 1 1
(8,10)
x
(0,8)
y
(4,2)
x 0 x
(-4,0)
1
[y ]
2x 6
[y=2x2+8x-1]
17 x 18 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for
The diagram below shows the line when y the graph of log10 y against x. Determine the
against x is drawn. Determine the non-linear relation between y and x.
equation connecting y and x
x
(3,6) log10 y X (2,6)
y
(0,3)
0 x X
(0,0) x
x
[y ] [ y = 10 3x ]
x3
19 The diagram below shows part the graph of 20 The diagram below shows the line of best fit for
log10 y against x. Form the equation that the graph of log10 y against log 10 x. Determine the
connecting y and x. relation between y and x.
log10 y
log10 y X
(3,4) (2,6)
X
x (0,2)
(4,0)
log10 x
[ y 10 4 x 16 ]
[y= 100x2]
Linear law 8
21 The diagram below shows part the graph of 22 The diagram below shows part the graph of
log10 y against log10 x. Form the equation that log 2 y against log2 x. Determine the relation
connecting y and x. between y and x.
log10 y log2 y
(5,6)
6 log10 x
-3 0 2 log2 x
x x2
[y ] [y ]
1000 16
23 SPM 2003 P 1 Q10 24 SPM 2004 P1Q13
x and y are related by the equation y px 2 qx , y
Diagram below shows a straight line graph of
where p and q are constants. A straight line is x
y against x
obtained by plotting against x, as shown in
x (2, k)
the diagram below.
(h, 3)
(2,9)
0 x
(6,1)
Given that y= 6x-x2, calculate the value of k and
0 x h [3 marks]
Linear law 9
25 SPM 2005 P 1 Q13 26 SPM 2006P1 Q11
The variables x and y are related by the equation
y=kx4, where k is a constant.
(a) Convert the equation y=kx4 to linear
form.
(b) Diagram below shows the straight line
obtained by plotting log10y against log10x
(2, h )
(0, 3)
0 log10 x
Find the value of
(i) log10 k
(ii) h [4 marks]
Linear law 10
2.3 Obtain information from
(i) lines of best fit
(ii) equations of lines of best fit.
x 3 5 6 7 8 9
y 4.7 4.0 3.6 3.0 2.5 1.8
(a) Plot the graph y against x2 [4 marks ]
(b) use the graph to estimate the values of
(i) p
(ii) k.
y p
(iii) x which satisfy the simultaneous equation kx and y = 2 [6 marks]
x x
4. SPM 2003 P 2 Q 7
Use graph paper to answer this question.
Linear law 11
Table below shows the value of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. It is known that x and y
2
are related by the equation y pk x ,where p and k are constants
5. SPM 2004 2 Q 7
Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obatained from an experiment. Variables x and y are
related by the equation y = p k x , where p and k are constants.
x 2 4 6 8 10 12
y 3.16 5.50 5.50 16.22 28.84 46.77
(a) Plot log10 y against x by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the
log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit [4 marks ]
(b) Use your graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) k [ 6 marks]
Answer :p =1.820, k =1.309
6. SPM 2005 P 2 Q 7
Use graph paper to answer this question.
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from experiment. The variables x and y are
r
related by the equation y px , where p and r are constants.
px
x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5
y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4
(a) Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes. Hence,
draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p
(ii) r [5 marks]
Answer :[ p=1.37, r=5.48]
7. SPM 2006 P2 Q7
Use graph paper to answer this question.
Linear law 12
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are
related by the equation y pk x 1 , where p and k are constants.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8
(a) Plot log y against (x+1), using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x+1) –axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the
log y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use you graph from (a) to find the values of
(i) p
(ii) k [5 marks]
Answers: 1.778, 1.483
9. SPM 2008 P2 Q8
Table below shows the values of two variables, x and y , obtained from an experiment. Variables x and yare
related by the equation y = hk2x, where h and k are constants.
x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
y 2.51 3.24 4.37 5.75 7.76 10.00
(a) based on the Table above, construct a table for the values of log 10 y. [ 1 mark]
(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(c) Use the graph in part (b) to find the value of
(i) x when y = 4.8
(ii) h
(iii) k [ 5 marks]
Linear law 13
Non-linear equation Linear equation Y X m C
1 y = a x2 + b x y y x a b
ax b
x x
2 y = ax3 + bx2 y y x a b
ax b 2
x2 x
3 b 1 y 1 b a
y= a y b a
x x x
4 b
ax xy b ax 2 xy x2 a b
y=
x
5 b 1 y 1 b a
xy = ax y b( 2
)a
x x x2
6 x +by = axy 1 b 1 1 -b a
a
y x y x
7 y
5
3x xy 3x 2 5 xy x2 -3 5
x
8 y
a (b x ) 1 xy 1 ab -a
x2 xy (ab) a
x x
9 y = abx log10 y (log10 b) x log10 a log10 y x log 10 b log10 a
12 PV=a a P 1 a 0
P
V V
Linear law 14