1.

2.
-
-
3.
-
-

1 3
S
H
T
S HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT , THH , THT , TTH , TTT
n(s) = 8
E 0, E 1 , E 2 E3 3

1 3
P E0 P E1
8 8
3 1
P E2 P E3
8 8

3
X S
{0, 1, 2, 3}

( 6 1
 X (HHH ) 3 X (HHT ) 2
X (HTH ) 2 X (HTT ) 1
X (THH ) 2 X (THT ) 1
X (TTH ) 1 X (TTT ) 0

(random variable)

X, Y, Z
x, y, z
1 3 x X
x {0,1,2, 3}
X=x x
P (X 0) P (E 0 ) 0
P (X 1) P (E1 ) 1
P (X 2) P (E 2 )
P (X 3) P (E 3 ) 3

1. (discrete random variable)

1
{2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,11,12}

( 6
 1 1 0 1
{0,1}
1

{1, 2, 3,...}

2. (continuous random variable)

6
[150,190]

[1, 6]

[0, ]

1 X1 50

X2 100

3 X3

X4

( 6 3
5 X5 -

6 X6

(GB)

( )

(
4

( 6 4
 6 50

( )
0 6
1
17
3 4
4 1

1 X
x x {0,1, 2, 3, 4}

(probability distribution)

( 6 5
 x 0 1 2 3 4
P (X x)

X 1 3
X

( 6 6
 Y
1 Y

( 6 7
 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 5 6 3 8 7 3 3

X
X

100 0 1 3 4 5 6

41 17 14 4 3 0 1

( 6 8
3. Z
Z

( 6 9
 (expected value) X

X
n
n

X
X x x iPP
( (XX x ix)i )
i 1i
i 1

n X
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..., x n X

3
X X

nn
2
XX
(x(xi i XX
)2)PP(X
(X xxi )i )
i i1 1

2
X
X
n X
x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..., x n X

4 6 50
1 X

0 6
1
17
3 4
4 1

( 6 10
5
–7

6 X 1
X

( 6 11
7 Y
Y

( 6
 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 1 5 6 3 8 7 3 3

X
X

( 6 13
 100 0 1 3 4 5 6

41 17 14 4 3 0 1

( 6 14
Z
Z

( 6 15
 6 3 11
X
1) X

( 6 16
 2, 000, 000
2, 000, 000
50, 000
(

60

0 1 3
47 4 6 3

11 1

( 6 17
 4
X X x 1, x 2 , x 3 ,..., x n
X
(discrete uniform distribution)

11
P (PX(X x i )x i ) i i {1,{2,
1, 3 .,.n.,}n }
2,,.3.,.
nn

8 1 1 X
X
X

( 6 18
 9 1
500 X
1) X

3 150 1

( 6 19
1 X1 1

X2 1 10

3 X3
80

4 X4

0 1 3 4

16 16 16 16 16

( 6
 X
X 10
X

100

( 6
 1
a
0 a 5 Z
1 a 5 Z

a Z

3 a 1

( 6
5 10
500

300

( 6
 5
(binomial distribution)
X n
p
1-p

Note! - n p
X B(n, p) X
n p
- 1
(Bernoulli trial) 1

1 n

3 p 0 p 1
q (1 - p)

( 6
 1
X

n x n x
P (X x) p (q ) x 0, 1, 2,..., n
x

X
np

X
npq

n
p
q (1 p)

10 X B(8, 0.7) X
P (X 4)

P (X 6)

( 6
 P (X 5)

P (3 X 7)

11 X B(5, 0.4)
P (X 1)

P (X 4)

P (X 4)

( 6
 P (1 X 4)

12 X 5 1 7
1 X

5 5

( 6
3 X

4 X

( 6
13

1)

( 6
14

5 1

1)

( 6 30
 X B(6, 0.3)
P (X 2)

P (X 2)

P (X 2)

P (2 X 5)

( 6 31
 X 6
1) X

) X

3) 3

( 6
 4

5 X

3 Y 1 8
1) Y

( 6 33
 5

3 8

4) Y

9
4
10

( 6 34
5
5
1

( 6 35
 3
1

( 6 36
7

1 4

( 6 37
3 6

density curve)

X
y f (x ) X
(probability density function)

( 6 38
 Note! f (x ) X
- f (x ) 0 x X
- 1

y f x X 1 3
3
P 1 X 3 f (x ) dx
1

( 6 39
 X a X P (X a) 0
a a

[a, b ]
(a, b)

P a X b P a X b
a b X

P X a P X a P X a P X a
a X

0 8

7
–

( 6 40
 6
(normal distribution)
X

22
1 1x x
11 22
f f xx ee
22 xx

X
X normal curve)

1 X

X X X

( 6 41
 2
X
2
X
2
X N , X
2

( 6
 7
(Standard normal distribution)
0 ( 0) 1 ( 1)
Z

2
z 2
11 z
f (fz()z ) ee
2
2 zz
22

0 1
Standard normal curve)

Standard normal
random variable)

z
Z z P Z z

( 6 43
15 Z
P Z 2

P Z 1.29

P 1.27 Z 0.45

( 6 44
16 Z
P Z 1.66

P Z 1.44

P 2.45 Z 0

) P 0 Z 1.88

( 6 45
 2
X
Z
X
Z

Z z
0 z
1

a b
P a X b P Z

a, b X a b

17 X N (3.5, 4) P (2.4 X 5.2)

( 6 46
 X Z
X
Z

P( X ) P( 1 Z 1)
P (Z 1) P (Z 1)
0.8413 0.1587
0.6826

X [ , ]
68

( 6 47
2 X 2 ) P ( 2 Z 2)
P (Z 2) P (Z 2)
0.9772 0.0228
0.9544

X [ 2 , 2 ] 9544
2 2

( 6 48
P( 3 X 3 ) P( 3 Z 3)
P (Z 3) P (Z 3)
0.9987 0.0013
0.9974

X [ 3 , 3 ] 9
3 3 9

( 6 49
8 6
160 5 6 1

( 6 50
19

( 6 51
 X
1 x X
x P X x 100% P X x 100 0
100 P X x 100 x

Z P (Z 0) 0.5
P (Z 0) 100 (0.5)(100) 50 50

( 6
1) 791

95
P (Z 1.645) 0.95

( 6 53
21 100 75

73 16
70 10

( 6 54
22 55
–

23

74 65
68

( 6 55
1 Z
P (Z 1.34)

P (Z 2.18)

P ( 2.45 Z 1.68)

P (0.91 Z 2.26)

( 6 56
 10

X N 20,100
1) P X 48.9

) P X 12.9

3 P 18.5 X 37.4

( 6 57
1) 538

179

3 356

( 6 58
 1

3) 14

505 111
1
1 400 600

( 6 59
 ) 700

3) 450

7 6
P Z 0.6745 0.25

P Z 1.2816 0.90 90

( 6 60
 1

1) 30

( 6 61
3

( 6
11
8,400 360

9,500 6,000

75 55 13
68 50 10

( 6 63
13 6

4 1.5

3 0.5 , 1.5

2 0.5 , 0.5

1 1.5 , 0.5

0 1.5

( 6 64
–

160

3 180

( 6 65
 X N (20, 4)

X N (50,100)
P (X 35)

P (X 55)

( 6 66
P (20 X 80)

X N (80,225) k P (65 X k) 0.7357

X N (100,64)
P (X 92)

( 6 67
P (94 X 106)

P (102 X 110)

X N (25, 36) P (20 X 35)

( 6 68
X N (120,225) P (X 130) P (93 X 140)

11

11

( 6 69
 11

( 6 70
 –

P (Z 2.054) 0.98

( 6 71
 1 59 68 169
2 39
3 53 60

( 6
500

( 6 73
X

( 6 74
X N( , 2
) A B, C D

x P (X x)

3 1 D
10 C
3 6
10 B

( 6 75
11, 14
11,4

( 6 76
( 6 77
538

179

( 6 78
356

( 6 79
 P (Z 0.6745) 0.75 ( )

( 6 80
 8,
5,
9,

P (Z 0.6745) 0.25 P (Z 1.2816) 0.9

( 6 81
( 6
 z 0

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
-1
-1.1
-1.2
-1.3
-1.4
-1.5
-1.6
-1.7
-1.8
-1.9
-2
-2.1
-2.2
-2.3
-2.4
-2.5
-2.6
-2.7
-2.8
-2.9
-3

( 6 83
 ( )

0 z

z 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3

( 6 84