VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE SKIN
Chickenpox (also known as varicella)
Symptoms: fever and skin rashes
Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Virus: Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV)
Transmission: Person to Person Contact /
Droplet or Airborne
Shingles (also known as herpes zoster)
Symptoms: fluid-filled blisters, pain, and
paraesthesia (numbness and tingling)
Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Virus: Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV)
Transmission: Person to Person Contact/ Droplet
or Airborne
German measles (rubella)
Symptoms: fine, pinkish, flat rash
Prevention: Droplet Precautions
Virus: Rubella Virus
Transmission: Droplet Spread or Direct Contact
Measles (Hard Measles, Rubeola)
Symptoms: fever, conjunctivitis, cough,
photosensitivity, koplik spots in the mouth, and red
blotchy skin rash.
Prevention: Airborne Precautions
Virus: Measles Virus (rubeola virus)
Transmission: Droplet Spread/ Direct Contact
Monkeypox
Symptoms: fever, headache, backache,
lymphadenitis, malaise (fatigue), and a rash
Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Virus: Monkeypox Virus
Transmission: Animal Bite/ Contact with an
infected Animal’s Blood
Smallpox
Symptoms: fever, malaise, headache, prostration,
severe backache, skin rash, occasional abdominal
pain, and vomiting
Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Virus: Two Strains of Variola: (a) variola minor
and (b) variola major
Transmission: Person to person transmission
Warts
Symptoms: small, fleshly, grain bumps
Prevention: Contact Precautions
Virus: 70 types of human papillomaviruses (HPV)
Transmission: Direct Contact
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE EYES
Adenoviral Conjunctivitis and
Keratoconjunctivitis
Symptoms: inflammation of the conjunctiva,
edema of the eyelids and periorbital tissue, pain,
photophobia, and blurred vision
Prevention: Contact Precautions
Virus: Adenoviruses
Transmission: Direct Contact
Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
Symptoms: sudden onset, with redness, swelling,
and pain in one or both eyes
Prevention: Contact Precautions
Virus: Adenoviruses and Enteroviruses.
Transmission: Direct / Indirect Contact
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE UPPER RESPI
The Common Cold (Acute Viral Rhinitis,
Acute Coryza)
Symptoms: coryza, sneezing, runny eyes, sore
throat, chills, and malaise
Prevention: Droplet Precaution
Virus: Rhinoviruses
Transmission: Respiratory Secretions or Direct
Contact
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE LOWER RESPI
Acute, Febrile, Viral Respiratory Disease
Symptoms: fever and one or more of the following
systemic reactions: chills, headache, general aching,
malaise, anorexia, and sometimes GI disturbances
in infants.
Prevention: Standard Precautions and Contact
Precautions
Virus: parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus,
rhinoviruses, certain coronaviruses,
coxsackieviruses, and echoviruses.
Transmission: Direct Oral Contact/ Droplet
HPS (Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome)
Symptoms: fever, myalgias, GI complaints, cough,
difficulty breathing, and hypotension
Prevention: Standard Precautions
Virus: Five Hantaviruses (Sin Nombre, Bayou,
Black Greek Canal, New York-1 and Monongahela)
Transmission: Inhalation of aerosolized rodent
feces, urine, and saliva
Influenza (Flu) household
Symptoms: fever, chills, headache, aches, and contact with
HBV, an an infected
pains throughout the body (most pronounced in the enveloped, person;
back and legs), sore throat, cough, nasal drainage Type B circular dsDNA mother-to-
Prevention: Droplet Precautions Hepatitis virus in the infant before Usually
Virus: Influenza viruses types A, B, and C. (HBV genus or during has an
infection Orthohepadnavi birth; injected insidious
Transmission: Airborne Spread and Direct
and serum rus, family drug use; (gradual)
Contact hepatitis) Hepadnaviridae tattooing; onset
; the only DNA needlesticks
Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) virus that and other
Symptoms: fever, cough, sore throat, and muscle causes hepatitis types of
healthcareass
aches ociated
Prevention: Droplet Precaution transmission
Virus: Avian influenza virus type A Type C HCV, an Primarily
Transmission: Contact with infected poultry and Hepatitis enveloped, parenterally
Person to Person (HCV linear ssRNA transmitted Usually
infection virus in the and rarely an
and non-A, genus sexually insidious
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) non-B Hepacivirus, transmitted onset
Symptoms: high fever, chills, headache, a general hepatitis) family
feeling of discomfort, body aches, and sometimes Flaviviridae
diarrhea. HDV or delta Exposure to
virus, an infected blood
Prevention: Standard, Airborne, Droplet, and enveloped, and body
Contact Precautions Type D circular ssRNA fluids; Usually
Virus: SARS-CoV Hepatitis viral satellite (a contaminated has an
Transmission: Respiratory Droplets (delta defective RNA needles; abrupt
hepatitis) virus) in the sexual onset
genus transmission;
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF THE GASTRO Deltavirus coinfection
with HBV is
Viral Gastroenteritis (Viral Enteritis, Viral necessary
Diarrhea) HEV, a Fecal–oral
spherical, transmission;
Symptoms: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, nonenveloped, primarily via
abdominal pain, myalgia, headache, malaise, and Type E ssRNA virus in fecally Similar
low-grade fever Hepatitis the genus contaminated to type A
Prevention: Standard Precautions and Contact Calcivirus, drinking hepatitis
family water; also
Precautions
Calciviridae from person
Virus: enteric adenoviruses, astroviruses, to person
caliciviruses, norovirus, rotaviruses HGV, a linear
Transmission: Fecal Oral Route, Airborne, ssRNA virus in Can
Foodborne, Waterborne, and shellfish transmission Type G the genus Parenteral cause
Hepatitis Hepacivirus, chronic
family hepatitis
Flaviviridae
Viral Hepatitis
Symptoms: fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, VIRAL INFECTIONS OF GENITOURINARY
vomiting, abdominal pain, dark urine, light-
coloured stools, joint pain, and jaundice. ANOGENITAL HERPES VIRAL INFECTION
(GENITAL HERPES)
Characteristics: localized primary lesion, latency,
NAME OF NAME AND TYPE TRANSMISSION
DISEASE OF VIRUS and a tendency to localized recurrence
Type A Fecal- oral Site in Women: cervix and vulva, with recurrent
Hepatitis HAV, a transmission, disease affecting the vulva, perineal skin, legs, and
(HAV nonenveloped, person to
infection, linear ssRNA person,
buttocks
infectious virus in the infected food Abrupt Site in Men: penis and in the anus and rectum of
hepatitis, genus handlers, onset those engaging in anal sex
and Hepatovirus, fecally Symptoms: itching, tingling, and soreness,
epidemic family contaminated followed by a small patch of redness and then a
hepatitis) Picornaviridae foods and
water group of small, painful blisters
Sexual or
Prevention: Standard Precautions and Contact VIRAL INFECTIONS OF CNS
Precautions
Virus: HSV-2 or HSV-1 LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Transmission: direct sexual contact, or oral– Symptoms: fever, malaise, suppressed appetite,
genital, oral–anal, or anal genital contact, mother- muscle aches, headache, nausea, vomiting, sore
to-fetus or mother to-neonate during pregnancy throat, coughing, joint pain, chest pain, and salivary
and birth gland pain
Prevention: Standard Precaution
GENITAL WARTS (GENITAL PAPILLOMATOSIS, Virus: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis
CONDYLOMA ACUMINATUM) Mammarenavirus
Characteristics: tiny, soft, moist, pink or red Transmission: Infected rodents, primarily the
swellings, which grow rapidly and may develop common house mice serve as reservoirs
stalks. Rough surfaces give them the appearance of
small cauliflowers. Can be malignant. POLIOMYELITIS
Site in Women: vulva, vaginal wall, cervix, and Symptoms: Minor Illness with Fever, Malaise,
skin surrounding the vaginal area Headache, Nausea, and Vomiting
Site in Men: penis Prevention: Contact Precaution
Symptoms: small, flesh-coloured or grey painless Virus: Polioviruses
growths or lumps, itching or bleeding change to Transmission: person to person, primarily via the
your normal flow of pee (for example, sideways) fecal–oral route; also by throat secretions
Prevention: Standard Precautions and Contact
Precautions RABIES
Virus: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a.k.a. human Symptoms: Mental Depression, Restlessness,
herpesvirus Headache, Fever, Malaise, Paralysis, Salivation,
Transmission: direct contact, usually sexual; Spasms of Throat Muscles
through breaks in skin or mucous membranes; or Prevention: Standard Precaution
from mother to neonate during birth Virus: Rabies Virus
Transmission: Bite of a rabid animal, which
VIRAL INFECTIONS OF CIRCULATORY introduces virus-laden saliva. Airborne
transmission from bats in caves also occurs.
HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
Symptoms: Fever, Rash, Headache, VIRAL MENINGITIS
Lymphadenopathy, Pharyngitis, Myalgia (Muscle Symptoms : Sudden onset of febrile illness with
Pain), Arthralgia (Joint Pain), Aseptic Meningitis, the signs and symptoms of meningeal
Retro-orbital Pain, Weight Loss, Depression, GI involvements. A rash may develop. When caused by
Distress, Night Sweats, and Oral or Genital Ulcers an enterovirus, GI and respiratory symptoms may
Prevention: Standard and Transmission-Based occur.
Precautions Prevention: Standard and Contact Precaution
Virus: HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2) Virus: Enteroviruses, or coxsackie viruses,
Transmission: Direct Sexual Contact, sharing of arboviruses, measles virus, mumps virus, herpes
contaminated needles and syringes by intravenous simplex viruses and VZVs, lymphocytic
drug abusers; transfusion of contaminated blood choriomeningitis virus, and adenoviruses.
and blood products; transplacental transfer from Transmission: vary with the specific etiologic
mother to child; breast-feeding by HIV-infected agent
mothers; transplantation of HIV-infected tissues or
organs; and needlestick, scalpel, and broken glass VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
injuries Symptoms: headache, high fever, stupor,
disorientation, coma, tremors, occasional
MUMPS (Infectious Parotitis) convulsions, spastic paralysis
Symptoms: Fever, Headache, Muscle aches, Prevention: Standard and Transmission-Based
Tiredness, Loss of Appetite Precaution
Prevention: Droplet Precaution Virus: St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Virus: Mumps Virus (genus Rubulavirus, family Transmission: Transfusion, Organ Transplant,
Paramyxoviridae) Breast Milk, or Transplacental
Transmission: Droplet Spread and Direct
Contact with the Saliva of an Infected Person
HOW DO VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE?

Viruses multiply within host cells, and it is during

their escape from those cells—by either cell lysis or
budding—that the host cells are destroyed. This cell
destruction leads to most of the symptoms of the
viral infection, which vary depending on the
location of the infection.

Certain viruses cause only specific infections,

because viruses can infect only the cells bearing
appropriate surface receptors, thus, viruses are
specific as to the type of cell that they can infect.

HIV-AIDS virus destroys cells of the immune

system. This make the patient unable to fight
various viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic
pathogens.