HUMAN

Viral Infections
 CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
How Do Viruses Cause
Disease?
01
VIRAL INFECTIONS
02 Major Viral Infections
of Humans

THERAPY
Appropriate Therapy for
Viral Infections
03
 CHAPTER
VIRAL
OUTLINE VIRAL
INFECTION INFECTION
S S
of the Skin, Eyes, and Ears of the Oral Region

VIRAL VIRAL
INFECTION INFECTION
S S
of the Respiratory System of the Gastrointestinal Tract
 CHAPTER
VIRAL
OUTLINE VIRAL
INFECTION INFECTION
S S
of the Genitourinary System of the Circulatory System

VIRAL
INFECTION
S
of the Central Nervous System
How Do Viruses Cause Disease?

Viruses multiply within host cells, and it is during

their escape from those cells—by either cell lysis or
01 budding—that the host cells are destroyed. This cell
destruction leads to most of the symptoms of the
viral infection, which vary depending on the
location of the infection.

Certain viruses cause only specific infections,

02 because viruses can infect only the cells bearing
appropriate surface receptors, thus, viruses are
specific as to the type of cell that they can infect.

03 HIV-AIDS virus destroys cells of the immune

system. This make the patient unable to fight various
viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic pathogens .
Viral Infections
of the Skin
 CHICKENPOX (ALSO KNOWN AS
VARICELLA)
Symptoms: Fever and Skin Rashes
Treatment/Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV)
Mode of Transmission: Person-to-Person Contact/ Droplet or Airborne
 Elana Pearl Ben-Joseph, MD, Nemours KidsHealth N.A., Public Domain

CHICKENPOX (ALSO KNOWN AS

VARICELLA)
 SHINGLES (or HERPES ZOSTER)
Symptoms: Fluid-Filled Blisters, Pain, and Paresthesia
(Numbness and Tingling)
Treatment/Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Varicella- Zoster Virus (VZV)
Mode of Transmission: Person-to-Person Contact/ Droplet or Airborne
 Kenneth M. Kaye , MD, Harvard Medical School Stephanie S. Gardner, MD., Emory’s School of Medicine

SHINGLES (or HERPES ZOSTER)

 GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA)
Symptoms: Fine, Pinkish, Flat Rash
Treatment/Prevention: Droplet Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Rubella Virus
Mode of Transmission: Droplet Spread or Direct Contact
 Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, COI , Harvard Medical School Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA)

 MEASLES (HARD MEASLES, RUBEOLA
Symptoms: Fever, Conjunctivitis, Cough, Photosensitivity,
Koplik Spots in the Mouth, and Red Blotchy Skin
Rash
Treatment/Prevention: Airborne Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Rubella Virus
Mode of Transmission: Droplet Spread or Direct Contact
 Maria Mona, RN, RM, Apollo Hospitals Dhaka Edmond Hooker, MD, D.Ph., Xavier University

MEASLES (HARD MEASLES, RUBEOLA)

 MONKEYPOX
Symptoms: fever, headache, backache, lymphadenitis, malaise
(fatigue), and a rash
Treatment/Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Monkeypox Virus
Mode of Transmission: Animal Bite/ Contact with Infected Animal’s Blood
World Health Organization Rose Hoban, Voice of America

MONKEYPOX
 SMALLPOX
Symptoms: fever, malaise, headache, prostration, severe
backache, skin rash, occasional abdominal pain, and
vomiting
Treatment/Prevention: Airborne and Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Two Strains of Variola: (a) variola minor and (b)
variola major
Mode of Transmission: Person-to-Person Infection
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wynne Parry, NY Times

SMALLPOX
 WARTS
Symptoms: small, fleshly, grain bumps
Treatment/Prevention: Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: 70 types of Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)

Mode of Transmission: Direct Contact

Brunilda Nazario, MD, WebMD Jennifer Robinson, MD, WebMD

WARTS
Viral Infections
of the Eyes
 ADENOVIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS AND
KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
Symptoms: inflammation of the conjunctiva, edema of the
eyelids and periorbital tissue, pain,
photophobia, and blurred vision
Treatment/Prevention: Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Adenoviruses
Mode of Transmission: Direct Contact
 Ahmed Bawazeer, MBChB, FRCSC, King Abdulaziz University Melvin I. Roat , MD, FACS, Sidney Kimmel Medical College

ADENOVIRAL CONJUNCTIVITIS AND

KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS
 HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
Symptoms: sudden onset, with redness, swelling, and pain
in one or both eyes
Treatment/Prevention: Contact Precautions
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Adenoviruses and Enteroviruses
Mode of Transmission: Direct and Indirect Contact
 James Heilman, M.D., University of British Columbia

HEMORRHAGIC CONJUNCTIVITIS
 Viral Infections of the
UPPER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
 THE COMMON COLD
(Acute Viral Rhinitis, Acute Coryza)
SYMPTOMS
Coryza, Sneezing, Runny Eyes, Sore
Throat, Chills, and Malaise
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Droplet Precaution
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Rhinoviruses
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Respiratory Secretions or Direct Contact
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Science Photo Library, Public Domain

THE COMMON COLD

(Acute Viral Rhinitis, Acute Coryza)
 Viral Infections of the
LOWER RESPIRATORY
TRACT
ACUTE, FEBRILE, VIRAL RESPIRATORY
DISEASE
SYMPTOMS
Fever and one or more of the following systemic
reactions: Chills, Headache, General Aching, Malaise,
Anorexia, and sometimes GI Disturbances in Infants
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Standard Precautions and Contact Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Parainfluenza Viruses, RSV, Adenovirus, Rhinoviruses,
Certain Coronaviruses, Coxsackieviruses, and Echoviruses
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Direct Oral Contact/ Droplet
HPS (HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY
SYNDROME)
SYMPTOMS
Fever, Myalgias, GI Complaints, Cough, Difficulty
Breathing, and Hypotension
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Standard Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Five Hantaviruses (Sin Nombre, Bayou, Black Greek
Canal, New York-1 and Monongahela)
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Inhalation of Aerosolized Rodent Feces, Urine, and Saliva
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Girish Khera, Scientific Animations

HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME

 INFLUENZA (FLU)
SYMPTOMS
Fever, Chills, Headache, Aches, and Pains throughout the
body (most pronounced in the back and legs), Sore
Throat, Cough, Nasal Drainage
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Droplet Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Influenza Viruses Types A, B, and C
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Airborne Spread and Direct Contact
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Serena Dasani, MD, Brigham Women's Hospitals

INFLUENZA (FLU)
AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)
SYMPTOMS
Fever, Cough, Sore Throat, and Muscle Aches
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Droplet Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Avian Influenza Virus Type A
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Contact with Infected Poultry and Person to Person
 Daily Express Daily Express

AVIAN INFLUENZA (BIRD FLU)

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME
(SARS)
SYMPTOMS
High Fever, Chills, Headache, a General Feeling of
Discomfort, Body Aches, and sometimes Diarrhea
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Standard, Airborne, Droplet, and Contact Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
SARS-CoV
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Respiratory Droplets
 Kelly Servick, Science Mag Naugatuck Valley Health District

SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY

SYNDROME (SARS)
 Viral Infections of the
GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT
 VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
(Viral Enteritis, Viral Diarrhea)
SYMPTOMS
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal Pain, Myalgia,
Headache, Malaise, and Low-Grade Fever
TREATMENT/PREVENTION
Standard and Contact Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS
Enteric Adenoviruses, Astroviruses, Caliciviruses,
Norovirus, Rotaviruses
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
Fecal Oral Route, Airborne, Foodborne, Waterborne, and
Shellfish Transmission
 Northern NSW Local Health District

VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
(Viral Enteritis, Viral Diarrhea)
 VIRAL HEPATITIS
SYMPTOMS
Fever, Fatigue, Loss of Appetite, Nausea, Vomiting,
Abdominal Pain, Dark Urine, Light-colored Stools, Joint
Pain, and Jaundice
 TYPE A HEPATITIS
(HAV Infection, Infectious Hepatitis, and Epidemic Hepatitis)
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HAV – a non-enveloped, linear Fecal- oral transmission,
ssRNA virus in the genus person to person, infected Abrupt Onset
Hepatovirus, family food handlers, fecally
Picornaviridae contaminated foods and water
 TYPE B HEPATITIS
(HBV Infection and Serum Hepatitis)
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HBV – an enveloped, circular Sexual or household contact with
dsDNA virus in the genus an infected person; mother-to- usually has an
Orthohepadnavirus, family infant before or during birth; insidious (gradual)
Hepadnaviridae; the only injected drug use; tattooing; needle onset
DNA virus that causes sticks and other types of healthcare
hepatitis associated transmission
 TYPE C HEPATITIS
(HCV Infection and non-A, non-B hepatitis)
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HCV – an enveloped, linear Primarily Parenterally usually has an
ssRNA virus in the genus Transmitted and Rarely Sexually insidious (gradual)
Hepacivirus, family Flaviviridae Transmitted onset
 TYPE D HEPATITIS
(Delta Hepatitis)
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HDV – or delta virus, an Exposure to infected blood and
enveloped, circular ssRNA viral body fluids; contaminated usually has an
satellite (a defective RNA virus) needles; sexual transmission; abrupt onset
in the genus Deltavirus coinfection with HBV is
necessary
 TYPE E HEPATITIS
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HEV – a spherical, Fecal–oral transmission; abrupt onset,
nonenveloped, ssRNA virus in primarily via fecally similar to type A
the genus Calcivirus, family contaminated drinking water; hepatitis
Calciviridae also from person to person
 TYPE G HEPATITIS
NAME AND TYPE OF VIRUS MODE OF TRANSMISSION TYPE OF DISEASE
HGV – a linear ssRNA virus in can cause chronic
the genus Hepacivirus, family Parenteral hepatitis
Flaviviridae
GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
VIRAL INFECTIONS
 ANOGENITAL HERPES VIRAL
Genital Herpes
INFECTIONS
CHARACTERISTICS: localized primary lesion, latency, and a tendency to localized
recurrence
SITE IN WOMEN: cervix and vulva, with recurrent disease affecting the vulva, perineal
skin, legs, and buttocks
SITE IN MEN: penis and in the anus and rectum of those engaging in anal sex
SYMPTOMS: itching, tingling, and soreness, followed by a small patch of redness and
then
a group of small, painful blisters
TREATMENT/PREVENTION: Standard Precautions and Contact Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS: HSV-2 or HSV-1
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: direct sexual contact, or oral–genital, oral–anal, or anal
genital contact, mother-to-fetus or mother to-neonate during
pregnancy and birth
CID, ISM, Science Photo Library Dr. N.J. Flumara , Dr. Gavin Hart.
 GENITAL WARTS
Genital Papillomatosis, Condyloma Acuminatum
CHARACTERISTICS: tiny, soft, moist, pink or red swellings, which grow rapidly and may
develop stalks. Rough surfaces give them the appearance of small
cauliflowers. Can be malignant.
SITE IN WOMEN: vulva, vaginal wall, cervix, and skin surrounding the vaginal area
SITE IN MEN: penis
SYMPTOMS: small, flesh-coloured or grey painless growths or lumps, itching or bleeding
change to your normal flow of pee (for example, sideways)
TREATMENT/PREVENTION: Standard Precautions and Contact Precautions
CAUSATIVE PATHOGEN/VIRUS: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a.k.a. human herpesvirus
MODE OF TRANSMISSION: direct contact, usually sexual; through breaks in skin or mucous
membranes; or from mother to neonate during birth
DermNet New Zealand., Science Photo Library Richard P. Ustine, MD.

Richard P. Ustine, MD. Richard P. Ustine, MD.

Circulatory
System
VIRAL INFECTIONS
 HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
Symptoms: Fever, Rash, Headache, Lymphadenopathy, Pharyngitis,
Myalgia (Muscle Pain), Arthralgia (Joint Pain), Aseptic
Meningitis, Retro-orbital Pain, Weight Loss, Depression,
GI Distress, Night Sweats, and Oral or Genital Ulcers

Treatment/Prevention: Standard and Transmission-Based Precautions

Causative Pathogen/Virus: HIV (HIV-1 and HIV-2)
Mode of Transmission: Direct Sexual Contact, sharing of contaminated needles
and syringes by intravenous drug abusers; transfusion of
contaminated blood and blood products; transplacental
transfer from mother to child; breast-feeding by HIV-
infected mothers; transplantation of HIV-infected
tissues or organs; and needlestick, scalpel, and broken
glass injuries
 Jamie Eske, Healthline Luca Sola, Doctors Without Borders

HIV INFECTION AND AIDS

 MUMPS (Infectious Parotitis)
Symptoms: Fever, Headache, Muscle aches, Tiredness, Loss
of Appetite
Treatment/Prevention: Droplet Precaution
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Mumps Virus (genus Rubulavirus, family Paramyxoviridae)
Mode of Transmission: Droplet Spread and Direct Contact with the Saliva
of an Infected Person
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Rachel Nall, MSN, CRNA, Healthline

MUMPS (Infectious Parotitis)

Central Nervous
System
VIRAL INFECTIONS
LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS
Symptoms: fever, malaise, suppressed appetite, muscle aches,
headache, nausea, vomiting, sore throat,
coughing, joint pain, chest pain, and salivary
gland pain

Treatment/Prevention: Standard Precaution

Causative Pathogen/Virus: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Mammarenavirus
Mode of Transmission: Infected rodents, primarily the common house
mice serve as reservoirs
 POLIOMYELITIS
Symptoms: Minor Illness with Fever, Malaise, Headache,
Nausea, and Vomiting

Treatment/Prevention: Contact Precaution

Causative Pathogen/Virus: Polioviruses
Mode of Transmission: person to person, primarily via the fecal–oral
route; also by throat secretions
 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

POLIOMYELITIS
 RABIES
Symptoms: Mental Depression, Restlessness, Headache,
Fever, Malaise, Paralysis, Salivation, Spasms of
Throat Muscles
Treatment/Prevention: Standard Precaution
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Rabies Virus
Mode of Transmission: Bite of a rabid animal, which introduces virus-
laden saliva. Airborne transmission from bats in
caves also occurs.
Jacqueline Weyer, National Institute for Communicable Diseases Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

POLIOMYELITIS
 VIRAL MENINGITIS
Symptoms: Sudden onset of febrile illness with the signs and
symptoms of meningeal involvements. A rash
may develop. When caused by an enterovirus, GI
and respiratory symptoms may occur.
Treatment/Prevention: Standard and Contact Precaution
Causative Pathogen/Virus: Enteroviruses, or coxsackie viruses, arboviruses,
measles virus, mumps virus, herpes simplex
viruses and VZVs, lymphocytic choriomeningitis
virus, and adenoviruses.
Mode of Transmission: vary with the specific etiologic agent
 VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
Symptoms: headache, high fever, stupor, disorientation,
coma, tremors, occasional convulsions, spastic
paralysis
Treatment/Prevention: Standard and Transmission-Based Precaution
Causative Pathogen/Virus: St. Louis Encephalitis Virus
Mode of Transmission: Transfusion, Organ Transplant, Breast Milk, or
Transplacental
 Appropriate Therapy
for Viral Infections
Anti-Viral Drugs
End of Chapter 18
Thank You!
QUESTIONS or
CLARIFICATIONS?