SCIENTIFIC REPORT

Name: Mike Roy Salarda Date: December 3, 2020

Course and Year: BSN2-A

Analysis of Saliva
Activity No. 10

I. Introduction

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Saliva contributes to the digestion of food because it lubricates and allows

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the swallowing of food more convenient. It contains enzyme such as amylase

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which is responsible for breaking down of starch into simpler sugars that can be
later absorbed by the small intestine.

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Mucin is a glycoprotein which can be precipitated by acetic acid at around pH 4.5
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has a function in saliva. It provides protection in oral activity. Calcium and
inorganic phosphate are also an essential component of the saliva that can also be
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precipitated using acetic acid (for calcium) and concentrated nitric acid (for
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inorganic phosphate).
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II. Methodology
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Collection of Saliva
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The mouth was rinsed to get rid of food particles. About 10 ml of warm
water was taken into mouth and moved it about by the tongue for nearly a minute.
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Fluid was collected in a clean beaker. The tests were performed with this diluted
saliva.
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 PROCEDURES:

Digestion of Starch

To 25 ml of starch paste in a small beaker add 1 ml of saliva and stir thoroughly.

Place in a water bath at 40 C maintaining this temperature throughout the
experiment. At 1-minute intervals remove using a glass rod. A drop of the mixture
and put it into a dop of iodine solution in a spot plate.

Note the transparency of starch paste from time to time and also note that the blue
color diminishes, a red color with iodine is obtained due to erythrodextrin and
finally a product yielding no color with iodine (achrodextrin) is formed. Remove a

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few drops of the solution when the achromatic point is reached and test for sugar

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with Benedict’s reagent.

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Test for Mucins
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To 2 ml of saliva in a test tube add 1-2 drops of dilute acetic acid until precipitate is
formed.
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Test for Calcium

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To 2 ml of saliva in a test tube, add 5 drops of 1% acetic acid and 5 ml of K2C2O4

solution. Observe the color of the precipitates.
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Test for Inorganic Phosphate

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To 2 ml of saliva in a test tube, add 3 drops of conc. HNO3 followed by a pinch of

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ammonium molybdate. Warm the solution. Observe the color changes.

Test for Proteins

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To 2 ml of saliva in a test tube add 3 drops of Biuret reagent. Observe.

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 MATERIALS:

10 ml saliva, 25 ml starch paste, dilute acetic acid, Biuret reagent, Benedict’s

reagent, Iodine solution, pinch of ammonium molybdate, conc., nitric acid, 2%
K2C2O4 solution.

III. Results and Discussion

Digestion of Starch

Saliva was rich in the enzyme amylase which is the main enzyme to breakdown
starch. Amylase hydrolyses α1,4 glycosidic bonds in starch at random. The break-

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down products do not have capacity to bind iodine. In this test using iodine there is

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no large enzymatic reaction happens in sample A and B because it results a black

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blue color. But there is a brown in which can determined small amount of

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enzymatic reaction.
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Test for Mucins
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A thread-like precipitate was formed which indicates the presence of mucins.

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Mucin is a glycoprotein constituent of mucus. The precipitate was formed because

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of the acetic acid which is around pH 4.5. Test of Mucins is performed to know if
there are any symptoms of abnormalities that are happening to your body.
Increased mucin production occurs in many adenocarcinomas, including cancers of
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the pancreas, lung, breast, ovary, colon and other tissues.

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Test for Calcium

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Test for calcium shows a white precipitate formed as calcium oxalate.

After the addition of acetic acid, reaction is evident. The previously slightly clear
solution turns white. Then after the potassium oxalate was added small granules of
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precipitate was formed. Only, small amount of precipitate was collected. A faint
white precipitate was formed. Calcium ions are precipitated as calcium oxalate
under neutral or slightly acidic conditions.

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 Test for inorganic phosphate

Saliva is added with HNO3 and ammonium molybdate and it show the result of a
color yellow appearance. It is because of the inorganic phosphate present in the
saliva. Inorganic phosphate combined with ammonium molybdate to form a yellow
colored ammonium phosphomolybdate. The precipitate ammonium
phosphomolybdate is the inorganic salt of phosphomolybdic acid. It contains the
remarkable phosphomolybdate ion complex.

Test for proteins

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The test for protein, it shows the result of a color blue appearance in the test tube

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and a formation of bubbles on the top. It is because biuret test tests for peptide

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bonds in proteins. When this complex forms, the sample changes from a light blue

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color to a purple color, with low protein concentration going to light blue and high
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protein concentration going to purple. The normal color of biuret reagent is blue.
The reagent turns violet in the presence of peptide bonds the chemical bonds that
hold amino acids together. The proteins detected must have at least three amino
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acids, which means that the protein must have at least two peptide bonds.
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IV. Conclusion
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These particular tests for the different components of the saliva which gave a
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positivein all test generally indicates that these components are always present in
the saliva like the amylase which in the experiment gives a black blue color,
without the presence of it starch in the food we eat will never be breakdown
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because starch is necessary to break down into glucose monomer by amylase

through hydrolyzing the α 1,4 glycosidic bonds of starch to form glucose
monomer. Positive results are in the form of colored precipitates like canary yellow
colored ammonium phosphomolybdate in the test for inorganic phosphate while a

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 white thread-like precipitate was formed in the test for mucins which indicates the
presence of mucins. All in all, analysis of saliva is necessary to determine what
substances are present in saliva.

V. References

https://www.academia.edu/9658009/Analysis_of_Saliva
https://microbenotes.com/biuret-test-for-protein/
Shrestha B (2002). Practical biochemistry and biotechnology. First edition.
99933-665-1-X

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https://www.chemistrylearner.com/biuret-test.html

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https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-does-biuret-test-for-method-equation.html

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