TED TALK TRANSCRIPT

Topic: Healthcare
Group 4
1. Agil Adhitia Gunawan (2006704)
2. Berlian Meirawati (2007778)
3. Dini Zuliyanti (2007540)
4. Helly Hanifah (2006729)
5. Megasari (2009747)
6. Muhamad Saerul (2007043)
7. Neni Setiawati (2006605)
8. Rd. Hapid (2006603)

a. How Much Sleep do You Really Need?

https://www.ted.com/talks/matt_walker_how_much_sleep_do_you_really_need?
utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

So far, we've spoken about all of the wonderful benefits that sleep provides, but how much
sleep should we actually be getting?

[Sleeping with Science]

For the average adult, the current recommendation is somewhere between seven to nine
hours of sleep a night. And what we've been finding from large-scale epidemiological
studies is that, using that reference point of seven to nine hours, once you start to drop below
that, your mortality risk actually starts to increase. In fact, the Center for Disease Control in
the United States, or the CDC, they stipulate a minimum of seven hours of sleep a night for
the average adult. In other words, the shorter your sleep, the shorter your life.

But it turns out that it's not quite a linear relationship as you would expect. It's not as though
the more and more that you sleep, the lower and lower your mortality risk is. In fact,
something strange happens. Once you get past nine hours, you actually start to see a rise
 back up in mortality risk, which seems rather strange and peculiar. And scientists have
actually put forward at least two different explanations.

The first is that, if you look at those studies, it may be that individuals are suffering from
significant disease and illness. When we become infected, or we have disease, typically, we
try to sleep longer, we stay in bed longer. So in other words, it was the unmeasured disease
and sickness in those studies that was triggering a response in those individuals to try and
sleep more. That's one explanation.

The second possible explanation is poor sleep quality, because we know that sleep quality,
independent of sleep quantity, is also associated with mortality risk. And the lower that your
quality of sleep is, the higher your risk of death.

People who have poor quality of sleep will typically try to sleep longer; they'll try to stay in
bed longer to overcome that poor quality of sleep. It may be poor quality of sleep
masquerading as long sleep that is associated with a higher risk of death, rather than the long
sleep itself.

But if we take a step back and think about society overall, I think modernity is constantly
pushing us to, perhaps, work long hours and therefore neglect our sleep. But if we want to be
around long enough to get the benefits and the fruits of all of that hard labor, we may want
to think about starting to prioritize our sleep some more.
b. What is HPV and How can You Protect Yourself From it?
https://www.ted.com/talks/emma_bryce_what_is_hpv_and_how_can_you_protect_you
rself_from_it?
utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

At some point, most sexually active people will be infected with human papillomavirus, or
‘HPV.’ There are over 100 types of HPV, and most of the time the body eliminates
infections without symptoms– but some strains can pose serious health risks down the line.
HPV causes contact infections, which means the virus stays in the cells near the point of
infection rather than spreading throughout the whole body. Since HPV is often transmitted
through sexual activity, this usually means the cells of the vagina, vulva, penis, anus, mouth
and throat. We can test for HPV in cells from these areas, but while testing for the virus is
scientifically possible, it isn’t common. The main reason is that, while there are treatments
for the adverse health effects caused by HPV, there’s no treatment for the virus itself. So
testing for HPV would yield many, many positives, and although most of them won’t be
cause for concern, there is still no treatment plan for clearing the body of the virus.

But there are other good ways to protect yourself from HPV. We’re going to walk through
how HPV can cause harm, who’s at risk, and how to minimize those risks.

The body’s immune system is able to eradicate most strains of HPV before they cause any
harm— and without people even knowing they’ve been infected. Certain other strains– like
HPV 6 and 11– cause abnormalities in the cells of the infected tissue, which can develop
into genital warts. While these are infectious and require treatment, usually with topical
creams, wart-causing strains don’t create longer-term damage. But another 13 strains can
cause DNA mutations that cause cells to divide at a much faster pace than normal,
propelling the development of cancerous growths. The cells of the cervix are especially at
risks. Two in particular– HPV 16 and 18– are responsible for the majority of cases of
cervical cancer, which is now the fourth most common type of cancer in women.

It can take up to 20 years for cancer symptoms to appear, but with regular screening, we can
discover cellular abnormalities in the cervix before they develop into cancer. Women over
21 can undergo a regular pap smear, where a sample of tissue is gently scraped from the
lining of the cervix to test for abnormal cells. A positive test doesn’t mean the person has
cervical cancer, but rather that there are irregular cells in the cervix that could develop into
cancer in the future.

Patients are then either monitored with more frequent pap smears, or, for more severe
irregularities, undergo a procedure called a colposcopy. This involves a doctor examining
 the cervix through a microscope, and possibly taking a small biopsy of tissue for closer
examination. In some cases, the affected tissue may be removed.

HPV infections of the throat may lead to head and neck cancers, but for now there’s no
equivalent of the pap smear for the throat. Using condoms helps prevent the spread of HPV
during sex. And there are three safe, effective vaccines that all target HPV 16 and 18. The
vaccine comes in two or three doses a few months apart, and it’s only beneficial if you
receive them all. Right now the vaccine is part of standard care for girls aged 11 to 18 in
many countries– though it’s increasingly becoming available to boys as well. Adult women
and men in countries including the United States and the United Kingdom can opt to receive
the vaccine, and evidence suggests that vaccination of women and men could reduce the
worldwide incidence of cervical cancer by almost 90%. Researchers are also developing an
injection for people who are already infected with HPV 16 and 18, which would target the
infected cells to stop them from developing into cancerous ones. So while there’s still room
for improvement in screening, treatment, and access to each, condom use, vaccination, and
cervical screening can each reduce the harm caused by HPV.
c. How Sleep can Improve your Immunity
https://www.ted.com/talks/matt_walker_how_sleep_can_improve_your_immunity?
utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare

Often when we're sick typically what we want to do is just curl up in bed and go to sleep.
And in part what we're trying to do is sleep ourselves well, because there's a very intimate
association between our sleep health and our immune health.

[Sleeping with Science]

We know that individuals reporting less than seven hours of sleep a night are almost three
times more likely to become infected by the rhinovirus, otherwise known as the common
cold. We also know that women sleeping five hours or less a night are almost 70 percent
more likely to develop pneumonia. Well we've also discovered that sleep can play a role in
your successful immunization.
 So in one study, they took a group of individuals and they limited them to four hours of
sleep a night for six nights. And in the other group, they gave them a full night of sleep each
and every one of those nights. And then during that time period, they gave them a flu shot
and they measured the response to that flu shot. What they discovered is that in those
individuals who were sleeping just four hours a night, they went on to produce less than 50
percent of the normal antibody response. So in other words, if you're not getting sufficient
sleep in the week or the days before you get your flu shot, it may render that vaccination far
less effective as a consequence.

What this tells us, and now what we're starting to learn, is that it's during sleep at night,
including deep non-REM sleep, when we actually restock the weaponry within our immune
arsenal. We actually stimulate the production of numerous different immune factors.

And furthermore, the body actually increases its sensitivity to those immune factors. So you
wake up the next day as a more robust immune individual.

So when it comes to your immune system, you should perhaps think of sleep as one of the
best health insurance policies that you could ever wish for.

FINDING
Preposition Body Parts Symtoms/Illness/Health Problem
1. Preposition around means 1. Vagina 1. Risk of death
enclosing something. 2. Vulva 2. Contact infections
Example: But if we want 3. Penis 3. Genital warts
to be around long enough 4. Anus 4. Cancer cerviks
to get the benefits and the 5. Mouth 5. Neck cancers
fruits of all of that hard 6. Throat 6. Head cancer
labor. 7. Rhinovirus
2. Preposition about means 8. Pneumonia
enclosing something.
Example: So far, we've
 spoken about all of the
wonderful benefits that
sleep provides.
3. Preposition about means
enclosing something.
Example: We can test for
HPV in cells from these
areas, but while testing for
the virus is scientifically
possible, it isn’t common.
4. Preposition past means
enclosing something.
Example: Once you get
past nine hours, you
actually start to see a rise
back up in mortality risk.
5. Preposition over means
refer to something at
higher position than
something else.
Example: There are over
100 types of HPV, and
most of the time the body
eliminates infections
without symptoms– but
some strains can pose
serious health risks down
the line.
6. Preposition through
means stage or test
Example: We’re going to
 walk through how HPV
can cause harm, who’s at
risk, and how to minimize
those risks.
7. Example: A positive test
doesn’t mean the person
has cervical cancer, but
rather that there are
irregular cells in the
cervix that could develop
into cancer in the future.
8. Example: Often when
we're sick typically what
we want to do is just curl
up in bed and go to sleep.
9. Example: We know that
individuals reporting less
than seven hours of sleep
a night are almost three
times more likely to
become infected by the
rhinovirus.