Takamagahara

In Japanese mythology, Takamagahara ( ⾼天原 , "Plain of High Heaven" or "High Plain of Heaven", also
read as Takaamanohara, Takamanohara, Takaamagahara, or Takaamahara), is the abode of the
heavenly gods (amatsukami). Often depicted as located up in the sky, it is believed to be connected to the
Earth by the bridge Ama-no-ukihashi (the "Floating Bridge of Heaven").

Contents
Overview
According to the Kojiki
According to the other chronicles
Theories about the location
1. The Celestial Theory
2. The Terrestrial Theory
3. Kyushu-Yamatai-koku Theory
4. The Artificiality Theory
Takamagahara in Japan
Takaharu-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture
Takachiho-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture
Soyo, Yamato-cho, Kumamoto Prefecture
Takama, Gose-shi, Nara Prefecture
iruzen, Maniwa City, Okayama Prefecture
Oinuana, Ueno Village, Gunma Prefecture
Taga County, Ibaraki Prefecture
Iki, Nagasaki
Takamagahara in South Korea
Goryeong Country, North Gueongsang Province, South Korea
References
See also

Overview
In Shinto, ame (heaven) is a lofty, sacred world, the home of the Kotoamatsukami. Some scholars have
attempted to explain the myth of descent of the gods from the Takamagahara as an allegory of the migration of
peoples. However, it is likely to have referred from the beginning to a higher world in a religious sense. A
Shinto myth explains that at the time of creation, light, pure elements branched off to become heaven (ame).
Heavy, turbid elements branched off to become earth (tsuchi). Ame became the home of the amatsukami or
gods of heaven, while tsuchi became the home of kunitsukami or gods of the land. The amatsukami are said to
have descended from heaven to pacify and perfect this world.[1]
According to the Kojiki
In the beginning of the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters), Takamagahara is mentioned as the birthplace of
the gods.[2][3][4][5] It is assumed that Takamagahara existed in clouds above sea because there is a scene when
Kuniumi ( 国⽣み ), the god of islands, lower his spear to form an island. Also, when the Goddness of the sun,
Amaterasu ( 天照⼤御神 ) was born, she was commanded to rule Takamagahara by Izanagi ( 伊弉諾 ), the
creator deity.[6][7][8] In the part related to Susanoo ( スサノヲ , the son of Amaterasu), Takamagahara is
described as the place where many gods live with Ama-no-yasukawa ( 天の安河 ), Ama-no-iwato ( 天岩⼾
[9][10]
),
paddy fields, and a place for weaving, giving an impression that life was close to the human world. It is
stated that the Asihara-no-Nakatsukuni ( 葦原の中つ国 , the world between Heaven and Hell) was subjugated
by the gods from Takamagahara, and the grandson of Amaterasu, Ninigi-no-Mikoto ( 瓊瓊杵尊 ), descended
from Takamagahara to rule the area. From then on, the emperor, a descendant of Ninigi-no-Mikoto owned
Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni.[11][12]

According to the other chronicles

In the Nihon Shoki ( ⽇本書紀 , The Chronicles of Japan), there is
almost no mention of Takamagahara in the text. It appears only in the
fourth book of the first stage of Jindaiki ( 神代記 ) and part of the
posthumous name which was given to Empress Jito in the fourth year Amaterasu, the Goddess of the sun
of Yoro era (720).[7][13][12] and the universe.

In contrast, in the Fudoki ( ⾵⼟記 , ancient reports on provincial

culture and oral tradition) written in Nara period (710-794), the word
Takamagahara appears only at the beginning of Hitachi-no-Kuni-
Fudoki ( 常陸の国⾵⼟記 ).[5][6]

Similarly, in the main text of Kogo Shui ( 古語拾遺 ), a historical

record written in the early Heian period (794-1185), Takamagahara is
mentioned only in the section of Ninigi-no-Mikoto.[14][15]

In modern times, Takamagahara was described as the “supreme

celestial sphere” (⾄美天球 ) in Tales of the Spirit World ( 霊界物語 )
by Onisaburo Deguchi.[16] The “supreme celestial sphere” is
illustrated as a spiritual world of pure light in the radiant universe.[17]

Theories about the location

There have been many theories about the location of Takamagahara.
Theories differ greatly depending on how the mythology in the Kojiki
A page from the Shinpukuji
is interpreted.
manuscript of the Kojiki

1. The Celestial Theory

According to the Celestial Theory, the gods must be in the heavens or the universe above the heavens since
high heavens are the dwelling place of the gods.[2][5] This conceptual view is represented by Norinaga
Motoori’s theory; he believed it was disrespectful to gods and emperors to consider other theories.[18] This
idea was the mainstream view before World War II because of its strong connection with the emperor-centered
historiography.[12]
2. The Terrestrial Theory

The Terrestrial theory suggests that mythology always contains some historical fact, and thus Takamagahara
must also reflect what existed. This theory was first represented by Hakuseki Arai, a confucianist during
middle of the Edo period. Specifically, he stated that Takamagahara was located in Taga County, Hitachi
Province ( 常陸国 ).[18][4] Also, some people believe Takamagahara existed but outside of Japan; one of the
most popular foreign theory is a theory from Gangwong, South Korea. It was proposed by a Japanese
philosopher, Kanji Ishiwara.[19]

3. Kyushu-Yamatai-koku Theory

The theory is that any of the candidate sites for the Yamatai-koku such as Yamamoto Country, Mii Country,
Yamato Country, and Yasu Country in the Chikugo River basin.[20] Some people specifically believe that Mii
Country is the Takamagahara and Nakoku is the Ashihara-no-Nakatsukuni.[21]

4. The Artificiality Theory

The theory is that wondering about location of Takamagahara is

meaningless since myths are made up. A theory presented by Banto
Yamagata, a scholar of Confucianism from the late Edo period is a
typical example of it, and he argues that the Jindai period ( 神代 , Age
of the Gods) in the Kojiki was a fiction created by later generations.[4]
A historian in 20th century, Sokichi Tsuda’s view of history, which A page from the Nihon Shoki
has become mainstream after the World War II, is based on his idea.
Many scholars today also believe that the mythology of
Takamagahara in Kojiki was created by the ruling class to make people believe that the class was precious
because they originated in the heavenly realm.[22][23]

Takamagahara in Japan

Takaharu-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture

The town of Takaharu, with Takachiho Mountain rising behind it, has
long been recognized as the place of Ninigi-no-Mikoto’s descent. In
the Sangoku Meisho Zue ( 三国名勝図会 ), a chronicle written by
Satsuma Domain at the end of the Edo period, it is written that the
name of this area, Takaharu ( ⾼原 ), is an abbreviation of
Takamagahara ( ⾼天原 ) and the area was the capital of Japan during
A drawing of a shrine from Sangoku
ancient times.[24][25] The chronicle also states that it is the reason why
there are other local areas with similar names such as Miyakojima ( 都 Meisho Zue

島 ) and Takajo (⾼城 ).[26]

As a proof of this record, Amano-Sakahoko ( 天逆鉾 ), the spear of gods, can be found at the top of the
mountain. It is presumed that the spear was placed around the Edo period, but the details are still unknown.[27]
The town of Takaharu is also known as the birthplace of Emperor Jimmu. The main evidence is that Emperor
Jimmu’s infant name, “Sano-no-Mikoto”, in the Nihon Shoki refers to the Sano area of the town.[28] However,
there is no detailed explanation about it, and the current description of Emperor Jimmu is largely based on
Sangoku Meisho Zue ( 三国名勝図絵
[29]
). According to the chronicle, Emperor Jimmu lived here until his
expedition to the east.

Takachiho-cho, Miyazaki Prefecture

The town of Takachiho is located at the Northern part of Miyazaki prefecture. Ama-no-Iwato, Mount
Amanokagu, and Shiioji Peaks can be found in this area. Takachiho Shrine is known for its specific type of
Shinto ritual ceremonial dance called Yoru-Kagura, which is said to have originated from a dance performed
by Ame-no-Uzume.[30][31]

Soyo, Yamato-cho, Kumamoto Prefecture

Hinomiya-Heitate shrine, which calls itself the birthplace of the Takamagahara mythology, is at Soyo,
Kumamoto. Shintai, the sacred body of the kami, is a stone slab carved with two types of Jindai characters,
and the characters “Asohi-no-okami (
[32]
アソヒノオオミカミ )” and “Hifumi ( ⽇⽂ )” are engraved on the front
and back of the slab. The shrine’s name “Heitate” means Himorogi, a sacred place or an altar, and it is said
that this is the sacred place where the gods descended in ancient times.[33][34]

Takama, Gose-shi, Nara Prefecture

Takama is located on a plateau at the foot of Mount Kongo in Gose-

shi, Nara Prefecture. The region’s old name is Katsuragi ( 葛城 ), and
Mount Kongo was called Mount Takamagahara in ancient times.[35]
The Takamahiko Shrine is located at east side of Mount Kongo, and
the area around the shrine is a traditional place where the gods of the
heavens lived (Matsumura, 2014). The shrine is rated as the highest in
the Engishiki (延喜式 神
, Procedures of the Engi Era), and its shintai (
体 , body of the kami) is a mountain located behind the shrine.[36]
Kagero Nikki ( 蜻蛉⽇記 ), a classical waka, indicates that Amano-
Mount Kongō viewed from Mount
iwato was at Mount Katsuragi. Since this poem was written around
Yamato Katsuragi
974, it shows that this understanding dates back to at least the Heian
Period (794-1185).[37] Similarly, Sanryu-syo( 三流抄 ), the classical
waka poem written in Kamakura period (1185-1333), describes the location of Takamagahara as Mount
Katsuragi.[38] Until new Hitachi Province theory was proposed by Hakuseki Arai in Edo period, this area was
considered to be the location of Takamagahara. The stone monument of Takamagahara is in the parking lot of
a temple in this area.[39][4]

iruzen, Maniwa City, Okayama Prefecture

Kayabe Shrine, Amano-Iwato, and Amano-Ukihashi are in the area of Hiruzen.[40][41]

Oinuana, Ueno Village, Gunma Prefecture

The place was traditionally known as a small cave, but it was discovered to be much longer and deeper in
1929. The cave was named after what was believed to be the dwelling place of the Yamainu. Some places
inside have been named as Takamagahara and Ama-no-Yasugawara.[42][43]
Taga County, Ibaraki Prefecture

According to the theory proposed by Hakusei Arai, kanji in ancient times were representing pronunciation of
the Japanese language, and the original meaning of the kanji does not match the meaning of the words they are
describing. Therefore, the words expressed from them only explained pronunciation not the actual
meanings.[44] In Koshitsu ( 古史通 ), Hakuseki interpreted Takamagahara in hiragana instead of kanji and
compared it to Taga Country in Hitachi Province.[45] Also, he suggests that places called “Takaama-no-Ura”
and “Takaama-no-Hara” in Hitachi Province are originated from Takamagahara.[46][4]

Iki, Nagasaki

天ヶ原
The names of places such as “Amagahara ( )” and “Takanohara ( ⾼野原)” still remain, and they are
considered as “Heavenly Territory (天国領域 )” according to the Kyushu-Yamatai-Koku theory.[47][48]

Takamagahara in South Korea

Goryeong Country, North Gueongsang Province, South Korea

The Terrestrial theory has existed for a long time, and the Korean
Peninsula theory was sometimes advocated mainly by amateur
researchers after World War II. Initially, Chuncheon City at
Gangwon-do was considered to be the location of Takamagahara in
South Korea because of certain lyrics from Komagaku, a type of
traditional Japanese court music.[49][50]

However, in the 1990s, the chancellor of the Kaya University

proposed a new theory called Goryeong County theory. He believes
that the name of Mount Sori from Takamagahara mythology came
from the capital city of North Korea, Seoul, and therefore Goryeong
County is the correct location of it. In 1999, stone monument of Location of Gyeongsangbuk-do in
Takamagahara ( 고천원고지비 ) was raised in the Kaya University.[51] South Korea

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7674-2015-6

See also
Nirai Kanai
Ashihara no Nakatsukuni
Yomi
Ne-no-Kuni
Tian

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