TERM PAPER OF DYNAMICS OF MACHINES (MEC- 302)

ON
INERTIAL ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMP IMPELLER

NAME- MALKEET SINGH GORAYA

COURSE- B.TECH (ME)

ROLL NO- RF 4901- B-52

REG NO- 10907866

DOS- 19/ 4 / 2011

SUBMITTED TO- MR. DONGA RAMESH KUMAR

 INDEX:-

 INTRODUCTION :

 HOW IT WORKS :

 WORKING MECHANISM OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:

 GENERAL COMPONENTS OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:

 GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL
FORCE:

 DYNAMIC INERTIAL EQUATION OF MOTION FOR CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP:

 IMPELLER IN PUMPS:

 ENERGY USAGE :

 USES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:

 REFRENCES:
  Acknowledgement:-

It is not until you under take a project like this one that you realize how massive the effort it
really is, or how much you must rely upon the self less effort and good will of other . There are
many who helped in this project, and I want to thanks them all .It is my pleasure to thank all
those who helped me directly or indirectly in presentation of this project .The development of a
project of this nature would not have possible without the help of different persons .I am
intended to all of them.
I express my deep gratitude to Mr. DONGA RAMESH KUMAR (Lecturer of lovely
professional university) for helping me and for their continuing support at the every stage of
the development of this project by providing sufficient time in the study center lab.
At the last but not least I am most thankful to all friends and family members for
all the encouragement and facilities provided by them which has helped me the most
to complete this project work.

MALKEET SINGH GORAYA

  INTRODUCTION:-

A centrifugal pump is a rot dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a
piping system. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis
and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radically outward into a diffuser or volute
chamber (casing), from where it exits into the downstream piping system. Centrifugal
pumps are used for large discharge through smaller heads.

Centrifugal Pump is a special kind of rot dynamic pump in which the fluid approaches
the impeller axially, turns at the machine’s inlet so that flow out through the impeller
is in the plane of impeller’s rotation.

 How it works:-
 Cutaway view of centrifugal pump

Like most pumps, a centrifugal pumps converts mechanical energy from a motor to
energy of a moving fluid; some of the energy goes into kinetic energy of fluid motion,
and some into potential energy, represented by a fluid pressure or by lifting the fluid
against gravity to a higher level.

The transfer of energy from the mechanical rotation of the impeller to the motion and
pressure of the fluid is usually described in terms of centrifugal force, especially in
older sources written before the modern concept of centrifugal force as a fictitious
force in a rotating reference frame was well articulated. The concept of centrifugal
force is not actually required to describe the action of the centrifugal pump.

In the modern centrifugal pump, most of the energy conversion is due to the outward
force that curved impeller blades impart on the fluid. Invariably, some of the energy
also pushes the fluid into a circular motion, and this circular motion can also convey
some energy and increase the pressure at the outlet.

Modern sources say things like that the fluid "flows radially under centrifugal force",
or "centrifugal force flings the liquid outward". Others counter that "there is no force
at all, and a great deal of confused thinking." Some are more careful, attributing the
outward force to the impeller, not to centrifugal force: "the impellers throw the water
to the outside of the impeller case. This centrifugal action is what creates the
pressure..." Even serious texts that explain the working of the pump without mention
of centrifugal force introduce the pump as one in which "the mechanical energy is
converted, into pressure energy by means of centrifugal force acting on the fluid

 How is Working Mechanism of a Centrifugal Pump:-

A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process

Plant. Its purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or turbine)
first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is
being pumped. The energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the
impeller and the volute or diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts
driver energy into the kinetic energy. The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that
converts the kinetic
energy into pressure energy.

 General Components of Centrifugal Pumps:-

A centrifugal pump has two main components:
I. A rotating component comprised of an impeller and a shaft
II. A stationary component comprised of a casing, casing cover,

 Rotating Components:-
1. Impeller
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to
The fluid. They are often classified in many ways.
Based on major direction of flow in reference to the axis of rotation
• Radial flow
• Axial flow
• Mixed flow
Based on suction type
• Single-suction: Liquid inlet on one side.
• Double-suction: Liquid inlet to the impeller symmetrically from both sides.
  Generation of Centrifugal Force:-
The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye (center) of a
revolving device known as an impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the
liquid n sitting in the cavities between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal
acceleration as liquid leaves the eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created
causing more liquid to flow toward the inlet. Because the impeller blades are
curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial direction by the centrifugal
force. This force acting inside the pump is the same one that keeps water inside a
bucket that is rotating at the end of a string. It depicts a side cross-section of a
centrifugal pump indicating the movement of the liquid. This kinetic energy of a
liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a resistance to the flow.
The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches the liquid
and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its
velocity is converted to pressure according to Bernoulli’s principle.

 DYNAMIC INERTIAL EQUATION OF MOTION FOR

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP:-
Thin plate is two-dimensional analogy of Euler-Bernoulli beam
(where tangential stresses are neglected). Two-dimensional
analogy of Timoshenko beam (including both tangential stresses
and forces due to rotation of the plate) is known in literature as
Mindlin-Timoshenko theory.
Differential equation of free vibration of circular plate in cylindric
coordinates is:
the inertia equation.

 Impellers in pumps:-

Several different types of pump impellers:-

An impeller is a rotating component of a centrifugal pump, usually made of iron,

steel, bronze, brass, aluminum or plastic, which transfers energy from the motor
that drives the pump to the fluid being pumped by accelerating the fluid outwards
from the center of rotation. The velocity achieved by the impeller transfers into
pressure when the outward movement of the fluid is confined by the pump casing.
Impellers are usually short cylinders with an open inlet (called an eye) to accept
incoming fluid, vanes to push the fluid radially, and a splined, keyed or threaded
bore to accept a drive-shaft.

Since impellers have no large blades to turn, they can spin at much higher speeds
than propellers. The water forced through the impeller is channelled by the
housing, creating a water jet that propels the vessel forward. The housing is
normally tapered into a nozzle to increase the speed of the water, which also
creates a Venturi effect in which low pressure behind the impeller pulls more
water towards the blades, tending to increase the speed.
The impeller made out of cast material in many cases may be called rotor, also. It
is cheaper to cast the radial impeller right in the support it is fitted on, which is put
in motion by the gearbox from an electric engine or by steam driven turbine. The
rotor usually names both the spindle and the impeller when they are mounted by
bolts.

Impellers can be further classified principally into three sub-types

• Propellers
• Paddles
• Turbines

 Energy usage:-
The energy usage in a pumping installation is determined by the flow required, the
height lifted and the length and friction characteristics of the pipeline. The power
required to drive a pump (Pi), is defined simply using SI units by:

Where:-

Pi is the input power required (W)

ρ is the fluid density (kg/m3)
g is the standard acceleration of gravity (9.80665 m/s2)
H is the energy Head added to the flow (m)
 Q is the flow rate (m3/s)
η is the efficiency of the pump plant as a decimal

The head added by the pump (H) is a sum of the static lift, the head loss due to
friction and any losses due to valves or pipe bends all expressed in metres of fluid.
Power is more commonly expressed as kilowatts (103 W) or horsepower (multiply
kilowatts by 0.746). The value for the pump efficiency η may be stated for the
pump itself or as a combined efficiency of the pump and motor system.

The energy usage is determined by multiplying the power requirement by the

length of time the pump is operating.

 .LET US TALK ABOUT USE OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:-

The applications of centrifugal pumps are numerous; however, these pumps
are most often used in buildings for the following purposes:

 To pump the general water supply:-

• This includes both the overhead and pneumatic tank systems. In general
water supply systems where the pump takes off directly from the city
pressure main or where no suction lift is required, a centrifugal pump can be
used. When a centrifugal pump is being used with suction lift of no more
than 15 feet is required, a pump with an automatic primer or a suction line
equipped with a foot valve may be used.

 To provide booster service:-

• In booster service, centrifugal pumps with in-take pressures from the city
main operate only to boost this pressure. They may run continuously or
automatically. When the automatic type is not operating, the water flows
by city pressure through the impellers.

 To pump the domestic water supply:-

• In domestic water supply systems, the centrifugal pump is used in shallow
wells (suction lift not over 22 feet), in deep wells (for greater depths than 22
feet), and in a complete pneumatic system with electric motors.

 REFRENCES:-

 HTTP/WWW.HOW STUFF WORKS//ANALYSIS OF CENTRIFUGAL

PUMPS.COM
 WWW.BRIGHT HUB.COM// CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS AND
IMPELLERS.COM
 THEORY OF MACHINES BY S.S. RATTAN
 THEORY of MACHINES AND MECHANISMS BY AMITABHA
GHOSH
 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS BY R.K BANSAL