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[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
N. @FHF_NC
@FHF_NC
Tmf nrfn lh wmlkm tmf rl`ld grnif fxtfrler kecuih nhd grnif rngtfr lhtfrsfkt ls
keiiehcy rfgfrrfd
rfgfrrfd te ns tmf Mnuhkm. Lg tmf ifiofrs nrf tnpfrfd nt
nt tmls lhtfrsfktleh,
lhtfrsfktleh,
tmf mnuhkm ls rfgfrrfd te ns n Tnpfrfd Mnuhkm. Tmf kehhfktleh eg tmfsf ifiofrs nt
tmf mnuhkm ls rfgfrrfd te ns tmf Ahff Kehhfktleh nhd ls herinccy dlggfrfhtlntfd grei
etmfr typf eg kehhfktlehs lh tmnt tmf gcnh`f gerkfs iust kmnh`f dlrfktleh nkress tmf
kehhfktleh.
WZ“s ahff kehhfktlehs nrf ldfhtlglfd ns fltmfr –Tep Oectfd’ er –Gnkf Oectfd’ dfpfhdlh`
eh tmf cekntleh eg tmf oectlh` pcntf ns smewh ofcew. Tmf –Tep Oectfd’ kehdltleh ls tmf
herinc dfgnuct stnhdnrd, mewfvfr, tmf –Gnkf Oectfd’ kehdltleh ls rfqulrfd wmfh tmf
geccewlh` kehdltlehs fxlst2
• [trnl`mt Kecuihs er etmfr kehdltlehs preduklh` hnrrew fxtfrler kecuih dfptms sukm tmnt tep
•
• [trnl`mt Kecuihs wltm [tffp _eeg Zltkmfs iny rfqulrf n –Wfrtlknc Oectfd’ kehdltleh tmnt ls n
•
c
[pfkln
T Gcnh`f O
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D l p c t
n
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f D lh
G T l
n
c y
p f h n
;
T ` `
n y
p f e h
4 c
[ Z
[ A
h
4 n c
t
` h f l g c n
f t
l
g
g f gf
[ A h f
tf
[ f h h t
l
f r g
f h f
g
p f
f r
k
l
f r
n
c
f _n g tf
tfr f _n g tf
tfr
Grni Grni
Oectlh` Zcntf Typf ; [tlggfhfr
h
h i
i cu
c u e
e K
K r
r r le
r le tf
tf x
x F
F
Ns stnhdnrd, n Typf ; ofnrlh` stlggfhfr ls prevldfd nt tmf gnkf eg tmf kecuih ger Tep
Oectfd kehdltlehs nhd nt tmf tep eg tmf kecuih ger Gnkf Oectfd kehdltlehs. Dln`ehnc
Ahff stlggfhfrs nrf prevldfd pfr dfsl`h rfqulrfifhts nhd Gcnh`f [pfklncs nrf prevldfd
te trnhsgfr gerkf te tmf mnuhkm wfo grei tmf ndbnkfht gcnh`f nkress tmf oectlh` pcntf.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
O. DF[L@H N[[VIZTLEH[
N[[VIZTLEH[
Tmf ahff kehhfktleh ls krltlknc te tmf prepfr pfrgerinhkf eg n _l`ld Grnif. Ndfquntf
dfsl`h rfqulrfs tmf geccewlh`2 – Tmf ahff kehhfktleh iust trnhsgfr tmf glxfd-fhd
ieifht grei tmf ofni lhte tmf kecuih nhd ncse prevldf ndfquntf knpnklty ger
trnhsgfrrlh` tmf ofni smfnr te tmf kecuih ns wfcc ns tmf smfnr nt tmf tep eg tmf kecuih
lhte tmf ofni. Tmf ofhdlh` ieifht nhd nxlnc tmrusts nrf nssuifd te of knrrlfd oy tmf
gcnh`fs nhd tmf smfnr ls nssuifd te of knrrlfd oy tmf wfo.– NL[K Wecuif LL,
Kehhfktlehs, pn`fs 4-66.
M / ?
M ?
Z o G E ) 9
o ( G 9 I
I o / o
o +/
+/- o Z o
o ( G
G E )
g v o
? Mo
/ n
k
M
-
/ Io
+
k Wo
/ k
v
d tw o
k g
I
9 Wo
)
E
G
( k
// ?
?
k
Z
Zo (GL)
++ / - - M o
// oo
99 I
)
I o
Zk (GE)
Z o ( ( G L
Wk
Zk (GL) Nppclfd Cends2
Cends2
Ik Io, Wo, Mo 9 rngtfr fhd ieifht,
smfnr & nxlnc cend.
? Ik, Wk, Mk 9 kecuih fhd ieifht,
/
Wk k smfnr & nxlnc cend.
M
-
Mk /
+ @feiftry2
k
/ o 9 rngtfr dfptm - tg ( KC te KC gcnh`f )
k
I k 9 kecuih dfptm - tg
9 n 9 Q k - o slh( ν ) Y / kes( ν )
L)
( G d 9 Q o - n tnh( ν ) Y kes( ν )
k
Z ν 9 tnh-> ( reeg scepf)
Hetfs2
>. Gcnh`f gerkfs nrf nssuifd te nkt pfrpfhdlkucnr te tmf pcnhf tmfy lhtfrsfkt te of kehslstfht wltm fhd
pcntf nssuiptlehs.
?. Tmf gcnh`f gerkf dlrfktlehs smewh rfprfsfht kehdltlehs typlknc ger `rnvlty cendlh`.
cendlh`. Gcnh`f gerkf
dlrfktlehs ger upclgt cendlh` nrf rfvfrsf.
;. Nxlnc cends, Mk nhd Mo, nrf hf`ntlvf wmfh tmfy rfdukf tmf gcnh`f strfss.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Lt ls nssuifd tmnt ifiofr fhd ieifhts nhd nxlnc cends nrf trnhsgfrrfd vln fqulvncfht
gcnh`f gerkfs te tmf mnuhkm wfo ns smewh ofcew. Tmf mnuhkm wfo ls kmfkafd te lhsurf
tmnt tmfrf ls ndfquntf smfnr knpnklty te trnhsgfr merlzehtnc nhd vfrtlknc smfnr strfssfs
g vo nhd g vk te tmf oectlh` pcntf nhd tmf typf ; stlggfhfr. Tmf keiolhfd merlzehtnc nhd
vfrtlknc smfnr strfssfs krfntf n dln`ehnc keiprfsslvf strfss tmnt mns offh nkkeuhtfd
ger lh tmf dfrlvntleh eg tmf nccewnocf smfnr knpnklty eg tmf wfo, Gv.
Tmf nvfrn`f nccewnocf wfo smfnr, Gv, ls fvncuntfd pfr NL[K fquntlehs G4-? nhd @;-
>(Kv ≤ >) nssuilh` tmf geccewlh` vncufs ger –n’ nhd –m’2
wmfrf2
d> 9 ¹ Q k + n kes(ν) Y - Ϋ t gcnh`fs
k d? 9 ¹ Q d + o kes(ν) Y - Ϋ t gcnh`fs
* Tmferftlknccy, tmf dfrlvfd vncufs eg tw,k nhd tw,o smeucd of fqunc, mewfvfr, duf te keipcfxlty eg `feiftry
nhd slipclgylh` nssuiptlehs, vncufs iny vnry scl`mtcy rfqulrlh` tmf usf eg tmf inxliui vncuf eg t w,k er t w,o
.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Lh tmf fvfht tmnt tmf mnuhkm wfo smfnr knpnklty ls het ndfquntf te trnhsgfr ncc gcnh`f
gerkfs, n dln`ehnc ahff stlggfhfr ls prevldfd te trnhsgfr tmf dfglklfhky.
dfglklfhky.
d? /? wmfrf2
d> 9 ¹ Q k + n kes(ν) Y - Ϋ t gcnh`fs
k d? 9 ¹ Q d + o kes(ν) Y - Ϋ t gcnh`fs
er Ϋ Gy 9 : (
k
Z tw
- Q Zk (GE) - G“v d tw Y + Gs? slh (ο) + Q Zo (GE) - G“v n tw Y slh (ν) 9 :
ο
Gs? 9 Q Zk (GE) - G“v d tw Y/slh (ο)-Q Zo (GE) - G“v n tw YQslh(ν)/slh(ο) Y
Tmf noevf dfrlvntlehs eg dln`ehnc stlggfhfr cend nrf scl`mtcy dlggfrfht grei tmesf
herinccy fhkeuhtfrfd ofknusf eg tmf lhtreduktleh eg tmf reeg scepf er ν te sntlsgy
fqulclorlui. Oy nssuilh` ν 9 : nhd dfsl`hlh` ger tmf inxliui stlggfhfr gerkf eotnlhfd
grei Gs> er Gs? wltm ν 9 :, tmf rfsuctlh` stlggfhfr gerkf ls kehsfrvntlvf. [uostltutlh` ν 9 :2
Gs> 9 Q Zo (GE) - G“v n tw Y / kes (ο) nhd Gs? 9 Q Zk (GE) - G“v d tw Y / slh (ο)
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Tmf dln`ehnc ahff stlggfhfr iust of dfsl`hfd ns oetm nh –nxlnc cendfd ifiofr’ nhd n
–trnhsvfrsf smfnr’ stlggfhfr. Tmf nrfn eg tmf stlggfhfr, N st, iust of knpnocf eg knrrylh`
tmf nxlnc cend, Gs, duf te nhy wfo smfnr knpnklty dfglklfhky nhd lh erdfr te tnaf
ndvnhtn`f eg tmf lhkrfnsfd wfo smfnr knpnklty, G“v , tmf stlggfhfr iust ifft tmf
rfqulrfifhts ger trnhsvfrsf stlggfhfrs.
Gst> 9 (Zo (GE) - G“v n tw ) / kes (ο) Gst? 9 (Zk (GE) - G“v d tw ) / slh (ο)
G nccewnocf nxlnc 9 Nst ( :.7 Gy ) G nccewnocf nxlnc 9 Nst ( :.7 Gy )
[uostltutlh` tfris nhd secvlh` ger tmf [uostltutlh` tfris nhd secvlh` ger tmf
rfqulrfd stlggfhfr nrfn, Nst> (rfq.) 2 rfqulrfd stlggfhfr nrfn, Nst? (rfq.) 2
Nst> (rfq.) 9 (Zo (GE) - G“v n tw ) / :.7 Gy kes (ο) Nst? (rfq.) 9 (Zk (GE) - G“v d tw ) / :.7 Gy slh (ο)
Nst> (rfq.) 9 Io / o ¾ Mo / ? - G“vn tw Nst? (rfq.) 9 Ik / k ¾ Mk / ? - G“vd tw
:.7 Gy kes(ο) :.7 Gy slh(ο)
Tmf noevf nxlnc cend knpnklty dfrlvntleh nssuifs tmf stlggfhfr ^ s 9 >.: rfqulrlh` tmf
¹
scfhdfrhfss te ifft o / t ≤ <6 / (Gy) .
stlggfhfr scfhdfrhfss
tw ;
os Lst 9 tst ( o st + tw ) / >? ger slh`cf sldfd stlggfhfr
;
Lst 9 tst ( ? o st + tw ) / >? ger deuocf sldfd stlggfhfr*
Tmf noevf nssuifs he tfhsleh glfcd nktleh nhd fquntlehs @4-? nhd @4-; nrf het
nppclknocf. Herinccy, tmf hfw vncuf Kv onsfd eh 6:% eg –n’ nhd –m’ wlcc rfsuct lh vncuf
hfnr >.: .
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Ofnrlh`2 Ger cend kehdltlehs preduklh` lhsldf kecuih nhd rngtfr gcnh`f keiprfssleh
Ofnrlh`2
(herinccy nsseklntfd wltm `rnvlty cendlh` ), typf ; stlggfhfrs nrf dfsl`hfd ns ofnrlh`
stlggfhfrs ifftlh` tmf rfqulrfifhts eg NL[K [fktlehs A>.= nhd F?.
G
s
t
tgo
rfslst tmf rngtfr lhsldf gcnh`f
g cnh`f keiprfssleh gerkf, Zo (GL). Gst Typf ; [tlggfhfr
Tmf tfri 6/; ls ger clvf nhd dfnd cends. Vsf 4/; ger wlhd cends.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Tmf nccewnocf nxlnc stlggfhfr cend ls dfrlvfd grei NL[K [fktleh F?.
Hetf -
Hetf - Tmf noevf stlggfhfr gerkfs, Gst, nrf gnkterfd nhd smeucd het of usfd lh N[D
sfktleh F.? wltmeut iuctlpcylh` oy :.7: ( `rnvlty ) er :.06 ( wlhd ).
WZ Keiinhd usfs n stlggfhfr gerkf fqunc te Gst 9 Ngk Q Ik / [xk + Zk / Nk Y ger fvncuntlh`
[fktleh F? wmlkm ls fqulvncfht te ( :.7: er :.06) Gst noevf. [ff dfsl`h fxnipcf.
.
g
• [tlggfhfrs prevldfd lh pnlrs.
g
l
wfo t
s
ts os • Kress sfktleh ger nxlnc cends kehslsts eg ?6 t w pertleh eg
hn wfo nhd stlggfhfrs.
?
tw Ns 9 ? os ts + ?6 tw
os ; ;
Ls 9 ts ( ? os +tw ) / >? + ( ?6 tw - ts ) tw / >?
• Fggfktlvf kecuih cfh`tm 9 :.06 ms.
¹
• ^s 9 >.: rfqulrlh` o/t ≤ <6 / (Gy)
?6 t
Hetf- WZ Keiinhd wlcc sft tmf ilhliui stlggfhfr tmlkahfss fqunc te tmf ofnrlh` gcnh`f
tmlkahfss.
Tfhsleh2 Ger cend kehdltlehs preduklh` lhsldf kecuih nhd rngtfr gcnh`f tfhsleh
Tfhsleh2
(herinccy nsseklntfd wltm upclgt cendlh`), typf ; stlggfhfrs nrf dfsl`hfd ns tfhsleh
ifiofrs pfr NL[K [fktleh D> wltm Z nccew. 9 :.7 Gy Ns .
Lh n slilcnr gnsmleh te keiprfssleh, tmf gcnh`f tfhsleh gerkf iny of rfdukfd oy tmf
ilhliui eg tmf ceknc gcnh`f ofhdlh` strfh`tm ( NL[K fq. A>->) er tmf ceknc wfo ylfcdlh`
strfh`tm ( NL[K fq. A>-<). Tmf rfsuctlh` stlggfhfr gerkf ger dfsl`h, Gst, ls ns geccews2
Gst 9 6/; Zk (GL) - ilh. eg { Zwy , Zgo } Gst 9 6/; Zo (GL) - ilh. eg { Zwy , Zgo }
wmfrf2 wmfrf2
Zk (GL) 9 Q Ik / k ¾ Mk / ? Y Zo (GL) 9 Q Io / o ¾ Mo / ? Y
Zwy 9 Gy two ( tgk + tpcntf + 6 a ) ( A>-< ) Zwy 9 Gy twk ( tgo + tpcntf + 6 a ) A>-< )
a 9 tpcntf + wfcds ( A>-< ) a 9 tpcntf + wfcds ( A>-< )
Zgo 9 7.?6 tgo Gy ( A>-> ) Zgo 9 7.?6 tgk Gy ( A>-> )
Tmf tfri 6/; ls ger clvf nhd dfnd cends. Vsf 4/; ger wlhd cends. Tmf tfri 6/; ls ger clvf nhd dfnd cends. Vsf 4/; ger wlhd cends.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Gerkfs dfrlvfd grei fnvf knheplfs nttnkmifhts nhd etmfr ifiofrs tmnt grnif lh tmf
mnuhkm nrfn nrf rfsecvfd ns fqulvncfht gcnh`f gerkfs nhd nrf trnhsgfrrfd te tmf mnuhkm
wfo lh n inhhfr kehslstfht wlcc tmesf prfvleuscy dfskrlofd nhd ns suiinrlzfd ofcew.
Hetf - Fnvf knhepy fhd ieifhts nhd gerkfs mnvf ncrfndy offh lhkcudfd lh grnif
Hetf
nhncysls nhd nrf rfgcfktfd lh tmf vncufs eg I o nhd Ik . Tmnt ls, tmf dfrlvfd vncuf eg
Zo (GE) grei tmf grnif nhncysls lhgerintleh wlcc ncrfndy lhkcudf nhy gcnh`f gerkf
rfduktlehs grei tmf knhepy gcnh`f gerkf, Zkh (GE) .
Lh tmf fvfht tmnt tmf fnvf knhepy ls inhunccy nddfd, tmf prfvleuscy dfskrlofd
prekfdurfs lh sfktlehs N tmreu`m F nrf nppclknocf ger fvncuntlh` mnuhkm wfo knpnklty
oy rfpcnklh` tmf gcnh`f gerkf Zo (GE) wltm Zo (GE) - Zkh (GE) nhd Zk (GE) wltm Zk (GE).- Wkh.
M o / ?
+/- M
o +
/ o
?
I
o
Z o
o G
( G E 9
)
) 9
Zk h
G E ) - Z
Z o ( G h ( G
G E ) Z o
o ( G
G E )
f +
f M k h / ?
/ - M
+ -
?
G E )
Z k h ( G
I /
9 k h
g v o
Z k h ( GG E ) ) 9
Mo
Wkh n
Ikh
Io
Wkh Wo
Mkh f k d tw o
v
g
Wo
Zkh
kh (G
(GL)
L)
k
Zkh (GL) 9 Ik h // f // ??
M o
(GL) 9 f +
+ /- M
/- Mkh / ?
-
/-
Zo (GL)
// oo ++
99 I
)
I o
Zk (GE)
Z o ( ( G L
Wk
Zk (GL)
Ik
@feiftry2 ? Nppclfd Cends2
/
o 9 rngtfr dfptm k ? Io, Wo, Mo 9 rngtfr fhd ieifht,
M /
k 9 kecuih dfptm - Wk k smfnr & nxlnc cend.
/ M
n 9 Q k - o slh( ν ) Y / kes( ν ) + Ik, Wk, Mk 9 kecuih fhd ieifht,
k Mk
/ -
d 9 Q o - n tnh( ν ) Y kes( ν ) / + smfnr & nxlnc cend.
k k
ν 9 tnh-> ( reeg scepf) I / Ikh, Wkh, Mkh 9 knhepy fhd ieifht,
k
f 9 knhepy dfptm 9 I smfnr & nxlnc cend.
)
E
G
9
( L)
k ( G
Z k
Z
Pfo ofnrlh` stlggfhfrs
stlggfhfrs nrf prevldfd ns stnhdnrd nt tmf lhtfrsfktleh eg tmf knhepy
ofni oettei gcnh`f nhd dfsl`hfd pfr NL[K [fktleh A>.=.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
@. MNVHKM PFCD[
PFCD[
n h `f
g c cn
g
@fhfrnc2
@fhfrnc2
7
d l
n ` >
e
• Pfcds smncc of slzfd ger tmf
t y p
h nn cc a
= h f f
f s
nppclfd cends nkkerdlh` te
;
t l g o
g
f h f
f r 6
n
c
n ?
(
t
y
r
l h
`
NL[K [fktleh
[fktleh B?.
l p f
k 4 s
; f )
)
tl
p
g
s
g
GZ
;
Ilhliui Gcnh`f / [tlggfhfr-te-Pfo Pfcd [lzfs Zfr NL[K [fktleh B?2
B?2
Gcnh`f er [tlggfhfr Tmlkahfss
Pfo Ta. 6/>7’,;/=’,0/>7’,>/?’ 6/=’, ;/4’ 0/=’,>’, 8 >’
>: @n. ;/>7’ ;/>7’ ;/>7’
= @n. ;/>7’ ;/>7’ ;/>7’
;/>7’ ;/>7’ ;/>7’ ;/>7’
>/4’ ;/>7’ >/4’ >/4’
6/>7’, ;/=’, 0/>7’ ;/>7’ >/4’ 6/>7’
>/?’ ;/>7’ >/4’ 6/>7’
>. Ilhliui wfcd slzf usfd ;/>7’
?. Inxliui slzf gcnh`f-te-wfo KEH_NK wfcd ls 6/>7’.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
n h `f
g c cn
g
7
d l n
` e >
h n t
y
c a p
= h f f
f s ;
t l g o
g
f h f
f r 6
n
r
c
(
t
l h
n
l
? y
p f `
k 4 s
; f )
)
t
lg
p
s
g
f
f
`
4 h
f
h
r
n GZ
c
g
< <
0
oectlh` pcntf
GZ
;
PFCD >2 Gcnh`f-te-Pfo
Tmf gcnh`f-te-wfo wfcd iust of slzfd te dfclvfr tmf rngtfr gcnh`f cend, Z o (GE) , te tmf
mnuhkm wfo, cfss tmf cend dfclvfrfd te dln`ehnc ahff ( typf 4) stlggfhfr.
Tmf gcnh`f spfklnc te-wfo wfcd iust of slzfd te dfclvfr tmf gcnh`f cend, Z d (GE) , cfss tmf
cend dfclvfrfd te dln`ehnc ahff ( typf 4) stlggfhfr.
Tmf gcnh`f spfklnc / gcnh`f- te-typf 4 ahff stlggfhfr wfcd iust of slzfd te dfclvfr tmf
nxlnc cend, Gst ( [fktleh D ), te tmf typf 4 ahff stlggfhfr2
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
n h `f
g c cn
g PFCD 42 Dln`ehnc (Typf 4 )
Ahff [tlggfhfr-te-Pfo2
7
d l
n ` >
e
Tmf dln`ehnc ahff stlggfhfr
t y
h nn cc
a p
= h f f
f s
wlcc suppert tmf mnuhkm wfo
;
t l g o
g
f h f
f r 6
n`nlhst oukaclh` nhd ehcy n
n
r
c
(
t
l h
n
l
? y
p f `
; k
f
p
4
)
)
s
tl
g
heilhnc nttnkmifht te tmf
s
g
wfo ls rfqulrfd ger tmls
f
f 4 h
` f
h
r
GZ
n
c
g
<
purpesf. ( [ff NL[K Wec.LL,
< 0
–Kehhfktlehs," pn`fs 7-4>.)
oectlh` pcntf
GZ
;
PFCD 6 & 72 Typf ; Ofnrlh` [tlggfhfr-te-Pfo & Gcnh`f
Tmf Typf ; stlggfhfr-te-wfo wfcds iust of dfsl`hfd te dfclvfr tmf geccewlh` gerkfs2
Zstlgg. 9 6/; ( Ik / k ¾ Mk / ? ) - ilh. { Zwy , Zwo } tep oectfd, `rnvlty cendlh`
Zstlgg. 9 6/; ( Ik / k ¾ Mk / ? ) - ilh. { Zwy , Zgo } tep oectfd, upclgt cendlh`
Zstlgg. 9 6/; ( Io / o ¾ Mo / ? ) - ilh. { Zwy , Zwo } gnkf oectfd, `rnvlty cendlh`
Zstlgg. 9 6/; ( Io / o ¾ Mo / ? ) - ilh. { Zwy , Zgo } gnkf oectfd, upclgt cendlh`
Tmf oectlh` pcntfs nrf wfcdfd te tmf wfos te dfvfcep tmf gucc knpnklty eg tmf wfo lh
tfhsleh ( :.7 Gy ) nhd nrf ndfquntf ger smfnr ylfcdlh` ( :.4 Gy ).
pfhftrntleh wfcd.
dT
ms
Gcnh`f
spfklnc G>
\T> \T?
P T
W>
tp
(>)
dE
(6) \O?
P O G?
(?) \O>
Typf ;
stlgg
Gl`urf >
¹’
Pfo
spclkf
(7)
dO
ts
HETF 2 Tmf tfritfri [ g lh tmf fqunt
fquntlehs
lehs kehtnlhfd
kehtnlhfd mfrflh rfgfrs
r fgfrs te tmf ms
nc
nccewn
cewnocf
ocf s trfss lhkr fnfnss f ger wlhd (lg
(l g nccewf
nccewfd
d oy tmf `evfrhl h` kedf tgs
er s tnhdn
tnhdnrd),
rd), er s flsilk ce cenndlh` wmfh
wmfh tmf kmfka
kmfka ls ger –strfh`tm’.
–strfh`tm’.
Ger sflsilk strfh`tm kmfkas [ g 9 >.0 ∆ wmfrf ∆ ls dfglhfd lh tmf
N L[ K [ fls ilk Z revl s lehs (><<0 F d. [ fktleh 4) ger tmf typf eg strfs s
er fcfifht
fcfifht uhdfr kehs ldfrntleh. ogs
PT
Tep Kmerd Kmfka tw
Kmerd gerkf G> nkts evfr tmf kress sfktleh smewh lh Gl`urf ?.
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f > eg =
LHK.
Tmf lhltlnc gcnh`f spfklnc slzf ls sft te tmnt eg tmf tep kmerd gcnh`f slzf. Tmfh tmf geccewlh`
kmfkas nrf indf.
Gcnh`f spfklnc
s pfklnc eut
eu t-eg-pcnhf
-eg-pcnhf oukaclh`
Nkkfptnhkf
Nkkfptnhk f krltfrl
krltfrleh2
eh2
g n
≤>
G n
Lg fquntleh ls het sntlsglfd tmf wldtm eg tmf gcnh`f spfklnc ls lhkrfnsfd uhtlc lt ls sntlsglfd.
N gcnh `f
>K
G
Ntff + N stl gg
g n 9 asl
N G[
G n 9 :.7Gy^s
Nkkfptnhkf
Nkkfptnhk f krltfrl
krltfrleh2
eh2
g n
≤>
G n
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f ? eg =
LHK.
Mnuhkm
Mnuhkm wfo tmlkahfss
tmlkah fss
Tmf mnuhkm wfo tmlkahfss ls dftfrilhfd oy tmf ierf krltlknc eg tmf geccewlh`.
Lt ls nssuifd tmnt tmf pertleh eg gerkf G > knrrlfd oy tmf kmerd stfi wlcc of dlstrloutfd evfr
wfo wldtm PT . Tmls gerkf ls fqunc te2
G[ 9 QNstfi /(N
/(Ntff + Nstlgg )Y
)Y G >
G [ ≤ :.7 G [
y g ê t w 9 G [
P T t w P T :.7 G y [ g
Tmf rfinlhdfr eg gerkf G ? ls rfslstfd oy tmf wfo wldtm PO + ¹’ + t;. Tmls gerkf ls fqunc te2
G[ 9 QNstfi /N
/Ntff Y G?
G [ G [
≤ :.7 G y [ g ê t w 9
(P O + :.6 + t ; )t w :.7 G y [ g (P O + :.6 + t ; )
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f ; eg =
LHK.
n G>
ξ
W> Gl`urf ;
d
o
G?
N W?
k
T? K?
Fxtfrhnc gerkfs G>, G? nhd W > nrf tnafh dlrfktcy grei tmf truss rngtfr nhncysls rfsucts onsfd
eh tmf fhd nktlehs eg tmf ifiofrs grnilh` lhte tmf mnuhkm ns smewh lh Gl`urf ;-N nhd ;-
O.
W TK
TTK
ν?
TPFO
ν>
Gl`urf ;-N
W OK
KOK
W TK
TTK
Gl`urf ;-O
KPFO
ν>
ν?
KOK
W OK
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f 4 eg =
LHK.
G> 9 TTK
G? 9 KOK + KPFOKes(ν?)
W> 9 KPFOKes(ν>) + WTK + WOK
@lvfh tmfsf tmrff gerkfs T?, K? nhd W ? nrf dftfrilhfd grei stntlks.
ê 9 ξ + ξ ∟ ξ
W ? G >Kes ( ) W >[lh ( ) G ?Kes ( )
@lvfh ncc geur gerkfs tmf uhlt smfnr nceh` fnkm fd`f eg tmf ahff pnhfc ls knckucntfd ns
geccews.
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f 6 eg =
LHK.
g vinx
[mfnr ylfcdlh`2 ≤ :.4 G y [ g
t w
g vnv`
[mfnr oukaclh`2 ≤ G [
v g
t w
PO
t;
Oettei Kmerd Kmfka
Tmf lhltlnc typf ; slzf ls sft te fqunc tmnt eg tmf oettei kmerd gcnh`f slzf.
l.f. o; 9 (ogo ‛ tw)/? nhd t; 9 tgo
Tmfh tmf geccewlh` kmfkas nrf indf onsfd eh tmf inxliui keiprfsslvf gerkf lh tmf
oettei kmerd.
N gcnh` f
G
?K
Ntff
g n 9 asl
( ?o ; + t w )t ;
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f 7 eg =
LHK.
Pmfrf2
G ?K ?K 9 inxliui keiprfsslvf gerkf nt oettei kmerd
ogo 9 Pltm eg oettei kmerd gcnh`f
t ggoo 9 Tmlkahfss eg oettei kmerd gcnh`f
o; 9 Pldtm eg fnkm typf ; stlggfhfr
t ; 9 Tmlkahfss eg typf ; stlggfhfrs
t w
w 9 9 Kecuih mnuhkm wfo tmlkahfss
Nkkfptnhkf
Nkkfptnhk f krltfrl
krltfrleh2
eh2
g n
≤>
G n
Lg fquntleh ls het sntlsglfd tmf wldtm eg tmf typf ; stlggfhfrs ls lhkrfnsfd uhtlc lt ls sntlsglfd.
N gcnh` f
G
?K
Ntff
g n 9 asl
( ?o ; + t w )t ;
G n 9 :.7Gy^s
Nkkfptnhkf
Nkkfptnhk f krltfrl
krltfrleh2
eh2
g n
≤>
G n
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f 0 eg =
LHK.
Pfcd Dfsl`hs2
Tmfsf wfcds nrf indf fqunc te tmf cnr`fr eg tmf tep nhd oettei kmerd stfi wfcds er
ilhliui pfr NL[K tnocf B?.4 onsfd eh tmlkahfss eg tmlhhfr pnrt belhfd ger oetm wfcds.
Pfcds ; nhd 4
V[F cnr`fr eg D er ilhliui pfr NL[K tnocf B?.4 onsfd eh tmlkahfss eg tmlhhfr pnrt
belhfd
Pfcd 6
G ? N gcnh `f
Pfcd 7 g v 9
? Ntff d O
tms
_fqulrfd wfcd slzf2 D 9 g v/Q:.;(GV[g ):.:44?Y
):.:44?Y >7
V[F cnr`fr eg D er ilhliui pfr NL[K tnocf B?.4 onsfd eh tmlkahfss eg tmlhhfr pnrt
belhfd
Tmls wfcd ls indf te of tmf snif ns tmf tep kmerd gcnh`f wfcd.
WZ DF[L@H INHVN
INHVNC C [fktleh2 ;.;.?
OVLCDLH@[, :?/:0/:; _fv. : Zn`f = eg =
LHK.
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
NZZFHDL] F]
DF[L@H F]NIZCF
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
DF[L@H F]NIZCF
F]NIZCF
k 9 60.06 –
Zo (GE)
F qulvncfht
qulvncfht Gcnh`
Gcnh` f Gerkfs 2
Wo Io Zo (GE) 9 Io / o - Mo / ?
Mo
9 ?;4?7.4/(6<)->:?.7/?
9 ;<0.:7 - 6>.;:
9 ;46.07 alps
alps
Zo (GL) Zo (GL) 9 Io / o + Mo / ?
9 ;<0.:7 + 6>.;:
9 44=.;7 alps
Io 9 ?;4?7.4 lh.- a
Wk Mo 9 - >:?.7 alps
Ik Wo 9 =6.6 alps Zk (GE) 9 Ik / k - M k / ?
9 ?;6;:.7/(60.06)->>=.>/?
Mk 9 4:0.47 - 6<.:6
9 ;4=.4> alps
Ik 9 ?;6;:.7 lh.- a
Mk 9 - >>=.> alps
Wk 9 0<.> alps Zk (GL) 9 Ik / k + Mk / ?
9 4:0.47 + 6<.:6
9 477.6> alps
Zk (GE) Zk (GL)
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
n
n
> 9 64.;:’
m /9md9
66.;6’ / 64.;:’ 9 >.:? m
n9
? 9 66.;6’
/ md 9 64.;:’ / 66.;6’ 9 :.<=
G vvoo 9 >;.>0
>;.>0 as l G vk
vk 9
9 >;.;0
>;.;0 as l
tw, o (rfq.) 9 Q Io /noGvk Y - Q Mo / ?nGvk Y tw, k (rfq.) 9 Ik / dkGvk - Q Mk / ?dGvo Y
tw, o (rfq.) 9 (?;4?7.4) / Q (6;.:4)(6<)(>;.>0)Y tw, k (rfq.) 9 (?;6;:.7) / Q (64.4:)(60.06)(>;.;0)Y
- Q >:?.7 / ?(6;.:4)(>;.>0) Y - Q >>=.> / ?(64.4:)(>;.;0) Y
tw, o (rfq.) 9 :.67=4’ - :.:0;4’ 9 :.6:’ tw, k (rfq.) 9 :.67:?’ - :.:=>?’ 9 :.4=’
t w,
w, o (rfq.) 9 :.6:’
:.6: ’ 8 t ww t w,
w, k (rfq.) 9 :.4=’
:.4= ’ 8 t ww
Dl
Dlnn` ehn
ehncc A
Ahff
hff [ tlggf
tlggfhfr
hfr _ fq
fqulrfd
ulrfd er Kmn
K mnh`
h` f t ww 9
9 >/
> /?’
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
4. Ndd Typf 4 [tlggfhfr, Fvncuntf G“v & Dftfrilhf [tlggfhfr Gerkf, Gs
n
ν 9 4.07º
d? /?
n 9 6;.:4’, o 9 6<’
o
k 9 60.06’, d 9 64.4:’
d> / ?
d d> 9 64.;:’
d> / ?
d? 9 66.;6’
d? /?
k
Zfr NL[K fquntleh G4-? ( he tfhsleh glfcd) Zfr NL[K fquntleh G4-? ( he tfhsleh glfcd)
Gs> 9 Q Zo (GE) - G“v n tw Y / kes ( ο ) Gs? 9 Q Zk (GE) - G“v d tw Y / slh ( ο)
ν9 4.07º ν9 4.07º
ο 9 tnh-> ( d /k ) 9 tnh-> ( 66.?< / 6< ) 9 4;.>4 º ο 9 4;.>4º
Zo (GE) 9 ;46.07 a Zk (GE) 9 ;4=.4> a
Gs> 9 Q ;46.07-
;46.07- ><.66(6;.:4)(;/=)Y / kes ( 4;.>4) Gs? 9 Q ;7:.07 - ><.66(64.4:)(;/=)Y / slh (4;.>4)
93: 93:
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
[tlggfhfr ls lhltlnccy slzfd wltm n wldtm fqunc te ¹ tmf gcnh`f wldtm cfss tmf wfo tmlkahfss, tw
[lhkf tmf stlggfhfr nxlnc cend ls zfre, tmf nrfn rfqulrfd, Nst (rfq.), wlcc of zfre nhd lts kerrfspehdlh`
ker rfspehdlh`
¹
tmlkahfss wlcc of zfre. Tmf sfkehd kmfka lh tmf slzlh` prekfss ls te lhsurf tmnt ost / tst ≤ <6 / ( Gy ) ls
sntlsglfd. [ecvlh` ger tst ( Tmls ls kehsfrvntlvf lh tmnt tmfrf nrf
nrf he stlggfhfr gerkfs) 2
¹
tst 9 ost ( G y ) / <6 9 :.4?’
try2 tst 9 ¹’
Vs f (>) ¹’ x 6-6/
6-6/=’
=’ s tlggfhfr
Vs f2 G ;/
;/>7’
>7’ - 4 - = ( wfcd 4 )
Pfcd ;2 Typf 4 te Gcnh`fs
tst 9 ¹’, tgc`. spfklnc 9 tgcnh`f 9 >’
Ilhliui glccft wfcd slzf rfqulrfd 9 6/>7’ ( 4.07 a / lh.)
Zst pfr stlggfhfr 9 : alps
Vsf WZ stnhdnrd deuocf sldfd, ilhliui wfcd slzf
Vs f2 G 6/
6/>7’
>7’-- ? ( wfcd ; )
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Z 9 477.6> alps
y
p
k (GL) { two }
f
two 9 ;/=’, tgk 9 >->/4’, tpcntf 9 >->/4’
;
[
d
t l
a 9 tpcntf + wfcds 9 >->/4’ + : 9 >.?6’ Tep Oectfd g g
f
k
tgo
h
Zwy 9 Gy two ( tgk + tpcntf + 6 a ) f
r
Hetf2 WZ Keiinhd utlclzfs tmf kecuih gcnh`f strfss te dftfrilhf tmf stlggfhfr gerkf wmfrf2
Gst 9 6/; Ngk Q Ik / [xk + Zk / Nk Y wmlkm ls fqulvncfht. Ger tmls fxnipcf2
? ; ?
Ngk 9 >:’ x >->/4’ 9 >?.6 lh , Ik 9 ?;6;:.7 –-a, [xk 9 =<0.04 lh , Zk 9 >>=.> a, Nk 9 ;:.=> lh
Gst 9 6/; Ngk Q Ik / [xk + Zk / Nk Y 9 6/;(>?.6)Q ?;6;:.7/=<0.04 + >>=.>/;:.=>Y
Gst 9 7?0 alps 8 7>; alps ( ea, scl`mtcy kehsfrvntlvf)
[tlggfhfr ls lhltlnccy slzfd wltm n wldtm fqunc te ¹ tmf gcnh`f wldtm cfss >/=’ nhd tmf tmlkahfss fqunc te tmf
ofnrlh` gcnh`f tmlkahfss .
o s 9 >?’
>?’ / ? - >/=’ 9 6-0/=’.
t s 9 >->/4’ ( glrst `ufss uslh` kecuih gcnh`f tmlkahfss)
¹
kmfka o/t 9 6-0/=’ / (>->/4’) 9 4.0: ≤ <6 / ( Gy ) ea
^s 9 >.: .
g
g
l
t ts os
? ? wfo s
Ns 9 ? os ts + ?6 tw 9 >=.?: lh hn
?
Nst ilh. 9 Gst / Gy 9 7>; a / 6: asl 9 >?.?7 lh ea tw
; ; 4 os
Ls 9 ts ( ? os +tw ) />?+( ?6 tw - ts ) tw / >? 966.04 lh
¹
r s 9 Q Ls / Ns Y 9 ;.:7 lh.
ms 9 7:’ ?6 t
Fggfktlvf kecuih cfh`tm 9 :.06 m s 9 46’
AC / r 9 >4.7<
Gn ≍ ?=.=: asl ( NL[K Tnocf K-6: )
Zn 9 Gn Nst 9 6?4 alps 8 .7 ( 7>; a ) 9 ;7= alps , E.A.
Vs f ( ? ) >³’ x 6-0/
6-0/=’
=’ typf ; s tlggfhfrs
[TNHDN_D[ AHFF
nhd KEHHFKTLEH[ KEHHFKTLEH
KEHHFKTLEH
Z_NKTLKF[ J MNVHKM
Vs f2 G 6/
6/>7’
>7’-- > ( wfcd 6 )
Vs f2 G 6/
6/>7’
>7’-- > ( wfcd 7 )
n. Nxlnc Knpnklty2
Knpnklty2
hn
Gcnh`f ( lh tfhsleh )2
? ? ?
N fq. .gc`. 9 og tg + >? tw 9 >?
>?’(>’)
’(>’) + >?(;/=’) 9 >;.7< lh f
` wfo
Znccew. 9 :.7 Gy N fq. gc`. .9 4>> a 3 Zo (GE) 9 ;7: a ea h
n
c
g
g
t
o
tw
Gcnh`f [pfklnc ( lh tfhsleh )2
? ? ?
N fq. .gc`. 9 og tg + >? tw 9 >?
>?’(>’)
’(>’) + >?(;/=’) 9 >;.7< lh
>? tw
Znccew. 9 :.7 Gy N fq. gc`. .9 4>> a 3 Zk (GE) 9 ;7> a ea
Gcnh`f2 _fq“d.
Gcnh`f2 _fq“d. wfcd cfh`tm nt 6/>7’ glccft 9 ;7: / 4.74 9 00.6=’
Tmf rngtfr gcnh`f-te-wfo wfcd ls n 6/>7’ slh`cf sldfd KEH_NK wfcd nhd ls fxtfhdfd lhte tmf mnuhkm nrfn.
Nvnlcnocf wfcd cfh`tm ls 64.?>’ wmlkm ls het ndfquntf. Hffd nh nddltlehnc
nddltlehnc ?4’ eg 6/>7’ wfcd er 44%.
Vs f2 G 6/
6/>7’
>7’ - >, ndd G 6/
6/>7’
>7’ - > - 4 - =’ eppes ltf s ldf
Gcnh`f [pfklnc2 _fq“d.
[pfklnc2 _fq“d. wfcd cfh`tm nt 6/>7’ glccft 9 ;7> / 4.74 9 00.=:’
Tmf gcnh`f spfklnc-te- wfcd ilhliui rfqulrfd slzf ls 6/>7’ glccft. Nvnlcnocf wfcd cfh`tm ls 66.?<’ wmlkm ls
het ndfquntf. Hffd nh nddltlehnc ?;’ eg 6/>7’ wfcd er 4?%.
Vs f2 G 6/
6/>7’
>7’ - >, ndd G 6/
6/>7’
>7’ - > - 4 - =’ eppes ltf s ldf