Evaluation of WCP-COQAM, GFDM-OQAM and FBMC-OQAM
for Industrial Wireless Communications with Cognitive Radio
Aitor Lizeaga
and Mikel Mendicute
Signal Theory and Communications area
Mondragon Unibertsitatea
Loramendi 4, Mondragón, Spain
Email: alizeaga@mondragon.edu
Abstract—The main challenges for current industrial wireless
solutions are the stringent real-time requirements of industrial
automation applications and the harsh propagation channel
conditions in this kind of scenarios. Most of the current
industrial wireless communications are based on existing stan-
dards like IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.15.1 or IEEE 802.15.4 and
additionally proprietary protocol extensions are applied over
them. These communication systems cover a wide range of
industrial applications but they lack robustness when it comes
to tight real-time requirements for factory automation. Hence,
new schemes for the physical layer, along with new media
access techniques, for industrial wireless communications must
be proposed. Among the upcoming technologies, modulation
candidates for 5G and cognitive radio might be promising
solutions.
In this article we analyse FBMC-OQAM, GFDM-OQAM
and WCP-COQAM modulation candidates for 5G in terms of
bit error rate, power spectral density and spectral efficiency
over highly dispersive channels. From this analysis, on the one
hand, we assess the suitability of these modulation systems for
industrial wireless communications based on cognitive radio.
On the other hand, we provide additional details about how
windowing affects the protection against highly dispersive mul-
tipath channels and the spectral efficiency in WCP-COQAM.
1. Introduction
For the last years, the use of wireless communications in
industrial automation has been constantly increasing and has
gained great scientific interest [1]. Despite the benefits that
wireless communications provide to the industrial automa-
tion sector, they also present significant drawbacks regarding
communications robustness. The main challenges for current
industrial wireless solutions are the high requirements of
industrial automation applications concerning latency, syn-
chronism and reliability [2]. Besides, the industrial scenarios
are characterized by the presence of high impulsive noise,
high occupation of the spectrum in the Industrial, Scientific
and Medical (ISM) bands and fading channels due to severe
multipath effect and shadowing caused by the numerous,
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Pedro Manuel Rodrı́guez
and Iñaki Val
Department of Communications
IK4-Ikelan
P J.M. Arizmendiarrieta 2, Mondragón, Spain
large and metallic obstacles within the propagation channel.
Most of the current industrial wireless communications are
based on existing standards like IEEE 802.11 (WiFi), IEEE
802.15.1 (Bluetooth) or IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) and ad-
ditionally proprietary protocol extensions are applied over
them. Some of the most extended industrial wireless so-
lutions are WirelessHART, ISA 100.11a, WIA-PA, WISA,
WSAN-FA and some solutions based on the IEEE 802.11
standards. Although these communication systems cover a
wide range of industrial applications, they lack robustness
to cover all [3], specially those involving tight real-time
requirements for factory automation. Considering this, new
schemes for the physical (PHY) layer, along with new media
access techniques, for industrial wireless communications
must be proposed.
Among the upcoming technologies, modulation candi-
dates for the fifth generation (5G) and Cognitive Radio
(CR) might be promising solutions [4] [5]. Considering the
aforementioned timeliness and spectrum occupation issues,
effective medium access control (MAC) protocols are crucial
to ensure collision free and timely data delivery. In this
aspect, the application of the CR paradigm might provide
significant benefits by managing the use of available bands.
As for the 5G modulation candidates, their filtered multi-
carrier structure provides an efficient use of the spectrum
and makes them suitable modulation systems for CR and
other frequency domain MAC protocols. Moreover, con-
sidering the robustness against multipath effect of a multi-
carrier modulation (MCM) like Orthogonal Frequency Divi-
sion Multiplexing (OFDM), 5G MCM candidates might be
suitable schemes for industrial multipath channel scenarios.
Although most of the research carried out on PHY
proposals for 5G is oriented to mobile communications,
5G is actually meant to cover a wide range of application
fields [4]. Among all of them, our research focuses on
wireless industrial communications. Specifically, we inves-
tigate robust PHY layers designed for industrial wireless
communications based on CR [6] [7]. According to the
ultra-reliability and low latency requirements (more than
high data rates and massive number of users) of industrial
communications [8], in this work we simulate some of the
 MCM candidates for 5G in lowband transmissions (carrier
frequencies below 6 GHz and a bandwidth narrower than
100 MHz) through large indoor spaces and severe multipath
channels that emulate industrial halls.
In this article, among the aforementioned industrial envi-
ronment characteristics, we focus on severe multipath effect.
We analyse Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC) and Gener-
alised Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) based on
Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM) and also
Windowed Cyclic Prefix-Circular OQAM (WCP-COQAM)
modulation systems. Although WCP-COQAM [9] is not as
extended as the other two schemes in the bibliography, it
shares several similarities with GFDM, which make it an-
other candidate for 5G [10] and an interesting MCM scheme
to be analysed. We evaluate their performance in terms of bit
error rate (BER), power spectral density (PSD) and spectral
efficiency (SE) under highly dispersive channels.
From the analysis and the assessment of the aforemen-
tioned MCM systems we provide the following contribu-
tions:
1) This article complements the work in [9], by bring-
ing additional details about how windowing affects
the protection against multipath channels and the
SE in WCP-COQAM. We state the conditions to
provide full orthogonality in multipath channels and
we show how windowing reduces SE in WCP-
COQAM compared to GFDM-OQAM.
2) While most research about 5G is focused on mobile
communications, here we simulate and assess some
of the main 5G modulation candidates under differ-
ent conditions. We model lowband transmissions
through large indoor spaces and severe multipath
channels and we show the results we obtained from
Matlab simulations and we state our conclusions.
The article is organised as follows: in Section 2 we
explain the theoretical background of the MCM systems we
are going to analyse; in Section 3 we give more detailed
explanations about WCP-COQAM and make some clarifi-
cations with respect to the bibliography; in Section 4 we
present the results obtained from our simulations; finally, in
Section 5 we state the conclusions we obtained from our
research.
2. Multi-carrier modulations
First of all, in this section we explain the theoretical
background of the MCM systems we are analysing in this
article.
2.1. FBMC-OQAM
FBMC-OQAM consists in filtering each sub-channel of
the time-frequency lattice of a set of OQAM data symbols
xm,k in order to get well localized sub-carriers. The key
components of the FBMC-OQAM scheme are the synthesis
and analysis filter banks, which are defined as
 
2πmn
gm (n) = p(n)exp j , (1)
M
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where p(n) is the prototype filter of length Lp and n =
0, ..., Lp − 1. The exponential factor corresponds to the mth
sub-carrier, where M is the total number of sub-channels.
In the synthesis filter bank the xm,k symbols are in-
terpolated, so that before filtering they are zero-padded by
M/2.
X
am (l) = xm,k δ(l − kM/2), l ∈ Z. (2)
k∈Z
Then filtering is performed and the FBMC-OQAM signal
can be expressed as
M
X −1 X
y(n) = am (l)gm (n − l), n ∈ Z. (3)
m=0 l∈Z
More details about FBMC-OQAM can be found in [11].
2.2. GFDM-OQAM
GFDM-OQAM modulation is similar to FBMC-OQAM,
the difference is that in GFDM-OQAM filtering is per-
formed by a circular convolution instead of the linear con-
volution used in FBMC-OQAM. This way, the modulation
system now adopts a block based signal structure, so that
a cyclic prefix (CP) can be added to provide orthogonality
against multipath channels without affecting signal’s time-
frequency localization (TFL).
We consider a GFDM-OQAM system with M sub-
channels and K complex valued data symbols in each
block (i.e. 2K OQAM symbols in each block). Thus, if
we consider y(n) as one GFDM-OQAM block, it can be
expressed as
M −1 MX
K−1
X
y(n) = am (l)g̃m (n − l + M K − 1), (4)
m=0 l=0
where n = 0, ..., M K − 1 and g̃m filters are obtained by the
periodic repetition of gm filters defined in Equation 1. So
that g̃m (k) = gm [mod(k, M K)].
More details about GFDM-OQAM can be found in [9],
where the idea of GFDM-OQAM is introduced (the authors
refer to this scheme as FBMC-COQAM or just as COQAM).
2.3. WCP-COQAM
WCP-COQAM is introduced in [9]. This technique can
be considered as a GFDM-OQAM system with a windowing
process, which improves the PSD with respect to GFDM-
OQAM.
In WCP-COQAM both the CP and the windowing are
related. The CP is divided in two parts: the guard interval
(GI) and the window interval (WI) (referred to as RI in [9]).
So that the total length of the CP will be equal to the sum
of the lengths of the GI and WI parts:
LCP = LGI + LW I , (5)
 Figure 1. Overlapping of adjacent WCP-COQAM blocks.

where GI is the part of the CP aimed at preventing against positions within the original GFDM-OQAM block, a cyclic
multipath channels and WI is the part which will be used shift is carried out, which can be expressed as
for windowing.
Let us consider a GFDM-OQAM signal sG 1 as a queue s0G (k) = s[mod(k + LW I , M K)], (9)
of several GFDM-OQAM blocks, each one with its CP where k = 0, ..., M K − 1 and s0G (k) is the estimation of
extension of length LCP . Equally, we will consider M the original sG (k) signal.
to be the total number of sub-carriers and K the number
of symbols in each block. Then the lth block of a WCP-
COQAM signal is defined as 3. Orthogonality condition and spectral effi-
ciency analysis of WCP-COQAM
l+1
X
sW (k) = sG (k + rLW I )w(k − rQ), (6) WCP-COQAM is introduced in [9] and it is explained as
r=l−1 we did in Section 2.3. In this section, however, we contribute
with additional details regarding orthogonality against mul-
where k = 0, . . . , M K + LCP − 1; Q = M K + LGI and tipath channels and SE in WCP-COQAM. Specifically, we
the window function w(k) is defined by state the condition that the GI region of the CP extension

window coeff., k = 0, . . . , LW I − 1 must fulfil in order to provide full orthogonality against mul-
tipath channels. Besides, we also compare WCP-COQAM



 1, k = LW I , . . . , M K + LGI − 1 and GFDM-OQAM in terms of SE and we show that, in
w(k) =

 window coeff., k = Q, . . . , M K + LCP − 1 this aspect, the former is outperformed by the latter if equal
multipath protection is assumed.

0, otherwise.

(7)
In our work we use a Hamming window for the window 3.1. Orthogonality condition
coefficients.
Note that the samples of the CP corresponding to the In WCP-COQAM multipath channel protection is di-
WI part and also the last LW I samples of the block are rectly related to the windowing process. In order to explain
multiplied by the window coefficients and they are over- this fact, we show in detail the steps to form a WCP-
lapped with the WI regions of the previous and next blocks, COQAM block starting from a basic GFDM-OQAM block.
respectively, in order to not reduce SE by adding extra LW I
samples, as shown in Figure 1 and Equations 6 and 7.
WCP-COQAM demodulation process consists in remov-
ing the CP and the symbols affected by the window in order
to get the original GFDM-OQAM blocks. In the first place,
the first LGI and the last LW I samples of a WCP-COQAM
block are removed. So that

s = s0W [LCP − LW I , ..., M K + LCP − LW I ], (8)

where s0W is the received WCP-COQAM block and s is the

resultant block after removing the CP and the windowing
effect.
This way, the CP and the windowing effect are removed. Figure 2. Windowing operation of a WCP-COQAM block. a) A WCP-
Finally, in order to get all the samples back to their original COQAM block before windowing is equal to a GFDM-OQAM block with
CP extension. b) The first and the last LW I samples of a WCP-COQAM
block are distorted by the window.
1. For the sake of readability, from this point on parameters correspond-
ing to GFDM-OQAM will be expressed with the sub-index G, parameters
corresponding to WCP-COQAM will be expressed with the sub-index W
Once a GFDM-OQAM block is formed the CP extension
and parameters corresponding to OFDM will be expressed with the sub- is added to it. Figure 2.a shows the details of this first stage
index O. in the construction of WCP-COQAM signal. CP’, WI’ and

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 Figure 3. Overlapping between adjacent WCP-COQAM blocks and CP extension’s structure.
GI’ are those last samples of the block which are copied in
order to form the CP extension, so that, at this point, CP =
CP’, WI = WI’ and GI = GI’.
Figure 2.b represents the WCP-COQAM block right
after windowing is applied. As shown in Figure 1 and
Equations 6 and 7, the window function is applied on the
first and the last LW I samples, so that these samples are
distorted. Because of that, CP, WI and GI are no longer
equal to CP’, WI’ and GI’ respectively.
At this point, since the last LW I samples are affected
by the window, we define a new region for them which we
call GI2’. Thus, now the original GI and GI’ regions are
divided in GI1, GI2 and GI1’, GI2’ respectively. At this
stage we have that WI 6= WI’, GI1 = GI1’, GI2 6= GI2’;
and as for the length of these regions LW I = LW I 0 =
LGI2 = LGI20 , LGI1 = LGI10 . Note that GI1 and GI1’ are
now the only really redundant parts. Because of that, only
GI1 and not the whole GI (as it is explained in [9]) acts
as a real guard interval against multipath channels when
FDE is performed. Hence, LGI1 ≥ LCH − 1 must be
fulfilled in order to maintain full orthogonality through a
multipath channel. Thus, considering that LGI2 = LW I and
so LGI1 = LGI − LGI2 = LGI − LW I , we can define the
full orthogonality condition for WCP-COQAM as
LGI ≥ LCH − 1 + LW I ,
where LCH is the transmission channel length.
3.2. Spectral efficiency analysis
Figure 3 shows how overlapping between adjacent
blocks is performed in WCP-COQAM. The WI region of
each block is overlapped with the GI2’ region of the previ-
ous block. This way, the samples within WI regions do not
suppose an overload and they do not affect the SE. Based
on this fact, in [9] the authors claim that the use of the
window function has no effect on SE. While it is true that
the samples in WI have no effect on SE, claiming that the
windowing does not affect the SE is not precise, at least
if the orthogonality condition defined in Equation 10 is to
be fulfilled. Note that the use of the window function and
overlapping of WI and GI2’ regions distort those samples
in GI2’ region. This and the fact that FDE is performed
between GI2 and GI1’, inclusive, implies that the GI2 region
is necessary in order to recover those samples originally
placed in the GI2’ region. At this point, we conclude that
both GI1 and GI2 are essential parts within the GI region
of WCP-COQAM.
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In order to make a fair analysis of SE in WCP-COQAM
we compare it to GFDM-OQAM, because both modula-
tion schemes only differ in windowing and overlapping
processes. In order to maintain a homogeneous notation
between GFDM-OQAM and WCP-COQAM, we assume the
following considerations:
CPG = GIG = GI1G
CPW = [W IW , GIW ] (11)
GIW = [GI1W , GI2W ]
The criterion we applied for this comparison is to pro-
vide equal protection against multipath channels for both
modulations, so that LGI1G = LGI1W . Thus
MK MK
SEG = =
LGIG + M K LGI1G + M K
(12)
MK MK
SEW = =
LGIW + M K LGI1W + LGI2W + M K
From this analysis it is clear that if full orthogonality is
to be maintained, the windowing process brings an extra GI2
region to the CP which has effects on the SE of a WCP-
COQAM signal. In particular, SE is reduced by a factor
of (LGI1 + LGI2 + M K)/(LGI1 + M K) compared to a
(10)
windowless system with equal multipath channel protection.
4. Simulation results and discussion
We assess the performance of the simulated systems in
terms of BER, PSD and SE. In our analysis, we use the BER
of transmissions through Rayleigh fading multipath channels
in order to assess the robustness of the MCM systems; we
take into consideration the PSD of the transmitted signals,
for it is an important factor when it comes to CR systems;
and we use SE to represent the cost of the CP extensions
and the windowing process, so that we can obtain a fair
comparison between different MCM systems.
Since we are evaluating MCM systems, we consider
appropriate taking OFDM as the reference system in order
to assess the modulation schemes we are analysing in this
work. Table 1 shows the configuration parameters we used in
our simulations. We choose parameters suitable for lowband
transmissions, so we choose OFDM values similar to some
of the IEEE 802.11 standards.
All the simulations corresponding to the results shown in
this section have been carried out in Matlab. The waveforms
introduced above and the calculations for the results shown
 TABLE 1. BASIC SIMULATION PARAMETERS .

FBMC- GFDM- WCP-

OFDM
OQAM OQAM COQAM
Signal
20 MHz
bandwidth
IQ modulation QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
M (sub-
64
carriers)
K (sym-
1 - 4 4
bols/block)
LCP
16 - 16 48
(samples)
LW I
- - - 16
(samples)
LGI
16 - 16 32
(samples)
LGI1
- - - 16
(samples) Figure 4. BER curves of the analysed MCM systems with different mod-
LGI2 ulation orders in a multipath channel.
- - - 16
(samples)
Prototype fil-
- PHYDYAS [11]
ter
Lp (samples) - 256
Here we show that, in terms of error rate, FBMC-
OQAM performs worse than the rest of MCM systems under
the simulated conditions. Thus, we can conclude that for
in this section have been programmed by the authors. Spe- MCM schemes in lowband transmission and under severe
cific functions from the Signal Processing toolbox have been multipath conditions, FDE equalization with CP is more
used only for bits and IQ complex data symbol mapping. robust than MMSE linear equalization.
On the other hand, although OFDM, GFDM-OQAM
and WCP-COQAM provide similar performance in terms of
4.1. Robustness against multipath channels
BER providing equal GI length, OFDM slightly outperforms
the other two MCM schemes due to its perfect orthogonality.
In this subsection we analyse the robustness of each
However, it is worth considering the difference in the SE
MCM system against multipath channels. In order to make
of each MCM system, since for equal GI protection against
a fair comparison we simulate every system with equal
multipath channels GFDM-OQAM and WCP-COQAM pro-
protection against multipath channels, matching effective GI
vide higher SE than OFDM and vice versa. Equally, GFDM-
lengths (LGIO , LGIG and LGI1W ). These parameters are
OQAM also provides higher SE than WCP-COQAM, due
selected as shown in Table 1.
to the windowing of the latter.
While for GFDM-OQAM and WCP-COQAM we em-
ploy CP extensions and FDE, just as for OFDM, FBMC-
OQAM could be considered a special case in this aspect. 4.2. Power Spectral Density analysis
Since it is not a block-wise modulation, no CP extension
is used, in order to keep good TFL. Therefore, with no PSD is a relevant characteristic in order to design a
CP extension, other equalization techniques must be used CR communication system suitable for scenarios with high
in FBMC-OQAM systems. In this work, we perform a spectrum occupation. In this subsection we compare the
minimum mean square error (MMSE) linear equalization spectrums of the signals of the analysed MCM systems,
for FBMC-OQAM with an ICI cancellation stage based on in order to assess their potential suitability for CR based
[12]. systems.
We simulated transmissions through a Rayleigh fading Figure 5 shows the spectrums of OFDM, GFDM-
channel model with exponential power delay profile (PDP), OQAM, WCP-COQAM and FBMC-OQAM sub-carriers
whose rms delay spread and channel length are trms = 150 one on top of the other. For this test we activate only the
ns and LCH = 16 taps. Besides, we simulate different central sub-carrier, in order to make the power leakage into
modulation orders to evaluate how larger constellations may adjacent sub-carriers visible.
affect the BER performance of the filtered MCM systems in As shown in Figure 5, every filter bank based MCM
comparison with the reference OFDM system. In Figure 4 system carries significant reduction of out of band (OOB)
we compare the BER vs. Eb /N0 of the MCM systems over radiation compared to OFDM. However, even between these
these channel models, assuming perfect synchronization and MCM schemes there is still a remarkable difference. In
full channel state information (CSI). We got these BER this sense, FBMC-OQAM clearly outperforms both GFDM-
curves by simulating transmissions through 104 Monte Carlo OQAM and WCP-COQAM. On the other hand, thanks to
iterations for each MCM system and each channel model. the windowing, WCP-COQAM shows significantly lower
We transmit 12800 random data bits and we generate new OOB radiation than GFDM-OQAM, at the cost of lower
random channels at each Monte Carlo iteration. SE.

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Figure 5. Spectrum of a single sub-carrier of the analysed MCM waveforms.
5. Conclusion
In this article we make a comparison between three
candidates for PHY layer modulation in 5G and a ref-
erence OFDM system, in order to assess their suitability
for industrial wireless communications based on CR. We
simulate lowband communications and highly dispersive
indoor channel scenarios. Under these conditions, we show
the performance and features of these MCM systems from
different points of view.
Regarding FBMC-OQAM, although it offers the most
restrained spectrum, we consider that it does not fulfil our
robustness requirements when it is used in environments as
previously described, as we showed in Section 4.1. Its BER
through a multipath channel is too high compared to the rest
of modulation systems.
On the other hand, OFDM, GFDM-OQAM and WCP-
COQAM provide similar BER for all the simulated mod-
ulation orders. More precisely, results show that OFDM
performs slightly better due to its perfect orthogonality.
However, it must be borne in mind that the other two
systems provide higher SE for the same GI length, thanks to
their longer block structures. Inversely, if equal SE is con-
sidered, GFDM-OQAM and WCP-COQAM can use longer
GI and provide higher multipath protection than OFDM.
Besides, regarding PSD and OOB radiation, these filtered
multi-carrier schemes provide more restrained spectrum than
OFDM. So we conclude that GFDM-OQAM and WCP-
COQAM clearly outperform OFDM in terms of PSD, while
they also can adapt the GI length to the channel requirements
in order to provide equal or higher SE and robustness against
multipath channels than OFDM.
As for the comparison between GFDM-OQAM and
WCP-COQAM, the differences between these two systems
are caused by the windowing of WCP-COQAM. Results
show similar overall performance for both systems in terms
of robustness. But because of the windowing, for equal
effective protection against multipath channels, GFDM-
OQAM provides higher SE and vice versa. On the other
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hand, PSD is improved in WCP-COQAM by means of
windowing at the expense of SE with respect to GFDM-
OQAM. Therefore, we conclude that GFDM-OQAM will
be preferable in situations where SE is crucial, while WCP-
COQAM will be preferable when better PSD must be en-
sured, like in the considered CR scenarios.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by TIPOTRANS
(ETORTEK) and CIIRCOS (PC2013-68) projects of
the Basque Government (Spain), and by COWITRACC
(TEC2014-59490-C2-1-P/2-P) project of the Spanish Min-
istry of Economy and Competitiveness.
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