M-8-1-Introduction to

DOE
BITS Pilani Prof. Srinivasa Prakash Regalla
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Hyderabad Campus
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Why DOE?

It is important to obtain maximum realistic information with

the minimum number of well designed experiments.
An experimental program recognizes the major “factors”
that affect the outcome of the experiment.
The factors may be identified by looking at all the quantities
that may affect the outcome of the experiment.
The most important among these may be identified using:
– a few exploratory experiments or
– From past experience or
– based on some underlying theory or hypothesis.

– This Selection Process is known as Design of Experiments.

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Special Terminology : Design
of Experiments
Response variable
– Measured output value
Factors
– Input variables that can be changed
Levels
– Specific values of factors (inputs)
• Continuous or discrete
Replication
– Completely re-run experiment with same input levels
– Used to determine impact of measurement error
Interaction
– Effect of one input factor depends on level of another input
factor

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What is DOE?

– A statistics-based approach to design experiments

– A methodology to achieve a predictive knowledge of a
complex, multi-variable process with the fewest
acceptable trials.
– An optimization of the experimental process itself

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Major Approaches to DOE

1. Factorial Design

2. Taguchi Method

3. Response Surface Design

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Factorial Design : Full factorial
design
A full factorial design of experiments consists of the following:
Vary one factor at a time
Perform experiments for all levels of all factors
Hence perform a large number of experiments that are needed!
All interactions are captured.
Consider a simple design for the following case:
Let the number of factors = k
Let the number of levels for the ith factor = ni
The total number of experiments (N) that need to be performed
is K
N   ni
i 1

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2k factorial design

Used as a Preliminary Experimentation !!!

Each of the k factors is assigned only two levels.
The levels are usually High = 1 and Low = -1.
Scheme is useful as a preliminary experimental program
before a more ambitious study is undertaken.
The outcome of the 2k factorial experiment will help identify
the relative importance of factors and also will offer some
knowledge about the interaction effects.

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DOE - Factorial Designs - 23

Trial A B C
1 Lo Lo Lo
2 Lo Lo Hi
3 Lo Hi Lo
4 Lo Hi Hi
5 Hi Lo Lo
6 Hi Lo Hi
7 Hi Hi Lo
8 Hi Hi Hi
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DOE - Factorial Designs - 23

Trial A B C
1 -1 -1 -1
2 -1 -1 +1
3 -1 +1 -1
4 -1 +1 +1
5 +1 -1 -1
6 +1 -1 +1
7 +1 +1 -1
8 +1 +1 +1
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 Outcome Matrix

Trial xA xB xC
y1 -1 -1 -1
y2 -1 -1 +1
y3 -1 +1 -1
y4 -1 +1 +1
y5 +1 -1 -1
y6 +1 -1 +1
y7 +1 +1 -1
y8 +1 +1 +1
How to find the degree of contribution of xA,xB & xC on y?
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 A Simple Regression Model

A simple regression model that may be used can have up

to eight parameters.
Thus we may represent the regression equation as
y  p0  p A x A  pB xB  pC xC  p AB x A xB  pBC xB xC  pCA xC x A  p ABC x A xB xC
The p’s are the parameters that are determined by using
the “outcome” matrix by the simultaneous solution of the
following eight equations:
p0  p A  pB  pC  p AB  pBC  pCA  p ABC  y1

p0  p A  pB  pC  p AB  pBC  pCA  p ABC  y2

p0  p A  pB  pC  p AB  pBC  pCA  p ABC  y3
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 -1,+1,+1
+1,+1,+1
xC
-1,-1,+1
+1,-1,+1
y  p0  p A x A  pB xB  pC xC  p AB x A xB xB pBC xB xC  pCA xC x A  p ABC x A xB xC
Spread of B

xmean
xA
-1,+1,-1
+1,+1,-1

-1,-1,-1 +1,-1,-1
Spread of A
It is easily seen that the parameter p0 is simply the mean
value of y.
This is obtained by putting xA= xA= xC=0 corresponding to
the mean values for the factors.
It is thus seen that the values of y- p0 at the corners of the
square indicate the deviations from the mean value.
The mean of the square of these deviations is the variance
of the sample data collected in the experiment.
The influence of the factors may then be gauged by the
contribution of each term to the variance.

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 sum of squares (SS)

The deviation with respect to the mean is obviously given

by
y  p0  p A x A  pB xB  pC xC  p AB x A xB  pBC xB xC  pCA xC x A  p ABC x A xB xC

It may be verified that the total sum of squares (SST) of the

deviations is given by


SST  8 p A  pB  pC  p AB  pBC  pCA  p ABC
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

The sample variance is thus given by
SST
S  2

N 1
y

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Contributions to the sample variance are given by 8 times
the square of the respective parameter (p) and hence we
also have
SSA  8 p A ;
2

SSB  8 p ; 2
B

.......... ..;
SSABC  8 p 2
ABC
Here SSA means the sum of squares due to variation in level of xA
and so on.
The relative contributions to the sample variance are represented as
percentage contributions in the following table:
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Variance contribution %
SST 100
SSA 8pA2 SSA/SST X 100
SSB 8pB2 SSB/SST X 100
SSC 8pC2 SSC/SST X 100
SSAB 8pAB2 SSAB/SST X 100
SSBC 8pBC2 SSBC/SST X 100
SSCA 8pCA2 SSCA/SST X 100
SSABC 8pABC2 SSABC/SST X 100
Thus the dominant factor is the factor which has the
highest value of percentage of contribution. BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
DOE - Fractional Factorial
Designs
In a multivariable experiments, with k number of variables and l
number of levels per variable demands lk number of
measurements for complete understanding of the process or
calibration.
In statistics, fractional factorial designs are experimental
designs consisting of a carefully chosen subset (fraction) of
the experimental runs of a full factorial design.
The subset is chosen so as to exploit the sparsity-of-effects
principle using a fraction of the effort of a full factorial design
in terms of experimental runs and resources.
Fractional designs are expressed using the notation lk − p,
where l is the number of levels of each factor investigated,
k is the number of factors investigated, and
p describes the size of the fraction of the full factorial to be
eliminated.
A design with p such generators is a 1/(lp) fraction of the full
factorial design.

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THANK YOU! ANY QUESTIONS!

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