M-1-2: Introduction to

CAD
BITS Pilani Dr. Srinivasa Prakash Regalla
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pilani|Dubai|Goa|Hyderabad
 BITS Pilani
Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad

Sample separator slide for the

presentation
 CAD Systems
A CAD system is a complex application requiring both CAD hardware
and CAD software
CAD hardware is the computer and mouse.
Nowadays even a PC qualifies to be a CAD hardware due to
enormous power and speed.
CAD Software
– It is a computer program written in C, C++, Scheme or Java
– Has multilayered GUI providing menus and icons
– May run client/server mode
– Installing CAD software – very easy! Did you ever install AutoCAD
or Pro/Engineer? Try once.
– A data structure is used to store the geometry and topology
– CAD/CAM signifies integration of them;
– CAD database – file that stores information
– Suitable DBMS is required
– Learning curve is very steep

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Datastructure and Database

 A geometric model consists of:

 Geometry, and
 Topology
 They are stored in computer using:
 A data-structure: well-defined storage scheme, and
 A database: actual file storing the data

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Modules in CAD Applications

 Will have different modules

 Geometric engine - modeling
 Application module - FEM
 Programming module – NC part program
 Communication module – import/export
 Collaborative module – participative design

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Acquiring CAD System
 Low end
 Meant for beginners, less complex geometry can be dealt with
 E.g., AutoCAD, Autodesk, Inventor, CADKEY
 Mid range
 Meet the need to have complex models
 Support design and manufacturing needs
 E. g., SolidWorks, Pro/E, and MasterCAM
 High end
 Legacy systems and have been around since 1970s
 Offer modeling, analysis, manufacturing, complex products such
as airplanes,cars etc.
 E. g., Unigraphics, Parasolid, I-DEAS, CATIA
 Specialized
 Provide a very robust and universal geometric modeling and
offer graphics kernel
 E. g., ACIS and Parasolid

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

How to choose among various
CAD systems?
A good CAD system should be:
– Easy to learn
– Easy to work with
– Have macro commands
– Have its own embedded programming language
– Have an open database
– Be compatible with other CAD/CAM and analysis
program

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Learning Curve: Desirable
Type

A
C

(weeks)

 A and B types are commonly found

 For quick delivery of output by employees, A is suitable,
though C is ideal
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Coordinate systems and
sketch planes
THREE DIFFERENT
COORDINATE SYSTEMS
– MODEL COORDINATE
SYSTEM (MCS)
• About which all data are
stored
– WORK COORDINATE
SYSTEM (WCS)
• Also called as user
coordinate system by
other literature
– SCREEN COORDINATE
SYSTEM (SCS)

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

MODEL COORDINATE
SYSTEM (MCS)
 It is the equivalent of the World Coordinate System

 MCS is the reference space of the model with respect to

which all the model geometrical data is stored.

 It is the default Cartesian coordinate system

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

MCS (contd.)

 MCS has two possible orientations:

 XY plane defines the model top view
 XY plane defines model front view
 Both are Right Handed coordinate systems.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

MCS (contd.)

 Obtaining orthographic views is retrieving

information from the MCS. Thus, confusion is likely
if the actual orientation does not match the
expected orientation of the part.
 Data storage into and retrieval from the database is
always done in MCS and after converting into
Cartesian (x, y, z) coordinate system.
 Whereas data entry by user is possible in all the
following possible ways:
 In Cartesian coordinates using a WCS
 In cylindrical coordinates using a WCS
 In spherical coordinates using a WCS

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

WORK COORDINATE
SYSTEM (WCS)
 It is the auxiliary coordinate system apart from MCS
 WCS is useful when a desired plane of construction is
not easily defined as one of the MCS orthogonal planes,
for example, inclined faces of a model
 User can define a Cartesian X-Y WCS that is coincident
with the desired plane of construction.
 It is a convenient user-defined system that facilitates
geometric construction.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

WORK COORDINATE
SYSTEM (contd.)
 WCS can be established at any position and orientation
in space that the user defines
 The data entered with reference to WCS is transformed
by the software to MCS before storing
 The dual use of WCS and MCS offers flexibility
 WCS is also referred to as construction plane

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Practice Exercise Work-I:
Practice in CREO modelling the below models and learn
sketching (2D operations), modeling (3D Operations), 2 ½
dimensional models (or 2 ½ D models), 3D models, different views,
view orientation, view modes, view manipulations:

Ex1

Ex3

Ex4 Ex5
Ex2
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 Practice Exercise Work-II:
Construct the solid model and generate machine drawing
with orthographic views for the following components in
CREO or any other CAD system.

Ex-1 Ex-2
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
 Practice Exercise Work-III:
For the “stuffing box” given below create the part solid models,
assemble them and obtain the machine drawing with top, front and
side views, wherein show sectional view in any one of them.

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 BITS Pilani
Pilani | Dubai | Goa | Hyderabad

USES OF CAD
Solid model of example part – Needs to
be tested for Drop Test (CAE)

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Finite element analysis model of example part (CAE)

Finite element meshes Load condition:

case 1

Load condition:
case 2

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Stress distribution on example part (CAE)

Result for case1 Result for case2

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Injection Moulding Fill time distribution for
example part (CAE)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Verification of Design

• Design evaluation and making prototype:

– Virtual Prototyping (VP)

– Virtual machining/manufacturing
– Virtual assembly
– Rapid Prototyping (RP) – Physical part

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Core, cavity, and side cores for example
part (concurrent engineering)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Exploded View of Mold (concurrent
engineering)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
NC tool paths to verify mold machining
(concurrent engineering)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Virtual Prototyping of Engine

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Virtual Prototype of Equipment

Construction Equipment from John Deere (Division Inc.)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Rapid Prototyping – also called Additive
Manufacturing/3D Printing

XY Scanning Ultraviolet Laser Beam Elevator

Top of the Liquid

Photo-curable
Resin(Liquid)
Cured Plastic

Vat

Platform

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Physical prototype of example part made by Rapid
Prototyping (3D Printing)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Exercise:

Which of the following is the special attribute of rapid

prototyping (RP)?

(A)Virtual Assembly
(B)Virtual Machining
(C)Physical Sample Part
(D)Orthographic Drawings

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Exercise Solution:

Which of the following is the special attribute of rapid prototyping

(RP)?

(A)Virtual Assembly
(B)Virtual Machining
(C)Physical Sample Part
(D)Orthographic Drawings

Ans:Physical Sample Part

BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus

Documentation of CAD

• Design documentation

– Computer aided drafting system

– Automatic drafting program

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
Part drawing of example part

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
CAD Based Product cycle, Step Involved… (contd.)
Computer Aided Drafting System:

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
CAD Based Product cycle, Steps
Involved – (contd.)
• Further Steps:

– Process plan

– NC program

– Robot, CMM (for inspection)

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
CAM – well it needs a separate course!
We will simply define it!
• Therefore, simply speaking:
– CAM is Computer Aided Manufacturing, and may be
defined as use of computers, directly or indirectly, in all
activities of industrial manufacturing of machine tools,
people and the various other sub-systems
– GM codes and APT (Automatically Programmed Tools)
are the most commonly used languages for
programming to instruct the machine tools and
measuring instruments
– Machine tools in the CAM paradigm, are freshly termed
as NC or CNC or DNC machine tools because now
they are controlled by 1’s and 0’s (binary system) –
that is a computer program interpreted by a
microprocessor – instead of the skillful hands of a
machinist
– full-scale CNC machine – Hardige Bridgeport –
GX600 – vertical machining center (VMC) – CAM
Lab

I/C: Dr. Regalla Srinivasa Prakash,

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Mechanical Engg., B. I. T. S., Pilani
 CAD Based CNC Milling
CAD Based CNC Lathe
Machine

Custom 10' x 10' Milling machine with 10 Spindles

Custom 48' x 5' CNC with 2 Sonic Welder

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CNC milling of a aluminium prismatic part

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CNC milling of pockets and slots in a foam pad

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CNC artistic contour turning of a wooden cylindrical part on a lathe

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CNC machining of a baseball bat

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Major Benefits of a CAD
package/system
 Automates repetitive tasks
 reduces duplicate efforts
 Allows you to communicate with others via electronic
means
 Makes drawing revisions easier to perform
 Enable you to customize environment
 Lets you to create accurate and high-quality drawing
 Provides impressive presentation
 Supports a wide selection of hardware

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956