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BIOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

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 BIOSENSORS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Challenges in Higher Education & Research, vol. 12
eds. T. Tashev, R. Deliyski, B. Lepadatescu, Heron Press, Sofia, 2014

Elitsa Gieva1), Georgi Nikolov1) and Boyanka Nikolova2)

1)
TechnicalBIOSENSORS FOR
University of Sofia, ENVIRONMENTAL
Faculty of Electronic Engineering MONITORING
and Technologies,
BIOSENSORS FOR
8 Kliment Ohridski, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria, ENVIRONMENTAL
E-mail: MONITORING
gieva@ecad.tu-sofia.bg; gnikolov@tu-sofia.bg
1) 1) 2)
2) Elitsa Gieva , Georgi Nikolov and Boyanka Nikolova
1) Technical University of Sofia, Faculty of Telecommunications,
Technical University of 1Sofia, Faculty
1 , of Electronic2 Engineering and Technologies,
E. Gieva , G. Nikolov B. Nikolova
8 8Kliment
Kliment Ohridski,
Ohridski, 10001000
Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria,
Bulgaria, E-mail: bnikol@tu-sofia.bg
E-mail: gieva@ecad.tu-sofia.bg; gnikolov@tu-sofia.bg
1 Technical University
2)
of Sofia, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technologies,
Technical University of Sofia, Faculty of Telecommunications,
8 Kliment
8 Kliment Ohridski,
Ohridski, 1000 Sofia,
1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
Bulgaria, E-mail: bnikol@tu-sofia.bg
2
Technical University of Sofia, Faculty of Telecommunications,
Abstract: Biosensors can be useful for determining the type and concentration of contaminants present in an
8 Kliment Ohridski, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
environment. The primary measurement media for environmental monitoring is water, soil and air, but there
are a variety Abstract:
of other Biosensors can be useful
target analytes. In thefor determining the type and concentration
that can ofbecontaminants present in an
Abstract: Biosensors can be useful for present paper
determining thebiosensors
type and concentration used
of for environmental
contaminants
environment. The primary measurement media for environmental monitoring is water, soil and air, but there
monitoringpresent
and alarm systems forThe specific analytes are summarized. The possible analytes water,
include heavy
are ainvariety
an environment. primary
of other target analytes. measurement
In the presentmedia
paper for environmental
biosensors that canmonitoring
be used foris environmental
metals, herbicides, pesticides,
soilmonitoring
and air, butand
there phenolic
are a compounds,
variety of other etc.
target analytes. In the present paper biosensors that
alarm systems for specific analytes are summarized. The possible analytes include can heavy
be used forherbicides,
metals, environmental monitoring
pesticides, and
phenolic alarm systems
compounds, etc. for specific analytes are summarized. The
possible analytes include heavy metals, herbicides, pesticides, phenolic compounds, etc.
Key words: biosensor, environment applications, heavy metal, pesticides, herbicides;
Key words:
Keywords: biosensor,
biosensor, environment
environment applications,
applications, heavy
heavy metal,
metal, pesticides,herbicides
pesticides, herbicides;

1. Introduction1. Introduction
In the recent In theyears theyears
recent potential harmful
the potential harmful
1. Introduction
pollutants into the environment are increasing.
pollutants into the environment are increasing.
So werecent
In the haveSo towelook
years
havefor to more
look forrapid
the potential
moreandrapidmore
harmful pollutants
and more
efficient efficient for
methods methods for observation.
observation. In orderIn order
to to
into the environment are increasing. So we have
monitor monitor the environment continuously,
it is it is
to look forthemoreenvironment
rapid and more continuously,
efficient methods
necessary to build monitoring systems [1]. This
for observation.
necessary In monitoring
torequires
build order to monitor systemsthe [1].
environ-This
the development of new technologies
ment continuously,
requires theand it
developmentis necessary to build monitor-
of new technologies
appropriate methodologies in the field. In
ing systems [1]. This requires the development of
and appropriate methodologies
this context, in the
the biosensors field.
appear as In
suitable
new technologies and appropriate methodologies in
this candidates. Biosensors
context, the biosensors appear as suitable for environmental
the field. In this context, the biosensors appear as
candidates. monitoring,
Biosensors represent analytical
forfor devices which
environmental
suitable candidates. Biosensors environmental
use for a sensing element biomaterial, chemical
monitoring, representanalytical
monitoring, element
represent analytical devices
devices whichwhich
or a combination of both [2]. use
use
for afor a sensing
sensing element element biomaterial,
biomaterial, chemicalchemical
element
or a combination
element of both [2].of both [2].
or a combination Fig. 2 Classification of biosensors according to the
Figure 2. Classificationtransducer.
of biosensors according to the
transducer.
Fig. 2 Classification of biosensors according to the
TheBiosensors
most commonly for used
transducer.
used methods in
environmental biosen-
monito-
sorsring
for have
environmental monitoring
several advantages are optical [4]
over conventional
andsystems
electrochemical
and methods, (shown
some examples respectively
of which are:
inBiosensors
Figures 3 and
- their used
4).forfor
ability environmental monito-
portability;
ring have several advantages over conventional
- miniaturization;
systems- and methods,ofsome
measurement of which
a pollutant withare:
minimal
Fig.1 Block diagram of biosensor system. - samples.
their ability for portability;
The most commonly used methods in
Biosensors can be classified according to few - miniaturization;
biosensors for environmental monitoring are
signs. They are usually classified according to - optical
measurement of a pollutant with minimal
[4] and electrochemical (shown
the biosensitive
Fig.1 Block element or
diagram of biosensor system. samples.
the transducer. examples respectively in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Figure 2 shows the classification
Figure 1. Block diagram of biosensor system. of the The most commonly used methods in
Biosensors can be according
biosensors classifiedtoaccording to few
the transducer [3]. biosensors for environmental monitoring are
Biosensors
signs. They are canusually
be classified according
classified to few
according to optical [4] and electrochemical (shown
signs.biosensitive
the They are usually classified
element or according to the
the transducer.
biosensitive element or the transducer. Figure 2 examples respectively in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
Figure 2 shows the classification of the
shows the classification of the biosensors according
biosensors according
to the transducer [3]. to the transducer [3].
Biosensors used for environmental monitoring
have several advantages over conventional systems
and methods, some of which are: (i) their ability for
portability; (ii) miniaturization; (iii) measurement Fig. 3 Optical biosensor based on surface plasmon
Figure 3. Optical biosensor based on surface plasmon res- Fig
of a pollutant with minimal samples. resonance
onance.
Table 1
123 environmental
class, biologic
possible ap
monitoring) [5
 Fig. 3 Optical biosensor based on surface plasmon
E. Gieva, G. Nikolov, B. NikolovaFig. 5 Environmental biosensors
resonance
Table 1 presents the biosensors for
environmental monitoring, their compounds
class, biological sensing element, transducer and
possible application (in environmental
monitoring) [5].
In the present paper we consider biosensors,
which are used in environmental monitoring, we
examined their method of analysis and
Fig. 3 Optical biosensor based on surface plasmon Fig. 5 Environmental
resonance
measurement of pollutantsbiosensors
(Figure 5).
Table 1 presents the biosensors for
2. Heavy Metals
environmental monitoring, their compounds
class, One of thesensing
biological most element,
serious transducer
pollution and
problems
possible
are theapplication
heavy metals.(in environmental
Even at low
Fig. 4 Electrochemical (Potentiometric) biosensor. monitoring) [5].
concentrations, they are dangerous for the
Figure 4. Electrochemical (Potentiometric) biosensor.
Table 1. Biosensor for environmental application. In the present
human healthpaperandwetheconsider biosensors,Heavy
environment.
Table 1 presents the biosensors for environmen-
Biological
which are used in environmental
metals are not biodegradable. The monitoring, we most
Compound
tal monitoring, their compounds Physical Applica-
class, biological examined their method of analysis and
sensing
sensing
class element, transducertransducer tion
and possible applica-
commonly observed pollutants from heavy
measurement of pollutants (Figure 5).
tion Opticalelement
Fig.(in3 environmental
biosensor based on [5].
monitoring) surface plasmon metals inFigurethe5.5Environmental
Fig. environment
Environmental are: lead, zinc,
biosensors
Heavy Enzyme, resonance Electrode, Water, biosensors.
In the present paper we consider biosensors, mercury, cadmium and copper.
metals microbe optical Soil 2. Heavy
heavy Metals
metals
which are used in environmental monitoring, we ex-
Nitrogen Enzyme Electrode Water, Table
Many of1inthethe environment.
presents
biosensors thewhichThere are bacteria
biosensors
use bacte-for
amined their method of analysis and measurement One of thewhich
rial strains most are serious pollution
resistant problems
to a number of heavy
Compounds Soil, environmental
for a sensing monitoring,
element their compounds
are developed for the
of pollutants (Figure 5). aremetals
the such as zinc,metals.
heavy copper, tin, Evensilver,atmercury
low and
Fig. 4 Electrochemical (Potentiometric) biosensor. waste class,
analysis biological
of
cobalt and are used
concentrations, heavy sensing
they asare metals element,
receptors. in
dangerous the transducer
In thisforenvironment.
method,
the cell
and
Table 1. Biosensor
water possible
There
biosensors withapplication
are bacterial strains
a bioluminescent (in protein
which environmental
are resistant
are used. to
Table 1. Biosensor forforenvironmental
environmentalapplication.
applicationhuman health and the environment. Heavy
Pesticides Antibody, Optical, Water, a specific
monitoring)
The enzyme
number inhibitors
of [5]. ofmetals
methods
heavy certain
are alsometal
such often
as ions
used
zinc, de- Table 3.
atcopper,
tolow
Biological metals are not biodegradable. The most
Compound Enzyme, electrode
Physical Soil and
Applica- concentrations.
termine
tin, In thepresent
the
silver, metal ion,
mercury paper since
and we they
cobalt are
andbased
consider on theasdeterminati
biosensors,
are used
sensing
microbe Air commonly observed pollutants from heavy
class transducer tion use Inof aTable
wide 2 examples
range of biosensors
which aredeveloped
element which in are
receptors.
metals used
In thisinof enzymes
environmental
method, cell biosensors
specific in-
monitoring, withwea Analyte
Herbicides
Heavy
Antibody,
Enzyme,
Optical,
Electrode,
Water,
Water, hibitors
for the ofthe
detection environment
certain metal
of heavy ions are: lead,
at loware
metals zinc,[2].
concentrations.
shown
Enzyme, electrode examined
bioluminescent
mercury,
Soil and cadmium
In Table 2 their
protein
and
examples method
ofare
copper. of developed
used.
biosensors analysis for and
metals microbe optical Soil Nitrite
Nitrogen microbe
Enzyme Electrode Air
Water, measurement
Many
theThe of
detection the
enzyme of pollutants
biosensors
methods
of heavy which
metalsare (Figure
use
arealso
shown 5).
bacteria
often
[2]. used to
Dioxins
Compounds Microbe, Optical, Water,
Soil, fordetermine
a sensing
Table theelement
metal
2. Biosensors are
forion,
heavydeveloped
since
metalthey for based on Nitrate
are the
determination.
slim mode electrode Soil, Air
analysis Table 2. Biosensors for heavy metal determination
waste the useof ofheavy
2. Heavy a wide
Metals metals
range in oftheenzymes
environment. which are
Phenolic Enzyme, Optical, Water,
water There are bacterial strains Recognition which are resistant to 4. Organo
compounds
Pesticides microbe
Antibody, electrode
Optical, Soil
Water, One of the most serious pollution
Analyte Method problems Organo
a number of heavy biocatalyzermetals such as zinc, copper,
Enzyme, electrode Soil and areMercury,the heavy metals. are Even at lowchemical s
Fig. 4 Electrochemical
microbe (Potentiometric)Airbiosensor. tin, concentrations,
silver, mercury and cobalt and Electrochemical
they arebiosensors
dangerous
used as
Herbicides Antibody, Optical, Water,
cadmium
receptors. Urease
In this method,
and arsenic
enzyme
cell with for
a theagriculture
Table 1. Biosensor
Enzyme,
for environmental
electrode
application.
Soil and
human health
bioluminescent protein are used.and the environment. Heavybe contro
metals are methods DNA,
not biodegradable. Theto mostdiseases tr
Electrochemical,
Biological
microbe Air The enzyme
Cadmium are also often used
Compound Physical Applica- Phytochelatins Optical
Dioxins
class
sensing Optical,
Microbe,
transducer
Water,
tion commonly
determine the metal ion, since they are based on heavy
observed pollutants from
slim mode
element electrode Soil, Air Cadmium,
the metals
use
copper ainwide
of and therangeenvironment
Sol-gel- are:
of enzymesElectrochemical
which lead,
are zinc, 4.1 Pes
Phenolic
Heavy Enzyme,
Enzyme, Optical,
Electrode, Water,Water, immobilizedurease
mercury,
lead cadmium and copper. Accord
compounds microbe
metals microbe electrode
optical SoilSoil
Many pesticides
ionsof the biosensors which use bacteria
Bacillus sphaericus
Nitrogen Enzyme Electrode Water, Nickel Electrochemical
Compounds Soil, for a sensing strain
element are developed for thesubstances
2. Heavy Metals Zinc, any pests.
waste analysis
copper, of heavy metals in the environment.
water
One of the most serious pollution problems are the There
cadmium are bacterial strains which are resistant toway they
Enzyme Optical
Pesticides
heavy metals. Antibody,
Even at low Optical, Water,
concentrations, they a and
numbernickel of heavy metals such as zinc, copper,pollutants
Enzyme, electrode Soil and most wid
are dangerous for the human health and the en-
microbe Air
tin,Mercury
silver, mercury and cobalt and are used aswater, air,
(II) and
vironment. Heavy metals are not biodegradable. receptors. DNA Optical
Herbicides Antibody, Optical, Water, lead (II) In this method, cell biosensors with a Becaus
The most commonly observed pollutants from heavy
Enzyme, electrode Soil and bioluminescent
ions protein are used. pesticides
metals in the environment are: lead, zinc, mercury,
microbe
cadmium and copper.
Air The
Copper enzyme
(I) methods are also often used tocommunit
Dioxins Microbe, Optical, Water, determine
and (II) the Fluorescent
metal ion, protein
since theyOpticalare based onconcentrat
Many of the biosensors which use bacteria for
slim mode electrode Soil, Air
a sensing element are developed for the analysis of the ions
use of a wide range of enzymes which areenvironme
Phenolic Enzyme, Optical, Water,
compounds microbe electrode Soil
of water f
3. Nitrogen Compounds of 0.1 μg/
124 Nitrites are commonly used for soil μg/L for
fertilization or treatment of various plants in biosensors
order to protect. They are not safe for human enzymatic
health and have negative influence on human enzyme.
 oxidoreductase (Photosystem II). immunosen
There are also amperometric biosensor molecular r
exhibited selective sensitivity to phenylurea and to form a
triazine
Biosensors for Environmental herbicides, but phenolic herbicides were
Monitoring antibodies
not registered [7]. needed and
In Table 5 are summarized some examples of monoclona
3. Nitrogen Compounds Table 4 shows a few examples of biosensors,
biosensors used in the detection of herbicides.
which are used for detection of pesticides, including
Biomim
Nitrites are commonly used for soil fertilization or Parathion [6]. element th
treatment of various plants in order to protect. They Table 4. on
impacts Biosensors used in thealthough
bird populations, detection the
of mimic a n
by rivers
are not safe for human health and have negative in- Table 4. Biosensors used in the detection of pesticides
pesticides.
impacts are very variable. and enzyme
persistent,
fluence on human hemoglobin and could lead to ir-
For Recognition
the detection of herbicides which inhibit approach
deteriorate,
reversible consequences. Analyte Method
biocatalyzer
photosynthesis, various biosensors have been microbalan
the environ
Biosensors have been developed with an amper- Alkaline determine
ometric measurement method for recording vari- designed.
Paraoxon Photosynthesis inhibition
phosphatase is an
Optical Biosens
indicator that rapidly reflects the toxic effect of synthesized
toxins are
ous doses of nitrite using cytochrome C protein for Isoproturon hydrocarbo
biosensitive element, which reacts with nitrite (cc- pollutants. BasedAntibody
of this feature,Fluorescence
some variation bi
encapsulate immobilize
NiR). The biosensor shows rapid reaction with nitrite biosensors have to be able to detect herbicides Immun
5 seconds, there is a linear dependence between the in Parathion
the environment, Parathion Electrochemical/
such as the phenylureas and biosensors
concentrations of nitrite 0,015 and 2,35 µM and the hydrolase Amperometric Table 6. Bio
triazines. The principe of operation of these immunoche
detection limit of 4 nM. The biosensor is highly sen- Carbaril is Acetilcolinesterase
sensors Electrochemical/
based on water-plastoquinone Analyte
transducer.
sitive, rapid and stable [2]. oxidoreductase (Photosystem II). Amperometric immunosen
In Table 3 examples of biosensors developed for Dioxin
There are also
Simazina amperometric
Peroxidase biosensor
Electrochemical/ molecular r
the detection of nitrogen compounds are shown. Potentiometric
exhibited selective sensitivity to phenylurea and toDioxin-like
form a
polychlo-
ns at low Table3. 3.
Table Biosensors
Biosensors for Nitrogen
for Nitrogen Compounds
Compounds determina- triazine herbicides, but phenolic herbicides were antibodies
Table
4.2. 5. Biosensors
Herbicides used in the detection of rinated
determination.
tion not registered [7]. needed and
biphenyls
herbicides.
In Table 5areare summarized some examples of monoclona
developed Analyte
Recognition
Method Herbicides used to kill specific unwanted plants,
own [2]. biocatalyzer biosensors usedType
in of detection
the Recognition
of herbicides. Biomim
while leaving the desired crop unharmed. They
Analyte Method have 6. Phenolic
interaction biocatalyzer element
Nitrite Cytochrome C Amperometric widely variable toxicity and possible carcinogenicity.
Dichloro- Immuno- Acetil- Ampero- Phenolicth
Electrochemical Some
Table herbicides has negative
4. Biosensors
fenoxiacetic analysis used impacts
in the on
colinisterase bird
detection popu-
metric of mimic a n
and microo
Nitrate Viologen mediator lations, although the impacts are very variable.
mination. pesticides.
Diuron, Bio- Cyano- Biolumini- and enzym
industrially
For the detection
Paraquat catalitic of herbicides
bacterial which inhibit
scence approach
Analyte
Recognition
Method pollutants
4. Organophosphorus
4.
compounds
Organophosphorus Compounds
photosynthesis, various biosensors
biocatalyzer have been de- microbalan
ethod signed. Photosynthesis inhibition is an indicator
structures.
Organophosphorus compounds are a group of 4.3 Dioxins Alkaline determine
thatParaoxon
rapidly reflects the toxic effect of Optical
pollutants. coming fro
chemical chemical substances
Organophosphorus that are commonly
compounds used
are a group of in
chem- Dioxins are byphosphatase
products of various industrial synthesized
Based of this feature, some biosensors have to be of pulp, pa
agriculture
ical as insecticides.
substances Thanks to
that are commonly them,
used can
in agri- processes,
Isoproturon andherbicides
areAntibody
environmental and persistent
Fluorescence hydrocarbo
able to detect in the environment, such oil refinery
culture as insecticides.
be controlled a wide rangeThanksof to them, weeds,
insects, can be organic pollutants.encapsulate
Dioxins are potentially toxic immobilize
chemical, controlled a wide range of insects, weeds, diseases as the phenylureas and triazines. The principe have toxic
diseases transmitted to plants. substances
of operation of with
these a sensors
major isimpact
based on on water-
the
tical transmitted to plants. Parathion Parathion Electrochemical/ humans. E
environment, as contaminating
hydrolase residues
plastoquinone oxidoreductase (Photosystem II). present
Amperometric Tableper
part 6. Bio
mi
4.1 Pesticides in water
There andalso
soil. Industrial emissions ofexhibited
dioxin
chemical
4.1.According
Pesticides to Carbarilare amperometric
Acetilcolinesterase biosensor
Electrochemical/ taste of drin
Analyte
the definition of EPA, selective sensitivity to
can be transported overphenylurea and
long distances triazine
by wind,
Amperometric her-
pesticides toare
According the adefinition
substance or pesticides
of EPA, mixture are of bicides, but phenolic herbicides were not registered Dioxin
chemical
substances which are intended to prevent
a substance or mixture of substances which are in- from [7].Simazina Peroxidase Electrochemical/
Potentiometric Dioxin-like
any pests.
tended They from
to prevent repelanyand destroy,
pests. and in
They repel andthis
de- In Table 5 are summarized some examples of
polychlo-
tical way they
stroy, and inprotects
this wayagainst damage.
they protects Of damage.
against all the biosensors used in the detection of herbicides. rinated
Table 5. Biosensors used in the detection of
Of all the pollutants
pollutants in the environment
in the environment pesticidespesticides
are the biphenyls
herbicides.
Table 5. Biosensors used in the detection of herbicides
are
most thewidely
most widely and they
and they can can
be be foundininsoil,
found soil,
Type of Recognition
water,
water, air,
air,plants
plantsandandfood.
food. Analyte Method 6. Phenolic
tical interaction biocatalyzer
Because of concerns about toxicity
Because of concerns about toxicity of of pesticides Phenolic
Dichloro- Immuno- Acetil- Ampero-
has had necessary European community to impose fenoxiacetic analysis colinisterase metric and micro
pesticides has had necessary European
a limits on the concentration in soil and water in Diuron, Bio- Cyano- Biolumini- industrially
community
the environment. to Directive
impose 98/83/EC
a limits on the onquality
the
tical Paraquat catalitic bacterial scence pollutants
concentration in soil and water
of water for human consumption has set a limit of in the
environment.
0.1 Directive
µg/L for individual 98/83/EC
pesticides andonofthe
0.5 quality
µg/L for structures.
4.3. 4.3Dioxins
Dioxins coming fro
of water
total for human
pesticides. The consumption
greatest use ofhas set a limit
biosensors for
Dioxins are by products of various industrial
of 0.1 μg/L
detection for individual
of pesticides foundpesticides
enzymaticand of 0.5
biosensors Dioxins are by products of various industrial pro- of pulp, pa
processes,
andandare are environmental andand persistent
for soil μg/L for
which totalthepesticides.
inhibit choice enzyme. Parathion
The greatest use(O,O-
of cesses, environmental persistent or- oil refinery
plants in diethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl thiophosphate) is a wide organic
ganic pollutants.
pollutants. Dioxins
Dioxins are are potentially
potentially toxic
toxic sub- have toxic
biosensors for detection of pesticides found
or human range spectrum pesticide, which is applied against substances
stances with awith
majora impact
majoronimpact on the
the environment, humans. E
enzymatic biosensors which inhibit the choice
n human the types of crop and insects. It is highly toxic and environment,
as contaminating as residues
contaminating
presentresidues
in water present
and soil. part per mi
enzyme. Parathion (O,O-diethyl-O-4-
dangerous to human health because it can be ab- Industrial emissions of dioxinemissions
can be transported
reversible in water and soil. Industrial of dioxin taste of drin
nitrophenyl
sorbed through thiophosphate)
air or absorbedisfrom a wide
the skin, range
any over long distances by wind,
can be transported over longbydistances
rivers and bysea cur-
wind,
spectrum pesticide, which
concentration can lead to deaths. is applied against the rents. Dioxins are persistent, taking years to cen-
with an types of crop and insects. It is highly toxic and
od for dangerous to human health because it can be 125
e using absorbed through air or absorbed from the skin,
element, any concentration can lead to deaths.
biosensor Table 4 shows a few examples of biosensors,
 though the by rivers and sea currents. Dioxins are tyrosinase immobilized in a hygrogel on a support o
persistent, taking years to centuries to graphite electrode, which determinate the Resource
hich inhibit deteriorate, and can be continuously recycled in phenol index in environmental samples. In European
have been the environment. addition these organic pollutants can be Fund.
E. Gieva, G. Nikolov, B. Nikolova
on is an Biosensors for detection and monitoring of oxidized by conventional carbonaceous
xic effect of toxins are in general immunosensors and their electrodes generally in In
relatively
ure, some turies to deteriorate,
variation biomimeticand canbiosensors
based be continuously
[8]. recy- environmental samples. addition high
thesevoltage
organic Referenc
cledImmunosensors
in the environment. (approximately
pollutants can be 0.8 V).
oxidized Under
by such
conventionalconditions,
carbona- [1] Tooni
t herbicides or so called antibody-based Gener
Biosensors for detection and monitoring of tox- these compounds
ceous electrodes can dimerize
generally and
in relatively high produce
voltage
ylureas and biosensors are solid-state devices in which the First p
ins are in general immunosensors and their variation (approximately
other 0.8 V).
electroactive Under such
radicals, conditions,
resulting these
in higher
on of these immunochemical reaction is coupled to a
biomimetic based biosensors [8]. compounds can dimerize and produce other elec- [2] Ve
astoquinone transducer. The theory of operation of than expected electrical current levels.
Immunosensors or so called antibody-based troactive radicals, resulting in higher than expected BIOSE
immunosensors is thedevices
specificity Optical methods for determination of
biosensors are solid-state in whichofthetheim- electrical current levels. Croati
biosensor molecular recognition phenolic compounds have been developed in
munochemical reaction of antigens to
is coupled byaantibodies
transducer. Optical methods for determination of phenolic [3] Pier
nylurea and to form
The theorya ofstable complex.
operation The selectionis of
of immunosensors the recent
compounds years.have
For been
example chlorophenols
developed in recentcan be
years. Enviro
bicides were antibodiesof the
specificity depends on recognition
molecular selective properties
of antigens detected with a chemiluminescence
For example chlorophenols can be detected with a fibre-optic 307-4
by antibodies
needed to form
and they cana stable complex.
be prepared as The selection
polyclonal, biosensor.
chemiluminescence fibre-optic biosensor. [4] Tatian
xamples of ofmonoclonal
antibodies depends on selective properties needed
or recombinant. Ribeir
and Biomimetic
they can be prepared as polyclonal, monoclonal Table 7. Some of the most commonly used biosensors for Alves
erbicides. based biosensors have sensing detection of phenolic compounds
or recombinant.
element that is synthesized and designed to Caval
Biomimetic
mimic a naturalbased biosensors
bioreceptor, suchhave
as sensing
antibodyel- Recognition on O
detection of Analyte Method
ement that is synthesized and designed to mimic a biocatalyzer tion
and enzyme. There are method of a biomimetic
natural bioreceptor, such as antibody and enzyme. Binary mixtures: Biosen
approach combined with a quartz crystal phenol/clorophenol,
Method There are method of a biomimetic approach com- Laccase and Amperometric 51-10
microbalance
bined with a quartzpiezoelectric transducer
crystal microbalance to
piezoelec- catechol/phenol,
determine dioxins. tyrosinase mulicanal [5] K.R.
Optical tric transducer to determineOligopeptides
dioxins. Oligopeptidesare cresol/clorocresol
techni
synthesized
are synthesizedandand used
used totomimic
mimic the hydro-
the aryl aryl and phenol/cresol
m-cresol or Chim.
uorescence hydrocarbon receptor binding site
carbon receptor binding site and immobilized onto a and DNA Amperometric
catechol [6] Audre
immobilized
gold surface. onto a gold surface.
Mushroom Louis
trochemical/ New
Table6.6.Biosensors
Biosensors used
used in
in the
the detection
detection of
of dioxins Phenol tissue Amperometric
mperometric Table dioxins.
Type of Recognition
(tyrosinase) Chem
trochemical/ Analyte Method Phenol, p-cresol, [7] Jose´
interaction biocatalyzer Polyphenol
mperometric m-cresol and Amperometric Biose
Immuno- oxidase
Dioxin Cell Biomimetic catechol Pullm
trochemical/ analysis
entiometric Dioxin-like Agricu
polychlo- Immuno-
Cell Biomimetic 7. Conclusion
6. Conclusion DOI:
detection of rinated analysis In this paper an overview of biosensor 2003 b
biphenyls
systems for anenvironmental
In this paper applications
overview of biosensor is
systems for [8] K.R.
prepared. The various
environmental biosensors
applications that have
is prepared. Thebeen
var- applic
Method 5.6. Phenolic compounds
Phenolic Compounds ious biosensors ring
Phenolic compounds are produced by plants developed for that have been developed
environmental monitoringfor are
en-
Ampero- vironmental monitoring
described, consideringarethe
described, considering
pollutants and 1995.
metric Phenolic compounds are and
and microorganisms, produced by plants
can be and mi-
synthesized the pollutants and analysis that are mentioned in
Biolumini- croorganisms, and can be synthesized
industrially also. A great number of organic industrially
the literature. In this context biosensors for environ-
scence also. A great
pollutants in number of organic pollutants
the environment, have phenolicin the
mental applications challenges in various areas such
environment, have phenolic structures. Phenols and
structures. Phenols and their derivatives, as improvement of recognition element and sensor
their derivatives, coming from the activities related
coming from the activities related to production interfaces.
us industrial to production of pulp, paper, plastics, dyes, drugs,
of pulp, paper,
polymers, plastics,
oil refinery etc. dyes, drugs,
[8]. Most of polymers,
these com-
d persistent oil refinery etc. [8]. Most of these compounds
pounds have toxic effects in plants, animals and, hu- Acknowledgement
ntially toxic have toxic
mans. Even ateffects in plants,
concentrations lessanimals
then oneand,part
ct on the humans.
per million,Even at concentrations
phenolic compounds affectless the
thentaste
oneof The research is related to the project No
ues present part per water
drinking million,
andphenolic
fish [2]. compounds affect the BG051PO001-3.3.06-0046 “Development support of
ns of dioxin taste
Theoftoxic
drinking watercompounds
phenolic and fish [2].
in water usually PhD students, postdoctoral researchers and young
es by wind, interact with Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These scientists in the field of virtual engineering and
interactions can be used in electrochemical DNA industrial technologies”. The project is imple-
biosensors, to generate a response signal. Based on mented with the financial support of the Opera-
this operation, a number of electrochemical DNA tional Programme Human Resources Development,
sensors for phenolic compounds monitoring have co-financed by the European Union through the Eu-
been created. One of them is disposable electro- ropean Social Fund.
chemical DNA biosensor made by immobilizing dou-
ble stranded DNA onto the surface of a disposable References
carbon screenprinted electrode.
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rosinase immobilized in a hygrogel on a graphite eral Aspects, ISBN 978-953-51-1004-0, First pub-
electrode, which determinate the phenol index in lished March, 2013

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[2] Vernon Somerset, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOSENSORS,
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[3] Pier Andrea Serra, “Biosensors for Health, Envi-
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[4] Tatiana Duque Martins, Antonio Carlos Chaves
Ribeiro, Henrique Santiago de Camargo, Paulo Alves
da Costa Filho, Hannah Paula Mesquita Cavalcante
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953-51-1004-0, InTech, DOI: 10.5772/52330, 2013.
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[6] Audrey Sassolas, Beatriz Prieto-Simón, Jean-Louis
Marty, Biosensors for Pesticide Detection: New Trends,
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[7] Jose I. Reyes De Corcuera, Ralph P. Cavalieri,
Biosensors, Washington State University, Pullman,
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rights reserved.
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