SKUA®
Structure and Stratigraphy
A Need for Change
The search for hydrocarbons takes place
in a broad range of geological settings.
Geoscientists face constant challenges
in the characterization and modeling of
subsurface geology, and new demands
for increased accuracy and detail.
Traditional modeling processes are limited
by their design constraints, and can
only operate through compromises and
approximations. Outdated techniques,
using pillar-based 3D modeling, fail in
the presence of Y faults, oblique faults or
thin layers. Until now, the workaround
has been to simplify the fault geometry
or to remove faults from the model.
Pillar-based techniques also introduce
deformations of the grid cell geometry,
which adversely affect the distribution of
petrophysical properties and the reliability
of flow simulation results.
A Revolution in Modeling
Paradigm™ has met this challenge through
the development of a mathematically-
derived 3D methodology, known as the UVT
Transform, that decouples the model from
Facies juxtaposition, branching faults and horizon traces on a fault surface, computed on a geologic grid
the grid and removes subsequent limitations
and distortions. Enabled by Paradigm
SKUA® (Subsurface Knowledge Unified
Approach) the UVT Transform generates
a fully-3D description of the subsurface,
including the structure, stratigraphy,
geological grid, and flow simulation grid.
A Model with Many Uses
In addition to the comprehensive
description of the subsurface, the direct
output of the SKUA UVT model can
be used to compute a wide variety of
structural attributes that facilitate fault
trap and fractured reservoir analysis. These
include:
• Displacement maps everywhere on the which the SKUA UVT model
fault surface
• Juxtaposition maps
• Shale-gouge ratio and weighted-shale-
gouge ratio on faults
• Spill points
• Deformation of layers, strain and stress
• Probability of fracturing and direction • Dip/azimuth information
of fractures
Interpretation
and Modeling
UVT Transform®: A New
Understanding
The UVT technology is based on
the understanding that horizons
represent paleo-geochronological
surfaces. Working with a paleo-
geographically non-deformed
grid, geoscientists can model
geobodies, reservoir properties
and other attributes in their
true depositional state without
distorting the current geometry or
paleo-geometry.
The geological constraints under
operates provide the interpreter
with confidence that the model
honors basic geological principles,
including:
• Seismic interpretation data and
well markers
anywhere in the volume
• Well path information
• Fault type (normal, inverse)
information
• Sequential stratigraphic and
erosion rules
• Intra-formation chrono-
stratigraphy
SKUA geological grid created using
UVT Transform techology
Structure and Stratigraphy

Workflow Optimization • 3D paleo-geographically consistent

The intrinsic knowledge contained in the
UVT model enables a one-click generation
of many types of data representations
required for a variety of workflows:
• 3D geologically consistent maps are
automatically constructed from the
faulted and sealed horizons, saving
time and improving accuracy when
compared to traditional 2D mapping.
• An infinite number of faulted
chrono-stratigraphic seismic slices
can be extracted directly from the
UVT model, enabling a quick and
efficient interpretation of stratigraphic
formations.
• Paleo-flattening of seismic volumes
can be performed in order to QC the
interpretation and the UVT model, and
ensure proper use of seismic attributes
inside the reservoir model.
geological grids can be computed Features
directly from the UVT model and - Automatic fault network
populated with geologically coherent construction
rock properties, with no need for user
- Faulted horizons extended up to
interaction.
fault planes to create seal models
• SKUA delivers reservoir grids optimized - Horizon position constrained by
for reservoir simulation, including well path, even for horizontal wells,
all necessary faults. These can be and fault displacement information
extracted directly from the UVT model. - Fit to well markers, for reviewing
• Geomechanical meshes for coupled seismic interpretation to well
flow-geomechanical simulations may mismatch
be exported directly, reducing the need - Automatic identification of fault/
to perform time-consuming, finite fault contact and manual editing
element mesh construction. - Horizon/fault contact editing
• 4D basin modeling grids can be - Fault displacement and
created, using a combination of juxtaposition maps, Smear Gouge
the SKUA model and Paradigm 3D Ratio
restoration to construct a present-time - Computation of thickness maps,
grid of the basin, and to restore it gross-rock volume
sequentially and automatically through - Horizon deformation computation
geological time.
- Fracture probability computation
- Output of T-surfaces to SeisEarth®
Interoperability
All Epos®-based applications enable
interoperability with third-party data
stores, including:
- OpenWorks® 2003.12, R5000
- GeoFrame® 4.5
- OpenSpirit® 3

3D consistent structural map from SKUA model
Faulted chrono-stratigraphic slice inside SKUA System specifications
model highlighting stratigraphic features - 64-bit, for x64 architecture
processors
- Microsoft® Windows® 7, XP, Vista
- Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® 5.3 and
above, 6.0 and above

SKUA geological cross-section

The Paradigm Advantage

+ SKUA delivers a true shared earth model with many direct uses, faster processing cycles and higher consistency.
+ Avoids deformation, incorrect spatial correlations and wrong volumetrics common to pillar modeling approaches.
+ Uses all available data and enforces geologic rules to ensure model accuracy.

© 2011. Paradigm Ltd.and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of Paradigm Ltd. or its subsidiaries (collectively, “Paradigm”):
Paradigm™, Paradigm logo and/or other Paradigm products referenced herein. All other trademarks are owned by their respective owners.
www.pdgm.com
SKUA®
Reservoir Modeling
A Step-Change in Modeling
Accurate reservoir models are essential to
hydrocarbon exploration and production,
as they are the foundation on which field
development optimization and reserves
estimation are built. With the Paradigm™
Reservoir Modeling solution, powered by
SKUA®, geologists and reservoir modelers
have the next-generation software they
need to create accurate, unbiased and
geologically realistic reservoir models.
Enhanced User Efficiency
In one integrated 3D modeling
environment, Paradigm Reservoir
Modeling provides the workflows, tools
and flexibility needed to efficiently and
accurately represent the subsurface and
its petrophysical content. Thanks to a
user-friendly interface, automated work
processes, and a complete audit trail, even
the novice user can model faster, while
tracking every modeling change.
Accurate Uncertainty Assessment
The Paradigm solution facilitates the
investigation of alternative scenarios as
well as the quantification of uncertainties
related to the reservoir structure and the
SKUA Stratigraphy
data and parameters used to construct
the model. This results in reliable
hydrocarbon-in-place distributions, ranked
reservoir models that are representative
of the spread in reservoir volumes, and
summary uncertainty maps or volumes
that are ideal for development or infill
target identification.
A Fully Integrated Solution
The application’s complete and flexible
suite of geostatistical algorithms allows
for the integration of a wide range of
constraints, including well data, seismic
attributes and other geologic information.
Tight integration with other Paradigm
Epos®-based products enables direct
access to facies and logs derived from
Geolog®, inversion data from Vanguard®
and seismic facies from Stratimagic®, all
for use in the reservoir modeling.
No Gridding Artifacts
The SKUA Reservoir Modeling solution
is unique in offering a reservoir grid that
prevents gridding artifacts from affecting
facies and petrophysical property models,
thus ensuring accurate sand volumes and
reservoir connectivity.
Reservoir
Characterization
“The efficiency of
Paradigm’s SKUA-based
Reservoir Modeling
solution allows our
interpreters to focus more
on the interpretation
of data and less on
modeling limitations. The
user-friendly interface,
automated processes, and
ability to track changes in
real time have helped us
increase our productivity
substantially.”
Paradigm SKUA Reservoir
Modeling offers step-by-step,
integrated workflows.
Construct a reservoir grid
Perform rigorous
data analysis to infer
representative input
Populate using geostatistical
algorithms for realistic
reservoir models
Quantify uncertainty on any
model parameter and rank
the resulting realizations
Reservoir Modeling using SKUA

SKUA RESERVOIR MODELING as stochastic simulation for modeling in-place volumes, the system guides users
FUNCTIONALITIES geological facies and petrophysical through all stages of the construction
Paradigm SKUA Reservoir Modeling properties, such as porosity and of a full 3D reservoir model, capturing
includes a wide range of functionalities to permeability. A post-processing workflow uncertainty on algorithms, data and
help users create accurate, unbiased and provides tools for summarizing and parameters. Hundreds of models can
geologically realistic reservoir models. analyzing simulation results, together be efficiently generated and analyzed
with decision-making support tools through the combination of scenarios and
SKUA Stratigraphy such as hydrocarbon column maps and stochastic simulation.
Using the unique, patented SKUA UVT connectivity analysis.
Transform® technology, Paradigm SKUA
Stratigraphy constructs reservoir grids that,
unlike pillar-based grids, do not bias the
distribution of facies and petrophysical
properties. The reservoir grids can be built
in any subsurface environment, regardless
of the structural and stratigraphic
complexity of the reservoir. This improves
model quality and accuracy, reduces cycle
time, and enables repeatability.

Facies Modeling
Facies modeling offers tools and
algorithms to generate geologically
realistic representations of depositional
facies and post-depositional features.
Integrated with Paradigm Reservoir
Properties and used in combination with
Paradigm Reservoir Data Analysis tools,
the Paradigm Facies Modeling module
includes a flexible, object-based, stochastic
simulation algorithm, and an efficient
multiple point simulation (MPS) algorithm,
IMPALA, developed in collaboration with
Ephesia Consult.
Reservoir Properties
The Reservoir Properties application
contains a flexible and dynamic workflow
to populate reservoir grids. It offers an
extensive suite of geostatistical algorithms
for spatial interpolation (mapping), as well
Permeability model Reservoir risk assessment (JACTA)
Reservoir Data Analysis
The Reservoir Data Analysis module guides
users through all the steps required Interoperability
to establish reliable input statistics for - Epos 4.1
constructing robust reservoir property - Landmark® OpenWorks 2003, R5000
models. It focuses on de-clustering, - GeoFrame® 4.5
histogram identification and trend - Rescue/RESQML™/WITSML
modeling for both facies and continuous - ECLIPSE/CMG/VIP
petrophysical properties, with or without
System specifications
seismic data.
- Microsoft® Windows® 7, XP, Vista
Reservoir Risk Assessment (JACTA®) Professional (32 and 64-bit)
(Developed in collaboration with Total) - Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® 5.3 and
The Reservoir Risk Assessment system is above, 6.0 and above (64-bit)
the industry’s leading tool for evaluating
uncertainty in the position and volume of
hydrocarbon plays. Designed to integrate

The Paradigm Advantage

+ Unique and efficient reservoir uncertainty modeling tools investigate the full range of uncertainty.
+ A user-friendly interface and automated work processes help even the novice user model faster.
+ Workflow-based modeling techniques ensure rapid model updating.
+ Paradigm SKUA-based solutions reduce risk by quickly and easily creating multiple, traceable scenarios.
+ The UVT Transform technology improves model quality and accuracy while reducing cycle time.

© 2011. Paradigm Ltd.and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. The following are trademarks or registered trademarks of Paradigm Ltd. or its subsidiaries (collectively, “Paradigm”):
Paradigm™, Paradigm logo and/or other Paradigm products referenced herein. All other trademarks are owned by their respective owners.
www.pdgm.com
SKUA®
Reservoir Engineering
A Comprehensive Solution
for Geologists and Reservoir
Engineers
In order to present informed reserve
estimates, one needs reliable production
forecasts, which can only be achieved if
they are based on an accurate description
of the reservoir. This in turn is dependent
on the joint efforts and knowledge of
reservoir geologists who construct the
geological model, and reservoir engineers
who perform a flow simulation of that
model.
Until now, these two processes have
been completely separate – once the
geological model leaves its environment
for the engineer’s desktop, it never
returns. The Paradigm™ Reservoir
Engineering product suite, powered by
SKUA® and the patented UVT Transform®
technology, bridges that gap by providing
a collaborative modeling environment
which enables geologists and reservoir
engineers to understand, quantify,
and document the impact of reservoir
geology on production forecasts. It allows
geoscientists and reservoir engineers to
SKUA reservoir engineering streamlines LGR, production curves, and grids
efficiently forecast production, assess
reserves and optimize field development,
while yielding geologically sound
production forecasts and production-
coherent geological models. Eliminating
the need to transfer data from application
to application saves project turnaround
time, while preserving data integrity.
For reservoir engineers, it also provides
a collaborative reservoir flow simulation
workflow that enables the production
of geologically consistent production
forecasts, as well as engineering validation
of the reservoir models.
Unlike competitive offerings that can
only construct pillar grids which may not
accurately reflect the reservoir geometry
and may lead to numerical errors in flow
simulation, Paradigm Reservoir Engineering
offers an efficient and systematic integrated
approach to coherent reservoir forecasting.
Reservoir grids created using the Paradigm
application maintain the integrity of the
geology, limit numerical errors in flow
simulators, and deliver simulation-ready
reservoir models.
Reservoir
Engineering
UVT Transform: A New
Understanding
The UVT Transform technology
was developed on the premise that
2.5D pillar gridding is insufficient
to describe 3D reservoir models.
The UVT Transform is based on true
3D technology, which enables the
modeling of reservoir properties
and other attributes in their true
depositional state, resulting in
accurate reservoir models. This
technology also allows the
construction of optimal flow
simulation grids which best respect
cell orthogonality requirements,
while handling any faulting.
The true 3D approach of the
UVT Transform also guarantees a
geologically coherent upscaling
between the fine-scale geologic
grid and the upscale flow
simulation grid, as both are issued
from the same UVT model.
Finally, the UVT Transform enables
the creation of flow simulation grids
with curvilinear pillars potentially
aligned in 3D on the main faults,
and/or stair-steps along antithetic
faults.
Flow simulation grid inside a Y fault zone
showing the required stair-step gridding
Reservoir Engineering powered by SKUA
Data Sharing Delivers Fast Results
Paradigm Reservoir Engineering uses the
patented UVT Transform technology to
construct reservoir grids that are optimal
for numerical flow simulation. Users
can compare the dynamic behavior of
fine geological models and coarse flow
simulation models, set up and launch
multiple flow simulation scenarios, and
analyze and manipulate flow simulation
results. Reservoir models may be screened
by rejecting those whose dynamic behavior
is inconsistent with field observations.
All modules are workflow driven to enable
rapid iterations for production uncertainty
analysis and history matching, while
preserving the integrity of the geological
model. The workflow approach is unique:
It facilitates use of the software by non-
expert users, and generates a rigorous
audit trail by preserving all information
related to the models.
Flow Simulation Grids
The Flow Simulation Grid module enables
the construction of reservoir grids optimized
Flow simulation grid with LGR
The Paradigm Advantage
+ Improves project turnaround time while yielding geologically sound production forecasts and coherent
geological models.
+ Seamless integration of reservoir modeling and flow simulation eases collaboration between
geoscientists and reservoir engineers.
+ Early understanding of the dynamic behavior of reservoir models enables focus on geological features
that impact production.
+ Production uncertainty assessments based on multiple geological scenarios facilitate efficient investigation
of development risks.
for flow simulator requirements. The
grids can be constructed, regardless of the
structural and stratigraphic complexity of
the subsurface, by creating stair-step faults.
They can then be exported to all commercial
flow simulators.
Production Data Analysis/
Reservoir Simulation Pre-processor
These modules provide a collaborative
environment for geoscientists and
reservoir engineers. They enable the
creation of input parameter files for
commercially available reservoir flow
simulators, the launch of simulation runs,
and the loading, visualization, analysis and
manipulation of historical production data
and flow simulation results.
These applications are aimed at facilitating
the comparison of alternative flow
simulation scenarios. They also allow
the investigation of uncertainty in both
geological and flow simulation models,
providing an understanding of the most
important parameters and highlighting
those models which are closest to
Multi-scenario reservoir simulation analysis
observed historical production data
scenarios and stochastic simulation.
LGR and Upscaler
The LGR and Upscaler module provides
a systematic yet flexible approach to grid
coarsening (upgridding) and property
upscaling; grid refining (downgridding)
and property downscaling; and local grid
refinement (LGR) construction, visualization
and export to commercial flow simulators.
Fracture Modeling (FracMV™)
FracMV (developed by structural geology
experts Midland Valley) uses fracture
density and orientation information to
generate geologically constrained discrete
fracture networks (DFN). It provides a
method to generate fracture-related
flow properties directly from the fracture
network, which can then be exported to a
reservoir flow simulator.
Interoperability
- Epos 4.1
- OpenWorks® 2003.12, R5000
- GeoFrame® 4.5
- Rescue/RESQML™/WITSML
- ECLIPSE/CMG/VIP
System specifications
- Microsoft Windows 7, Vista, XP
Professional (32 & 64- bit)
- Red Hat® Enterprise Linux® 5.3 and
above, 6.0 and above (64-bit)