CBLM FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSES

COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

(CBLM)

SISTERS OF MARY SCHOOL-ADLAS INC. 1

 CBLM FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSES

SISTERS OF MARY SCHOOL-ADLAS INC. 2

 CBLM FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSES

Sector: METALS AND ENGINEERING

Qualification Title: Mechanical Processes

Unit of
Perform basic bench work
Competency:

Module Title: Performing Basic Bench Work

SISTERS OF MARY SCHOOL ADLAS INC.

Adlas, Silang 4118, Cavite

Tel: (046) 865-2546

______________________________

SISTERS OF MARY SCHOOL-ADLAS INC. 3

 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Welcome to the Module “Performing Basic Bench Work”. This module

contains training materials and activities for you to complete.

The unit of competency “perform basic bench work” contains knowledge,

skills and attitudes required as prerequisite for a Machining NCI course.

You are required to go through a series of learning activities to complete

each of the learning outcomes of the module. In each learning outcome, there
are Information Sheets, Job Sheets, and Activity Sheets. Follow these activities
on your own and answer the Self-Check at the end of each learning activity.

If you have questions, don’t hesitate to ask your facilitator for assistance.

Remember to:

 Work through all the information and complete the activities in each
section.

 Read information sheets and complete the self – check. Suggested

references are included to supplement the materials provided in this
module.

 Perform the Activity Sheets and Job Sheets to your facilitator for
evaluation and recording in the Accomplishment Chart. Outputs shall
serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency
Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had sufficient
practice, ask your Trainer to evaluate you. The results of your
assessment will be recorded in your Progress Chart and
Accomplishment Chart

After completing this module ask your teacher to assess your

competency. Result of your assessment will be recorded on your competency
profile. All the learning activities are designed for you to complete at your own
pace.

Inside this module, you will find the activities for you to complete
followed by relevant information sheets for each learning outcome. Each
learning outcome may have more than one learning activity.
 Module 1
Performing Basic Bench Work

Module Descriptors: This module covers the outcomes required in

performing basic bench work. It consists of learning competencies to
understand basic bench work such as hand tools in machining, drills and
drilling, hand threading which are prerequisites leading to a Machining NCI.

I. Content Standard/s: The learners are able to demonstrate basic bench

work.

II. Performance Standard/s: The learners are expected to produce nut.

III. Expected Learning Outcome/s: The learners are specifically expected to

show mastery on producing nut.

IV. Learning Competencies: In this module, the student is expected to

acquire and master the following competencies.

LESSON 1: Hand tools in machining

1. Classify hand tools in machining . Know-Why - AK

LESSON 2: Drills and drilling

1. Define the Drill press and twist drill. Know-What - AK
2. Explain the concept of drill point gauge, drills
Know-Why - AK
and drilling.
3. Identify the work and cutting tool holding devices
Know-Why - AK
use in drill press.
4. Demonstrate the drilling operations. Know-When - TL
5. Perform grinding to sharpen the drill bit. Know-When – TL
6. Produce Square Bar 25mmx25mmx70mm with
center drilling, drilling, counter sink, counter Know-When - TL
boring using drilling operations.

LESSON 3: Hand threading

1. Produce nut M12x1.75 Know-When - TL

V. Scriptural and Fr. Al’s Message.

Scriptural Message: Colossians 3:23

The beginning of work is from the beginning of time. God Himself worked for six days and
rested on the seventh. When God completed creation He called it “very good”. We are created
in the image of God and are designed to experience success and fulfillment through hard work!
As Christians, we should view our jobs as an opportunity to serve God through perseverance
and patience, and serve others through a Christ-like attitude.
 Fr. Al’s Message: Homily, July 21, 1991
VI. 21st Century Skills Integration
The most important element of a good and holy confession is the firm purpose of amendment
/ Communication / Information Management
and the determination never to commit this sin again. This is the real sign of true sorrow and
/ Collaboration & Teamwork / Occupational Health & Safety
contrition.
/ Hate the evil
Critical you have&done,
Thinking renounce it and loathe
Problem it. Hate lying,Literacy
Environmental stealing, greed,
impurity, disobedience,
Solving laziness, gluttony, any evil and anything offensive to God. Hate, loath,
reject/andLifelong
renounce them. Above
Learning all, firmly
& Career resolve /never
Skills to do these again. This firm
Entrepreneurship
resolution and this Innovation
Learning determination, never to repeat this mistake or this sin is the most
important element of the Sacrament of Confession.

VII. Integration SMS Goals

/ C – Christ-centeredness I – Innovativeness and Confidence
/ H – Honor and Leadership / S – Service and Joy
/ R – Responsibility and Excellence / T – Temperance and Obedience

VIII. List of Basic Competencies

No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code
1 Perform Bench work Performing Bench MEE722301
(Basic) work (Basic)
2 Turn Workpiece (Basic) Turning Workpiece MEE722302
(Basic)
3 Mill Workpiece (Basic) Milling Workpiece MEE722203
(Basic)
4 Grind Workpiece (Basic) Grinding Workpiece MEE722204
(Basic)
 LESSON 1: Hand tools in machining

I. Learning Competencies:
A. Classify hand tools in machining (Know-Why – AK)

II. Nominal Duration: 4.0 hours; 2 days

III. Contents:
1. Measuring tools
2. Loosening and tightening tools
3. Driving tools
4. Laying out/marking tools
5. Cleaning tools
6. Cutting tools
7. Bending, Holding, Twisting, Crimping tools
IV. Learning Outcome No. 1: Classify hand tools in machining

V. Assessment Criteria:

VI. Learning Conditions: You will have access to

1. Workplace location
2. Hand tools
3. Training materials

VII. Assessment Method:

KNOW-WHAT and KNOW-WHY

Information Sheet 1.1-1 Hand tools in machining

Introduction
Before proceeding on machining, operator must be familiarized with
different kinds of tools, tools and equipment’s are needed to lessen man’s effort
and to do the job easily. As a machinist you can produce a product with
accurate measurement using those tools
Selecting and using hand tools correctly will help you do job safely, with
a minimum expenditure of time. When a hand tool is used incorrectly, it can be
damaged; more importantly, you or someone else may be injured. It is to your
advantage to learn to work properly with hand tools.
 Hand tools in machining are used for everything from setting up machine
tools for operation, to repairing them.

Hand tools in machining classified as follows:

1. Measuring tools
2. Loosening and tightening tools
3. Driving tools
4. Laying out/marking tools
5. Cleaning tools
6. Cutting tools
7. Bending, Holding, Twisting, Crimping tools
What is measuring tools?

1. Measuring tools – is the device for measuring physical quantity to get the
exact value. (see Figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1: Measuring

tools
Care of Measuring Tools
Measuring tools are very delicate and expensive. Great care must be
taken during use and storage. Dropping precision tools will greatly affect
their accuracy and will frequently damage them beyond repair. Even small,
seemingly harmless bumps can cause them to not function properly. Keep
precision tools away from dust, grit, and moving machine parts during use.
It is good practice to store precision tools away from dust, dirt, and moisture
and to store them so that they do not touch other tools. When provided, use
cases in which to store precision tools and keep them clean and properly
lubricated to prevent rust and to keep them in smooth working order.
Precision tools treated with respect and care will provide a lifetime of reliable
service, while one moment of carelessness or misuse can quickly end their
lives.

KINDS OF MEASURING TOOLS

1.1. Steel Rule

Steel Rule (see Figure 1.2)
is a measuring strip of steel
available in various lengths in
metric and English system. It is
available in 12, 24, 36 and 48
inches size. It is used in linear
measurement of short length or Figure 1.2: Steel
height. rule

1.2. Micrometer
Micrometer (see Figure 2)
is a precision measuring tool
that uses a very accurate screw
thread to perform measurement.
It has one stationary point of
contact and another that moves
as the screw is rotated. A
graduated scale on the tool then Figure 1.2:
shows the distance between the Micrometer
two points of contact equal to the measurement. Micrometers come in many
different sizes and styles for different applications. Loosening and tightening
tools in machining

1.3. Vernier Caliper

An instrument for making accurate linear measurements was introduced

in 1631 by Pierre Vernier of France. Vernier calipers (see Figure 3) are widely
used in manufacturing for quality control measurements
It measures the:
• The length of a rod or any object
• The diameter of a sphere
• The internal and external diameter of a hollow cylinder
• The depth of a small beaker

Figure 1.1: Vernier caliper

1.4. Surface Plate

A surface plate (see Figure
4) is a flat plate that is used as
an accurate reference surface
with other precision tools to aid
with some measurement tasks.
Some older surface plates are
cast iron, but today most are
made of granite because granite Figure 4: Surface
is stable and the surface will not Plate
expand or contract with changes
in temperature. Further, unlike cast iron plates, granite will not rust or
develop surface irregularities from scratches or damage if something is
accidentally dropped on it. Surface plates are available in a wide range of
sizes. Some can even have threaded holes and slots for securing parts during
measuring. Figure 2.4.18 shows two granite surface plates.

1.5. Dial Indicator

A dial indicator, sometimes called a dial
indicator gage, is a tool that shows small movements
by displaying them with a needle on a graduated dial
face. Dial indicator graduations usually range from
0.001" to 0.00005". The smallest graduation will be
listed on the face of the indicator. A dial indicator looks
and works much like a car’s speedometer. The part of
the tool that touches a part to register movement is
called the contact. There are two general types of dial
indicators. One type uses a probe- or plunger-type
movement and is often called a plunge- or plunger-type
indicator. The other is called a test indicator and uses
a lever type movement. These two basic types are Figure 5: Dial
shown in Indicator

1.6. Go/No-Go Plug Gage

A go/no-go plug gage is used to check
whether a hole diameter is within tolerance.
Each end is called a member. The go member
verifies that a hole size is not below its
minimum allowable size and should always Figure 6: Go/No-Go Plug
enter the machined hole. The no-go member Gage
verifies that a hole is not over its maximum allowable size and should never
enter the hole. If either of these conditions is not met, the hole is not within
tolerance and the part should be considered a reject.

1.7. Thread Go/No-Go Plug Gages

Thread plug gages are similar to
ordinary plug gages except that the
members are threaded to check whether
threads meet required tolerances. Again,
the go member should always enter the
threaded hole, and the no-go member
should never enter the threaded hole. If
either condition is not met, the threaded Figure 7: Thread Go/No-Go Plug
hole is not within tolerance. Gages

1.8. Gage Blocks

Figure 8: Gage
Gage blocks are extremely accurately sized blocks with very smooth surfaces
that can be used for part inspection or to check the accuracy of other
precision measuring tools. They are normally purchased in sets with a
certain number of blocks of various sizes and are available in rectangular
and square versions.

1.9. Collars
Collars (see Figure 9) are graduated to read single depth; that is, the tool
moves as much as the reading shows. When turning a cylindrical object
such as much from the diameter (see Figure 9.1). For example, if the cross-
feed screw is turned in .020 in. and a cut is taken, the diameter will have
been reduced by .04 in. Sometimes only the compound is calibrated in this
way.

1.10.

Figure 9.1: the diameter of the workpiece

Figure 9: is reduced by twice the amount the tool is
Collars moved.
Digital Readout
Digital read out (see Figure 10) a numeric
display, usually with an integrated keyboard and
some means of numeric representation. Display
only actual machine movement, making
positioning easier and more accurate.

Figure 10: Digital Readout

(DRO)

What are the loosening and tightening tools?

2. Loosening and tightening tools - are tools that are used to tighten and
loosen threaded bolts and nuts with square or hexagonal gripping surfaces.
There are a wide variety of wrenches to perform the many tasks required by
the machinist.
 You must learn when and how to use each of these wrench types
correctly to avoid damaging equipment and injuring yourself. Make sure the
wrench fits the bolt or nut snugly. When possible, always pull the wrench
toward yourself so that if it slips, you won’t injure your hand. Don’t put an
extension on a wrench handle to increase leverage when the bolt or nut
doesn’t loosen. Don’t hammer on a wrench. When pulling on a wrench, keep
yourself in a balanced position so that you avoid your back, falling, or hitting
anything if the bolt or nut loosens suddenly. You may find that quick “snap”
or “jerk” from a balanced position will shock the fastener and make it easier
to loosen a bolt or nut.

KINDS OF LOOSENING AND TIGHTENING TOOLS

2.1 Open-End Wrench

Open-end wrench (see
1
Figure 11) are light-duty wrenches
with two parallel jaws that may be
slid onto a hex or square drive
surface. Most open-end wrenches
Figure 2: Open end wrench
position the gripping jaws at a 15-
degree angle to permit use in tight spaces. When you use these wrenches in
limited space, the wrench can be flipped over at the end of a stroke to enable
another stroke. Open-end wrenches grip the fastener with only two surfaces
and suffer from the tendency of the jaws to spread when great force is
applied.

2.2 Box-end Wrench

Box-end wrench (see 2Figure 12) are used when more torque must be
applied to the fastener. The end of this wrench completely encircles the bolt
or nut, giving the wrench more strength and eliminating the tendency of the
jaws to spread. Since these wrenches encircle the fastener, they must be slid
over the fastener from its end. These wrenches come in either 6- or 12-point
varieties. The 6-point style has a better contact area with the fastener
and is less likely to slip or round the corners of a fastener, but it can be
harder to fit on the fastener when there is a small amount of turning space.
The 12-point style can be
placed on the fastener at
more positions than the 6
point. Twelve-point
wrenches may also be Figure 3: Close end wrench
used on square drive fasteners.

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 2.3 Double-Ended Wrench
There are several types of double-ended wrench (see 3Figure 13-14).
Some have one box end and one open end of the same size for versatility and
are called combination wrenches. Others have two box ends or two open
ends of different sizes.

Figure 4:Double-ended wrench Figure 5: Some double-ended wrenches

2.4 Adjustable Wrench

The adjustable wrench (see
Figure 15) is a versatile tool but
must be properly adjusted to fit
the fastener snugly in order to
avoid damage to equipment and
Figure 6: Adjustable wrench
injury to you. Adjustable wrenches
come in many sizes, based on the
length of the handle. Adjustable wrenches grip the fastener in the same
manner as the open-end wrenches do, and therefore are susceptible to the
jaws spreading. Adjustable wrenches are even more likely to have jaw flex
due to the lack of a fixed jaw on one side. Adjustable wrench come in
different sizes and an be used when the specific sizes is not available.
It is important to adjust the wrench so it fits the bolt snugly. Pull the
wrench toward you with the adjustable jaw in the direction of rotation to
prevent injury if the wrench slips. Note when using adjustable wrench, rotate
it with the adjustable jaw in the direction of rotation (see Figure 9).

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 Figure 7: correct rotation of adjustable wrench

2.5 Socket Wrench

Socket wrenches (see Figure 17) are
made with a socket shaped like a box-end
wrench in a hollow cylinder on one end
and a square hole for attachment to a
handle in the other end. A solid or
ratcheting handle also has the square and
is used to transmit force to the socket by
pulling the handle. Ratchet handles have
the advantage of not having to be removed Figure 8: Socket Wrench
from the fastener each time a turn is made. Socket wrenches can have 6 or
12 contact points like box wrenches. Drive size is identified by the size of the
square, such as 1/4, 3/8, 1/2, or 3/4". The drive size of the socket must
match the drive size of the handle. Many accessories are available to allow a
socket to reach into difficult-to-reach places. Socket handles and accessories
are shown in Figure 3.3.12.

2.6 Spanner Wrench

Some threaded fasteners have holes or slots that are used for turning
the fastener. Spanner wrenches (see Figure 18) fit these holes or slots. A
hook spanner wrench has a hooked arm that fits into fasteners with slots,
while pin spanner
wrenches fit into fasteners with holes. Face spanner wrenches have pins that
fit into the face of a fastener.

2.7 Allen Wrench

Hex key wrenches (Figure 19) are used on socket head cap and set
 screws. They are frequently used on cutting toolholders

Figure 10: C-Spanner Wrench Figure 9: Allen Wrench

What is Driving Tools?

3.Driving Tools – are tools include a variety of steel tools used to install, repair
and maintain an object.

3.1 Hammers
Machinists frequently need hammers to tap objects into alignment,
drive pins, stamp objects, punch hole locations, and more. For general use,
hard-headed steel hammers are used. When it is important not to mar a
surface or damage a part, soft face hammers are used. Hammers should be
checked for unsafe conditions such as loose or damaged heads or cracked
handles. Many soft hammers have replaceable faces. Each type of hammer
comes in several sizes or weights. Safety glasses should always be worn
when using hammers. Hammers should not be struck against each other
chips may fly off.

3.2 Ball Peen

Ball Peen Hammers (see
4
Figure 20) are made in a variety
of sizes based on the weight of the
head. These hammers are dual
purpose, since they have two
heads for two different functions. Figure 11: Ball peen hammer
They have a striking face on one
end and a rounded end that can
be used for peening rivet heads or rough forming metal. The striking surface
is used for light or heavy striking tasks, ranging from prick punch use
during layout to striking chisels and punches.
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 3.3 Soft Face Hammer
Soft face hammer (see 5Figure
21)are used to strike surfaces that
could easily be damaged by hard
hammers. They are also used for Figure 12: Soft Face Hammer
delicate positioning tasks such as
alignment of parts on machine tools
before final tightening and machining or for assembling precision
components.

3.3 Soft Metal Hammer

Some hammer head are
made from soft metals like
brass and copper. These
hammers provide an option
between the gentle non-
marring nylon hammers and
the unyielding steel-headed
hammers. These can be used Figure 13: Soft Metal Hammer
on heavier work, but there is
more of a risk of damaging the workpiece. Another advantage of these non-
ferrous hammers is that they will not produce sparks when used to strike
other metal objects. (see 6Figure 22)

4. Laying out tools/Marking tools

4.1 Layout Fluid (Layout Dye)

The surface finish on many materials
may be rough, hard, or shiny. This can make it
hard to see layout lines. The solution to this
problem is to coat the material with layout
fluid, also called layout dye (see Figure 23).
The purpose of layout dye is to provide
contrast and make it easier to see your layout
lines. Layout dye is usually colored dark blue
or red to give good visibility to your layout
lines. The surface to be laid out should be
clean and free of burrs before you apply
layout dye. Layout dye is available in aerosol
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Figure 14:Layout Fluid
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spray, brush-cap bottles, or felt-tip applicators.. After application, layout
fluid dries quickly, so you will only need to wait a few moments to begin your
layout. Caution! layout fluid contains some hazardous materials, so review
the MSDS provided by the manufacturer for safety precautions. They will
include working in an area with good ventilation, wearing safety glasses, and
avoiding flame or ignition sources. Be sure to replace the lid on the container
as soon as you are finished to avoid spills and to contain vapors.

4.2 Scribers
used to mark straight layout lines is the scriber. Scribers (see Figure
24) have a sharp, fine point on one or both ends made of hardened steel or
tungsten
carbide. Double-ended scribers have one point bent at a right angle to help
mark hard-to-reach locations. To keep the point of a steel scriber sharp,
hone
it on a bench stone. Dull scribers do not make clear lines. When you scribe a
line, draw it once. Going over the line several times causes wide, inaccurate
lines and dulls the scriber. The scriber should be tilted (see Figure 25) so
that the point contacts the guiding edge of the measuring tool to scribe a
neat, accurate line. Drag or pull the scriber instead of pushing it. Pushing a
scriber can cause it to
bounce and produce irregular lines.

Figure 24: Scriber Figure 15: A scriber in use

4.3 Combination Square

The square head and blade (or rule) of
the combination set are called the
combination square (see Figure 26). It can be
used in semiprecision layout operations to
scribe straight lines and to lay out lines that
are perpendicular, or square, to the edge of a
workpiece or to other lines. Place the square
head against the edge of a piece of material
and use the blade (rule) to guide a scriber to Figure 16: Combination Square
scribe the line.

4.4 Center Head

The center head (see Figure 27) is used to
find the center of a cylindrical part. The center
head is assembled to the rule or blade and then
laid across the end of the part. The rule will then
cross the center of the cylindrical part. By
scribing intersecting lines across the end of the
part, you can find the center point of the part
diameter.
Figure 17:Center Head

4.5 Divider
The divider is used to draw circles, radii, and arcs.
Dividers have two legs with scribe points that are
adjustable for different sizes. The easiest way to set a
divider is to lightly place one point in the inch mark of a
rule and then adjust the divider to the desired radius.
Then, one point of the divider is placed at the center
point of the arc or radius and the other point is used to
scribe the circle or arc. Dividers are made in several
sizes for diameters up to around 2 feet.

4.6 Prick and Center Punches

 The prick punch can be used to mark the intersections of lines that
locate the center points of circles or arcs. Having this small indention at the
center point to steady one point of the divider or trammel makes it easier to
scribe.
Center punch used in making initial marked or guide Figure 28: Scriber
before starting drilling.

4.7 Steel Protractor

The steel protractor is another tool used to lay out angles in semi-
precision layout work. The head of this protractor is graduated from 0 to 180
degrees like a combination set protractor. The advantage of the plain
protractor is that it is smaller and flatter, and this can enable angle layout in
places that a combination set protractor won’t fit.

4.8 Trammel
Trammels are used to lay out circles or arcs that are too large for dividers.
Trammels are composed of two sliding scribers, which are mounted on a long
rod called the beam. They are used in the same way as dividers.

Figure 29: Prick and Center Punch Figure 18: Steel Protractor Figure 3119: Trammel

5. Cleaning tools
 5.1 Brushes ( fiber and wire) - are thin strips of metal/Fiber inserted in a
wooden or plastic stock. It is used to remove rust, hard to remove dirt and
grime with sweeping action. (see Figure 29-30)

Figure 20: Wire/Steel Brush

Figure 21:Fiber Brush

5.2 Scraper - is a flat thin sheet of metal with wooden or plastic handle. It is
used to scrape hard to remove dirt or stubborn grime or plastic sticker.( see
Figure 31)

5.3 Wiping cloth/ Rags -

s a fibrous cloth used in
cleaning and wiping dirt
and dust.( see Figure
32)

Figure 23: Wiping Cloth Figure 22: Scraper

6. Cutting tools

6.1 Hacksaw
Hacksaw - is an
excellent tool for cutting
bolts, tubing and light to
fairly thick metal. It has a
light frame handle with
blade connected to both ends of
Figure 24: Hacksaw
the frame. Depending on the type of work to be cut, a
hacksaw blade tooth per inch (TPI) determines the extent of metal to be cut.
It comes in 14, 18, 24, 32 teeth per inch. The lower the number, the lesser
the number of TPI and the greater its cutting ability.
6.2 Tin Snip
Tin snip - is a scissor shaped tool used for cutting thin sheets of metal
(See Figure 34).

6.3 Hand Taps

Hand Taps and Threading Dies – use to produced internal and external
thread manually

Figure 25: Tin Snip

Figure 26:Hand Taps

6.4 Drill bit, Center drill, End-mil, Tool bit

 Twist Drill, Center Drill, End-mil – cutting tools used to cut and drill
material.

Figure 28:End mill Figure 27:Center drill

Figure 29:Drill bit Figure 30: Tool bits

7. Bending, Holding, Twisting, Crimping tools

Pliers
Pliers are used by machinists for a wide variety of holding and cutting
tasks. There are several types, and they each have specific tasks they are
used for. Pliers are not made to be used as wrenches. Some pliers come
equipped with a cutting feature that can be used to cut wire.

7.1 Slip Joint Pliers

Slip joint pliers are used in many holding tasks. The slip joint enables
the pliers to open wider in order to hold larger work.

7.2 Long/Needle Nose Pliers

Needle nose pliers are also commonly used by machinists. The jaws on
needle nose pliers taper toward the end to allow them to be used for holding
small work. Some needle nose pliers have curved jaws to get into tight
spaces. Needle nose pliers may also be used by machinists for removing
stringy chips from a lathe, but they should not be used around a machine in
motion.
7.3 Vise/Locking Pliers
When pliers with a very high gripping power are needed, adjustable ocking
pliers are used. These piers are adjusted to desired jaw opening size by
rotating an adjusting screw in the andle. They may then be clamped on the
workpiece by squeezing the handles. These pliers contain a mechanism that
holds them in the clamped position so the user doesn’t need to. They are
released by pressing a lever on the handle.

7.4 Tongue and Groove Pliers

Sometimes pliers need to have the ability to hold larger sized
workpieces. These pliers have tongue-and-groove joints that enable them to
be adjusted to various gripping ranges while the jaws are kept parallel to
each other.

7.5 Side Cutting Pliers

Side cutting pliers, also known as linemen’s pliers, have broad, flat
jaws and are used for gripping as well as cutting wire and pins.

7.6 Diagonal Cutters

Diagonal cutters are used for light cutting of wire and pins. The
cutting edge angle allows these cutters to cut nearly flush with a work
surface.
Vise/locking
Side cutting
Slip joint grip
plier

Tongue and
Long/needle groove Diagonal
nose Cutter
Figure 31:Different kinds of pliers

FIGURE 3.3.2 From left to right: Slip joint, needle nose, locking,
tongue and groove, side cutting or lineman’s pliers, and
diagonal cutters. ©Cengage Learning 2012

7.7 Bench Vise - a device for holding and bending pieces of metal. It consists
of one fixed and one movable jaw operated by a clamping action of the screw.

7.8 V-Block
 V- block – it is used to hold round work and that is provided with U-shaped
clamps to hold the work securely.

Figure 32:Bench vice Figure 33:V-block

Self-Check 1.1-1

Classification
Directions: On each number, underline the word that doesn’t belong to the
group.

1. Vernier Caliper, Steel rule, Wrench

2. C-Spanner, Bench Vise, Open ended Wrench
3. V-Block, Layout Fluid, Scriber
4. Side Cutting Pliers, Scraper, Wiping Cloth
5. Gage Blocks, Digital Readout, Twist Drill

Answer Key (Self-Check 1.1-1)

1. Vernier Caliper, Steel rule, Wrench

2. C-Spanner, Bench Vise, Open ended Wrench
3. V-Block, Layout Fluid, Scriber
4. Side Cutting Pliers, Scraper, Wiping Cloth
5. Gage Blocks, Digital Readout, Twist Drill
 LESSON 2: Drills and drilling

I. Learning Competencies:
A. Define drill press and twist drill
B. Explain the concept of drills and drilling
C. Identify the holding devices se in drill press
D.Demonstrate the drilling operations
E. Perform grinding to sharpen the drill bit
F. Produce Square Bar 25mmx25mmx70mm with center drilling, drilling,
counter sink, counter boring using drilling operations

II. Nominal Duration: 10 days; 2 weeks

III. Contents:
A. Drill press
B. Twist Drill
C. Drilling
D. Drill point gauge
E. Drilling operation
F. Cutting tool holding devices
G. Work holding devices
H. Drill sharpening procedures

IV. Learning Outcome No. 1:

V. Assessment Criteria:

VI. Learning Conditions: You will have access to

1. Workplace location
2. Hand tools
3. Training materials
4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

VII. Assessment Method:

 KNOW-WHY, KNOW-HOW and KNOW-WHEN

Information Sheet 1.2-1-4 Drills and Drilling

Introduction

What is drills and drilling?

1. Drills and drilling

drill rotates into the material being machined and drilling may be
classed as a turning operation. A drill press performs as a rough turning
tool, it can remove more metal per minute per pound of its weight than any
other tool.

Machining maybe analyzed in terms of the following variables, which

must be carefully controlled to achieve optimum machinability:
 The behavior of the work material in cutting
 Operating characteristic of the tool
 The performance of cutting too itself

What is drill press machine?

.1 Drill Press Machine – operates by rotating a

cutting tool, or drill, against the material
with enough pressure to cause the drill to
penetrate the material.

What is twist drill?

Figure 2.1: Drill press machine

 2.2 Twist drill – are rotary-end cutting tools with two or more cutting lips
and two or more helical or straight flutes for removal of chips.

Figure 34: Parts of twist drill

Three Major Parts of twist drill:

 Point – the entire cone shaped of the cutting end.
 Body – from the point extend to the shank.
 Shank – end of the drills fits into the holding device that revolves the
drill (can be tapered or straight)

Other Parts:
 Dead center or web -the extreme top end of the drill point
forming the one sharp edge. Acts as a flat drill that cuts its own
hole in the workpiece.
 Lips – the cutting edges of the drill point, extending from the center to
the periphery.
 Lip angle or point angle – gives an included angle of 118 degrees for
general used.
 Flutes – are the helical groves running along opposite sides of the
drill.
 Margin – the area lies on the full diameter of the drill.
 Land – periphery of the portion of the drill body not cut away.

What is drill point gauge?

2.3 Drill point gauge – is used to check the angle and length of drills lips
 Figure 36: Drill point gauge Figure 35: Drill point gauge

How to Sharpen Drill Bits?

2.4 Drill Sharpening Procedures

Twist drill points will wear as they are used, and may become damaged,
so it is important to know how to re-sharpen drills by hand to keep them
sharp and reduce tool replacement cost. Twist drills can be re-sharpened
many, many times before they need to be replaced. Follow these basic steps
to sharpen a drill point using a bench or pedestal grinder.

1. Hold the drill with the cutting lip up, at 59 degrees to the wheel face,
and with the shank slightly lower than the tip. Hold the drill at 59° to
the wheel face with the tip slightly higher than the shank.
 Figure 37: Handling of twist drill in 59-degree angle

2. Lightly touch the lip against the wheel and lower the shank end of the
drill to move from the lip toward the heel. Apply more pressure when
moving toward the heel to create the 8- to 12-degree lip clearance.
(See the Figure ) Back the drill away from the wheel and repeat the
process two to three times. Lower the shank and increase pressure to
move from the lip toward the heel.
3. Repeat with the other lip and as needed to remove any wear or chips
at the cutting edge.
4. Check the drill point angle and lip length with a drill point gage and
grind as needed to create the proper angle and make both lips the
same length.
5. Check the angle of the dead center and the lip clearance
with a protractor.
 6. Check the angle of the dead center and the lip clearance
with a protractor.

Factors to be consider in grinding twist drill

 Lip clearance – is the relief given the cutting edge of the drill so that
the metal behind them will not rub against the bottom of the hole
 Length and angle of the lips – must be ground equally.
 Location of the dead center on the central axis.

Recommended point angles for the different materials

What is Drilling?

2.5 Drilling - is a process used

extensively by which through or blind
holes are originated or enlarged in a
Work piece (WP). This process
involves feeding a rotating cutting
tool (drill) along its axis of rotation
into a stationary WP.
Drilling Allied Operations - Drilling allied or alternative operations such
as core drilling, center drilling, counter boring, counter sinking, spot
facing, reaming, tapping, and other operations can also be performed
on drill press machines.

 Core drilling- is performed for the purpose of enlarging holes, Higher

dimensional and form accuracy and improved surface quality can be
obtained by this operation.
 Counter boring and countersinking- are used for machining
cylindrical and tapered recesses in previously drilled holes. Such
recesses are used for embedding the heads of screws and bolts, when
these heads must not extend over the surface.
 Spot facing is the process of finishing the faces of bosses for
washers, thrust rings, nuts, and other pieces
 Center drilling - is a combined operation of drilling and
countersinking. Center drills are used for making initial center holes
in blanks and shaft
 Reaming - is a hole-finishing process intended to true up the hole to
obtain high dimensional and form accuracy. Although it is
recommended to be performed after core drilling, it may be performed
after drilling.
  Gun Drilling - is a deep hole drilling process that uses a long, thin
cutting tool to produce holes in metal at high depth-to-diameter
ratios.

What is drill holding devices?

The revolving vertical spindle of the drilling machine holds and drives
the cutting tool. In order to use various sizes and shapes of drills in various
machines three types of drill holding devices, which fit the spindle of the
drilling machines that used three types
of drill holding devices:
1. the geared drill chuck/ drill chuck
2. the drill sleeve
3. the drill socket

Geared Drill Chuck/Drill Chuck

Drills with straight shanks are held in geared drill chucks which have three
adjustable jaws to clamp onto the drill. Smaller size drills are made with
straight shanks because of the extra cost of providing these sizes if tapered.
Geared drill chucks come in various sizes, with the 3/8 or 1/2-inch capacity
chuck being the most common. The shank of the chuck is set into the spindle
of the drilling machine by inserting the chuck's shank into the spindle's
internal taper and seating the shank into the taper with a light blow with a soft
hammer. Both the internal and external taper surfaces must be clean and free
of chips for the shank to seat and lock properly. The drill is locked into the
chuck by using the chuck key to simultaneously tighten the three chuck jaws.
Geared drill chucks can also come with a morse tapered shank and may have a
different method of attaching They may screw on, have a Jarno taper, or a
Jacob's back taper.
Drill key- is used to remove and replace the small drill bit in gear drill
chuck
Drill sockets and Drill Sleeves

Morse taper shank drills come in several sizes, thus, adapters must be used
for mounting them into various drilling machine spindles. Drill sleeves and drill
sockets are designed to add to or subtract from the Morse taper for fitting a
drill into the chuck spindle. For example, it is common for a 3/4 inch twist drill
to have a Morse taper of size #2, #3, or #4. It is also common for a drilling
machine spindle to have a Morse taper of size #3 or #4, and it can be adapted
for many other Morse taper sizes, depending on the size of the drill.

A drill too small for the machine spindle may be fitted into a socket or sleeve
which has a taper hole of the proper size to hold the drill and a taper shank of
the proper size to fit the drill spindle. Sometimes, more than one socket or
sleeve is needed to build up the shank to tit into
the drilling machine spindle. Sockets and
sleeves may be obtained in a number of
different sizes and hole shank taper
combinations. Sockets, sleeves, and taper
shank drills are mounted into the aligning slots
of the spindle and lightly tapped with a soft
hammer to seat in place.

Drill Drifts

Drill drifts are flat, tapered keys with one rounded edge that are designed to
fit into a spindle chuck's slot to force a tapered shank drill loose. The rounded
top of the small end of the drill drift is designed to face upward while inserting
the drift into the slot. There are two types of drill drifts, the standard type and
the safety type (Figure 6-23). The standard drift must be inserted into the
chuck's slot and then struck with a soft hammer to jar the taper shank drill
loose. The drill will fall quickly if not held by the hand and could break or
cause injury. The safety drill drift has a sliding hammer weight on the drift
itself to allow for a free hand to stay constantly on the drill as it comes loose.

What is Work Holding Devices?

Work Holding and Drilling Devices

Work holding devices are used to hold the work steady for an accurate hole
to be drilled, and so a safe drilling operation can be accomplished. Drilling
support devices are used to keep the workpiece above the worktable or vise
surface and to keep the workpiece aligned for drilling. Some devices are fairly
simple and are used for drilling operations that do not require a perfect hole.
Other devices are very intricate and designed for more accurate drilling. Many
work holding devices are used with one another to produce the most stable
work setup for drilling

Machine Table Vises is equipped with jaws which clamp against the
workpiece, holding it secure. The vise can be bolted to the drilling table or the
tail can be swung around to lay against the column to hold itself steady. Below
are listed many types of special purpose machine table vises available to
machine operators.

Standard vise - is the simplest of all vises.

It is equipped with two precision ground
jaws for holding onto the work and a lead
screw to tighten the one movable jaw to the
work.

Swivel vise - is a machine vise that has an

adjustable base that can swivel through
360° on a horizontal plane.
Angle vise - is very similar to the table vise. except this vise can be tilted to
90°. to be perpendicular to the work table.

Clamps - Clamps are small, portable vises or plates which bear against the
workpiece and holding devices to steady the job. Clamps are made in
numerous shapes to meet various work-holding needs. Common types of
clamps:

 C-clamp,
 Parallel clamp
 Clamp or straps

C- Clamp – convenient for on small machine where T-Bolt cannot be used.

Parallel clamp - Hardened and tempered jaws that useful for holding small
work, Heads are drilled allowing use of a pin for tightening.
Clamp or strap – ample assortment is required to use this in mounting work
on the drill press table.

V-Blocks

V-blocks are precision made blocks with special slots made to anchor clamps
that hold objects. The V-slot of the block is designed to hold round object
securely. The V-block and clamp set is usually used to hold and drill round
stock.

Angle Plates
Angle plates – another supporting device used in drilling and other operations.
Holes and slots are provided to clamp or bolt the plate to the table and to
secure the workpiece firmly to the angle metal.

JIGS
1. Drill jig –it is used when several pieces of work have to be drilled alike.
Useful for mass production.
 Drill jigs are devices designed for production drilling jobs. The workplaces
are clamped into the jig so that the holes will be drilled in the same location on
each piece. The jig may guide the drill through a steel bushing to locate the
holes accurately.

DRILLING SUPPORT DEVICES

These devices are important to keep the workpiece parallel while being
supported above the worktable or vise surface and to keep the drill from
cutting into the holding device or worktable. The following two devices are the
most common used.

Blocks are used with clamps to aid in securing and supporting the work. These
blocks are usually precision ground of hard steel for long life.

Step Blocks - Holding devices are built like stairs to allow for height
adjustments in mounting drilling jobs and are used with strap clamps and long
T-slot bolts
Step blocks – used to support properly and securely the end of the strap clamp.

Parallels are precision ground rectangular bars are used to keep the workpiece
parallel with the worktable when the workpiece must be raised above the
worktable surface, such as when drilling completely through a workpiece
(Figure 6-26). Parallels come in matched sets and can be solid or adjustable as
needed.
1. Parallel bars – are accurately machined bars made in pairs.
T-SLOT BOLTS

These specially made bolts have a T-shaped head that is designed to slide
into the T-slots of the drilling machine's worktable. A heavy duty washer and
nut are used with the T-bolt to secure the work.

T- Bolts – are inserted to fasten the work or a work holding devices.

Nuts - are almost always used in conjunction with a mating bolt to fasten
multiple parts together

Drilling Process

After a workpiece is laid out and properly mounted, the drilling process
can begin. The drilling process, or complete operation, involves selecting
the proper twist drill or cutter for the job, properly installing the drill into
the machine spindle, setting the speed and feed, starting the hole on
center, and drilling the hole to specifications within the prescribed
tolerance. Tolerance is the allowable deviation from standard size. The
drilling process must have some provisions for tolerance because of the
oversizing that naturally occurs in drilling. Drilled holes are always slightly
oversized, or slightly larger than the diameter of the drill's original
designation. For instance, a l/4-inch twist drill will produce a hole that
may be several thousandths of an inch larger than l/4-inch.

Oversizing is due to several factors that affect the drilling process: the
actual size of the twist drill, the accuracy of the drill point, the accuracy of
the machine chuck and sleeve, the accuracy and rigidity of the drilling
machine spindle, the rigidity of the entire drilling machine, and the rigidity
of the workpiece and setup. Field and maintenance shop drilling operations
allow for some tolerance, but oversizing must be kept to the minimum by
the machine operator.

Selecting the Drill

Selecting the proper twist drill means getting the right tool for the job
(see Table 6-2 in Appendix A). The material to be drilled, the size of that
material, and the size of the drilled hole must all be considered when
selecting the drill. Also, the drill must have the proper lip angles and lip
clearances for the job. The drill must be clean and free of any burrs or
chips. The shank of the drill must also be clean and free of burrs to fit into
the chuck. Most drills wear on the outer edges and on the chisel point, so
these areas must be checked, and resharpened if needed, before drilling
can begin. If the twist drill appears to be excessively worn, replace it.

Installing the Drill

Before installing the drill into the

drilling machine spindle, clean the
spindle socket and drill shank of all dirt,
chips, and burrs. Use a small tile inside
the socket to remove any tough burrs.
Slip the tang of the drill or geared drill
chuck into the sleeve and align the tang
into the keyway slot (Figure 6-30).

Tap the end of the drill lightly with a

soft hammer to seat firmly. Another
method used to seat the drill into the
sleeve is to place a block of wood on the
machine table and force the drill down
onto the block.
 Figure 6-30. Installing a taper shank drill.

Selecting Drill Speed

Speed refers to the revolutions per minute (RPM) of the drilling machine
spindle. For drilling, the spindle should rotate at a set speed that is
selected for the material being drilled. Correct speeds are essential for
satisfactory drilling. The speed at which a drill turns and cuts is called the
peripheral speed. Peripheral speed is the speed of a drill at its
circumference expressed in surface feet per minute (SFPM). This speed is
related to the distance a drill would travel if rolled on its side. For example,
a peripheral speed of 30 feet per minute means the drill would roll 30 feet
in 1 minute if rolled on its side.

It has been determined through experience and experiment that various

metals machine best at certain speeds; this best speed for any given metal
is what is known as its cutting speed (CS) (see Table 4-2) in Appendix A. If
the cutting speed of a material is known, then a simple formula can be
used to find the recommended RPM of the twist drill.

The slower of the two recommended speeds is used for the following
formulas due to the varying conditions that may exist, such as the rigidity
of the setup, the size of the drilling machine, and the quality of finish.

RPM = CSx4
D

Where RPM = drill speed in revolutions per minute.

CS = Recommended cutting speed in surface feet per minute.
4 = A constant in all calculations for RPM(except metric).
D = The diameter of the drill itself.

For example, if a 1/2-inch (0.500-inch) twist drill is to cut aluminum,

the formula would be setup as follows:
RPM = 200 X 4 = 800 = 1600 RPM
.500 .500

Thus, the drilling machine would be set up to drill as close to 1,600

RPM as possible. It is best to use the machine speed that is closest to the
recommended RPM. When using the metric system of measurement, a
different formula must be used to find RPM:
 RPM = CS (m) x 320
D (mm)

Where RPM = Drill speed in revolutions per minute.

CS = Recommended cutting speed in surface meters per minute.

320 = A constant for all metric RPM calculations.
D = Diameter of the twist drill in millimeters.

For example, if a 15-mm twist drill is to cut medium-carbon steel, with a

recommended cutting speed of 21.4 meters per minute, the formula would
be set up as follows:

RPM= 21.4 x 320 = 6848

15 15

RPM = 21.4 x320 = 6848 = 456.533 RPM or 457 RPM

5 15

Round this RPM up or down to the nearest machine speed.

The speeds on these tables are just recommendations and can be
adjusted lower if needed, or to higher speeds if conditions permit.

Selecting Drill Feed

Feed is the distance a drill travels into the workpiece during each
revolution of the spindle. It is expressed in thousandths of an inch or in
millimeters. Hand-feed drilling machines have the feed regulated by the
hand pressure of the operator; thus, the skill of the operator will determine
the best feeds for drilling. Power feed drilling machines have the ability to
feed the drill into the work at a preset depth of cut per spindle revolution,
so the best feeding rate can be determined (see Table 4-4 in Appendix A).

The selection of the best feed depends upon the size of the drill, the
material to be drilled, and the condition of the drilling machine. Feed
should increase as the size of the drill increases. After starting the drill into
the workpiece by hand, a lever on the power-feed drilling machine can be
activated, which will then feed the drill into the work until stopped or
disengaged. Too much feed will cause the drill to split; too little feed will
cause chatter, dull the drill, and possibly harden the workpiece so it
becomes more difficult to drill. Drills 1/2 inch or smaller can generally be
hand-fed, while the larger drills require more downward torque and should
be power-fed.

Aligning and Starting Holes

 To start a twist drill into the workpiece, the point of the drill must be
aligned with the center-punched mark on the workpiece. Some drilling
operations may not require a precise alignment of the drill to the work, so
alignment can be done by lining up the drill by hand and eye alone. If a
greater precision in centering alignment is required, than more preparation
is needed before starting to drill.

Starting Holes with Center Drill

The best method to align and start a hole is to use the combination
countersink and drill, known as the center drill (Figure 6-31). Set the
drilling machine speed for the diameter of the tip of the center drill, start
the machine, and gently lower the center drill into contact with the work,
using hand and eye coordination. The revolving center drill will find the
center punched mark on the workpiece and properly align the hole for
drilling. The depth of the center-drilled hole should be no deeper than two
third the length of the tapered portion of the center drill.

Drawing a Drill Back on Center

Often, the drill will not be on center,

sometimes due to a poorly made center-punched
mark or a hard spot on the metal. To draw the
twist drill back to the position desired (Figure 6-
31), a sharp chisel is used to make one or more
nicks or grooves on the side toward which the
drill is to be drawn. The chisel marks will draw
the drill over because of the tendency of the drill
to follow the line of least resistance. After the
chisel mark is made, the drill is again hand-fed
into the work and checked for being on center.
This operation must be completed before the drill
point has enlarged the hole to full diameter or the
surface of the workpiece will be marred by a
double hole impression.

Figure 6-31. Drawing a drill back on center.

DRILLING
 After the drill has been aligned and the hole started, then insert the
proper size drill (Figure 6-32) and continue drilling into the workpiece
(Figure 6-33), while applying cutting fluid. The cutting fluid to use will
depend on what material is being machined (see Table 4-3 in Appendix A).
Use the cutting fluids freely.

Drilling Deep Holes

If the depth of the hole being drilled is greater than four times the
diameter of the drill, remove the drill from the workpiece at frequent
intervals to clean the chips from the flutes of the drill and the hole being
drilled. A slight increasing speed and decrease in feed is often used to give
the chips a greater freedom of movement. In deep hole drilling, the flutes of
the smaller drills will clog up very quickly and cause the drill to drag in the
hole, causing the diameter of the hole to become larger than the drill
diameter. The larger drills have larger flutes which carry away chips easier.

When the depth of the hole being drilled is four times the diameter of
the drill itself, remove the drill at frequent intervals and clean the chips
from the flutes of the drill and from the hole being drilled.

Drilling a Pilot Hole

As the drill size increases, both the size of the

web and the width of the chisel edge increase (Figure
6-34). The chisel edge of drill does not have a sharp
cutting action, scraping rather than cutting occurs. In
larger drills, this creates a considerable strain on the
machine. To eliminate this strain when drilling a large
hole, a pilot hole is drilled first (Figure 6-34) and then
followed with the larger drill. A drill whose diameter is
wider than the web thickness of the large drill is used
for the pilot hole. This hole should be drilled accurately as the larger drill
will follow the small hole.

A pilot drill can also be used when average-sized holes are to be

drilled on small drilling machines. The small" machine may not have
enough power to drive the larger drill through the metal. Avoid making the
pilot drilled hole much wider than the web of the larger drill. Too wide of a
pilot drilled hole may cause the larger drill cutting lips to grab and snag
which may cause excessive chatter or an out-of-round hole.

Drilling Thin Material

When drilling thin workpieces, such as sheet metal, place another

piece of metal or wood under the workpiece to provide support and prevent
bending the workpiece or ruining the hole due to the up thrust created
when the drill breaks through.

If thin metal must be drilled and a support cannot be rigged under the
thin metal, then a drill designed for thin metal, such as a low helix drill
with zero rake angle, commonly called a sheet metal drill, must be used.

Using a Depth Stop

The depth stop mechanism on the

drilling machine (Figure 6-35) should be
used whenever drilling to a desired
depth, and to prevent the twist drill from
traveling too far after cutting through
the workpiece. The depth stop is
designed to be used whenever a number
of holes of the same depth are to be
drilled, or when drilling holes deep into
the workpiece (blind holes). Make sure
that drills are chucked tightly to avoid
slipping and changing the depth setting. Most depth stops have away to
measure the distance that the drill travels. Some may have a fractional
gage on the depth stop rod, and some may have a micrometer dial located
on the depth stop for very precise measurements.

Checking the Depth of Drilled Holes

 To accurately check
the depth of a drilled hole,
the length of the sides of
the hole must be
measured. Do not
measure from the bottom
point of the hole (Figure
6-36). A thin depth gage
is inserted into the hole,
along the side, and the measurement taken. If the hole is too small for the
gage to fit down into it then a twist drill of the same size as the hole can be
inserted into the hole upside down, then removed and measured with a
rule. Clean all chips and coolant from the holes before attempting any
depth measurement.

Figure 6-36. Checking the depth of drilled holes.

Drilling Round Stock

When drilling shafts, rods, pipes, dowels, or other

round stock, it is important to have the center punch
mark aligned with the drill point (Figure 6-37). Use V-
blocks to hold the round stock for center punching and
drilling. Align the center of the round stock with a
square or by lining the workpiece up with the twist drill
point. Another method to drill round stock is to use a V-
block drill jig that automatically centers the work for
drilling.

Operational Checks

After the hole is drilled to specifications, always back the drill out of
the hole and shut off the machine. Allowing a drill to run on in the hole will
cause the hole to be oversized. At any time during the drilling process, a
problem could occur. If so, it should be fixed as soon as possible to avoid
any damage or injury. Operators must observe the drilling machine for any
excessive vibration or wobble, overheating of the electric motor, and
unusual noises coming from the machine. A high-pitched squeal coming
from the drill itself may indicate a dull drill. A groaning or rumbling sound
may indicate that the drill is overloaded, and the feed needs to be reduced.
A chattering sound may indicate an off-center drill or a poorly sharpened
drill. These or other noises could also be caused by internal parts of the
machine. Consult the operator's manual and correct all problems before
attempting to continue drilling.

Operation Sheet 1.2-4

Title: Drill sharpening procedures

Performance Objectives: Perform grinding to sharpen the drill bit

Supplies/Materials:
1. Drill bit
2. Drill point gauge
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Equipment: Bench Grinder

Steps/Procedure:
1. Grasp the drill shank with your right hand and the rest of the drill
with your left hand.
2. Place your left-hand fingers that are supporting the drill on the
grinder tol rest. The tool rest should be slightly below center (about 1”
down on a 7” diameter wheel, for example).
3. Stand so the centerline of the f=drill will be at a 59 degree angle to
the centerline of the wheel, Figure. Lightly touch the drill lip to the wheel in
a horizontal position.
4. Use your left hand as a pivot point and slowly lower the shank
with your right hand. Increase pressure as the heel is reached to ensure
proper clearance.
5. Repeat the operation on each lip until the drill is sharpened. Do
not quench high-speed steel drills in water to cool them. Allow them to cool
in air.
6. Check the drill tip frequently with a drill point gage to ensure a
correctly sharpened drill. Sharpening a drill is not as difficult as it may first
appear. However, before attempting to sharpen a drill, secure a properly
sharpened drill and run through the motions explained above. When you
have acquired sufficient skill, sharpen a dull drill. To test, drill a hole in
soft metal and observe the chip formation. When properly sharpened, chips
will come out of the flutes in curled spirals of equal size and length.
Tightness of the chip spiral is governed by the rake angle,FIGURE A
standard drill point has a tendency to stick when used to drill brass. When
brass is drilled, sharpen the drill as shown in FIGURE

Performance Criteria Checklist 1.2-4

Name:________________________________________ Section:_____
____ __
YE N
Did I…
S O
Use proper PPE?

Follow drill sharpening procedures?

Properly sharpened drillbit?

Test if the chips come out of the flutes is in

curled spirals of equal size and length.
 Job Sheet 1.2-5

Title: Produce square bar with application of drilling process

Performance Objectives: Produce Square Bar with center drilling,
drilling, counter sink, counter boring using drilling operations

Supplies/Materials:
1. Drill bit size (8mm dia., 12mm dia.)
2. Drill point gauge
3. Drill Press machine
4. Square Bar 25mmx25mmx70mm, CRS
5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Equipment: Drill press

Steps/Procedure:

1. Prepare the PPE and tools needed.

2. Cut square bar in the required length with allowance
3. Apply drilling process
4. Always observe safety while performing drilling operations
5. Submit your work for evaluation and feed back

Performance Criteria Using Analytic Rubrics

Name: Section:
__________________________________________________________ __________________
Scale
Criteria Criteri Rating
Mastery
1. ________________ 4 a
Level
_______ 1
Approachin
2. ________________ 3 2
g Mastery Level
_______ 3
Apprentice
3. ________________ 2 4
Level
_______
Beginner’s Score
4. ________________ 1
Level
_______
Criteria 1: ___________________
4
3
2
1
Criteria 2: ___________________
4
3
2
 1
Criteria 3: ___________________
4
3
2
1
Criteria 4: ___________________
4
3
2
1

LESSON 3: Hand Threading

I. Learning Competencies:
A. Define thread and importance of thread
B. Identify parts and function of thread
C. Differentiate tap and die
D.Produce nut(M12x1.75)
II. Nominal Duration: 10 days; 2 weeks

III. Contents:
A. Thread
B. Importance of thread
C. Parts and function of thread
D. Tap and die
E. Perform external thread using tapping
F. Perform internal thread using die

IV. Learning Outcome No. 1:

V. Assessment Criteria:

VI. Learning Conditions: You will have access to

1.1. Workplace location
1.2. Hand tools
1.3. Training materials
1.4. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

VII. Assessment Method:

 KNOW-WHAT, KNOW-WHY and KNOW-WHEN
Information Sheet 3.1-2 to 4 Drills and Drilling

Introduction

What is thread?
What is the importance of thread?
What are the parts and function of thread?
What is tap?
What is die?

1. Drill press vise – is used on the drill press table to hold and support the
work to be machined
References:

https://smithy.com/machining-handbook/chapter-6/page/6 (drill holding devices)