.

Consider the f ow of air and water in pipes of the same diameter, at the same temperature, and at
the same mean ve ocity. Which f ow is more ike y to be turbu ent? Why?

The viscous force causes this stabi ization of f ow, a owing them to move in ayers one upon another in
order. Changing kinematic viscosity a one wi change its reyno d’s number. t is a non-dimensiona
number that compares diffusion time sca e over inertia time sca e. The va ue of Reyno ds number is
equa to how much inertia is dominating viscous effects. The f ow is more cha enging for the ower
Reyno ds number to turn out turbu ent y than higher Reyno ds number f ows. Keep them a the same
except density and dynamic viscosity, and water has a higher Reyno ds number than air.
To conc ude, water wi turn to be turbu ent at sma ve ocities compared to air. The Reyno ds number is
used to measure and predict the ow of f uids. The Reyno ds number is sma er for arger kinematic
viscosity, so turbu ence sets in at ower speeds for water. RE=uDnu, where u is the ve ocity, D is the
diameter of the pipe, and nu is the kinematic viscosity.

2. What is the hydrau ic diameter? How is it defined? What is it equa to for a circu ar pipe of diameter
D?

Hydrau ic diameter is defined as the ratio of the pipe's cross-sectiona area to the wetted perimeter of
the pipe. This parameter is used to determine the Reyno ds number, which determines the type of f ow
such as turbu ent, aminar, and transitions. To find Reyno ds number, friction factor, etc., we use a
parameter ca ed the hydrau ic diameter, which is given by the hydrau ic diameter Dh AP, where A is
the cross-sectiona area, and P is the wet perimeter.The equiva ent diameter is used in duct sizing as
ong as the ow rate, Q, is known in a practica app ication.

. Why are iquids usua y transported in circu ar pipes?

Most f uids are transported in circu ar pipes. This is because pipes with a circu ar cross-section can
withstand immense pressure differences between the inside and outside without undergoing
significant distortion. Non-circu ar pipes are typica y uti ized in app ications such as the heating and
coo ing systems of bui dings where the pressure difference is re ative y sma , the manufacturing and
insta ation costs are ower, and the avai ab e space is restricted for venti ated work. Moreover, the
designing and manufacturing costs required for non-circu ar pipes are far more expensive than that of
circu ar pipes. Circu ar tubes a so give the maximum heat transfer for the most neg igib e pressure drop
for a fixed surface area.
 . What is the physica significance of the Reyno ds number? How is it defined for (a) ow in a circu ar
pipe of inner diameter D and (b) ow in a rectangu ar duct of cross-section a x b?

Reyno ds number is used to determine or predict the behavior of a f uid, whether it is aminar or
turbu ent. t is defined as the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force of f uid. The formu a for
ca cu ating average ow ve ocity is V_avg=m ̇/(ρA_c ), where m ̇ is for the mass ow rate, ρ for density of
the f uid, and A_c for the cross-sectiona ow area. To determine the cross-sectiona f ow area of the
f uid, the fo owing formu a is used: A_c=π/ D^2, where D represents the diameter of the pipe.
Rectangu ar-to-semiannu ar diffusing transition ducts are critica in et components on supersonic
airp anes having bifurcated engine in ets.

5. Show that the Reyno ds number for ow in a circu ar pipe of diameter D can be expressed as
RE mD.

Reyno ds number is used to determine or predict the behavior of a f uid, whether it is aminar or
turbu ent. t is defined as the ratio of inertia force to the viscous force of f uid . The formu a for
ca cu ating average ow ve ocity is V_avg=m ̇/(ρA_c ), where m ̇ is for the mass ow rate, ρ for density of
the uid, and A_c for the cross-sectiona ow area. To determine the cross-sectiona ow area of the uid,
the fo owing formu a is used: A_c=π/ D^2, where D represents the diameter of the pipe. This means
that if we are to substitute (π/ D^2 for A_C in the formu a for average ow ve ocity, it wi equate to
m )/(πρD^2 ).

. Exp ain why the friction factor is independent of the Reyno ds number at very arge Reyno ds
numbers.

The friction factor is independent, and if the Reyno ds number is very arge, the thickness of the
aminar sub ayer decreases with the increasing of the Reyno ds number. A so, based on the Reyno ds
number, it can be either aminar or turbu ent. For a very arge Reyno ds number, the thickness of the
aminar sub ayer is comparab e to its surface roughness, inf uencing the ow. n aminar ow, the friction
factor is given by f= RE, where Re is the Reyno ds number. f the Reyno ds number increases, the
friction factor wi decrease as both are inverse y proportiona . So, the changes of the Reyno ds
number do not affect the friction factor. Thus, making the friction factor independent from the
Reyno ds number.

7. Consider fu y deve oped f ow in a circu ar pipe with neg igib e entrance effects. f the ength of the
pipe is doub ed, the head oss wi (a) doub e, (b) more than doub e, (c) ess than doub e, (d) reduce by
ha f, or (e) remain constant.

n considering a fu y deve oped ow in a circu ar pipe with neg igib e entrance effects, when computing
for the head oss of this, the equation to be used wou d behL=fLDv22g2, where hL wou d be the head
oss, f as the Darcy friction factor, L as the ength of the pipe, D as the diameter of the pipe, v as the
average ve ocity, and g is the gravitationa acce eration. . n this situation, the ength of the pipe is
doub ed, which wou d make it from L to 2L; the new equation to be used for this wou d be instead
hL=fLDv22g2which wou d resu t in the head oss to be a so doub ed when the ength of the pipe is
a so doub e.

8. Consider fu y deve oped aminar f ow in a circu ar pipe. f the diameter of the pipe is reduced by
ha f whi e the f ow rate and the pipe ength are he d constant, the head oss wi (a) doub e, (b) trip e,
(c) quadrup e, (d) increase by a factor of 8, or (e) increase by a factor of .

When considering a fu y deve oped aminar f ow in a circu ar pipe and ca cu ating its head oss, we use
the equation e hL=fLDv22g2 where hL is the head oss, f is its Darcy friction factor, L for its ength of
the pipe, D as its diameter of the pipe, v is the average ve ocity, and ast y, g is for the gravitationa
acce eration. The Reyno d number is given by RE VDv, where v is its kinematic ve ocity, and the
friction factor is f= RE. Then when the diameter is reduced by ha f, the head oss wou d increase a
factor of

. During a retrofitting project of a f uid f ow system to reduce the pumping power, it is proposed to
insta vanes into the miter e bows or to rep ace the sharp turns in 0° miter e bows by smooth curved
bends. Which approach wi resu t in a greater reduction in pumping power requirements?

Reducing the pumping power is required during a retrofitting project of a f uid system. To get this first,
the oss coefficient of the miter e bows wou d be KL = 0.2, whi e the oss coefficient of the smooth
curved is KL = 0. . The oss coefficient of the miter e bows with vanes insta ed is ower compared to
the osses of the miter e bows smooth curved bend. , the miter e bow a ows reducing the pumping
power requirement of the f uid ow system in a retrofitting project that wou d make the best approach
for a more significant reduction in pumping power requirement.

0. A piping system invo ves two pipes of different diameters (but of identica ength, materia , and
roughness) connected in para e . How wou d you compare the (a) f ow rates and (b) pressure drops in
these two pipes?

For a piping system that has two identica pipes in terms of ength, materia , and roughness, but
different in diameter that is connected in para e , it wou d be compared by using the
hL=fLDv22g=fL QA 22gD=fL QD2 22gD=fLQ2 2D5 which is the equation of ca cu ating the head oss
of a pipe, where h is the head oss or the pressure drop, L as the ength of the pipe, Q as the ow rate, D
as the diameter of the pipe. The equation shows that the sma er the diameter, the more pressure drop
it has as to compare to a pipe with a arger diameter.