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OCH3
• A) Enfleurage method
• B) Eculle method
• Enfleurage method
• It is also known as cold fat extraction
Enfleurage method
• Method of production :
1% of volatile oil.
• Method of analysis :
• Optical rotation – 0 to – 2
• Specific gravity – 1.000 to 1.030
• Refractive index – 1.562 to 1.582
EUCALYPTUS OIL
• Method of Production :
• The leaves are subjected to steam distillation
• Method of analysis :
• Optical rotation – 0 to 10
• Specific gravity – 0.897 to 0.915
• Refractive index – 1.457 to 1.469
MENTHA OIL
• Method of preparation:
• The flowering tops of mentha are collected
and air dried . The dried flowering tops are
introduced into a mild-steel still, where steam
distillation is carried out for 3-4 hrs under
reduced pressure .
• In the first 2hrs , upto 85% of the oil gets
distilled out.
• The density of the mentha oil is less than
water, because of which it floats on the
surface of water.
• The distillate consisting of mentha oil and
water is introduced in a separating vessel ,
where oil is separated by decantation
• Method of analysis :
• Neural to Litmus
• Optical rotation – 16 to – 30 at 25o
• Specific gravity – 0.900 to 0.912
• Refractive index – 1.4590 to 1.4650
SANDAL WOOD OIL
• Method of production :
• It is obtained by the process of steam distillation
from the heartwood of plant Santhalum album
• Method of analysis :
• Optical rotation – -15 to – 20 at 25o
• Specific gravity – 0.973 to 0.985
• Refractive index – 1.500 to 1.510
Lemon gross oil
• Method of production :
• It is obtained by the process of steam distillation
from the fresh herb of the plant Cymbopogan
citrates
• Method of analysis :
• Optical rotation – -3 to +1o
• Weight per ml – 0.892 to 0.909
• Refractive index – 1.4808 to 1.4868
CLOVE
• Used as an antiseptic
• Used as a stimulant
• Used as a carminative
• Used as flavouring agent
• Used as Local anaesthetic ( eugenol)
• Used as spice
• Used in tooth ache
• Used in dental preparations, mouth washes,
oil used in perfumery
• Clove oil and zinc oxide are used in
temporary filling of dental cavities
Diagnostic characters
• Odour : Aromatic
• Pollen grains : Small, biconvex with rounded
or triangular
• Oil glands : Fragments of parenchyma with
entire or portion of oil glands
• Aerenchyma : Portion of loose parenchyma
• Fibres : Sclerenchymatous fibres associated
with parenchymatous cells
• Sclerieds : Oval to sub rectangular, thickened
walls having numerous simple or branched
pits
• Calcium oxalate : In the form of cluster crystals
• When starch is present then it is from
Anthophylli (Mother clove)
CINNAMON
• Biological source:
• It consists of dried inner bark of the plant
cinnamomum zeylanicum .
• Family : Lauraceae
• It contains not less than 1% of volatile oil.
Chemical constituents :
• It contains about 0.5 to 1.0% of volatile oil.
• 1.2% of tannins (Phlobatannins)
• Mucilage
• Calcium oxalate
• Starch
• Sweet substance known as mannitol
• Cinnamon oil contains 60-70% of cinnamic
aldehyde, 5-10% of eugenol, and benzaldehyde,
cumminaldehyde and other terpines.
Uses :
• Carminative
• Stomachic
• Mild astringent
• Flavouring agent
• Aromatic
• Used as a spice and condiment
• Preparation of candy, dentrifies and perfumes
• Oil is powerful germicide
Diagnostic characters :
• 1. Organoleptic characters:
▫ Colour - reddish brown powder
▫ Odour - characteristic, pleasant and aromatic
▫ Taste - characteristic, pleasant and aromatic
2. Phloem fibres : Isolated bast fibres , strongly
lignified, slender , measures 250- 600 microns in
length and 15- 30 microns in breadth
• 3. Stone cells :
• Almost U shaped as one wall is thinner than the
other three, strongly lignified
• 4.Starch grains :
• Abundant starch grains which does not measure
more than 10 microns
• 5.Calcium oxalate crystals:
• Presence of small acicular raphides in the
parenchyma
• 6. Oil cells :
• Big and isolated
FENNEL
• Biological source :
• Drug consists of dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum
vulgare
• Family : Umbelliferae
Chemical constituents :
• Fennel contains volatile oil (1-4%), fixed oil (9-
12%)and proteins (20%)
• The chief constituents of volatile oil are a phenolic
ether anethole (50-60%) and ketone fenchone (18-
20%)
• Volatile oil also contains anisic aldehyde, alpha , ß –
pinene, ascorbic acid, niacin etc
Uses:
• Carminative
• Stomachic
• Expectorant
• Flavouring agent
• Aromatic
• Stimulant
• Anthelmintic
• Useful in dental and mouth wash preparation
• Fennel water is useful in colic and flatulence in
children
Diagnostic characters :
• Mesocarp :
• Lignified and reticulate nature of the parenchyma
• Endocarp :
• Cells showing parquetry arrangement
• Endosperm:
• Polyhedral, thick walled cells containing aleurone
grains, minute calcium oxalate crystals and oil
globules
• Vittae :
• Many in the form f yellowish brown fragments
CORIANDER
• Biological source :
• Drug consists of dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum
sativum
• Family : Umbelliferae
Chemical constituents :
• It contains volatile oil (1-4%), fixed oil (9-12%)and
proteins (20%)
• The chief constituents of volatile oil are limonene, p-
cymene, camphor, coriandrol etc
• Malic acid,
• Tannin,
• Vitamin A
USES :
• Carminative
• Stomachic
• Expectorant
• Flavouring agent
• Aromatic
• Stimulant
• Diuretic
• Anthelmintic
• Aphrodisiac
Diagnostic characters :
• Sclerenchymatous layer :
• Group of fusiform fibres of sclerenchyma running
way and at times crossing with each other .
• Endocarp :
• Cells showing parquetry arrangement
• Endosperm:
• Polyhedral, thick walled cells containing aleurone
grains, minute calcium oxalate crystals and oil
globules
• Vittae :
• Many in the form f yellowish brown fragments
CARAWAY
• Biological source :
• Drug consists of dried ripe fruits of Carum carvi
• Family : Umbelliferae
Chemical constituents :
• It contains volatile oil (1-4%), fixed oil (8-20%)and
proteins
• The chief constituents of volatile oil are caravone,
caravol, pinene, coriandrol etc
• Resin,
Uses :
• Carminative
• Flavouring agent
• Spice
• Stimulant
• Stomachic
• Preparation of mouth washes, tooth paste, chewing
gums, soap and cosmotics
Diagnostic characters :
• Sclereids :
• Group of sclereids in the mesocarp .
• Endosperm:
• Large portion of endosperm containing aleurone
grains and oil globules with microsphenoidal crystals
calcium oxalate.
• Vittae :
• Many in the form of yellowish fragments composed
of thin walled cells.
Eucalyptus
• Biological source :
• Drug consists of from fresh leaves of plant
Eucalyptus globules.
• It contains not less than 65% of cineole
• Family : Myrtaceae
Chemical constituents :
1. Organoleptic characters:
▫ Odour - characteristic and aromatic
▫ Taste - characteristic and aromatic
2. Epidermis cells :
Polygonal epidermal cells with numerous, well
developed , prominent sunken stomata
( Anamocytic stomata)
• 3. Oil glands :
• Large secretary oil glands either entire or fragments
• 4. Calcium oxalate crystals :
• Both prism and cluster crystals
• 5. Fibres :
• Well developed sclerenchymatous fibres from the
vascular bundle region
MENTHA
• Synonym: Peperimint
• Biological source: It consists of fresh flowering
tops or aerial parts of the plants known as
Mentha piperita
• Family : Labiatate
• Chemical constituents:
• The chief constituent of peppermint is volatile
oil (0.7-1.5%) and 6-12% of Tannin.
• The chief constituent of volatile oil are
menthol (50-60%), menthyl acetate,
menthone ,cineole and small amounts of
terpenes
• Diagnostic characters :
• Covering trichomes : Thick, coarse, uniseriate
with many cells
• Glandular trichomes: Unicellular stalk and a
head with 1-8 cells (yellow colour)
• Stomata : Diacytic
• Epidermis:
• Cells with wavy walls
• Negative characters:
• Absence of calcium oxalate crystals in the
mesophyll tissue
• Uses: carminative, stimulant, spasmolytic and
antiseptic
NUTMEG
• Synonym: Myristica
• Biological source: It consists of dried kernals of the
seeds of the plant known as Myristica fragrans
• Family : Myristicaceae
Chemical constituents:
• Nutmeg contains 5 to 16% of volatile oil and about
30% of fat.
• The volatile oil contains about 4% to 8% myristicin,
elemicine and safrole.
• The fatty acid constituents of the fixed oil are
myristic acid, palmatic acid, oleic acid, lauric acid
etc
• The fat of the nutmeg is also known as nutmeg
butter. It also contains protein and starch.
Uses
• Aromatic
• Stimulant
• Carminative
• Flavouring agent
• Used in soap industry
• The fat and volatile oil are used in rheumatism
Diagnostic characters :
• Flavouring agent
• Perfuming agent
• Used as a mosquito repellent
• Used as a source of citrol
QUESTIONS
• Define volatile oils and add a note on various
methods of extraction of volatile oils. (10)
• Define and classify essential oils with examples.
Write the pharmacognosy of Clove. (10)
• Explain in detail the method of manufacture
and analysis of Cinnamon. (10)
• Define and describe volatile oils by physical
and chemical properties. (10)
• Give the source, diagnostic characters, active
constituents and uses of Cinnamon and
Fennel. (10)
• Give the powdered microscopical characters of
Coriander and Clove. (5)
• Write a note on Supercritical fluid extraction
method (SCFE) and its significances. (5)
• Write a note on method of preparation and
analysis of Clove. (5)
• Differentiate microscopically the Fennel and
Coriander. (5)
• Give the source, active constituents and uses of
Eucalyptus and Sandal wood. (5)
• Define and classify with examples volatile oils. (5)
• Enfleurage method of extraction of volatile oils
and its significances. (5)
• Write a note on general properties and
chemical nature of essential oils. (5)
• Give the source, active constituents and uses
of Mentha and Coriander. (5)
• Write the chemical structures for the
following (a) Eugenol (b) Menthol
• (c) Limonene (d) Cinnamic aldehyde. (5)
• Advantages of Supercritical fluid extraction. (2)
• Diagnostic characters of Mentha piperita. (2)
• Write a note on Eculle method and its
applications. (2)
• Chemical tests for volatile oils. (2)
• Analysis of Eucalyptus oil. (2)