CRITICAL JURNAL REVIEW

PRODI PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI

SUPERVISOR : Sabda Dian Nurani Siahaan. S.Pd., M.B.A

SHARED BY :

Name:

 Putri Marito Pane (7212441002)

 Mika Jun Fera Br Limbong (7213141033)
 Anggi Emalia Putri (7212141002)
 Esyha Nur Azizah (7211141008)
 Leonardo Siahaan (7212441004)
 Sarpin Petrus Wijata Sagala (7213341021)

ECONOMIC EDUCATION STUDY

PROGRAM FACULTY OF ECONOMICS

MEDAN STATE

UNIVERSITY

2021
 FOREWORD

Praise and gratitude the author prays to God Almighty, because the
author was able to complete this Critical Journal Review (CJR) task on time.
This Critical Journal Review was made to fulfill the task of the "BUSINESS
ENGLISH" course which was supervised directly by SABDA DIAN
NURANI SIAHAAN, S.Pd, M.B.A. And on this occasion the author would
like to thank him who has guided the author so that he can complete this task.

This paper is still far from perfect, but the author still tries his best in
making this paper. Therefore, the author would also like to thank all those
who have helped the author in the preparation of this paper.

Finally, the author hopes that this paper can be useful not only for the
author but also for readers to add insight. Constructive criticism and
suggestions are still accepted by the author for the perfection of this paper.

Medan, Oktober 2021

Group 6
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER i
FOREWARD…………………………………………………………………………………ii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………1

A. Rationalizing The Importance of CJR 1

B. Purpose 2
CHAPTER II JOURNAL IDENTITY 3
A. Main Journal Identity 4
B. Comprassion Kournal Identity 5
CHAPTER III SUMMARY OF CONTRNTS 6

A. Main Journal........................................................................................................................7
B. Comprassion Journal......................................................................................................8

CHAPTER IV DISCUSSION .............................................................................................9

A. Discussion Of Jornal Content..........................................................................................9

B. Adventages And Disadventages ...................................................................................10

CHAPTER V CLOSING ..................................................................................................11

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................................11
B. Suggestions ..............................................................................................................12
REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................13
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
A. Rationalizing The Importance of CJR
The importance of CJR is the writing task that requires us to summarize and evaluate
writing. CJR's assignments are in the form of journals, chapters or articles. In writing CjR
we must read carefully and also read the writings of other similar journals so that we can
provide a more comprehensive purpose of writing and evaluation,objective and factual

B.Purpose of writing CJR

The purpose of making CjR is to increase experience, knowledge and insight and
also to increase understanding and knowledge in terms of criticizing journals and
comparing them with other journals and to strengthen abilities and skills. in criticizing a
journal to be used as material for CJR.

C. CJR Benefits
The benefits of this CJR are: 1. Increase knowledge about Leadership. 2. Improve
the ability to find the essence of a Journal, ability compare journals with other journals
well. 3. Train yourself to think critically in finding the information provided by each
person first journal and second journal.
 CHAPTER II

JOURNAL IDENTITY
A. Main Journal Identity

Title THE EFFECT OF BUSINESS REGULATIONS ON NASCENT

AND YOUNG BUSINESS ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Journal Type SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS
Year 2007
Author Name Andre van Stel
David J. Storex
A. Roy Thurik
ISSN DOI 10. 1007/s11187-006-9014-1
Date 2007

B. Comprassion Journal Identity

Title Ethics As A Foundation Of Management – A Valuable Resource

Or A Relic In The Times Of Crisis?
Journal Type JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS
Year 2012
Author Name Joana Hernik
Marcin Gebarowski
ISSN 0853-862X
Date 2012
 CHAPTER III

SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
A. Main Journal

Abstact SME and Entrepreneurship policy makers seeking to

increase rates of new firm formation and subsequent wealth
creation are faced with choices. The central choice is to
either follow a low regulation route or to follow a high
‘‘support’’ route. The low regulation route focuses policy
upon two areas. The first is to enable the starting of a
business to take place as quickly and cheaply as possible.

Introduction
The second is to minimise the number and severity
of regulations upon that business whilst it is trading. The US
is seen as the exemplar low regulation country. The
alternative policy is for government to provide ‘‘support’’ to
new and small firms, funded by the taxpayer. It can be in
the form of information, advice, training, or finance to new
firms or existing small firms. EU countries have
traditionally favoured ‘‘support’’ policies.

This paper investigates the link between business

regulation and new firm formation in 39 countries. It
suggests that the association between the time and costs of
starting a business and several measures of entrepreneurship
is by no means as clear as implied by Djankov et al. (2002).
However it does find that labour market regulations depress
measures of entrepreneurship. Our conclusion has to be that
there is a need for a serious review of this policy area, with
better data being a key requirement. Our results are obtained
by estimating a new two- equation model while 112
averaged country data points covering both developed and
developing countries are used.

The first equation explains the nascent

entrepreneurship rate using policy regulations and various
controls. The second equation explains the young business
entrepreneurship rate using policy regulations, various
controls and the nascent entrepreneurship rate. This enables
us to discriminate between direct effects on the young
business entrepreneurship rate and indirect effects through
 the nascent entrepreneurship rate because the nascent phase
precedes the young business phase.
Literature Review Ideally, we would like to quantify all the
relationships in Table I but, in practice, we are constrained
by data limitations. In particular, cross-country data on the
provision of advice and support are not available. Whilst
Lundstrom and Stevenson (2005) provide a comprehensive
description of such policies, this is restricted to only 13
countries and there is no data on aggregate policy
expenditure. In terms of Table I therefore, the relationships
in the final column cannot be estimated. We will now
provide an overview of our data on entrepreneurship rates
and on business regulations. The variables are set out in full
in the next section of this paper.

Data on rates of entrepreneurship are derived

from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM). A
distinction is made between the young business
entrepreneurship rate, defined as the percent of the adult
population that is the owner/manager of a business that is
less than 42 months old, and the nascent entrepreneurship
rate, defined as the percent of adult population that is
actively involved in starting a new venture (Reynolds et al.,
2002, 2005).
Method
These rates are the dependent variables in our
model (see also the next section) but, following Table I, we
distinguish between the opportunity and necessity nascent
entrepreneurship rates and the young business
entrepreneurship rate. Our final entrepreneurship measure is
the established business rate, defined as the percent of the
adult population that is the owner/manager of a business that
is older than 42 months. This is not a dependent variable in
our
Result and Discusion To examine the determinants of nascent entrepreneurship
and young business entrepreneurship we will estimate a
two-equation model explaining these entrepreneurship rates
separately, while taking into account the interrelationship
between the two variables. Our model takes the following
form:

N=f(X1; G) 1

Y=f(N,X1,X2,G) 2
 Where N is the nascent entrepreneurship rate, Y is
the young business entrepreneurship rate, X1 is the vector
of explanatory variables reflecting the supply side of
entrepreneurship, X2 is the vector of explanatory variables
reflecting the demand side of entrepreneurship, G is the
vector of explanatory variables reflecting government
intervention. The set-up of the model parallels Grilo and
Irigoyen (2006) where survey data from the 15 EU Member
States and the US for the year 2000 are used in the
framework of a two-equation model to establish the effect of
demographic and other variables on latent and actual
entrepreneurship.

Conclusion
One interpretation of this isthat the creative entrepreneur
either overcomesor avoids bureaucratic burdens such as
thenumber of procedures or the amount of timethat is required
to start up, even if these arerelatively heavy. However the
minimum capitalrequirement may be a more serious
barrierbecause even skilful entrepreneurs may not beable to
overcome this without access to assets.This might explain the
negative sign.

Second, in contrast to the entry regulationmeasures

and our initial theorising, we findstrong negative effects on
nascent rates of the labour market regulation measures
rigidity ofemployment and rigidity of hours.

Third, we find empirical support for the conversion

effect: the coefficients on thenascent rate variables in Table
V (Equation 2 are highly significant.12 Countries with
morenascent entrepreneurs also have more entrepreneurs in
actual young businesses.

Fourth, the determinants of opportunity andnecessity

entrepreneurship are different. GDPgrowth rates have a
significantly positive effecton opportunity rates but no
effect on necessityrates.

Fifth, when considering the effect of the business

regulations categories Getting Credit,Paying taxes and
Closing a business, the variable Private bureau coverage, is
significantlypositive suggesting that if better
informationabout creditworthiness of potential .
B. Comprassion Journal

Abstact
In this aspect, the aim of the article to show
Polish businessmen attitude towards challenges lowing
from handling business in accord with ethics. All
theoretical issues discussed herein pertain to the topic of
business ethics. From obtained results the conclusion, that
Polish businessmen declare the importance of ethics in their
activity, but in practice the bulk of them does not remember
any rules and does not recognize ethics as a footing of
business, can be draw out.

Introduction The present crisis is commonly referred to as a

"crisis of trust" (Keeble, 2005, Sztompka, 2008, Uslaner,
2010), but what exactly is meant by trust?.When we
consider crisis of trust on the economic plain, it means
there is lack of trust in the conduct of local authorities, the
government and business entities, as well as consumer
behaviors, which hinders decision-making processes and
adopting certain attitudes. It may be therefore assumed that
the crisis of trust refers rather to larger entities than smaller
ones which offer a direct contact with their consumers. As
it turns out, problems with ethics do not revolve solely
around entrepreneurs' attitudes, but also around their
company resources which include staff - it has been found
that personnel who don't trust their employers, work
unwillingly (Rose, 2009).

Literature Review
The choice of respondent was not random - the
interviews were conducted with owners and managers
from small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) who
agreed to the interview. The research was of qualitative
nature and relects respondents' opinions about the presence
of ethical norms in their business dealings, as well as the
background of their adopted attitudes.

Method Research unit analysis is Polish SME,

particularly the manager. Study was done to investigate
SME's manager ethics. For this purpose, survey study was
design and questionnaire was deployed as research
instrument. Prior to develop questionnaire, ethics
management should be understood perfectly. Ethics is
 frequently deined as a set of moral principles that control
orinluence people's behaviors. J. Hołówka states that
human life consists of ive spheres: personal ethics, sexual
ethics, voluntary commitments, social ethics and public
ethics (Hołówka, 2002).

Signiicantly, ethics in management, or ethics in

business, is placed in the "voluntary commitments"
category, i.e. it is considered to be only a voluntary group
ethics. A conclusion may be drawn that business ethics is
as set of rules that may be followed, although not
necessarily, as it does not result in negative consequences.
In addition to those questions, it was also collected
respondent's sex, ield works, the existence of norms in
business, and improper behavior in business. Respondents
are Polish SME's managers. Data collection was done by
personal interview considering the questions are in open
form....

Result and Discusion Ethics according to Polish SME - assumptions

and research results Society is inluenced not only by large
market entities, but also by small and medium-sized ones.
Based on the above mentioned assumptions, it has been
researched if business people share this view. This is why
the current crisis has triggered growing expectations
towards business reliability which includes incorruptibility,
fairness, solidarity and honesty. Ethics in management
applies mainly to managers' behaviors - the way they fulill
their duties towards employees, shareholders, supervisors
and loyal community.
Therefore managers' behaviors are triggered both
by internal convictions as well as external conditions. The
whole number of SME is approx. In order to investigate
attitudes of Polish businesspeople towards ethics, 410
managers of SME from northwestern and southeastern
Poland were interviewed directly. Due to geographical
limitations and the adopted research method, our results
should be treated cautiously. They can, however, serve as a
starting point for further research. Research sample The vast
majority of the enterprises interviewed operate in the service
sphere.

Conclusion In literature one can ind claims that changes in

 the European post-transformation countries ignored the
issue of moral principles (Riha,1994). One can also read
that these countries haveprogressed from primitive
socialism to primitive capitalism. Instead of protests,
abuses and misbehaviors are met with cynicism, intolerance
and ruthlessness, and faulty laws are chronically broken
(Röpke,1950).One may draw two conclusions, then: irstly,
overthrowing communism does not equal getting rid of its
laws and secondly, problems caused by economic crisis
overlap with those resulting from social changes.
Assuming that impeccable ethics is only an unattainable illusion, a
com-promise needs to be found between dictates of ethics and
reaching particular life goals. Such compromise must also include
business activity and approaches towards global concerns, such as
ecology (Goulet, 1997). Based on the abovementioned assumptions,
we may argue that the interviewed respondents did not feel they
were an integral element of the environment in which they operate
 CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSION
1. Abstact
Main Journal
Storey (2003) argues that this justification
is in fact too simple because government
intervention can have undesirable side-
effects such as increased bureaucracy
through maintaining (unproductive) policy
programs.
2. Introduction
Main Journal
The term ‘‘burdens’’ is placed in inverted
commas since, although it is common
parlance it is pejorative, implying that
there are clear costs and no benefits. On
the face of it, speeding and simplifying the
procedures for business creation seems to
be a highly beneficial policy. If businesses
are moreeasily created these firms
constitute a competitive threat to existing
businesses, compelling them to compete or
to go out of business. A second advantage
is that, in some instances, the business
licensing procedure is the focus of
corruption, withvthose paying bureaucrats
obtaining their licenses more quickly.
3. Literature Review
Main Journal
1. In practice holding all else equal
is difficult since, as we noted
earlier EU countries with
relatively high tax regimes favour
Comprassion Journal
In this aspect, the aim of the article to show
Polish businessmen attitude towards
challenges lowing from handling business in
accord with ethics
Comprassion Journal
The present crisis is commonly referred to
as a "crisis of trust" (Keeble, 2005,
Sztompka, 2008, Uslaner, 2010), but what
exactly is meant by trust?.When we
consider crisis of trust on the economic
plain, it means there is lack of trust in the
conduct of local authorities, the government
and business entities, as well as consumer
behaviors, which hinders decision-making
processes and adopting certain attitudes
Comprassion Journal
The choice of respondent was not random -
the interviews were conducted with owners
and managers from small and medium-sized
enterprises (SME) who agreed to the
 the provision of advice more than interview.
the low tax regime of the United
States.
2. It is important to note that the
WBDB indicators for Starting a
business focus on relatively large
start-ups as their standardised
firm is a domestically owned
limited liability company which
has between 5 and 50 employees
one month after start-up. This is
far from ideal as many of the
entrepreneurs captured by GEM
operate in smaller businesses.
3. Blanchflower et al. (2001) use a
similar approach while their
model should be interpreted as a
reduced form. Grilo and Thurik
(2005) use 2004 survey data of
the 15 oldbMember States of the
EU applying the original G

4. Method

Main Journal Comprassion Journal

1. An update of the eclectic
framework can be found in
Audretsch et al. (2007).
2. Supply side factors of
entrepreneurship often interact
with government intervention
factors. For instance, education
obviously influences the skills of
people required to become an
entrepreneur (supply side factor).
Research unit analysis is Polish SME,
particularly the manager. Study was done to
investigate SME's manager ethics. For this
purpose, survey study was design and
questionnaire was deployed as research
instrument. Prior to develop questionnaire,
ethics management should be understood
perfectly.

3. Note that some of the

determinants of the young
business rate may impact this rate
not only through more start-ups
but also through the survival
effect. For instance, it may be
hypothesised that countries with a
higher average education level of
the population not only produce
morebstart-ups but also produce
more start-ups that survive.
5. Result and Discussion

Main Journal Comprassion Journal

1. Armour and Cumming Therefore managers' behaviors are triggered
(2005) investigate a different both by internal convictions as well as
aspect of bankruptcy law in external conditions. The whole number of
relation to entrepreneurship SME is approx
levels, viz., the time to
discharge from personal
bankruptcy.
2. Observations were removed in
the outlier analysis.
3. Also, some variables are
available for 2004 and 2005
only. In those cases the
values for both 2002 and
2003 were set equal to those
of 2004.
 CHAPTER V

CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Although it is hard to determine whether it stems from curret economic situation or is
releted to some other causes, one may see that a large portion of the respondents was focused
on their own needs rather than social ones. Such attitude should not be fully condemned as it
is commonly belived that an effective business person creates job opportunities, privides
market offers, pays taxes and aids the development of a particular community, therefore
while caring about their own business, in a sense they do care about the needs of their
environment. Curret situation how ever.
B. Suggestion
In our opinion, this journal is good with a fairly complete explanation and can explain
material that can make it easier for readers to understand the material, but looking at the
description of the shortcomings of this journal, hopefully it can be improved. But even so
these shortcomings do not affects of the journal
 REFERENCES

Acs, Z. J., P. Arenius, M. Hay and M. Minniti, 2005, Global

Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2004 Executive Report,

Wellesley, MA: Babson College.
Armour, J. and D. J. Cumming, 2005, ‘Bankruptcy Law and

Entrepreneurship’, American Law & Economics Association Annual Meetings, Paper 26.
Audretsch, D. B., I. Grilo and A. R. Thurik, 2007, ‘Explaining
Entrepreneurship and the Role of Policy: a Framework’, in
D. B. Audretsch, I. Grilo and A. R. Thurik (eds.), Handbook