Advance Montessori Education Center of Isabela, Inc.

Maligaya, Tumauini, Isabela

Email: amecimontessori@gmail.com

SCIENCE 8
LEARNER’S MODULE 1-2
SECOND QUARTER Name:
Grade and Section:
(Week 1-2)
OCTOBER 11-15,2021

Learning Competencies:
The learner…
✓ explains the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel connections in homes(S8FE-li-
31)
Learning objectives:
The learner:
✓ infers the relationship between current and voltage; and
✓ explains the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel connections in homes;and
✓ calculates resistance based on their color code.
I. OVERVIEW
An electric circuit consists of voltage source connected by conductors to an apparatus that uses electrical energy.
An electric current will flow between two points in a conductor when a potential difference exists across those points.
The most generally accepted concept of an electric current is that it consists of a motion or flow of electrons from
negative point toward a more positive point in a circuit. The potential difference or voltage causes the motion of
electrons, while resistance is the opposition to motion. Ohm’s law is the foundation of electric circuit analysis and it
has fundamental importance. The various relations of ohm’s law and their application help students achieve a better
understanding of electric circuits.
II. LESSONS AND COVERAGE
In this module, you will learn how to determine the amount of current that flows through a circuit.
Lesson 1: Ohm’s Law
Lesson 2: Equivalent of Resistances
Lesson 3: Electric Circuit
Learning Competencies
• State therelationship between current and voltage In devices that demonstrate ohm’s law;
• Draw accurate diagrams for series and parallel connections of resistances; and
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages of series and parallel connections in homes.
LESSON 1: OHM’S LAW
In the 1820’s, the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm experimented with many substances to study electrical
resistance. He analysed the various types of wires in order to determine the characteristics that affect the wire’s
resistance. In recognition of Ohm’s valuable experiments, the unit of resistance is named the ohm (Ω).
Ohm’s law for the electric circuit, reduced to plain terms, states the relation that exists among voltage, current, and
resistance. One way of stating this relation is as follows: the voltage across any part of a circuit is proportional to the
product of the current through that part of the circuit and the resistance of that part of the circuit. Stated as formula, the
foregoing relationship is expressed as, = , where V is the voltage, or potential difference in volt, V; is current in ampere,
A and R is the resistance in ohm, (Ω).
V
Ohm’s law can be also used to find the value of the current I= , and the value of the
R
resistance R=V .
I

Examples:
1. What will be the current through a resistance of 150 Ω if the applied voltage across the resistance is 117 V?
Given: V= 117 V, R = 150 Ω find: I = ?
Solution: I = V = 117 V = . 𝟕 A
R 150 Ω

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 2. A voltmeter connected across a resistance reads 220 V, and an ammeter connected in series with the resistance
reads 2.60 A. What is the value of the resistance?
Given: V = 220 V, I = 2.60 A find: R=?
Solution: R = V = 220 V = . Ω
I 2.60 A
ACTIVITY 1

Direction: Calculate the current of the following problems.

1. A lamp draws a current of 0.50-A when it is connected to a 120-V source. What the resistance of the lamp?
2. A 60-watt light bulb is connected to a 120-V plug. What is the current in the light bulb?

LESSON 2: Equivalent Resistances

From Ohm’s Law, there is a principle in electronics: “The greatest amount of current flows through the path with
the least amount of resistance.” With this principle, we can state two relationships between current and the resistance
of a given resistor: (1) resistors are current limiters and (2) resistors are current distributors.
From Ohm’s law, the current is the ratio between voltage and resistance (I = V/R), so given a fixed voltage
source, the current will be dependent on the resistance.
Resistances in Series
There are three important facts concerning series circuit that must be kept in mind in order to understand
thoroughly the action of such circuits and to determine their solution. In a series circuit:
1. The total voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages across the different parts of the circuit.
2. The current in any part of the circuit is the same.
3. The total resistance of the circuit is equal to the sum of the resistance of the different parts. Point 1 is practically
self-evident. If the sum of all the potential differences (voltage) around the circuit were not equal to the applied
voltage, there would be some voltage left over which would
cause an increase in current.
= + + +…
Point 2 is also self-evident, for the circuit components are so connected that the current must flow through each
part in turn, and there are no other paths back to the source:
= = =…
To some, point 3 might not be self-evident. However, because it is agreed that the current I flows through all
resistors, the equation can be used to demonstrate the truth of point 3. Thus, by dividing each member of the equation
by I, we have:
++
= +… 𝐨 = + + +…
And for substituting R for V/I, we have:
= + + +…
Examples:
1. Three resistors R1 = 30 Ω, R2 = 160 Ω, R3 = 40 Ω are connected in series across a generator. A voltmeter
connected across R2 reads 80 V. What is the voltage of the generator?
Solution: I = I2 = V2 = 80 = 0.5 Ω , Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 = 30 + 160 + 40 = 230 Ω
R2 160
Vt = IRt = 0.5 × 230 = 115 V
2. Three resistors R1 = 20 Ω, R2 = 50 Ω, R3 = 30 Ω are connected in a series across a generator. The current
through the circuit is 2.5-A. find out the answers to the following questions: (a) What is the generator voltage?
(b) What is the voltage across each resistor? (c) How much power is expended in each resistor? (d) What is the
total power expended?
Solution:
a. Rt = R1 + R2 + R3 = 20 + 50 + 30 = Ω
b. Vt = IRt = 2.5 × 100 = 𝟐
c. V1 = IR1 = 2.5 × 20 = V2 = IR2
= 2.5 × 50 = 𝟐
V3 = IR3 = 2.5 × 30 = 𝟐
d. P1 = V1I = 50 × 2.5 = 𝟐
P2 = V2I = 125 × 2.5 = . P3 = V3I =
75 × 2.5 = 𝟕.
e. Pt = P1 + P2 + P3 = 120 + 312.5 + 187.5 = 𝟐

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 Resistances in Parallel
Parallel circuit is the most commonly used circuit. The average distribution circuits have many types of loads
all connected parallel with each other: lightning circuits, motors, transformers for various uses, etc. The same is true for
electronic circuits, which range from most simple parallel circuits to complex networks.
= V R1 , = RV , = VR
2 3
When the junction rule is applied to the circuit, the total current I is seen as:
=+ +
Substituting I1, I2 and I3 we find that:
= + +

If the three parallel resistors are placed by a single equivalent resistor, the current passing through it is:
+=
For the current I to be the same for each circuit, the equivalent resistance must be:
= + +

Measuring Current and Voltage

Kirchoff’s laws and the ideas of equivalent resistance are used to design electrical circuits. Once built, the circuits
can be tested using electrical instruments (meters) that measure the voltage at various parts of the circuit. The effect of
a meter on a circuit depends on its internal resistance or the net electrical resistance of all parts inside the meter.
Ammeter
To measure the current flowing in one part of the circuit, a current-measuring meter called ammeter is inserted
into the circuit. The current passes through the ammeter, which indicates the value of the current. The internal
resistance of ammeters is typically 1 Ω or less.
Ammeter Connection Procedure
To measure the current in a circuit, connect the ammeter directly into the circuit, with one wire connecting the
positive (+) terminal of the ammeter to the part of the circuit leading to the positive (+) terminal of the dry cell. The
other wire connects the negative (-) terminal of the ammeter to the part of the circuit leading to the negative (-)
terminal dry cell. It is equally important not to connect an ammeter into a circuit that does not have some sort of
resistor (such as a light bulb) in it. Doing so will prevent a short circuit and overloading the ammeter.
Voltmeter
The potential difference of voltage between two different points in a circuit is measured by connecting the leads
from a voltmeter to these points. A voltmeter should have a much higher internal resistance (roughly100 times or
greater) than the resistance of the section of the circuit across which the voltage is being measured.
Voltmeter Connection Procedure
In using the voltmeter to measure a dry cell’s voltage, the first wire is connected from positive (+) terminal of the
dry cell to the positive (+) terminal of voltmeter. The connection from the negative (-) terminals of the dry cell and the
voltmeter is given by the second wire. It is allowed to hook the voltmeter across the dry cell even without a resistor by
attaching the side of the element corresponding to the positive side of the circuit to the positive terminal of the meter,
and then the negative side of the element is connected to the negative terminal of the meter.

ACTIVITY 2

Using a Venn diagram, compare and contrast series and parallel circuits.
Direction:Using

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LESSON 3: Electric Circuit
Some common elements found in electrical circuits include light bulbs, batteries, connecting leads, switches,
resistors, voltmeters, and ammeters. These symbols of electrical components are used when you draw diagrams to
create physical circuits. Hence, it is important to remember these symbols and how to represent them in circuit diagrams.
Home Circuitry
The electrical circuits in a house have a parallel connection. As you turn on more appliances is a corresponding
increase in the total electrical current into the house circuits. A fuse or a circuit breaker put in series limits the total
current through any particular circuit. The main fuse limits the total current from the transmission line into the house.
The house is thereby protected from overloading circuits.
Switches
Switches are devices that create a short circuit or an open circuit depending on the position of the switch. A typical
light switch is ON when a short circuit is present, that is, the current flows through the switch and bulbs light up. The
switch is OFF when there is an open circuit, meaning current does not flow and the lights go out. The switch functions
like a wire when it is ON; as such when the switch is OFF, there is no connection.

ACTIVITY 3

Direction: Using the actual components, set up a closed circuit having a battery and a light bulb in series with a resistor.
Draw both the physical circuit and the resulting circuit diagram. Then answer these questions:
a. How do you know that you have set up a closed circuit?
b. How would adding another resistor in series to your circuit affect the light bulb? Redraw the new
circuit diagram which includes the second resistor.

Electric Shock Hazards

Electrical nerve impulses control the human body. Because of this, electric currents have the capacity to disrupt
normal body functions. A clarification has to be made concerning what determines the severity of an electrical shock.
The current that passes through the body, and not the voltage across it, can damage the organs in the body after an
electric shock, with the heart, brain, and spinal cord being particularly susceptible.
Electrical safety tips
EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC SHOCK IN
THE HUMAN BODY • Never handle electrical appliances when you or your hands are wet.
Milliamperes Electricity effects • Never stick your finger or any object other than a plug into an
electrical outlet.
1000 Will light 100 watt
• Always unplug an electrical appliance before
bulbs attempting to open or repair it.
900 Severe burns • Never overload a circuit by plugging in too many appliances to it.
300 Breathing stops • Never touch wires on power poles or wires that have fallen.
200
Heart stops beating • Never use broken or frayed wires.
100
90
60 Possible suffocation
30
20 Muscle contraction
10 Cannot let go
5 GFCI will trip
2 Mild shock
1 Threshold of sensation

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 ACTIVITY 4

Direction:Design a mini poster using a bond paper for electrical dangers and safety procedures. Write or illustrate
your findings.

Prepared by: Checked by: Recommending Approval:

NAIZA B. ALAMAN ALEX G. SORIANO REYCHELA C. FORTO

Science Teacher Subject Coordinator Head, JHS Dep’t.

Approved by: Noted by:

JERIC T. VALDEZ NELIA Z-ANGULUAN, PhD

School Principal School Director

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