CHEMICAL REACT10Ns";AND

EQUATIONS
frhapte.r at A Glance
1. The following observations help us to determine
S. Chemical equation can be made more concise and
whether a chemical reaction has taken place :
useful by using chemical formulae instead of words.
(a) Change in _state (b) Change in colour A chemical equation represents a chemical reaction.
(c) Evolution of a gas (cf) Change in temperature. The chemical equation for the above word equation
2. Law of conservation of mass : It states that, ·Mass can be written as :
can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical 2Mg(s) + 0 2 (g) ----+ 2MgO(s)
reaction, i.e., the total mass of the elements present 0•~'8en ".\agne~um oxod<>
in the products of a chemical reaction has to be equal
6. Types of chemical reactions:
to the total mass of the elements present in the
reactants.• 1. Combination reaction :

The symbolic representation of a true chemical A chemical reaction in which two or more
change or reaction is called a chemical equation. It substances (elements or compounds) combine to
·s used to describe a chemical reaction in a shorter form a single substance is called a combination
form. reaction. The combination reactions are of three
types:
Word equation for a reaction :
(i) Combination between two elements :
Magnesium + Oxygen ----+ Magnesium oxide
(Reactant>) !Product>)
e.g., . 2H2(g) + 0 2(g) ----+ 2H20(/)
N2(g) + 3H2(g)----+ 2NH3(g)
The substances that undergo chemical change in the
reaction are called reactants, e.g., magnesium and qs) + 02(g) ----+ C02(g)
oxygen in the above reaction . The combination reactions (as shown above)
The new substance formed during the reaction is in which a new compound is formed from its
the product, e.g., magnesium o xide in the above constituent elements are also called synthesis
reactions.
reaction.

II
 (ii) Combination between two compounds : Note: The above reactions are used in black
e.g.., CaO(s) + H 20(/) --+ and white photograph y.
(Q.. ckhme) (iii) Electrolysis : It is a decomposition reaction
Ca(OH) 2 (aq) + Heat brought about by electricity.
(Slakedlomc)
Note : This is an example of exothermi c 2NaCl(I) Elect roe curren1 2Na(s) + Cl2 (g)
Socio um chlo,1de Sodium Chlonne
reaction. (Al cad-.odt!) (Al ~ )
NH3 (g) + HCl(g) --+ NH4 Cl(sl
Ammonia HydtOl!"n Ammonium :l . Di~placerncnt reacti on : A reaction in which a
chlonde chlonde more active element displaces less active element
N ote : The reaction (between NH 3 and HCI) from its compound present in dissolved state is
is used as a test to detect the presence of NH3. called a displacem ent reaction.
During this reaction, white fumes (due to the Note : 1. A more electropositive metal displaces
fonnation of NH4 CI) can be seen. a less electropos itive metal from its
(ii i) Combination between an element and a aqueous solution.
compound :
2. A more electroneg ative non-metal
e.g., 2CO(g) + 0 2{g) --+ 2C02(g)
2NO(g) + 02(8)--+ 2N02(g)
.. displaces a less electronegative non-
metal from .its aqueous solution.
2. Decompoc; it ion re.-.ction : A chemical reaction Examples:
in which a single compound decomposes into
Zn(s) + CuS04 (aq) --+ ZnS04 (aq) + Cu(s)
two or more simpler substances (elements or Zone Copper sulphate Zone sulpha1e Copper
compounds) is called a decompos ition reaction.
(Zinc displaces copper from CuS04 solution>
The decomposition reactions are endothenn ic
reactiC?ns as they require energy i n the fonn of s,1,~, n11ra1e Copper ml rate
heat, light or electric ity. Due to this fa ct,
+ 2Ag(s)
decomposition reactions are of three types :
Sliver
(i) Thermal decompos ition : It is a decom- (Cu displaces Ag from AgNO, solu1ionl
position reaction brought about by heat. Fe(s) + CuS0 4 (aq) ~ FeS04 (aq) + Cu(s)
Heat Iron Copper sulphate lron(III sulphate Copper
e .g., CaC03 Cs) CaO(s) + C02(g)
LimHtone Quic klime lfe d isplaces Cu from CuS0 4 &0lullonl
H.-at
2Pb(N03)2Cs) 2Pb0(s) Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) --+ PbCl2 (aq) + Cu(s)
Leadn,1ra1e Lead o,,de lead Copper chlo nde lead chlonde CO!)per
+ 4N02 (gl + 0 2(g) Cl2<g) + 2Na8r(aq) ~ 2NaCl(aq)

2FeS04 (s) Heat

N ol rogen
d ,o..d e

Fe20 3 (s)
O , ygen Chlonne Socl1umbron11de Sodoumchlonde

+ Br2 (1'
-..
Bromine
Ferrous sulphate Ferne Olcode
IL, gt,c green) <Cl2 displaces Br 2 from its salt solution)
(Darl..brown)
'
-1 . Doul>I~ di,placem cnt reacti on : A chemical
+ S0 2 (gl + S03(g)
ISmell o fbum,ng
reaction in which there is an exchange of 1ons
sulµhu f) between the reactant.s to give new substances is
(i,1 Photolysis : It is a decomposition reaction called a double displ acement reaction. The two
brought about by Iight. reactants are generally water sol uble.

e.g., 2AgCl {s) Sunlight Such double displ acement reactions take place
2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
with the :
Silver chloride turns grey in sunlight.
(i) formation of a precipitate,
Sunl,gho
2AgBr(s) 2Ag(s) + Br2(g) (ii) evolution of a gas, or
(iii) change in colour.

I
 ~.,., .
(ii) Magnesium IS OXI I
'd'sed 'to MgO by the gain
BaCl2 (aq) + Na2SO 4 (aq)-. Ba5O4 (s) ,1. of oxygen.
S.roum Sodium sulphate S..rium sulphate Removal of hydrogen :
chloride (Whi!eppl.)
H 2S'8) + Cl2{g)--+ 2HCl{g) + S(s)
+ 2NaCICaq)
Sod1umch~
In this reaction, hydrogern sulphide is oxidised
NaCl(aq) + AgNO3'aq)-. AgCl(s) .1. to sulphur by the loss of hydrogen.
Sodium 511,~ M r.llt' s11,.., chloride (b) Reduction : It is a chemical process in which
chlonde (Wh11epp1)
a substance gains hydrogen or loses oxygen.
+ NaNO3'aq)
Sodiumnolr.lle Addition of hydrogen :
Na2SO 4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) _ . 2NaCl(aq) + 2NH3{g) + 3Cl2'8> --+ N7(g) + 6HCl(g)
Sodium Banum chlonde Sodlumchlondt In this reaction, chlorine is reduced to
sulphatt'
hydrogen chloride by the gain of hydrogen.
BaSO4 (s) .1.
·Bariumsulphare Removal of oxygen :
(while ppl.)
Oxide + Element--+ Metal
5. Energy changes during chemical reactions : ZnO(s) + C(s)--+ Zn(s) + CO{g)
Energy changes occur during chemical reactions Redox reactions : Consider the following
because different amounts of energies are
reaction:
involved in breaking a bonds in reactants and
(RED UCING .AGENT!
making of bonds in products. Depending Oxidation (addition of oxygen)
upon whether heat is evolved or absorbed
during a reaction, the reaction can be Hp(g)
CuO(s) + H2(g) H•ar • Cu(s)+
exothermic or endothermic.

I
Copper(II)
<•> Exothermic reaction : A chemical reaction oxide
in w~ch heat energy is given out is called an Reduction (removal of oxygen)
exothermic reaction. · !OXIDISING AGENT!
Burning of natural gas, respiration, formation
of compost from vegetable matter are also In this reaction :
exothermic proce.sses. (11 The copper(II) oxide is losing oxygen and

e.g., C(s) + O 2(g) --+ CO2'8> + 94.00 kcal being reduced.

o
2 H (g) + 2(g)--+ 2H 2O(/) + 136.0 kcal
2
(b) Endothermic reaction : A chemical reaction
in which heat energy is absorbed is called an
endothermic reaction.
e.g., C(s) + 2S(s)--+ CS2(/) - 22 kcal
(il1 The hydrogen is gaining oxygen and is being
oxidised.
Such reaction s in which one re actant gets
oxidised and the other gets reduced are called
oxidation-reduction or redox reactions.

C(s) + H7O(g) t1tXJ-C • CO(s) + H2(s) Some other examples of redox reaction s are :
- 31.4 kcal MnO2 + 4HCI-. MnCl 2 + 2H2O + Cl2

6. Oxidation and Reduc tion reaction : Fe2O3 + 3CO ~ 2Fe + 3CO2

(a) Oxidation : It is a chemical process in which Oxidising agent : The substance which can bring
a substance gains oxygen or loses hydrogen. about oxidation of other substances is called an
Addition of oxygen : oxidising agent.
Element + Oxygen--+ Oxide Or
~-I·, C(s) + 02<8) --+ C02'8) A substance which causes addition of o xygen or
2Mg(s) + 02(g) --+ 2MgO(s) removal of hydrogen from other substances is
In the above reactions: (11 Carbon is oxidised called an oxidising agent.
to CO2.

CBSE Self-St udy In Sdence-10 II

 e.g. , S(s) + 02(g) ~ S02(g)
(Oxygen is the oxidising agent)
H 2S(aq) + Cl 2(g) ~ 2HCl(aq) + S(s)
(Chlorine is the oxidising agent)
Reducing agent: The substance which can bring
about reduction of other substances is called a
reducing agent.
Or
A substance which causes addition of hydrogen
or remova l of oxygen from other substances is
called a reducing agent.
e.g., C(s) + ZnO(s) ~ CO(g) + Zn(s)
Ca rbon is the reducing agent as it is removing
oxygen from ZnO .
H 2S(g) + Cl2(g) ~ 2HCl(g) + S(s)
H 2S is the reducing agent as it is adding hydrogen
to chlorine.
:lectronic concept of oxidation and reduction :
) xidation : In the electronic concept, oxidation is
i efined as a process in which an atom or an ion
o ses electrons.
e.g., (i) Formation of Zn 2 + ion from Zn.
Zn~Zn 2 + + 2e-
(ii ) Formation of ferric (Fe3..+) ion from ferrous
(Fe2 +) ion.
Fe2 + ~ Fe3 + + e-
Reduction : In the electronic concept, reduction is
defined as a process in which an atom or an ion
gains electron(s).
e.g., (i) Formation of Zn from Zn2 +
Zn 2 + + 2e-~ Zn
c1- from Cl 2
(ii) Formation of
Cl2 + 2e- ~ 2c1-
O xidising agent : In the electronic concept, the
chemical species which can remove electrons from
some other species is called an oxidising agent. The
oxid ising agent gets reduced during a redox reaction
by gaining electrons.

e.g., Sn4 + + 2e- ~ Sn2+

Ti n(IV) 1011 Tm (ll)1o n

(S n4 + is an oxidising agent)

F2 + 2e- ~ 2F-
Floonne Fluorideion

(F 2 is an oxidising agent)
Reducing agent : In the elec tron ic conc ept, the
che mica l species whic h can lose elec tron s to some
othe r spe cies is call ed a redu cing agent. The
redu cing agent gets oxid ised duri ng a redo x reaction
by losin g electrons.
Fe2+ -~> Fe3+ + e-
lron(II) ion tron(III) ion

(Fe2 + is a redu cing agent)

2c1- _ _.> Cl2 + 2e-

chloride ion Chlorine

(Cl- is a redu cing agent)

I I
1 . M u lt ip le Choic
Q . 1. C
e Questions (b) Calcium hydroiod
al ci um ox id e re ac e absorbing a \ITge am
ts vi go ro us ly w ith heat. ount of
wa te r to
(c) Calcium oiode an
~ cium hydroxide rele d hydrogen with a m
ease d
asing a large amount large amount of he at
.
he at . of (d ) Ca\c\um olridt
and hydrogen with th
of large amount of he e absoflltion

m at.
CB Sl Se lf-St udv In
SdeftCe-10

.
Q.2. The lffetio n, l MnO,(s) + 4~(
• HHt is •n ~mp te of: ' ) - 3Mn(/) • ~O,( J) Q.1O. The 1t1etion which Is used In bl,ck and white
(a) Combination •nd photography is :
(b) Combin•tion ind :=er mk. ruction. ~ B r ( s ) Sunlipt , 2Ag(s) + Br,(9)
~sP Qcement •nd ex t U.....,c ruction.
(d) Oisplicement,.nd en~ lc rea~ n. (b) CH,(g).tl,(g) Sunllghl , CH,Cl(g) • HCl(g)
Q.l. Whkh Is the reducing 19ent . rrnk react,on. (c) 2Na(l(s) Ek<tn<n.,..... N1(s) • Cl,(g)
Mn0 1(s) + 4HCl(aq) --+ in the following ruction ?
(a) MnO,. (s) . ,......!4nCl1(J) • 2H10(/) • O,(g) (d) 2KCtO,(s) tW 2KCl(s) + 3O,(g)
.........-rnll(aq)
(c~ Mn~~(s) (d) Cl,(g) Q.ll . The following ruction Is an ex.tmplt of 1:
4NH,(g) + S0 1 (g)--♦ 4NO(g) + 6H,0(9)
Q.• 4. Which lS the OJtidlsin
9 agent in the follow ! ng
ruction ? (r) displacement re,ctlon
CuO(s) + H1{g) - Cu(s) + Hz()(/) (ir) combin iltion reaction
~O (s) (b) H1(g) (1/1) redox rtilctlon
(c) Cu(s) (d) H1O(I) ( iv) neumtisation ruction
0.5. The coatin g formed on the meb (o) (t) and (iv) (b) (ir) ind (iir)
. beIs :such 1s Iron, silver
.. W1U
• nd co r •fter.co rros,on
~ n d (iii) (d) (iit) ind (iv)
n. ~ artd gl'ffn in colour of the following statements about the given
Q.12. Which
(b) Blick., brown •net gl'ffn In colour..
•-- . reaction ilrt cOOKt ?
' ...""'". in colour in au the rntt.lls.
()
3fe(s) + 4H 2O(g) --- FeiO,(s) + 4H2(9)
(d) BL,ck 1n colour in alt the metals.
(r) Iron metill is getting oxidised
o., . ~ ~hang es which take i>IJce when fats and oils are
0X1d1s ed: (ir) W1ter is getting reduced
(a) They become bettff in wte. (iir) Water is acting ilS reducing agent
),
(b) They become rancid and give good smell. (iv) Water is 1cting as oxidising agent
~ become rancid and their smell and taste (a) (1), (ir) and (iir) (b) (iii) •nd (iv)
change.
(d) They remain unaffected. Jq-{l r.1ii) and (iv) (d) (i1) and (iv)
Q. 13. Which of the following are exothermic proce
ues ?
Q.7. The substances which get oxidised easily can be kept
fOf longer duration by : (r) Reaction of water with quidclime
(a) Adding o,cygen and keeping them in sun for few (i1) Dilution of an acid
days. (ii,) Evaporation of water
(b) Adding nitrogen and keeping them in sun for fN (iv) Sublimation of camphor (crystals)
days. ~ and (i1) (b) (i1) and (iir)
(c) Adding oxygen and keeping them in airtight (d) (iir) and (iv)
(c) (i) and (iv)
containers.
Q.14. Adilute ferrous sulphate solution was gradually added
~ i n g nitrogen and keeping them in airtight
to the beaker containing acidified permanganate
containers.
o.a. The colour formed on the sumce of copper powder solution. The light purple colour of the solution fades
and finally disappears. Which of the following is the
when it is heated in a china dish :
(b) Blue correct explanation for the observation ?
(o) Red
(c) Gl'ffll ~k. ~ is an oxidising agent, it oxidises FeS0 4
Q.9. Whit happens when hydrogen gas is passed over the (b) FeS04 acts as an oxidising agent and oxidises
heated copper oJtide (CuO) ? KMnO 4
(o) f!!tck coating on the surface turns blue. (c) The colour disappears due to dilution; no rNction
$'Bl ack coating on the surface turns brown. is involved.
(c) Black coating on the surface turns green. (d) KMnO, is an unstable compound and decomposes
(cl) Black coating on the surface turns white. in presence of FeSO, to a colourless compound.

C8Sl Self-Study In Sdenal-10

m
, Q. ts. Which ,mong the following is(•r
r) doubl.e displ.lcement (ir) MgO + H20 ---+ Mg( OHh
rtaction(s) ? (iit) 4AI + 301 - 2Al101
(1) Pb + CuC I:-- + PbCl 1 + Cu (iv) Zn + feS0 4 ---+ ZnS04 + Fe
(i1) N,1S04 + BaCl1 - >BISO, + 2NaCI (a) (,) and (iii) (b) (Iii) and (iv)
(iii) C + 0 1 ->C 01 ~ t ) and (lit)
(c) (it) and (iv)
(iv) CH, + 20 1-+ (Oz + 2H,o __
(o) (1) and (iv) _p,rf;}) only ANSWERS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
(c) (1) and (i1) (d) (ii,) and (1v) 3. (b) 4 (a) S. (a)
t . (o) 2. (c)
Q. 16. Which among the following stat eme nt(s ) is(a re) (d) a. (d) 9. (b) to. (a)
6. (c) 7.
true ? Exposure of silver chloride to sunlight ror a 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (o) ts. (b)
grey due to :
tt. (c) 20. (d)
long duration turn s (d) ta. (b) 19. (cl)
16. (a) 17.
(1) T~ formation of silver by decomposition of silvtr
chloride 2. True/False Qu tst ions
(i1) Sublim.ition of silver chloride Writa tn,o or fatso for tho following suto
mon ts :
(ill) ~om pos itio n or chlorine gas from
silver chloride the colour
t . On heating the crystals of ferrous sulphate.
(iv) ~el atio n of silvtr chloride
changes from grMn to grry.
0
.¼ (1) only (b) (1) and (ii,)
(d) (rv) only 2. Calcium oxide is .ilso called lime or
quicklime. Q
(c) (it) and (iit) ate crystals. the
3. On ~•t ing the crys tals of lead nitr
Q. 17. Whi ch of the follow ing 1s(a rt)
ptocess(es) ?
a n end othe rmic
emis sion of brown fumes occu rs.
0
4, ~ thermal decomposition reaction
or calcium sulphatt
(1) DIiution of sulphuric acid tography.
(9YJ>sum) is used in black and white pho
(i1) Sublimation of dry ice
(ii,) Condensation of water vapours bromide into s1IY!I
D
S. The decomposition reaction of silver
(;v) Evapor.ttion of water in the manufacturing ol
and brom ine by ligh t is used
(a) (11 and (111) (b) (i1) only
~ and (iv)
cemenL
D
(c) (iir) only duri ng • chem iul
6. The insolub le sub stan ce formed
0. 11. ln the double dispt.cement reaction
betw ttn aqueous
te, a ~Uo w reaction is known as a prec ipit.ite.
D
pota uium iodide and aqueous lud nitra
is transferred frora
plf'Clpita te of lead iodide is formNl. Whil
e performing 7. During end ot~ rmic react ions, heat
the activity if lead nitra te is not available
, which of
the reacting subst.inces to the surroun
dings. D
nitra te ?
the follo wing can be usNl in place of lud 8. !he reaction Zn(s) + CuSO,(oq) - +
ZnS04 (oq) + Cu(i)
(o) lead sulp hate (insoluble) reac tion .
1s an example of double disp lace men t
~e .-d acet ate . D
(c) Ammonium nitr ate s to slow do.,.11
Keeping food in airti ght con tain ers help
(cf) Potassium sulphate
9.
oxidation.
D
ical equations, the n coat ing, co ~
Q. 19. ln whic h of the following chem 10. Due to corrosio n iron ~ts a brow
abbrrvi,1tions rep r-n t the corre<t states
of the rrar unts a black coating.
gets a gree n coat ing and silver gets
er.it ure ?
and products involved at reaction temp
(o) 2Hz({) • 01(f) - > 2H 10(g) ANSWERS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _
□
(b) 2Hz(g) + 01( ()- + 2H 20(f)
1. True 2. True
(c) ZH1(g) + O,(g ) - + 2H 10({)
3. True 4 • False
~ z ( g ) + O, (g) - 2H1 0(g)
5 • False 6. True
tion ruc tion s?
Q.20 . Wh ich of ~ following are combina 7· False a. false
,...,.1 1 ~·:...T!.'.:ru~e:...__ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _.:,:D
_ __
(1) 21((101 ---'-""-➔ 21((( + 301 _9_. True

m C8S ES., f-S1 udy In Sdence-10