THEORETICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR

1. Syntactic function of English noun phrases, adjective phrases and prepositional

phrases
Syntactic function of English noun phrases

- Subject : My mother is a teacher.

- Direct Object: My mother is a teacher.

- Indirect Object: We gave our friend a book.

- Subject complement: My father is a university lecturer.

- Object complement: They elected him chairman.

- Complement of preposition: On the way, we looked at it.

- Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon.

- A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach.

- Complement of Adjective: The game isn’t worth the candle.

Syntactic function of English adjective phrases

- Attributive position
+ Pre-modifier to a noun
+ Determiners
+ Post-modifier: There’s nothing new, but something important.
I have a house larger than yours.

- Freely occur in predicative position, i.e. function as: Cs & Co:

+ Subject Complement: The man seemed old.
+ Object Complement: They painted the door blue.
- Can be pre-modified by intensifiers:
+ The children are very happy.
+ This is so difficult.
- Can take comparative and superlative forms:
+ Comparative: The children are happier now.
+ Superlative: They are the happiest people.
Syntactic function of English prepositional phrases

- Adjuncts: He talks to her in a friendly way. She comes here on foot.

- Disjuncts: In fact, of course, to my surprise, to some extent, in some way, by all
means
- Conjuncts: On the other hands, in other words, at last, in short, apart from, in
addition, in a word, in brief, instead of
- Post modifier in a NP: The book on grammar is difficult to read. I’m a woman
in love.
- Complementation of a verb:
+ Everything depends on the weather.
+ Everyone is looking for that picture
- Complementation of an adj.
+ I’m afraid of dogs.
+ I’m interested in reading books.

2. Structural English classification of English clauses

- Main clause
- Subordinate clause:
+ The Finite Clause
+ The Non-Finite Clause- Progressive aspect:

--ed/-en participle form

3. Seven basic structures of English sentences

- John / laughed. (SV)*
- John / kissed / Jane. (SVO)
- John / is / tall. (SVC)
- John / gave / Jane / a present. (SVOO)
- John / made / Jane / angry. (SVOC)
- John / sat / up. (SVA)
- John / put / the bag / down. (SVOA)

examples:
Syntactic function of English noun phrases

- Subject : My mother is a teacher.

A new systematic review published in the journal Adolescent
Research Review combines the evidence from qualitative studies
that investigate adolescent social media use.

- Direct Object: My mother is a teacher.

But there are potential benefits, too.”

- Indirect Object: We gave our friend a book.

- Subject complement: My father is a university lecturer.

- Object complement: They elected him chairman.

In seven papers, participants identified social media as a source of

support and reassurance.

They described logging onto social media as a form of stress

management.

- Complement of preposition: On the way, we looked at it.

The studies in the review provided plenty of examples of ways that

social media helped youth build connections with others.

- Appositive: My friend, a teacher, will come soon.

The first theme, connections, describes how social media either

supports or hinders young people’s relationships with their peers,
friends, and family.

- A: Last week, we went to Sam Son beach

- Complement of Adjective: The game isn’t worth the candle.

Syntactic function of English adjective phrases

- Attributive position
+ Pre-modifier to a noun
Reviewing 19 studies of young people ages 11 to 20, the
authors identified four major themes related to social
media and well-being that ultimately affected aspects of
young people’s mental health and sense of self.
 + Determiners

“Adults have always been concerned about how the

latest technology will harm children,”

+ Post-modifier: There’s nothing new, but something important.

I have a house larger than yours.

- Freely occur in predicative position, i.e. function as: Complement of Subject &
Complement of Object:
+ Subject Complement: The man seemed old.
Youth who said they were shy reported having an easier
time making friends through social media.
+ Object Complement: They painted the door blue.

- Can be pre-modified by intensifiers:

+ The children are very happy.

+ This is so difficult.
- Can take comparative and superlative forms:
+ Comparative: The children are happier now.

Youth who said they were shy reported having an easier time
making friends through social media.

+ Superlative: They are the happiest people.

“Adults have always been concerned about how the latest

technology will harm children,
Syntactic function of English prepositional phrases

- Adjuncts: He talks to her in a friendly way. She comes here on foot.

- Others reported feeling frustrated, lonely, or paranoid about being
left out.
- Conjuncts: On the other hands, in other words, at last, in short, apart from, in
addition, in a word, in brief, instead of

On the flip side, youth in five studies reported that social media
interfered with their education.
- The Pros and Cons
Post modifier in a NP:

of Social Media for Youth

- Complementation of a verb:
+ The authors found, in short, that the links between adolescent
well-being and social media are complicated and depend on a
broad range of factors.
- Complementation of an adjective.
+ The second theme, identity, describes how adolescents are
supported or frustrated on social media in trying to develop
their identities.

4. Structural English classification of English clauses

- Main clause
The same is now true for social media.
- Subordinate clause:
+ The Finite Clause

Youth who said they were shy reported having an easier

time making friends through social media.

+ The Non-Finite Clause

- Progressive aspect: --ed/-en participle form

Study participants also reported a feeling of disconnection

associated with relationships on social media.
5. Seven basic structures of English sentences
- SV: More than 90 percent of teenagers in the U.S/ have a
smartphone.
- SVO: We/ have certainly heard/ about the downside of teens
and smartphones: cyberbullying, anxiety, and a misrepresented
sense of body image.
- SVC; The same/ is/ now true for social media.
- SVOO: Participants/ identified/ social media/ as a source of
support and reassurance.
- SVOC: They/ found/ it/ difficult to spend quiet time alone without
checking their phones.

These articles does not have any sentences having SVA and SVOA structures.