Mid Term Examination Summer ‘21

Course: Sociology Date: 28th July, 2021

Teacher Name: Syed Ali Raza Duration: 9 AM to 9 PM

Semester: BBA 3 & BBA 4 Marks: 20

Student I.D: m. Abdullah baig 16380__________ Program: BBA (H)

Instructions:
 Read all questions carefully.
 All questions are compulsory.
 You are required to use MS Word.
 Regular font must be 12 pt. and headings should be 14 pt.
 Text should be justified in formatting.
 Do not submit your assignment other than pdf or word file format.
 Mid Term solution will be only acceptable through KASBIT LMS, assignment on email
will be directly rejected.

Question No. 01: (04 Marks)

What are the main agents of socialization? Discuss all of them in detail with the help of
examples in your own words.

Question No 02: (06 Marks)

Short Case Study
Pakistan is passing through a phase of cultural and social change and this phenomenon is
most visible in the urban areas. On the one side, we are witnessing increased religiosity and
on the other fashion industry are re-shaping life styles. Karachi, Lahore, Islamabad and to
lesser degree Faisalabad have hosted several fashion shows.
Does this imply that society’s perceptions on modeling and fashion design are changing and
there is greater acceptance and tolerance for Western fashion designs? It is a complex and
conflicting situation where acceptance and resistance are running in parallel. Flow ever,
Vaneeza Ahmed, a popular model, clearly thinks it is changing.
Ms. Vaneeza says when she started her career 15 years ago, modeling had little cultural
acceptance and “there were bored housewives with nothing to do”. Now, fashion designing
and modeling have grown and cultural attitudes towards them have wider acceptance in
society. Tariq Amin, stylist and photographer, endorses Vaneeza Ahmed’s observations. He
says that some years ago it was difficult to find female models, however, now it’s a popular
profession among young and aspiring women and men.
While the proponents of fashion design are inspired and in fact flourishing as seen through
bill boards and fashion advertisements, the opponents are furious and assert that fashion
industry is promoting immorality and vulgarity among the youth.

Thus various factors like growth in local and global media, a booming fashion industry, rising
number of fashion weeks, all have created a major influence on the mindset of youth. Youth
is now more fashion conscious and more consumerist. Their spending patterns, social
behavior and lifestyle have been impacted by a raised interest and consciousness of fashion
design.
a) Comment with the reason that promoting the fashion in this way is ethical or unethical?
b) Which factor in the above case is most responsible for a major influence on the mindset
of youth? Explain in detail.
c) What steps should be taken by the Government of Pakistan to control the above
situation? Support your suggestions with the proper reasoning.

Question No 03: (03 marks)

What are the most important agents of socialization which creates maximum effect on one’s
personality? Support your answer with appropriate reasoning.

Question No 04: (05 marks)

Search the relevant scenario example for the team development and define is an effective
team? According to you what are the major roles of Primary and Secondary groups in one’s
life? Support your answer with the appropriate examples.

Question No 05: (02 marks)

Take an example of an organization and define that with respect to Utilitarian, Normative and
Coercive organizations do not take example of psychiatric hospital.

GOOD LUCK

Answer no 1
The main agent of scioczlization are :
Family
Neighborhood
Religion
peer groups
the media.

The family:
Family is the first agent of socialization. Mothers and fathers, siblings and grandparents, plus
members of an extended family, all teach a child what he or she needs to know. For
example, they show the child how to use objects (such as clothes, computers, eating
utensils, books, bikes); how to relate to others (some as “family,” others as “friends,” still
others as “strangers” or “teachers” or “neighbors”); and how the world works (what is
“real” and what is “imagined”).
The primary function of the family is to reproduce society, both biologically through
procreation and socially through socialization. Given these functions, the individual’s
experience of his or her family shifts over time. From the perspective of children, the family
is a family of orientation: the family functions to locate children socially, and plays a major
role in their socialization. From the point of view of the parent(s), the family is a family of
procreation: The family functions to produce and socialize children. In some cultures,
marriage imposes upon women the obligation to bear children. In northern Ghana, for
example, payment of bridewealth, which is an amount of money, wealth, or property paid
to the bride’s parents by the groom’s family, signifies a woman’s requirement to bear
children, and women using birth control face substantial threats of physical abuse and
reprisals.
Producing offspring is not the only function of the family. Marriage sometimes establishes
the legal father of a woman’s child; establishes the legal mother of a man’s child; gives the
husband or his family control over the wife’s sexual services, labor, and/or property; gives
the wife or her family control over the husband’s sexual services, labor, and/or property;
establishes a joint fund of property for the benefit of children; establishes a relationship
between the families of the husband and wife. None of these functions are universal, nor
are all of them inherent to any one society. In societies with a sexual division of labor,
marriage, and the resulting relationship between a husband and wife, is necessary for the
formation of an economically productive household. In modern societies, marriage entails
particular rights and privileges which encourage the formation of new families even when
there is no intention of having children.In most societies, marriage between brothers and
sisters is forbidden. In many societies, marriage between some first cousins is preferred,
while at the other extreme, the medieval Catholic Church prohibited marriage even
between distant cousins. 
Neighborhood:
A neighborhood is a geographically localized community within a larger city, town, or
suburb. A neighborhood is a geographically localized community within a larger city, town,
or suburb. Neighborhoods are often social communities with considerable face-to-face
interaction among members. Neighborhoods are typically generated by social interaction
among people living near one another. In this sense, they are local social units larger than
households, but not directly under the control of city or state officials. In some preindustrial
urban traditions, basic municipal functions such as protection, social regulation of births and
marriages, cleaning, and upkeep are handled informally by neighborhoods and not by urban
governments; this pattern is well documented for historical Islamic cities. In addition to
social neighborhoods, most ancient and historical cities also had administrative districts
used by officials for taxation, record-keeping, and social control.

Specialization and Differentiation

Neighborhoods in preindustrial cities often had some degree of social specialization or

differentiation. Ethnic enclaves were important in many past cities and remain common in
cities today. Economic specialists, including craft producers, merchants, and others could be
concentrated in neighborhoods. Other neighborhoods were united by religious persuasion.
One factor contributing to neighborhood distinctiveness and social cohesion was the role of
rural to urban migration. This was a continual process for preindustrial cities in which
migrants tended to move in with relatives and acquaintances from their rural past.

On another level, a community is a group of interacting people, living in some proximity.

Community usually refers to a social unit—larger than a household—that shares common
values and has social cohesion. The sense of community and formation of social networks
comprise what has become known as social capital.

Peer Groups

A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and who share
interests. Peer group socialization begins in the earliest years, such as when kids on a
playground teach younger children the norms about taking turns, the rules of a game, or
how to shoot a basket. As children grow into teenagers, this process continues. Peer groups
are important to adolescents in a new way, as they begin to develop an identity separate
from their parents and exert independence. Additionally, peer groups provide their own
opportunities for socialization since kids usually engage in different types of activities with
their peers than they do with their families. Peer groups provide adolescents’ first major
socialization experience outside the realm of their families. Interestingly, studies have
shown that although friendships rank high in adolescents’ priorities, this is balanced by
parental influence.

The Workplace

Just as children spend much of their day at school, many U.S. adults at some point invest a
significant amount of time at a place of employment. Although socialized into their culture
since birth, workers require new socialization into a workplace, in terms of both material
culture (such as how to operate the copy machine) and nonmaterial culture (such as
whether it’s okay to speak directly to the boss or how to share the refrigerator).

Different jobs require different types of socialization. In the past, many people worked a
single job until retirement. Today, the trend is to switch jobs at least once a decade.
Between the ages of eighteen and forty-six, the average baby boomer of the younger set
held 11.3 different jobs (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). This means that people must
become socialized to, and socialized by, a variety of work environments.

Religion

While some religions are informal institutions, here we focus on practices followed by
formal institutions. Religion is an important avenue of socialization for many people. The
United States is full of synagogues, temples, churches, mosques, and similar religious
communities where people gather to worship and learn. Like other institutions, these places
teach participants how to interact with the religion’s material culture (like a mezuzah, a
prayer rug, or a communion wafer). For some people, important ceremonies related to
family structure—like marriage and birth—are connected to religious celebrations. Many
religious institutions also uphold gender norms and contribute to their enforcement through
socialization. From ceremonial rites of passage that reinforce the family unit to power
dynamics that reinforce gender roles, organized religion fosters a shared set of socialized
values that are passed on through society.

Conclusion

Hence fourth in conclusion it is my belief that agents of socialization are not only agents
which enable us to about ourselves but the normalities and rules of society as a whole.
Agents Of socialization not only affect the way we perceive reality but an individual’s basic
understanding regarding the communication process between various individuals.
Socialization agents are crucial aspects of society which enable self erudition with regard to
societal normalities

ANSWER 2
a) 
Promoting fashion in these ways is unethical as the youth has concomitantly
developed a premature thus unwelcome sense of indecency that they fail to view as
inappropriate on a subconscious level. This is a result of exposure to looking at
models pose in certain poses and expressions that are easily unsettling for the
onlooker. It has somehow creeped into the norms of the society, and the youth look
up to these fashion models as life models.

b)
The media is easily the biggest culprit as it is readily available to common man
mainly in the form of television and smartphones. Every form of technology that
showcases media airs the different types of fashion in inviting ways to the audience
and draws their undivided attention.

c) 
The Govt of Pakistan is responsible to pave the path of opportunities and education
for its youth and encourage them to develop interest in the more important factions
of life that include religion, knowledge, culture and progress. The Govt of Pakistan
must enforce strict laws on the nature of content that is showcased and the way it is
done so that good ethics prevai

ANSWER 3

The Family.
 The family is perhaps the most important agent of socialization for children. Parents' values
and behavior patterns profoundly influence those of their daughters and sons.My family is
who I have socialized most with since they were the first ever people I interacted with.
Family has had a large influence over who I am today because they are the people who I
learned almost everything from (primary socialization). The reason I have such high morals
and values is because of my family. By observing and taking from their behavior I was able
to form my own values through nurture. Although they taught me a lot of beneficial things
that make me a better person, I have also learned from some of my family members bad
habits. My uncle always smoked around the kids, including myself, when I was younger and I
never liked the smell and now I associate that memory with cigarettes and it makes me not
have any desire to smoke whatsoever. II also had another uncle who went to jail a lot for
selling drugs and other related things, and since I definitely did not want to end up in jail I
now make smart decisions, and associate myself with people who benefit me. On the whole
my family has made me a nobler person by both their good and bad.

Answer 4
Team building refers to the activities undertaken by groups of people in order to
increase their motivation and boost cooperation. Many people use the phrases
“team building” and “teamwork” interchangeably. However, they are two distinct
concepts. While team building places emphasis on the creation of groups,
teamwork emphasizes the functions of these groups. Team building is the process
of increasing a team’s cohesiveness, productivity, and efficiency by coming up
with activities that require members to work together. This process relies on a
range of aspects to guarantee its success. These include factors such as good
communication skills, clarity of goals, shared leadership, and a sense of accountability.
In addition to the abovementioned traits, leaders need to be careful when
selecting teams. More specifically, they should pick teams based on diversity and
skill levels. Overall, team building helps companies achieve goals and foster
healthy competition.
Primary group:
According to Cooley, primary groups play the most critical role in our lives. The
primary group is usually fairly small and is made up of individuals who generally
engage face-to-face in long-term, emotional ways. This group serves emotional
needs: expressive functions rather than pragmatic ones. The primary group is
usually made up of significant others—those individuals who have the most
impact on our socialization.
Example of primary group:
The best example of a primary group is the family.
Secondary groups:
Secondary groups are often larger and impersonal. They may also be task focused
and time limited. These groups serve an instrumental function rather than an
expressive one, meaning that their role is more goal or task oriented than
emotional. Neither primary nor secondary groups are bound by strict definitions
or set limits. In fact, people can move from one group to another. A graduate
seminar, for example, can start as a secondary group focused on the class at
hand, but as the students work together throughout their program, they may find
common interests and strong ties that transform them into a primary group.
Example of secondary group:
A classroom or office can be an example of a secondary group.
Answer 5

Example of organization: MILITARY ORGANIZATION

COERCIVE ORGANIZATON:

Military is an example of coercive organization Where the entrance is usually

voluntary, but you cannot exit the organization without formal permission.
Member have to wear uniforms that are similar and have to wear uniforms that
are similar and have to follow a chain of command and a strict set of rules.

NORMATIVE ORGANIZATION:

The military could also be considered normative because some members join out
of civic responsibility.
Utilitarian organization:

Military could be considered utilitarian organization because there are also

remunerative goals in mind when individuals join. This gives it a quality that
match up with the characteristics of utilitarian organization.