BUSINESS ETHICS

1.K

2.G.

3.E.

4.F

5.E

6.I

7.C

8.B

9.A

10.D

1.Objectivity

objectivity is defined as, " concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by
one's perception, emotions, or imagination)."Objectivity is critical in the workplace in order to
maintain employee loyalty and to avoid ethical conflicts. Operating a company means setting personal
ties aside and not focusing on the emotional aspects that could influence a decision. Though complete
objectivity may be difficult for cohesive organizations, managers should strive to make decisions
based on clear, irrefutable information.

Students being able to think objectively consider the facts rather than their personal feelings.He/she
must be fair, impartial and intellectually honest, and must not allow prejudice or bias, conflict of
interest or influence of their peers or classmares to override objectivity.

Students not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to impair their
unbiased assessment. This participation includes those activities or relationships that may be in
conflict with the interests or influence of their peers or classmates to override objectivity.He/she
shalll not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional
judgment.Students shall disclose all material facts known to them that, if not disclosed, may distort
the reporting of activities under review.

1.Objectivity is defined as, " concept of truth independent from individual subjectivity (bias caused by
one's perception, emotions, or imagination)."Students being able to think objectively will pursue their
desired degree considering the facts rather than their personal feelings.He/she must be fair, impartial
and intellectually honest, and must not allow prejudice or bias, conflict of interest or influence of their
peers or classmares to override objectivity.

Being able to think objectively is seeing and accepting things as they are without projecting your
fears, mental models, and past experiences, and responding thoughtfully and deliberately to the
people, challenges and opportunities in your life.

Students being able to think objectively will pursue their desired degree considering the facts rather
than their personal feelings.He/she must be fair, impartial and intellectually honest, and must not
allow prejudice or bias, conflict of interest or influence of their peers or classmares to override
objectivity.

2.Confedentiality

Confidentiality means that information is restricted to those authorised to have access to it.Students
who uphold confidentiality respect the value and ownership of information they receive from their
peers or schoolmate out stress or personal problem and do not disclose information without
appropriate authority unless there is a legal obligation to do so.He/she must be wisebin the use and
protection of information acquired in the course of their duties.

It means that someone who value confidentialuty shouldn’t share personal details or information
about someone with others, unless that person has said they can or it’s absolutely necessary. ‘

"duty of an individual to refrain from sharing confidential information with others, except with the
express consent of the other party."

Students who uphold confidentiality respect the value and ownership of information they receive
from their peers or schoolmate out stress or personal problem and do not disclose information
without appropriate authority unless there is a legal obligation to do so.He/she must be wisebin the
use and protection of information acquired in the course of their duties.

Shall not use information for any personal gain or in any manner that would be contrary to the law or
detrimental to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the school.

2Confidentiality means that information is restricted to those authorised to have access to it.It means
that someone who value confidentiality shouldn’t share personal details or information about
someone with others, unless that person has said they can or it’s absolutely necessary. ‘ Students who
uphold confidentiality will achieve their degree without hurting and stepping on others business by
respect the value and ownership of information they receive from their peers or teachers.
3 Competency is defined as," capability to apply or use a set of related knowledge, skills, and abilities
required to successfully perform "critical work functions" or tasks in a defined work setting."Students
with competency will acquire their degree by apply the knowledge, skills, and experience along
his/her journey that are needed in the future.They will continually improve their proficiency and the
effectiveness and quality of their experience and skills that they acquire through their experiences as
a students.

Having competency means that you have the ability to do something well. You are capable of
performing a task effectively.

Students with competency will acquire their degree by apply the knowledge, skills, and experience
along his/her journey that are needed in the future.They will continually improve their proficiency
and the effectiveness and quality of their experience and skills that they acquire through their
experiences as a students.

1.Integrity

 Shall perform their work with honesty, diligence, and responsibility.

 Shall respect and contribute to the legitimate and ethical objectives of the ABM strand.

2.Objectivity

 Shall not participate in any activity or relationship that may impair or be presumed to
impair their unbiased assessment.
 Shall not accept anything that may impair or be presumed to impair their professional
judgment.

3.Confidentiality

 Shall be prudent in the use and protection of information acquired in the course of
their duties.
 Shall not use information for any personal gain.

4.Competency

 Shall engage only in those services for which they have the necessary knowledge,
skills, and experience.
  Shall perform services in accordance with the ABM strand standards.

Enterprise:Ayala Corporation

Poverty Alleviation:SUSTAINED CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP KEY TO BREAKING THE CYCLE OF POVERTY

EVALUATION

This program of Ayala Corporation is very admirable and inspirable.Base on my research about this
program,I can say that this program will totally break the cycle of poverty.It amaze me because in
order to create real and lasting impact, Ayala Corporation believes that businesses must focus on
addressing the root causes of social problems which is actually right. This emphasis on developing a
commitment to national development and building trust in our community has been one of the
hallmarks of Ayala's success over the years. While they strive to create enduring value for their
shareholders, they never lose sight of the interests of all the other stakeholders in their businesses
and of the nation as a whole.This program is covers the four main areas: education, youth, the
environment, and arts and culture.The first economic development contribution of this program is the
aspect of education.They believes that the basic educational system plays a critical role in the
country's progress, a principle that finds fruition in the Center of Excellence in Public Elementary
Education. Centex provides bright children from needy families with top-quality education through an
enhanced curriculum, supplemental feeding and family support and counseling. Other education-
oriented programs have been developed to provide access to information technology, scholarships
and awards for academic excellence.Next, focus on the youth sector is also founded on the belief that
the country's future lies in the hands of good leaders. To address the need for principled leadership,
the Ayala Young Leaders Congress brings together potential leaders from among today's youth and
encourages them to make a difference in their communities. The Bank of the Philippine Islands and
Globe Telecom offers annual awards that recognize academic excellence in science and information
and communications technology. These programs nurture in the youth the desire and capability to
lead the country in progress.Still another way that the Ayala Group is contributing to the country's
development is by addressing its many environmental concerns. Ayala Land Inc.'s solid waste
management program has effectively reduced pollution in its residential, commercial and industrial
projects. Manila Water Company's Tubig Para Sa Barangay Project is providing clean, potable water to
meet the needs of Metro Manila's urban poor. Ayala companies are giving financial support and
promoting awareness of environmental issues so that future generations can continue to tap the
country's rich natural resources.Lastly,In arts and culture, the Ayala Group created the Ayala Museum
and the Filipinas Heritage Library as repositories of the country's national heritage. Located in the
heart of Makati's central business district, these institutions are bringing Filipino art and history closer
to the public.

CHURCH
 REFLECTION

The social teaching of this lesson make me realize how important is the common good in our
community.It is a central concept in Catholic social thought, yet a difficult one to apply concretely.

I grow seeing my parents working hard to provide our needs and to support my
study.Eventhough the wage is not that big and enough to support our needs they are still
working so I know what it feel to go in the school without allowance and sometimes even
worst than that but I endure every moments of difficulties because education is the only thing
that I can use to raise my family in poverty.Sometimes I wonder ,why I am born in a poor
family? if only we are rich,my parents doesn't have to work 8 hours a day just to provide our
needs. But as a grew older I realized that it doesn't matter if I am born rich or poor,what
matter is how we resoond to those situation.The social teaching of this lesson make me
realize how important is the common good in our community.It is a central concept in Catholic
social thought, yet a difficult one to apply concretely. The notion of the common good shapes
my vision, I tend to view human beings as essentially social, as essentially related to others,
and as flourishing only in and through community with others. This in no way diminishes the
importance of the individual or subordinates the individual to the good of the whole.
r I realized A county's wealth comes from the very labor of its people and my parents is one of
those people. Individuals should use their wealth to benefit the common good and to help
those less fortunate. Labor is worth as much as the products that result, and a worker ought
to be paid enough to support himself and his family. Yet it is important to note that one's
income beyond what is necessary for living frugally and with dignity ought to be used, as
commanded by the scriptures, to help those who are less fortunate.Pope Pius XI stated that a
renewal of Christian spirit must occur among the workers and employers involved in economic
life to achieve just results. Social justice and social charity must also play a role in shaping
economic life which must be centered on Christian moderation and universal charity, and the
focus must remain on everlasting life in Jesus Christ.
Each person has the right to life and the means necessary to live their life. In addition, all of
humanity has a natural right to be respected, to worship God, to live their life as they choose,
to work and support a family, to form associations, to emigrate, and to take an active role in
public life. All people also have the duty to preserve their life, to respect the rights of others,
work together for the common good, and maintain an attitude of responsibility.The purpose
of the public authority, or government, is to attain the common good. This is best achieved
when personal rights and duties are protected. The condition of people is a major
consideration when determining the form of government in a country. Government must also
never disregard the moral law and justice must be administered impartially.
1.a

2.a

3.b(not sure)

4.a

5.a(not sure)

6.b

==================INCOMPLETE================

PHYSICAL SCIENCE

1.a

2.d

3.b

4.a

5.a

6.D

7.d

8.b

9.a

10.c

II

1.energy made of photons

2.translucent objects
3.transparent

4.a particle and as a wave

5.opaque object

6.different kinds of matter

III

1.F

2.F

3.F

4.T

5.T

Reflection.

I enjoy doing this activity though it is not easily for me since Im not an early riser but its fun waking up
early in the morning to take some picture and tgeir are also time that light penetrate my eyes from
the sun.After I did this activity I realized cloud is the same with our feelings,it changes over
time,sometimes it is dark or stormy,sometimes gloomy and there are times that it is lovely,it changes
every time it is enlighten by the light to uncover what lies beneath that stormy ,gloomy and lovely
feelings.

1.We are actually looking at the sky. The light rays coming from the sky are refracted by a hot,rarer
medium and it appears that the sky is reflected in the road.Light from distant objects is being
refracted to your eye, creating the appearance of a reflection, which we interpret as water on the
road.

2.Sunlight reaches Earth's atmosphere and is scattered in all directions by all the gases and particles in
the air. Blue light is scattered in all directions by the tiny molecules of air in Earth's atmosphere. Blue
is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a
blue sky most of the time.

How light waves get scattered depends strongly on the size of the particle compared with the
wavelength of the light. Particles that are small compared with the light wavelength scatter blue light
more strongly than red light. Because of this, the tiny gas molecules that make up our Earth’s
atmosphere (mostly oxygen and nitrogen) scatter the blue portion of sunlight in all directions, creating
an effect that we see as a blue sky.

3.Within the visible range of light, red light waves are scattered the least by atmospheric gas
molecules. So at sunrise and sunset, when the sunlight travels a long path through the atmosphere to
reach our eyes, the blue light has been mostly removed, leaving mostly red and yellow light
remaining. The result is that the sunlight takes on an orange or red cast, which we can see reflected
from clouds or other objects as a colorful sunset (or sunrise).

4.Clouds are white because light from the Sun is white. As light passes through a cloud, it interacts
with the water droplets, which are much bigger than the atmospheric particles that exist in the
sky.When sunlight reaches an atmospheric particle in the sky, blue light is scattered away more
strongly than other colours, giving the impression that the sky is blue.But in a cloud, sunlight is
scattered by much larger water droplets. These scatter all colours almost equally meaning that the
sunlight continues to remain white and so making the clouds appear white against the background of
the blue sky.

5.Colors

Unlike many of the topics addressed by physics, color is far from abstract. Numerous expressions in
daily life describe the relationship between energy and color: "red hot," for instance, or "blue with
cold." In fact, however, red—with a smaller frequency and a longer wavelength than blue—actually
has less energy; therefore, blue objects should be hotter.

In any case, the color that an object reflects is precisely the color that it does not absorb: thus, if
something is red, that means it has absorbed every color of the spectrum but red.

The laws of thermodynamics state that where heat is involved, the movement is always away from an
area of high temperature and toward an area of low temperature. Heated molecules that reflect red
light are, thus, to use a colloquialism, "showing their tail end" as they move toward an area of low
temperature. By contrast, molecules of low temperature reflect bluish or purple light because the
tendency of heat is to move toward them.

There are other reasons, aside from heat, that some objects tend to be red and others blue—or
another color. Chemical factors may be involved: atoms of neon, for example, can be made to vibrate
at a particular wavelength, producing a specific color. In any case, the color that an object reflects is
precisely the color that it does not absorb: thus, if something is red, that means it has absorbed every
color of the spectrum but red.

they are refracted, then reflected back at an angle so that they represent the entire visible light
spectrum. Though they are beautiful to see, rainbows are neither magical nor impossible to reproduce
artificially. Such rainbows can be produced, for instance, in the spiral of small water droplets emerging
from a water hose, viewed when one's back is to the Sun.

Perception of Light and Color

I was on grade 10 when I encounter the sanaysay of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato who offered
a complex parable, intended to illustrate the difference between reality and illusion, concerning a
group of slaves who do not recognize the difference between sunlight and the light of a torch in a
cave.People refer to "tricks of the light," as, for instance, when one seems to see an image in a fire.
One particularly well-known "trick of the light," . An optical illusion is something that produces a false
impression in the brain, causing one to believe that something is as it appears, when, in fact, it is not.
When two lines of equal length are placed side by side, but one has arrows pointed outward at either
end while the other line has arrows pointing inward, it appears that the line with the inward-pointing
arrows are shorter.This is an example of the ways in which human perception plays a role in what
people see. That topic,goes far beyond physics and into the realms of psychology and the social
sciences. Nonetheless, it is worthwhile to consider, from a physical standpoint, how humans see what
they see—and sometimes see things that are not there.

PE
 BUSINESS FINANCE

 LANDBANK Loan Application Form

 Bio-data of borrowers with passport-size ID picture
 Photocopy of Certificate of Registration with the

Department of Trade and Industry

 Mayor's Permit
 Photocopy of Internal Tax Revenue and audited (BIR-received) Financial Statement for the last
three years
 Latest interim Financial Statement
 Projected income statement, balance sheet
and cash flow statement with basic assumptions
 Brief history of the Business

Name of the Institution Land Bank

Type of institution Government Financial Institution

Business loan offered Requirement:

 Housing Loan
 Microfinance Loan
o LANDBANK Loan Application
 Mortgage Loan
Form
o Bio-data of borrowers with
passport-size ID picture
o Photocopy of Certificate of
Registration with the
o Department of Trade and Industry
o Mayor's Permit
o Photocopy of Internal Tax
Revenue and audited (BIR-
received) Financial Statement for
the last three years
o Latest interim Financial
Statement
o Projected income statement,
balance sheet
o and cash flow statement with
basic assumptions
 Brief history of the Business

1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of debt financing?

Advantages of Debt Financing:

 Control: Taking out a loan is temporary. The relationship ends when the debt is repaid. The
lender does not have any say in how the owner runs his business.
 Taxes: Loan interest is tax deductible, whereas dividends paid to shareholders are not.
 Predictability: Principal and interest payments are stated in advance, so it is easier to work
these into the company's cash flow. Loans can be short, medium or long term.

Disadvantages of Debt Financing:

 Qualification: The company and the owner must have acceptable credit ratings to qualify.
  Fixed payments: Principal and interest payments must be made on specified dates without
fail. Businesses that have unpredictable cash flows might have difficulties making loan
payments. Declines in sales can create serious problems in meeting loan payment dates.
 Cash flow: Taking on too much debt makes the business more likely to have problems meeting
loan payments if cash flow declines. Investors will also see the company as a higher risk and
be reluctant to make additional equity investments.
 Collateral: Lenders will typically demand that certain assets of the company be held as
collateral, and the owner is often required to guarantee the loan personally.

2.What are tge advantages and disadvantages of equity financing?

Advantages of Equity Financing:

 Equity financing is the safest source of financingndor a compang because it does not require
any mandatory payment of dividends.
 If you own enough shares of a company,you can end up controlling its operating and financing
decisions.
 Equity financing also provides the company financial flexibility.
 The funding is committed to your business and your intended projects. Investors only realise
their investment if the business is doing well, eg through stock market flotation or a sale to
new investors.
 You will not have to keep up with costs of servicing bank loans or debt finance, allowing you
to use the capital for business activities.
 Outside investors expect the business to deliver value, helping you explore and execute
growth ideas.
 Some business angels and venture capitalists can bring valuable skills, contacts and experience
to your business. They can also assist with strategy and key decision making.
 Like you, investors have a vested interest in the business' success, ie its growth, profitability
and increase in value.
 Investors are often prepared to provide follow-up funding as the business grows.

Disadvantages of Equity Financing:

 Cash dividends are not tax-deductible.

 Offering new shares to other investors may dilute the ownership stake in termsnof percentage
of the existing stockholders.
 It is the most expensive source of financing.At the onset,it does not appear to be expensive
because there are no mandatort payments for dividends .
 Raising equity finance is demanding, costly and time consuming, and may take management
focus away from the core business activities.
 Potential investors will seek comprehensive background information on you and your
business. They will look carefully at past results and forecasts and will probe the management
 team. However, many businesses find this process useful, regardless of whether or not any
fundraising is successful.
 Depending on the investor, you will lose a certain amount of your power to make
management decisions.
 You will have to invest management time to provide regular information for the investor to
monitor.
 At first you will have a smaller share in the business - both as a percentage and in absolute
monetary terms. However, your reduced share may become worth a lot more in absolute
monetary terms if the investment leads to your business becoming more successful.
 There can be legal and regulatory issues to comply with when raising finance, eg when
promoting investments.

3.Discuss the pecking order hypothesis in corporate finance.

The pecking order hypothesis in corporate finance was developed based on repeated observations of
how companies fund their financing requirements.According to this hypothesis,thisnis how companies
fund their requirements:

1.Internally generated funds.These are the funds that come from operating cash flows.

2.Debt.When internally generated funds have been exhausted,debt financing is the next alternative.

3.Equity.The last in the priority list of financing is equity financing.This is not surprising given that it
isnmore difficult to issue new shares of stocks.

4.Why is equity more expensive than debt?

There are three major reasons why equity is more expensive than debt.First of all, debt is typically
secured by assets, whether real estate, machinery, receivables, inventory, or other things of value,
which may be seized by the lender in case of default by the borrower. Equity ownership, by contrast,
is not accompanied by any kind of security interest in the company financed by the equity holder. The
equity holder cannot seize anything, the sole remedy of an equity holder generally being the right to
vote at a shareholders’ meeting. The aforementioned 4 to 8% interest rate generally assumes that
there is significant security for the lender. An unsecured loan would have a much higher interest
rate, assuming a lender would be willing to lend on an unsecured basis, (which is probably not the
case).A second reason why the cost of equity is typically much higher than the cost of debt is that in
the event of bankruptcy of a company, debt holders are satisfied in full before equity holders receive
any proceeds of liquidation whatsoever. In other words, even an unsecured holder of debt will
receive 100% of what is owed to him or her, before equity holders see a pennyThirdly, a company
must pay holders of debt an interest rate, even if the company is loss-making (and failure to pay
interest or to achieve debt coverage ratios may put the company into default and force a liquidation).
Equity holders, by contrast, are paid dividends only to the extent that the company has been
profitable, once all obligations in the ordinary course (e.g. servicing of interest payments) have been
satisfied. So it boils down to a tradeoff between risk and reward. Debt holders have far lower risk (for
the three aforementioned reasons). If a company is highly profitable, on the other hand, such profits
or rewards will typically accrue to exclusively to the equity holders.In short, the fact that equity is
much more expensive than debt comes back to the principle that the higher the risk, the higher the
expected rewards. And the risks associated with equity are significantly higher than the risks
associated with debt.

5.Identify the different sources of short-term funds and long-term funds.q

The following can be sources of short-term funds:

 Suppliers Credit-refers to the extension of payment due date by suppliers.•Discuss the effects
of stretching payables and show the computation for interest effects ofnot taking
discounts.•For example, the terms 2/10 (2% discount if paid within 10 days) with the due date
of60 days will result in annual interest of (2/98)*(360/50 days), or 14.69%. Therefore, bynot
availing of the discount, the one who ordered the supplies from the supplier in effect
borrowed at 14.69%. It may also be viewed as the opportunity cost forgone.
 Advances from stockholders or other owners – personal funds advanced by a stockholder to a
company that usually requires interest. These usually require little to no interest on advances,
especially if the owner is advancing funds to assist the company in sudden liquidity crisis. This
source, however, is depended on the availability of funds of an individual.
 Credit cooperatives – provided lending services to its members. Members usually pay
contributions to the cooperative.
 Banks Loan – provides both short-term and long-term loans.
 Lending Companies – companies that are dedicated to lending. They usually charge higher
interest than banks but their credit requirements are more lenient compared to banks.
 Informal lending sources (5/6)-This is very expensive source of financing and should be
avoided.
 Credit Cards – just take note of the high interest rates on this source of funds.
 Pawnshops – provides funds in exchange for collateral, usually jewellery, or other items of
value.


The following are the sources long-term funds.

• Equity investors – these are the individuals/corporations which are issued common stock. They
share in the ownership of the company. There are also equity investors who do not have voting rights
in the company but have a share in dividends, usually a fixed percentage. These investors are issued
preferred stock. Holders of preferred shares are first to receive dividends than common stock holders.
• Internally generated funds – not all profits are distributed to stockholders. Most of the profits are
re-invested and used by companies to finance their needs.

• Banks – they provide long-term loans, depending on the nature of the need. For example, a 5-year
to 10-year loan may be granted if the purpose of the loan is construction of an office building.

• Bonds Market– This market is gaining more popularity among our big publicly listed companies for
their fundraising activities.Philippines bonds are now traded through the electronic platform provided
by the Philippine Dealing System Holdings Corporation(PDS Group).

• Lending companies – they can also provide long-term loans.This lending companies can process
loans faster but charge higher interest rates.

6.Discuss when to use short-term funds in business.

Short-term funds are normally used to finance the day-to-day operation of the company.It is used for
working capital requirements such as accounts receivable and inventories.It can also be used for
bridge financing where a company has some maturing obligations and does not have enough cash to
pay such maturing obligations.There are occasions when the management of a company decided to
borrow short-term loan to address this problem.Example,for startup costs.When it’s critical to launch
as soon as possible to secure provisional patent protection or fulfill pent-up market demand, many
promising entrepreneurs finance their startup costs using short-term loans. Often, a small infusion of
money is all that’s needed to get the business up and running or implement necessary operational
upgrades (e.g. larger processing power or storage space from Amazon Cloud Computing).Another
example is for Seasonal Gaps in Accounts Receivables and Payables.Short-term loans can help
businesses that are cyclical in nature, such as retailers preparing for Black Friday, Small Business
Saturday and other major shopping days. For example, a florist business may need to purchase triple
its usual monthly inventory to meet Valentine’s Day demand. A short-term loan can help you take
advantage of a supplier discount for paying in advance while waiting for your accounts receivables to
clear.

7.Discuss when to use long-term funds in business.

Long-term funds are used for long-term investments or sometimes called capital investments.This
includes expansion,buying new equipment,or buying a piece of land which will be the site of future
expansion.Long-term funds can also be used to finance permanent working capital
requirements.Long-term investments have to be financed NY long-term sources of funds to minimize
default risk or the risk that you may not be able to pay maturing obligations. Long-term funds is
better-suited for external and internal strategic investments as well as financial risk management, in
contrast to short-term capital, which is best used for every-day, operational needs.

8.Discuss the problems encountered by SMEs in getting financing from the banks.
While there seems to be an abundance of funds available for SMEs,the reality is that SME are not
able to avail of most of these facilities for many reasons A survey was conducted by Rafaelita M.
aldaba of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies(PIDS).This study which became part of
PIDS' discussion series of 2012 cited the following reasons for the inability of SMEs to take advantage
of available financing:

 Limited track record

 Limited acceptable collateral
 Inadequate financial statements
 Lack of business plan

The potential creditors of these SMEs cited the following reasons for rejecting the loan applications:

 Poor credit history

 Insufficient collateral
 insufficient sales,income, and cash flows
 Unstable business type
 Poor business plan

The lack of reliable information about SMEs makes it difficult for the potential fund providers to
assess their credit worthiness.Banks find it a lot easier to evaluate big companies where there is
abundance of disclosures and news about them.For SMEs,there is not much information available as
basis for determining their credit worthiness.This situation actually derails the growth of these
companies.