6.19. IDENTIFY: K = 12 mv 2 .

Since the meteor comes to rest the energy it delivers to the ground equals its original
kinetic energy.
SET UP: v = 12 km/s = 1.2 × 104 m/s. A 1.0 megaton bomb releases 4.184 × 1015 J of energy.
EXECUTE: (a) K = 12 (1.4 × 108 kg)(1.2 × 104 m/s) 2 = 1.0 × 1016 J.

1.0 × 1016 J
(b) = 2.4. The energy is equivalent to 2.4 one-megaton bombs.
4.184 × 1015 J
EVALUATE: Part of the energy transferred to the ground lifts soil and rocks into the air and creates a large
crater.



6.22. IDENTIFY: Wtot = K2 − K1. In each case calculate Wtot from what we know about the force and the
displacement.
SET UP: The gravity force is mg, downward. The friction force is fk = µk n = µk mg and is directed opposite to
the displacement. The mass of the object isn’t given, so we expect that it will divide out in the calculation.
EXECUTE: (a) K1 = 12 mv12 . K2 = 0. Wtot = W f = − µk mgs. − µ k mgs = − 12 mv12 .

v12 (5.00 m/s)2

s= = = 5.80 m.
2µ k g 2(0.220)(9.80 m/s 2 )
(b) K1 = 12 mv12 . K 2 = 12 mv22 . Wtot = W f = − µk mgs. K2 = Wtot + K1. 1
2
mv22 = − µ k mgs + 12 mv12 .

v2 = v12 − 2µk gs = (5.00 m/s)2 − 2(0.220)(9.80 m/s2 )(2.90 m) = 3.53 m/s.

(c) K1 = 12 mv12 . K2 = 0. Wgrav = − mgy2 , where y2 is the vertical height. − mgy2 = − 12 mv12 and

v12 (12.0 m/s) 2

y2 = = = 7.35 m.
2 g 2(9.80 m/s 2 )
EVALUATE: In parts (a) and (b), friction does negative work and the kinetic energy is reduced. In part (c),
gravity does negative work and the speed decreases. The vertical height in part (c) is independent of the slope
angle of the hill.



6.31.IDENTIFY: Wtot = K2 − K1. Only friction does work.

SET UP: Wtot = W f = −µk mgs. K 2 = 0 (car stops). K1 = 12 mv02 .
k
v02
EXECUTE: (a) Wtot = K2 − K1 gives − µ k mgs = − 12 mv02 . s = .
2µk g
v02 ⎛µ ⎞
(b) (i) µkb = 2µka . sµk = = constant so sa µka = sbµkb . sb = ⎜ ka ⎟ sa = sa /2. The minimum stopping
2g ⎝ µ kb ⎠
2
s 1 sa sb ⎛v ⎞
distance would be halved. (ii) v0b = 2v0a . 2 = = constant, so 2 = 2 . sb = sa ⎜ 0b ⎟ = 4sa . The
v0 2µ k g v0 a v0b ⎝ v0 a ⎠
sµ k 1
stopping distance would become 4 times as great. (iii) v0b = 2v0a , µkb = 2µka . 2 = = constant, so
v0 2g
2
sa µka sb µkb ⎛ µ ⎞⎛ v ⎞ ⎛1⎞
= . sb = sa ⎜ ka ⎟⎜ 0b ⎟ = sa ⎜ ⎟ (2)2 = 2sa . The stopping distance would double.
v02a v02b µ v
⎝ kb ⎠⎝ 0 a ⎠ ⎝2⎠
EVALUATE: The stopping distance is directly proportional to the square of the initial speed and indirectly
proportional to the coefficient of kinetic friction.