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Science Reviewer
Science Reviewer
I. Branches of Science
1. Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them.
Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time.
2. Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions,
and the structure of matter.
3. Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere .
1. Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth, and the
physical, chemical, and biological changes that it has experienced or is
experiencing.
2. Oceanography: study of the ocean.
3. Paleontology: The science of the forms of life that existed in prehistoric or
geologic periods.
4. Meteorology: The science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena,
such as weather and climate.
II. Scientists/Inventors
1. Albert Einstein – Theory of relativity
2. Alexander Fleming – Penicillin
3. Alfred Nobel – Dynamite
4. Alessandro Volta – Battery
5. Anders Celsius – Celsius
6. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek – Microscope
7. Blaise Pascal – Calculator
8. Charles Parson – Steam turbine
9. Dmitri Mendeleev – Periodic Table of Elements
10. Edwin Hubble – Modern Telescope / Hubble Telescope
11. Evangelista Torricelli – Barometer
12. Hans Lippershey – Telescope
13. Isaac Newton – Laws of Motion
14. James Watson – structure of DNA
15. John Dalton – atoms theory
16. John Bardeen – Transistor
17. Michael Dibake – Artificial Heart
18. Neil Bohr – Atomic Model
19. Rene Laennec – Stethoscope
20. Whittaker R.H – Five Kingdom Classification
21. Wilhelm Roentgen – x-rays
22. William Kroll – Titanium
23. William Stanley –Transformer
24. William Sturgeon - Electromagnet
25. Louis Pasteur- pasteurization
26. Robert Oppenheimer - atomic bomb
1. Ask a Question
The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What,
When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?
2. Do Background Research
find the best way to do things and ensure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past.
3. Construct a Hypothesis
A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work. It is an attempt to answer your question with
an explanation that can be tested. A good hypothesis allows you to then make a prediction:
"If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen."
State both your hypothesis and the resulting prediction you will be testing. Predictions must be easy to
measure.
tests whether your prediction is accurate and thus your hypothesis is supported or not.
● Variables
a. Independent – one that is changed by the scientist.
b. Dependent – things that the scientist focuses his or her observations on to see how they respond
to the change made to the independent variable.
c. Controlled - quantities that a scientist wants to remain constant,
you collect your measurements and analyze them to see if they support your hypothesis or not.
Interactions-
Systems
liver,
gall bladder
hypothalamus
Interactions-
Systems
Lungs
Skin – sweat
glands
Liver (produces
urea)
Takes in oxygen and Nose 1. w/circulatory – takes in
removes carbon dioxide O2 for delivery to cells and
Respiratory and water Trachea
removes CO2 brought from
Bronchi cells
4. w/muscular –
diaphragm controls breathing
Interactions-
System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other
Systems
3. Cardiac
muscles are found
in the heart and
help pump blood.
*Ovaries
*Testes
Glands produce
Hormones
Interactions-
System Function Diagram Major Organs Working with Other
Systems
Skeletal System
● Osteoporosis –The bone loses calcium and becomes thinner, resulting in the loss of bone tissue.
Nervous System
● Epilepsy – This disorder results in abnormal electrical discharges from brain cells causing seizures.
● Multiple Sclerosis (MS) – With MS, the protective lining of the nerves is attacked by the body’s
immune system.
● Huntington’s Disease – This is an inherited condition that causes the nerve cells in the brain to
degenerate.
● Alzheimer’s Disease – This disorder impacts mental functions and memory.
Muscular System
● Influenza – The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose,
throat, or lungs.
● Asthma – This results in constriction of the lung’s airways causing coughing, wheezing, chest
tightness, or shortness of breath.
● Covid-19 – also known as coronavirus, that attacks the lungs and causes upper-respiratory tract
illness.
● Diabetes – This condition affects the body whereby it does not properly process glucose due to a lack of
insulin or the body’s inability to produce enough insulin.
● Hypoglycemia – Low blood sugar occurs when blood glucose drops below normal levels.
● Hypothyroidism – Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough
thyroid hormone to meet the body’s needs.
● Allergic Rhinitis – This diagnosis results in an allergic response causing itchy, watery eyes and sneezing.
● Lupus – Lupus is an inflammatory disease caused by the immune system’s attacking its own tissue.
● Rheumatoid Arthritis – RA is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the body’s joints, most commonly
in the hands and feet.
Circulatory System
● Cardiovascular Disease – This disease comprises heart conditions that include diseased vessels,
structural problems, and blood clots.
● Arteriosclerosis – Fatty deposits in the arteries cause the walls to stiffen and thicken which can restrict
blood flow.
● Hypertension – Hypertension is high blood pressure that causes the heart to work harder.
● Aortic Aneurysm – This is a condition in which the aorta is damaged and starts to bulge or tear causing
severe internal bleeding.
Urinary System
● Kidney Disease – This is a disease of the kidneys where they are damaged and can’t filter blood properly.
Kidney disease can cause waste to build up in the body, leading to sepsis.
● Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) – A UTI occurs when bacteria enters the urinary tract and affects the
processes of the urethra, bladder, or kidneys.
Integumentary System
● Acne – Acne is a disorder of the hair and oil glands presenting itself as red bumps on the face, chest,
and/or back.
● Warts – Warts are bumps caused by a viral infection most commonly on the hands and feet.
● Psoriasis – This inflammatory skin condition presents as red, itchy plaques that occur most commonly on
the knees and elbows.
Reproductive System
● Prostate Cancer – This type of cancer occurs in a man’s prostate, a small sized gland that produces
seminal fluid.
● Endometriosis – Endometriosis is a condition where tissue that normally lines the uterus ends up outside
the uterus.
● Gonorrhea – Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that may cause infertility if left
untreated.
Digestive System
● Irritable Bowel Syndrome – IBS is an intestinal disorder causing pain in the stomach, gas, diarrhea, and
constipation.
● Diverticulitis – Diverticulitis is an inflammation of one or more small pouches in the digestive tract.
● Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease – GERD is a condition in which stomach acid irritates the esophagus.