MODERN GREEK “Grammar & Self-Educator”* BY Il. KYKKOTIS 34 Edition ZENO PUBLISHERS- MODERN GREEKFOREWORD This is the third, revised edition of the MODERN GREEK GRAMMAR’ AND. SELF-EDUCATOR, Tt is, T believe. in its new enlarged form 2 more compiete and compre- hensive guide for the proper siudy of the Modern Greek Language. The addition of the pronunciation of Greek words, the many useful phrases incorporated in the lessons and. the appended, extensive glossary, aim to assist the reader who comes to Greek for the first time not only to get over the initial difficulties ut also to acquire, if necessary, an utilitarian know- ledge of the language, But the fundamental purpose of the book is, of course. 10 enable the English Speaking student 10 ‘master Modern Greek, Modetn Greek can now be considered 2 standardized language. "The Demotic form fas actually prevailed, especially in literature, and has extended also to historical and scientific Writing, but’ the Katharevousa — ie. the pure, similar to the Classical — is still widely in use, mosily in polities, lay, religion anc administration. The student of Madern Greek will have to fear the “ Katharevousa” form which will help him of het, (o understand better both the grammar and construction of the language asa whole and thus master more easily the Demotic Greek, For the classical scholars there exists the difficulty of the Erasmisn pronunciation, Were the teachers and professors. in Great Britain to be persuaded to use in teaching Classical Greek the pronunciation now used in Greek High Schools and Univer. sites the classical student would be two-thitds of the way towards Knowing Modern Greek and what is equally important, towards lunderstanding the spoken Greek word of today. “The Modern Greek language is becoming increasingly popular in Great Britain and the translations of the few Greek aulhors bic, ve speared ave fade very good recetion. The mote the works of Greek authors become known in this country the easier will become for the student the mastery of Modern Greek, TE want to express my thanks to Mrs. P, Constantinou for the cafe she fas taken to prepare this volume and to the many friends who have made constructive suggestions. |. KYKKOTISMODERN GREEK GRAMMAR THE GREEK ALPHABET CAPITALS SMALL LETTERS flpha a vita v ghimma — ghy dhéta dh épsilon = alta 2 {ta i thita th kippak Ae limvdha 1 we mi m e4xXe<4MPHONZEDR™PRONUNCIATION OF THE GREEK LETTERS A avis pronounced like the English 2 in the words abs, ‘fay father 8,8 corresponds to the English v in the words very, view, vary a. 1. ys rater softer than the Engtish g inthe words gat, gor siete ery Poe ieee and fe fpkhongs a0 an nt) 6 pronounced like the B= tlah yin the words yea yokes yield, ete. Two 7's t0- Eiko, an well see Combination ye ave alway pro- Sounced ike the Toglsh ng, in Anger, finger: ee Syphes ngts) = Engl, yan oe as the English th (=dh) inthe words the, that hi these E, cosas the English ¢ nthe words yet, men, then. the Enginh Zn the words ero, Zeus, dozen. Fi Gemas the Engi in the words in ihe 6; Saas the Englsh th in the wordethity thik, thors. ‘actly the same pronunciation athe lever Hin the Englshc in tne words Contantine, company, sonerete br the English Km the words week, Greek Before. dom, Cand the dipthongy sy ou), has = Truc site found (e), rsemblingé i eure cute, but ronouneed with ce ello, eg nopey Cri), Sark, omant Gil. ‘\ Awas the English inthe words lemon, Lord Mvooas the Engi min the words man msnia many. Ni peas the Engish min the words no, never, none, NOW: B.€Tas the English win the words oxen, sui box: 6, Oa the English o inthe words on, cos ommibus Tas the Engish por inthe words por pact ba, baby Noto stieng 26 p and acto weak ae be Boas the leer Fn the words road, river, ete 5 S/gesas the ngs sin the words son, soon acres ater Pa 4 ty 225 the English tor d inthe words patriot, matricula- tion, doordo.. Notsostrong ss tand nots weak as Y, vaeas the Rnglish | and exaety the same ay ad &, gmasthe English for phin the words feminine, fan, pho- nelle, photos : X, xexas the hin the word history, but stronger oF (ch). GS the English pr in the word *hapaody. &, Sas the English o and exactly the same (0) Euwpow DIPHTHONGS ‘There are seven diphthongs inModern Greek : en's pronounced likes plan's, sin the wordsafya (égha), "Atfvan (thine). vis pronounced ike the English u sin the words, put, pull Sv o1fur are pronounced ikea plain asin the words iy Cigar Cine), == tobe, deat (Udha)—I saw Ero, Clams) realy, vies (es) son, oie ia)= Hy ov ie ponmungd ihe the Grek oy (ov) i the word Saye (avghe) = cae ove propel HE) as in he word yet (eryens) polit. au abd eu Yifelowed by the Consonants @.¥. & 9. % ‘bx are pronounced. af & et eg. abvbs (alten) X, Syapovos.(feharists)—plessant When over the second letter of a diphthong there i tn gn (7), he aipbong aes ot and he letergare pronounced separely eg. Gepalde(exora Seautfy Simos (alpnos) sleepless EXPLANATION OF VARIOUS ABBREVIATIONS (0) = masculine (article) = alae (sacle 3, Romer (tse) tp = adjective (er) = adverb {p) = verb (pfs) (Gem) demotie (spoken) (Sin.) Sing. singular CEvnés) (BP) Plur. Plural Cnanduvrnés) (4,} declensionACCENTS: There arc three kinds of accents, but only two are in use (except in printing) a) Accute (°) afta (oxia) b) circumflex (7) mepioneouévn (perispoméni) ‘These accents ‘indicate that the’ syllable which is accented must be stressed, EXERCISE 1 TYMNAEMA 1 (Yimnasma) ‘Try to pronounce the fallowing words. aiyh Cavghl) dyycpsion (angarévo) ‘Ayla (Angie Abo (ea) (Oe), Server ‘eo. Shopion), BBdwupss (vdhelins) yairovos (tomas), yNoted (mere), yparyepes(yrighoros) Yen (yeh) epute (Erm Sovdpr Govshdes), Spevous: (Grating), berebo kere sre (le), por orem), he Gms), er plbe (plevrizo) ova ‘criphoyirize), yote (ehrm vie Gnas, oxeSiov ehelion). eaten FIRST LESSON, IIPWTON MA@HMA: (Préton Méthima) ‘The ARTICLE 16 APOPON (t6 érthron) (the) 6 for masculine épcevnéy (arsenikén) example srapSSaiyue (parddhighma) & Korras (6 késtas) Constatine (the) 4 for feminine Orava (thilkon) example nop beryua 4 ‘EAGA (i Eléni) Helen, (the) 78 for neuter o¥Btrepev (adhéteron) example mapé= Beryus, 46 mov8l (66 pedhi) the child, The Capital Names and surnames in the Greck Language take always the article. ness ——There are 5. cases in Modern Greck : ‘Oveyacri (onomastikt) Nominative, Tene) (yeniki) Génitive, Aerie, (ahotiki) Dative, Aitienieh (etiaiki) Accusative and. Kame veh (ikl) Vocative, 8 In the Demotic (spoken) language only three cases are in common tne (ahs Cea ecutive (hough the | wocatve i not entirely dropped.) we | Tia Modern, Greck there are two numbers : ‘0 ‘Ends | *ApiGuds (Enikés Arithmés) Singular Number & 6 TTAn- Guorwos “Apuds (Plthintkés Aridhmés) Plural Number DECLENSION OF THE ARTICLE Sa ee 2 42 BB 28, 28 Fs é S 3 (2) & (3) ee eee a eee oem OO. 3B Aor. tois {i ao i t0ig 8 iu Be & (6) & (6) In the demotic (rH Bnuorixh) (Spoken) ~ “Ents Nom. Mase. 6 () Fem.t @ Neut 6) ; Fo fey tas Gigy Fes fod ae Bho Hea) eS ‘TaBuvrixds (plithintikes) ag a @) Pare Br ay San ny Tay Gey re Tota) sts Gents) TC) °SECOND LESSON AEYTEPON MAGHMA. (héftcron Méthima) Use of Cases. ‘The use of the cases in Modern Greek is exactly the same as in English : The Nominative évoyaorixi) (onomastiki) Sing. 6 xijwos (kipos) the garden (Nom,) Sing. 4 tu” euiml) the honour (Nom.) ‘Sing. xo waibi (iS pedhi) the child (Nom.) Plat. ot efor Pilar af pat Plur. ree weabier Glipt) the gardens Nom: (Demos) el Sy Ce tm) the honours (a pedi) the children)(Nom) S. eee ee Feopyiou (t6 pedhi ti Yeorghlu) Fore pie respon (8 pd Yorgi) Borer Gag monn boat Bi gn capa (6 plan ben pie area a The Dace dom ook vey rely wed in “Wheat ef deren pitas e< Rotorea nee aba ats gou (sinindisa ton adhelphon su) I met your brother. Taney Tene arg, ae Cea om, Baw karéklas) the | \ VOCABULARY AEBIAOTION (lexiléyion) Nom. the garden = & wfitos (6 kipos), the gardens = of Sette Nom. he hg 2 te fs — ori CS SED ey, wagon (pislon) Rae te ES Gi dy oe 8S Ea Bra ee ok ees) Cea ot gaint ae Beye (meg) hyn, x verter vit caatater Nan) Se yoda Ge uel) Glortngter Nom) rE Ghkkeey A yh meee Wola Cres Nome) Tap (hike) GaN, or Ce pirsion) te opstre oe FS Gute ; Sa dy cv Brea (Gen) stn a hea EXERCISE (2) 1 am going to, George's house = Tinydive ov oxiny rod Teapylov (Piyéno sto spit tu Yeorgiu) George's Eerie lap Yeo ani 9 ronan Sioa roku uiepo (6 spit cu Veorylu ine poll make) The garden b veryinear <= "0 vos elvan WOAY vorne Gigs Ine poll konds) : “The trees ofthe garden are small = T& Sév6pa Tod chou Fos epi Go dendes te ipu ine mikré) fruit of these trees are very sweet, = Tie gota Ta ett oat whe ana (feta aft ton Gréndhron Ine poll ylike) nThe Cases Genitive and Accusative are governed by different “Preposidons. "Sometimes. they hate the samme meaning in the Demotic form. Example Tinyaives ovod Tudpyou or Tinyains oxév Pidpye T am going to George EXERCISE TYMNAZMA (¥imnasma) 1. °O Tidpyos alvar od (dg 18) oni. = O Yesryos ine api George sn hehowe: : 2| To amin ya wknd Benéria. — «5 spt éehi poll dh métia = The house hae many rooms POUK dho- 31 “An wa Begum BAtmen waves by Affmoy. = ApS ce domain vip kan ton Kipon = from ihe roons one tan sce the garden. 4. ‘O nfnos it roAAA BlvBpa, wep we peyda =O bl eh pols Shendhray milked ke meghdle = The gachce has many eres, stall and big. 5, Te: Siva Ryour gpodre date val Yhund. me Ta déndea Ehoun phelin ofen be galas The ces hare (Gea nie and sweet) nice & sweet fruit UNKNOWN WORDS ATNWETES AEZEIE (AGHNOSTES LEXIS) lvat (ine) = is (he, she, it is) of the verb sluan (ime) (078 (els 78) (st8) = in, at, to. gr (78) (elit) = homes house, . xe (Echi) = has (he, she, ithas) of the verb éxda (écho), woNAa (+8) (pollé) = many Bourg (ra) @hométia) — rooms Emo (ape), > (rom frowe ele) ey Ke th He) ofthe verb Pen coe (Rants) = someone, one, nobody, no one ‘Tov xiv (Kipon) (accusative) = the garden R i THIRD LESSON=TPITON MASHMA TRITON MATHIMA The Colours = Té xpdouera ( té chrémata) VOCABULARY = AEZIAOTION (LEXILOYION) Td donpo (dspro) = The white, 6 Gompos (¢ dspros) A éonpn (i éspri) Te waspo (mévre) = The black, & wotpos (8 méwvros) 4 wadpn, (muri Te xizpwo (kitrino) = The yellow, 6 xitpivos (6 kitrinos) A xizpivn G@ kitrini) To mpaowo (présina) = The green, 8 xpéotves (6 présinos) 4 mpdown (i prasin’) Té Korxvo (kékkino) 4 xéwin, (kékkini) To wwrE (odpav!) (arant) fuwae @ mple) ‘To kapé (kafé) = The brown © Kage (6 kafé) A xowé (i kafé) “Exel, clon, bxtivo = ekinos, ekini ekino = that THE DECLENSION OF THE NOUNS. ‘There are three declensions in Modern Greek. (a) To the PIRST belong nouns, adjectives and. pronouns, the nominative ofthe singular of which is ending mn (os) of Gs) For the masculine and in (2) oF (a) for the feminine. Ee 6 Toulas = (@ tamlas) the toeassrer, cashier 8 onovtaoriy, —(o spudastis) the student 8 badaris — (@ math) the pupil ‘fh dpyia = Gj aryia) the leisure. 4) Tint) = Gi timi) the honour. ‘The fie declension docs not include any nouns of newter gender (b) fo the SEGOND declension belong nouns, adjectives and pronoun, the nominative of the singular of which ie nding in (es) for the masculine and the feminine and in (Gu) for the neuter The red, 6 némavos (6 kokkinos) ‘The bine, 8 unre (8 mplé) wu§ Ste me one eas 8 it ie sel a rae 3 cute — amma) ogre kad ENE Gaels Si chan Aen “Geminine) the wie 7 maisiov = the boy (to pedhion) BART Sabo atin pr aver eats Note.—In the demotic (spoken) language. most of the nouns belonging to the second declension have been changed into the first! eg. 4 wauinhos (Rimilos) becomes xounne (ka rnlla) ete. (©) To the THIRD declension belong nouns, adjectives and pronouns of all genders, the nominative of the Singular Of which is ending in “ov, ns 5, 6,65, U5, Ov, ws, € etc. Examples.—To otpiua = the bed, 76 Rat = the wide 2 Boats the short, § sbyenis othe noble (gentle). vb Baas =the wood (forest), H repBiE = the patidge, wo aeons —the secure, 6 otparcv=the cam Note The third detention i hardly used in the demote (spoken) language. Instead the other two are used eg. (Bowe @ Second). * HOW THEY ARE DECLINED THE FIRST DECLENSION MASCULINE ending in (as) Singular Nom, rawias (6, tamias) Gen. tod tamicu (th tami) Dat 1G tole (to tamia) Acc téy teulay (tom tamian) Voc. 6 tia Co tamia) Nom. Gen, Dat. Acc, Voc. Nom, Gen. Dat. Nom, Plural ol reuisn Gi tame) Sy Teutar | lon tangéa) woe Tonle Gus tamtes) ‘ols enioy’ rus tags) e This Cotamie) MASCULINE ending in (ns) Singular 8 hotrrts Co mathitie) ‘oo yaonred —f tamathiti 6 baeney (to math) or botnet Ctonmathtin) BS” pao “Comathiea Plural ei “ustneat (4 mathité ) ov hoonay . {ton mathieon) Foie banners | (Hematite) “oie beSnres) tus matt) BS boone - Comauite) Demotic Form, 8 Teules Co tami) wo Tae ftv eat ‘ov Toul ton tania) 3” yous Ctamia) Plural oT, Galen Sor Tandy (lon amen) Tels youl (tus tales) Stas Cotamien) Ploral ot pata barr soy hadeoe barn sods nantes toon Scents 5‘Thus the endings are Singular —os, —ov, —g —av, —« Plural = —ai, —ov, as, Singular —ns,—ov. —n, —nv, Plural —at, av, ais, as, In the Demotic. Singular —as, —o, —ov, —a. Purl —s, Sans, Singular Plural FEMININE ending in (n) Singular Nom. tui Gen, iis tunis Dat oth Ti) i tim Gate Gidimt) Acc.) Tay cry (tin Voc. "tus (oim!) Plural Nom. , al rule tims) Gen. | rv Tudy (ton timén) Dat | reis twists (tes timés) ‘Acc. és" runds| (tas timés) Voc & tut Co timé) Demotic Form. Nom. doyia | (earyia) Gen. rs &pyias Us arylas) seo Ga Yo. Bac = Gant Plural Nom. of dpyies_ Gi aryles) Gen. rv Apyiv (ton aryién) Acc. tis dpyies (tes aryles) Voc. & apyiss Co aryles) 6 Demotie Form, Nom. tah (tim Fem. 7s Tus (ts dis) Acc. iy in, Gin timi) Voc. & th (otimi) Plural Nom. ol munis, Gi timés) Fen, 70v Tua» {ten mén) Acc. tls inis) (tes timés) Voc. & twis — (otimes) Demotic ‘Thus the ending a Singular —n, Plural 5 —T—AY I ty 5) AY, =a, i, 0S, A, GL. 5, OY, 85, = ‘oy, ay as, a a 5, OI, e5, the Dative is very rarely used in Modern Greek. EXERCISE. “Hunde (unhad) dvs eprom (1 miléa ine présini) ~The apple tree is green Te yedue rhs xioNlas_eien Serpe. (To chréma tis ki- mollas ne fspro) The “colour ofthe chalk white, “H olxoyivas ion ovhy (els the) oxy Céioyénia ine stn Gs tin) exochin) The familys on holiday (or in the country). Al dBcheai wou dyaroty wok ta GvOn Tis Eoxiis (c adhelphé mu aghapiin poll ta inthi tis exochis) My titers tke very much the flowers of the country. “H BBaoxddie0n dom ds nhy HEoyty ut tas uoO mapas Gahidhaskdlisa ine is tin exochin te tas toahierias a) The teacher (chootmisires) iin the country with her pupilAi xerromias els hy EEoxt elvan TONY miKpal AAA wOAU o> paten (e katikie is tin exochin ine poli mikeé alla poli The houses in the country are very small but very prey, Auth A avpla tmyaive (ada) oni ans. (AM i kira piyéni (pai) spititis “= This lady goes to her house "Brsivn A wiple: fpxeran deve 8 omit ems. Elkind i kira rchete apé to spiti tis.) —That lady comes from ber house. Aarai at xupfai ammyaivouy alg 78 Bavpov. (ARE e kirie piyénnun is to théatro) These ladies go to the theatre VOCABULARY = AEEIAOrION Ande (é miléa) em. 4 unig) =The apple tree Tap mawwAlos. (Us kimoltas) Gen, =O the chal Mekerinas hore) “he ami Sisavigoxtw Ace, (lem. ory extn) Cs. tin exochin Country, holiday. a z ci Gadget vou Nom Bl. (dem, of aBAAeis or ABepqs) © adherphé mu) = my sisters. ayomoty verb (aye) (aghaptin) they lke, they love STAD (pelt) every much BMA& Gila) but Nbeacrsntooa dem. fy Saowéher(Ahaskila) Gt dhi- chaskalssa, =the schoolmistresy, teacher -ré vin Nom. PL (a nthi) "=the flowers. dyamoby (agaspin) Ver (Byam aghaps) —they like bl rap vodnapios ms (ime tas mathitriss Gs) (dem. wl cabs a) sn ee pul fh ‘' ai wert e kavkie) Nom. Pl. (dem, 91 wavotees ) =the howe. vipat (mikeé) (dem. wnepis) Nom. pl patex (orée) (dem. potes) Nom. pl. ade fem.) alt =this 4 wupicr (i kiria) lady, Mrs...madame, at xupian pl. (e kirie) (dem. of supiss) ladies senyaiver (re) (piyéni-pai) goes to. ‘mnyaivouy=they ‘go. 18 conta +s (spiti tis): her house. Epyeren ano (Erchete ape) =comes from ig't® Slorpov Ace, (dem, o7d Carper) to the theatre EXERCISE 5 TYMNAZMA, (yimmasma) Sov Tutn into Greek, (using the demotic form) (1) The pupils are in the class, (2) Where are the pupils? G) Here they are, in the class. (4) Where is the shoolmistrest ? (5) She is also in the class. (6) Whe- eis the family? (7) At the country. (8) Is the country very far from here? (9) No; the countey is not very far from here. It is only twenty miles. (19) Where are your sisters? (11) My sisters are in the country with my mother. (12) Who is she? (13) She is our, school mistress. (14) Where is she going’ (15) She is going home. VOCABULARY =:AEZIAOTION ee ee Pee es in teva Thy cifoucay (rafiv) (is tin taxin-, se att wien here==t6 (edhe) 2S con ES) all akc) 5 Go So ha ent Fee can ny Se a an la) ob (0 al) ea ae ee eer p Se os aE SN ad as) Clem of abehgés pov (i adhelphés mou) 1»iho a 7 who holo tel ater (pio, pa, pon who is she? role (lem. ors) var cova (pia ine aft) Gurney inthe rhe Gort ake going=nnyata the mothe umtépe (i mitéra) EXERCISE translation (demotic form.) 1) Ot yadyrts elven ory réfiv (j mathités ine stin dain) 2) Tod elvan of wodnrés ; (pu ine i mathités?)3) "EBSD elven ‘ori vagy (Edhé ine stin taxi.) 4) Tlod elvan * Bans 5 (Pu ine'i dhaskéla?) 5) (Auch) elu tions thy +6En. (alii) ine episis stin. téxi).) 6) Tot elven f) olvoytveia ; (pu ine i ikoyénia) 7) Zriy &oyt (stin exochi) 8) Elvai H tBoyh ORY poner én £665; (ine 4 exochi poll makryd apedho?) 9)'Oxs fh toys) Biv elven woN pencpuce dre” 465 Gchi i exochi dhen ine poli makrid apedho) Elven usve dxoot idx (Ine ménon ikosi milia. 10) Tod elvan (of GBehqés ous: (Pu ine i adhelphés sas?) 11) Ol aBerges uv elvan ory ifoxhy we chy pntépav wou. (i adhelphés mu ine stin exochin me tin mitéra mu) 12)" Tlovk elvat Bi ne a7 13), Elen Sauter a ing | casi mas) 14) Tio “wnyaiva :| (rést) (Pu pigéni? (pai 15) finyaiva own (pigéni spiti). FOURTH LESSON = TETAPTON MAGHMA ‘The SECOND DECLENSION. MASCULINE ending in (es) Singular Plural Nom. wAousies (Plisios)=tich of whovoio (Plisii) Gen, 'ret moval (Pluss) Gen, tS miowoiow (Pluson) Dat. 1G thovaicg (Plusio) Dat, ois whovolos (Pluss) Acc. tev whovoioy (Plision) Acc. ros whoueious (Plusius) Voc. & Aoioe (Plisie) Voc. & rhovowi (Plisii) 20 FEMININE ending in (0s) Singular Plural Nom. A. wéumosmcamel Nom. al xunhou Gen. Hs xetpou Gen. “ry oufov Dat! 1} autho Dat, tals reno. Ac. Thy xGumov Ace, tes) raufhous Yoo. & xéudos Vos. 8 raumor DEMOTIC (spoken) FORM fom, 8 shots (6 Plisios) ol woven. (| Phx see aa a ce J ARetenas (tan Piston) “ols ovelows. an (Gon Phiston) soi Te oxows)(plustus) Yoo, 3 wiaine (6 Pine) 3 "otc Cpl frm, fh Hobos (enti &xodos) ol tEosor (1 éxodhi Se oer eee ose cae, SSS Hv efosov (in &xodhom) ls HESBous (tts exédhus) 3S BY Hates (oBeodhos) Heobor (6 éxodh ‘Thus the endings are (Masculine): Demotie Singular: —os,—ov-—@, =o" Plaga: o1 av 05-5 -—on Feminin . Singular: 05,~2¥,—~9--o¥ PHI ou on nog —ous 0 os—ou—oy— orev —05 or os—ov-o1 0 or —ev—ous—ot NEUTER ending in (ov) Demotic from in the neuter is just the same as in the pure language. Only the Dative is dropped. Singular Nom. 1 $iBNov (book) (to viviton) Gen. 00 Pihiov (eu vivilu) Dat. 76 piBricy (Go vivllo) ‘Ace. 1 piBriov (to. vivllon) Voc. & piBaiov (o vieiton) aPlural Nom. 78 pila (in vila) Sen" Se Biphiow {oa ve Bat tos diate Gistes Ris olen Se Bee Rih a Plural! ow owe, (2) The nominative, the accusative and the vocative of Declenson have been tratslormed (0 the Wrst Declension Instead of saying 4 xéunAos, (i.kdmilos) EXERCISE 6. 1) TS PipNov aro Exe: xpsua modervor.. (To vi.llon alts Echichroma prisinen) the colour of this book is green. 2), “Exciva re BiBhic Btv Bxouy xpSiua mpsowev AI xivpLe voy, (Ekina ta villa dhen éehun” chroma présinon, alld Lftrinon) "Those books are not green, but yellow. 3)" fivor ot wipior eva thovoter. (Ekini i Kisii ine psi) Thove gentlemen are Fich. 4). Avtol of wipioy Sky elyat mholoiot, elvan reeoxol. (AML i kit dhen ine plist ine Roch?) ‘These gentlemen are not fich, they are po 2 5) Adrat of wupian Biv evar ob7e whodaiay, obre wrexai. Ane eis den ne ite psc te Roch) hese ladies are neither rich, nor poor. 6), Totes elvan odtds.& wpios ; (pide ine aftés 0 kitts) Who is this gentleman? og elven & wipios Peopyidins. (AGS Ine 0 itios He is Mr. Georghiades. 8) Elva betvos int 8 tiptos Fewpyidns: (Ine eines ek o Ke ros Yeoryiadis?) Is that (gentleman) over there Mr. Gu. 2) 9). "Oxs,tevos Biv elaen 8 nipios FempysdBng, evn 8 xpos “Teoaveitms. (Ochi eines Aen ine 0 Iti08 Guu ine 0 kiios Ioannidhis) No , he is notMr. G... he isMr. Joannides. 10. Tod rnyaivouy & siptos wat 4 wupia TeopysBov 5 (Pa piven ion ke Fh Yeoryddion?) = Where are Mr & Mrs G.. going? 11. Tinyatvouy alg tov affrov. (Piyénun is tin kipon) = They are going to the garden. 12, Elven wend pexptw (uenpud) & xfinds tev ; (Ine pol makrin 6 kipos ton?) — Is their garden far? 13, “Oye, Biv elvan wold warp, elven Koved, (Ochi dhén ine poli maki, ine konts) = No, itis not far, itis near. 14, Tod elvan ropa 6 wtp oars ; (Pu ine tora 6 Ktios Teme ) = Where is Mr, Joannides now? 15. °O ipios "koavuiBns diver els 12 (ote) yougev vou (0 tog Tne is (8) ghrffon tu). = Mr. Ju iin NOTE The possessive pronoun is always fouid after the noun, Bx, 6 oxvhos yoy = my dog, 8 PipNlov Hou = my ‘Aluntépa oes = your mother. VOCABULARY = AEZIAOTION ceiver = these (pl) (china) Bly Eyouy = they have not (for colour : they are not) Gen éhun) pies (Kos) = Mr. gentleman (kitos) ‘ 8tools (Ka) = Mr ay, mada, (hla), Sires obwe ether aor (ies GO = Georgiadis (surname) that there (over there) ekinos ek() “KoaoviBns = (Gurname) Joannides ot mmysivow = where are they going? (pu _piyénun) garden (kipos) ‘their garden (6 kipos tom) ova — near (konds) ope = now (ra) 5% ypape6y Tov = in his office (js t5 ghraphion tu) EXERCISE 7 TYMNAZMA (Yimnasma) Use of demotic form. 1. Who are those gentlemen over there? = Motoi dlvat xeivor of epics et xéereo ; (Pi ine ekint i kiri eki kato?) 2. They are Mr. Georgiades and Mr. Johnson — Elvan 8 mipiog Teapyidbng Kal 8 wipios ... (Une 6 kitios Yeor Bhiades ke 6 kirios.) 3.” What are they doing? = Ti xéyvouv ; (Ti kémnun 2 4. ‘They are going to the garden, for fruit. = Tihycivouy erdy xfimov, yi& gpotre. (Piyénun ston Ripo yi phrita) The apples of the small apple-tree are very sweet. Té utr tis uncpfis undsds elven wohd yan CTE mila tis milris miliés ine poll ghlika). 6. Where is Mr. Johnson’s garden? — Tod elvan 6 xiitos ‘oll upiou ... (Pu ine 6 kipos tu kiriw 2) 7. Teis ‘not, very far from here, = Atv evar xoht) oxout: dre &663.\(Dhén ine poli maicrié apedhs), 8 Ttis only four miles. It is very near. — Elven uévo Téooepe uldia, Elva ‘makd xovré, (Ine méno téssera milia. Ine poli kondé) 9. Are there many trees in the garden? = “Ymépyouy pps Bers ory xnav; Ciparchun poll dhétdra stén kipon 10. Yer, there are many treet. == Nal, Onépyevr a) swohne Bévrpa. (Ne iparchun (échi) polls dhendra). 11. "Cherry trees, apple trees, pear trees, apricot trees, peach trees, e.tc. = Kepaus, unis, 2xhabiis, Bepus ons, poBanivis, Aw. (Kerasiés, miliés, achladhiés, verti odin pe ah 12, Tike all the fruit very much, Especially I like the cherries and the peaches, = Mod, dploovy mod Bho 1 sppodre., Kuplas yard rk weptove nal Te poBsaum. (Ma arésun poll 6a t& phrita, kirles aghapé ta kerésia fe ta rodhekina.) 13, Don't you like grapes? = Aiv o”&ptoouy + otagiMa (Dhén Sarésun te staphilia?) 14, Yes, I do. = Nai pot dpécouv (né mu arésun.) 15. What is your opinion about the English fruit? I think they are very good. = Tok elvea Hh yvun cos Yi8 "Eyyatgixe: @povra ; Nowigio nes elvan Covndore. (Pid ine 5 ghnom sas yid Englézika phrita? Nomizo pés ine thavmdsia.) VOCABULARY = AEZIAOFION (Lexiléghion) poeta sentenen = per Qi, Fenteman me ON sere er aa Gan Y ae snag > matey ta Peter se ED only = yévov (ménon) galy = slow (pdnon), Hr a lr pen) aap soe co a Cy cee = oe a te an gop res = aN MS) CRE LE aaa) Bn psa Goon) Cot 2Bach trees = poBaumis, (f pobaxmd) (rodhakiniés, i Pence atolaaid) poBe Ae ) iniés, etc. = al Aorr& (KA) (Ke lip&) Vike = ayens uot doles, ued éploour (aghapl, mu aréi, mu arésun). very much = wéper mony (péra poll) the fruit = 1 gpodrov, (rk poorer pl.) (t6 phriiton, ¢é phrita). especially = elBixé (ad), wuplos adv.) Cidhikéy kins The pnts kc oan 16 rodhakinon: don’t you like? — Aév ods épéoet(&ptoouy) ; Biv dyad; din sis acénun? shen sghaparesy grapes = TE orepUALG, TS oTAGUM (Gtaphilia, té staphili) Yes, Udo = Nel (udev), uot Gye (ne més, mu your opinion = 4 yveun gas (i ghnémi sas) Of the = Bi& v8 (ra) (aus €8) (88). gl le Sra got (agli pha) by A I think = vouigeo. gpove, Sapp, (nomizo, phroné, tharrs) very good = woAU wand, (feds, Ke, KANG.) poll Kall als, kali, kalé). FIFTH LESSON = TEMMITON MAGHMA (Pémpton Méthima) ‘The THIRD Declension MASCULINE ending in (ov) SINGULAR = ENIKOZ, Nom. & otparav 6 stratén Gen. roo tpardvos_ tu straténos Dat. 7 osparéu t6 straténi Acc. tev ovparéiva —tén straténa Voc. & arparrau 6 stratén PLURAL = TIAHOYNTIKOE Nom of otpardves i straténes Gen. sv orpardveov tn stratenon Dat. toils orparéior tis stratési Acc ols otperévas tus stratenas Voc & ' otperéves 6 straténes Demotic Form Nom 8 otpatdvas 6 straténas Nom _ otperébvas (6 straténas) ol otpardives (i strate Gen’ roi orpertéver ‘ry oTpaTeway nes) Ace. Toy oxperave ‘Tods otpordives ‘Thus the ending are Singular —, —05,—i,—a, Plural —s, av, —21, 0s, — dro te dyepia Cla “koritsia (mathleries) chun te mathimaté tus se Nechoristh leah apo 8 ayhorin. 4. ‘There school mistreses, teach. “Exel BiBaonouy SaoKse (GibaorciAIwoNs) 4, Ee aahascen dieses aidhaslises) . ‘The ancient Greek language is taught to-day in every university of Europe and of America TH apyola"EXAnvteh (/AGooe) BrBéoxeren afuspa: ot dha TE Tigra 6 Edna et rs “Ast Tarchéa Elfiniki (gléssa)”dhighaskete stmera sé ola te Panepistimia us Evrpis ké tis Amerikis. 6, They take notes of what the teacher says, and they study all these notes at home, Snpaconous Dat 8 Bdowsos wa voeroty ais is grpadons ord ot SEinionuan s9 t: 16 6 dhéskalos ké meletn aftéstés simidsis 13 pitt) 7. “The pupils have always their books with them during the lesson. Oi wodnris Eyouy aévrore Te PIBAie Tous Uti TOUS Biapxobrog TOU vabtuaros. Trmathités échun pémtote € vivlia tus mazi tus dbiark- “antos tw mathimates. 8, The aristocrats of Rome used to send their children to Abe TO A vnddvan vt ovdnow» 18 IF Spiovoxpares ag Panne ouvibiiay ves owéAROUY we rreubic rows oves “ABAvES N orOUBis Tarstokrites is Rémis inlthizan n&_séllun ¢& pedi tus ses Athines vig spudhés. 9, "At those times the philosophical schools of Athens were famous. i Frey co of ooops HONS Sy "AAS Joau “repionues. Tin epoch ekint i Philosophikés Scholés tn Athinén isan periphimes. VOCABULARY = AEZIAOTION lunch = 78 yeua Grd d.) (te yévma) ancient Greek language =f dpxsia @Aquxi yABoou Gi archéa Blinikt ghléssa), 35daring the Tesoy = Ses 09 yo a luring the Tesion — SiapxoOvros r00 sadtucros (Kare Thy Sispxaav 700 uodiwotos) (dhiarkintos ti ete ata tin dhidrkian tt mathimatos) the aks pots elgrovrenunows, onpasnov (pémun of what =to0 ri (tu ti) all these notes = Shas edras ng ending (Aas aids ts at home = owt (spt) MEET? Pant 9 heal aR nasa = TE moabié Tow (re MaiBié tous) (té pedhiée br lm na rasa pata a OS 8 ne hint deen cas were famous lcav mrepionues (7 WOR) yuaoral: oe ba as a LE SEVENTH LESSON = EBAOMON MAGHMA (Edhomon méthima) ‘THE ADJECTIVE 2) Generally, the adjectives have three genders: the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. ‘There are some adjectives’ which have’ only masculine and feminine, masculine and neuter, or masculine only. op), There are two kinds of adjective in Moder Greek viz. those whose masculine and neuter gender belong the second and the feminine tthe fst or Sead, an those whose masculine and neuter gender belong. tothe, thied declension and the feminine to the rsor thea EXAMPLES, 36 | | | (second) frst) (second) fb yemaios A yawn gyeoness yen SorovBatos — Nomeutata Sizudhdos! —Fopuchés "Spun OP napones 8 Brdgepov™—differen Sahilibes —Tahidiews — Tahidoron (hird) (Chied) (@hird) Scimpenas — Astperas To elmpents= decent. Selprepis —Letrpepis 16 efprepes Selyents — adyavns 7b byes gates Fsyen tones Stay “a “ray ie Sache teachin” 13 ach Chiral) 0 Ge, Svtadhe Sadhin, te vfadht ) Adjectives wre declined and they have the same endings as the nouns = : ‘d) There is a tendency in. the Demotic to simplify che adjectives belonging to the THIRD declension by employ- ing endings of tie SECOND declension ‘Thus Tastead of avrés & rips sven eoyevis, aftr ® on fe event) is gentleman ig polite. | they have adrbs & eiptos cian ebyercds. (cvyeniis) Instead of atros 8 wiveeas lve eyes. CAs 6 pinatas ine mégias) this blacboard is bi they have adres & mivakas elvan ueydos (meghélos) ©) When the endings of the SECOND declension cannot toe applied the Demotie makes use of synonymous words in order to avoid the. more difficult THIRD declension al- together. EXAMPLES Instead of They say SBpaxis (vrachis)—short 6 xovrbs (6 kondés) S taxis Gachs) —aquiee, fat 8 yprtyopos (8 ghrighoros) adrut (opithi) = asohedient § raphnons (9 partoot) Sedquig(ellils)—the clever 6 kEvievos (6 éxrpnos) The adjectives have comparative forms as in English. ‘The comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix répos, and the superlative by adding téres, to the root of the pofitive. In the demotic they usually put me (pid) more, before the positive, e.g. mb yewvatos (pic yenntos)— braver, mio rays (pié tachis) — guicker, for the compa- rative degree and 6 m6 the most, before the positive e.g. 8 mb rTaxis—quickest, 6 me yewares—bravest, for the superlative degree. EXAMLES : POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE, © copatos = beautiful copardrepos pass rates (oréos) (oresteros) —_orestatos) Yyewaiies = brave ‘yowensripos — yevvaidreros Gyenéoe) “éteros “etatos) FUmperiis—smart, decent wupenlorepos empereoraros efrepis, entero, étatos i ‘Taxus = quick, fast taxdrepos—taxUrarros (achis) (eras) (hates) ixpes = cold. yuxeeripes — yuxeetaros psichrés) (teres) Gratos) Irregular adjecrives of Ancient Greek are also to be found in Modern Greek. POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE srohds = much ‘ipioasrepes wheloros (polis perisséteros” plistes) Kanes =good kanvtepos— KaAMLOTOS (ales kaliteros keilistos) ants = bad yaporepes igloos (Kakés Chirdteror ——_chiristos) Leyanos LeyanvTepos —ueytoTos Cmeghélos meghaliteros _méghistos bikes = small pinperepos— iRAXioTes a8 (ros mikréteros _léchistos) eyadis — kind duivav — apiores (Gaghathés) aminon Gristos) Barrio novos fEilon” + Feldnos wpirrav xpemovos kriton Kretistes Eyatarrepo) &yadoraros aghathéteros aghathotatos CONCORD OF ADJECTIVE AND NOUN 4) The adjective always agrees with the noun in gender, number and ease. Examples: “Q rrivaxas evan uades (O pinalas ine mévies) Ot sivas even vatpoi(l pinakes ime mav) Te BiRplov clva pixpov CFS vivlion ine mikxon) Ta Bipie diet mepe CP via ne mir “0 Feapyies elven yevvatos (O Yesryios ine yennéos) OF wade elvan yevvaies (I mathite ine yennél) “O rrivaxas, 1 PrBNiov, 6 Fecpyics, of uadntat, are the nouns, and the adjectives, 6 uatpos, 1 wiKpey, & Yewvaios Are of the same gender, number, and case. fh) When there is more than ane noun of the same gender te adjective has the same gender and case, but must be in the plural. Examples EXITS Bible eptiov val 12 emaonertpor dlvca iro. Ge vislion, 16 teteddlhion ké 16 simiomatérion, ine rikra) (b) "O Fidos wat 8 Kéoras evar favo (Q Yolk 3 Kas ine xa) (©) “Hunrepa nat # prayer dv Go (Limitéra ke i yiayia ine xanthes,) san, ME ere i org than one oun and they age of fferent gender, the masculine plural i used for the adject- ine Fone tthe nouns ia masculine otherwite, the feminine plural is used for the adjective. Examples 94 "Ave ven Eavto oy nese IE nine tan) faple: vat 1b woptro ng vat Sas T afara id koi tine sane) G) The adjective is always belore the nown, which it governs, “EXAMPLES : © "yewatos orparidens (& yenton straits) the brave “O nahds warns (6 kalés mathitis, the good pu (&) When the noun is before the adjective takes always the article, "Examples “AAiganBpos 6 Méyas (Aléxandros 6Méghas) Alexander the Great Tounitnuos 6 xarenrivis (Yulitlmos 6 kataktts) alin the Conquergr enihog 6 evtepurts (Veniaélos 6 Elettheratis ‘Venfeles the Libarsors > adjective EXERCISE 10=AKHEIE 10n, (Askisis dhekéti) 1. Tb dporeyi6y you tom eodiragoy Sd 16 88 905. “8 orelgion maine aliteron ps to di ss o, My watch bater than yours TS art cas ven peyerepey $8 bev Tod Tepe 83 cies pasrepor ds Toons ous sts ine meshallterom,alldekino, 6 G. ine oreS- devon apd 18 dhike sno) Your house Bigger, but Georghiade’ one is prewier 3. TH pobarw: yo0 dpdgouy mb mont dob 1 Sybi, Ah- Ra wa crags bod dpi ss OND wal Se Ts oboe we dun ‘Ta rodhdkina mu acénon pié poli ap td achat i sapia mi atiun pho pal A apd rodina Tike peaches more than pears but I Tike grapes even (more) better than peaches. y 10. 10 'OBueanis fre Yeonmdrepos Sard Toy Mevinaoy, dE 8 'AXIARGDS fro} "yewanbtepos donb SRous Tous “ER- Anvas, wou trtohuneaw eis Thy Tooley. © Oahisséfs ito yennesteros ape tén Menélaon allé Acie to @ yennebteos aps dun ts “Eines pu epo- Iémisan i tin Trian. Ulysses was braver than Menclaus but Achilles was the bravest ofall the Greeks who fought at Troy. “H’Agwogia fro A md oop) ane To yuvatKas (Gris yuseinas) ais Spxalas "EARBOS. (1 Aspasia iS sophi apd tds yinCkas (16s yinékes) tis archéas Ellédhos) Aspasia was the wisest of al_women of ancient Grecce. °O inmos elven Sauudarov Géov. Elvat Leonpos, vmeph- ganas wat Eurev0s ‘0 ippos ine thavmasion zéon. K€ éxtpnos. ‘The horse is a magnificent animal and clever. “Exe Bidpopa xpduare, “ANRoTe clin Eavbés, 6AROTE agi, &kAowe yaupos Kai EAAoTe Eompos, : Echi dhidphora chrémata, “Allote ine xanthés, allote mavros ke dllote éspros. Tt has different colours, Sometimes it is fair, sometimes black and sometimes white Exo omit was Exoutv oradAov 81a Tous Bud Treous us. (Sto spitt mas échomen stivion dhid tis dhié {pus mas. Tn our house we have a stable for our two horses. “0 weyedirrepos Eyer ypdinar Kai we Gormpes paBBadces els dls Ap xoiiaw. (© meghaliteros échi chréma kafé me aspres_ravdhésis ig tin Kilian ) ‘The oldest has brown colour with white stripes on his belly. Aéyouy 611 7é copaidrepa kal mie edyevoTer gpodta TOT xdeuou elven sls hy Kaddipopmay ig Avepieis Légun sti ta oredtera ké pio dvghesta phrita ti késmu ine is tin Kalifornia tis Amerikis. “Ine zoirés, iperiphanos Ic is lively, proud aThey say (t is said) that the nicest and most tasteful feuit of the world are in California of America 11. Ket aviv $Eaaba Breas Ka gr “Frais bapxouy Bou- dere gota. wal wont gone. (O6@ stin Ellddha épos ke stin Talia frita ke poll pthina.) In Greece and Haly as well there are excellent fruit and very cheap. 12, TE pie at SAEBia vig “Ay>/Aias don OAD éoruH. (74 mila Ke achlichia tis Angas ine poll nestima. English apples and pears are very tasty. irchun thavmésia VOCABULARY =AEZIAOTION 18 dponsyi0v(panst)(1o oroléyion (roldi) watch clock Tame Coane)” Souy ikavo tod Fecapyiow (eking tu Yeorghiu) =that of George 76. pobaxivor’ (io Todhakinon) ‘the peach rio "rons ‘(mepiocéepo)(p6. pol, perisstere) more re ovapisa (ta stafiha) grapes tod dpéooun(anu aresun) =I lie T am fond of ‘sun Gksmi) sail, yet, even S"Oausenis (0 Odhystéf) “Ul yomaios Qnty Conve Mevéhaos (6 Menélaos) =Menelaus 8 “Exany (6 Ellin) & BAnomds (6 ellinikss) & “AyiAAeds (@ Achillefs) =the Greek (noun) =Greek (adjective) =Achilles Sroka (lems) Sto Hight tontunoay (the tought) STG Ti | Try ois (@ Agpasia) ——Agpesia apes (phe) ‘wise . foyer (qwete & yi yindka)=woman ateror 9) fo posto dioghon Eis 1 ayer) wre o agen SO boon ts gdon) = puimall Gop (lores) © Hcy, animated 2 the horse. tmapiigavos (periphanes) = proud Eeovoy (Gxipnos) clever Sidpope: (dhiaphora) = different. ‘To yom (tS ebeema) — colour ddore (allote) = sometimes ed05 Geanthn) — fate age (hfe) (tase, fer nevt) = brown, uetpos. (manos) = lack ompos (pros) = white S onaanog (0 weaves) = stable Bis (ahig) = for Bu (ais) = two smpdivos (prétes) = Gist J pabsoays (revdhosis) = stripe A Romie ( iia) — stomach, belly Te Sri one) Goch) = whe whe Too smyatvovy (tu piyenan) = suit him Fons Dp (ol ors) = very ely ony wel ow (leghun) = they s eel Cryo = ity ane, 3B qpotray (e pheaton) — frat 3 nEpos Ge hosmon) — the world, the people. fh KehweSpmer(Kaliphérsia) = California 2 Avepney (| Ames) = America Baos (open) = ae, a8 well 35 fined G Hella) = Katy ; Baunowes (thavindsies) = excellent snney (phtings) = cheap JR biRey (8 llon) = the apple $8 acd: (ie achledhi) = the pear jAyyaia G Anglia) = England . Veeder (noxtmnos) = tasty, savoury, pretty, charming, handsome, EXERCISE FYMNAZMA 11 1) Glocks are always bigger than watches Ta pokéya rod rolyou elven wavse: mid veydar(Beyens- sepa) dr6 1a poheyier TOU epIo8 8