wts2021 e

2019Q3
-0.2
2019Q4
-0.7
2020Q1
-3.3
2020Q2
93.7
-15.5
2020Q3
-5.4
Merchandise trade volume

0.0
2020Q4
2021Q1
4.3
111.7
Construction
-18%
Personal, cultural and
recreational services
-14%
Insurance
and pension
services
3%
Financial
services
4%
World Trade
Review
2021
Statistical
Computer services
8%
About the WTO
The World Trade Organization deals with the global
rules of trade between nations. Its main function is
to ensure that trade ﬂows as smoothly, predictably
and freely as possible.
About this publication

World Trade Statistical Review provides a detailed
analysis of the latest developments in world trade.
It is the WTO’s ﬂagship statistical publication and
is produced on an annual basis.
For more information

All data used in this report, as well as additional
charts and tables not included, can be downloaded
from the WTO web site at www.wto.org/statistics
World Trade Statistical Review 2021
I. Introduction 4
Acknowledgements 6
A message from Director-General 7
II. Highlights of world trade in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19 8

World trade overview 10
Merchandise trade 12
Commercial services 15
Leading traders 18
Least-developed countries 19
III. World trade and economic growth, 2020-21 20

Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021 22
Merchandise trade volume 23
Commodity prices 26
Exchange rates 27
Merchandise and services trade values 28
Leading indicators of trade 31
Economic recovery from COVID-19 34
IV. Composition, definitions & methodology 40

Composition of geographical and economic groupings 42
Definitions and methodology 42
Specific notes for selected economies 49
Statistical sources 50
Abbreviations and symbols 51
V. Statistical tables 52
3
Chapter I
Introduction
Acknowledgements 06
A message from Director-General 07

10
4
11
5
Acknowledgements
This publication has been prepared under the direction of The International Trade Statistics Section also wishes to
Robert Koopman, Director of the Economic Research and thank colleagues from the Information and External Relations
Statistics Division, and the International Trade Statistics Division (IERD) and the Language and Documentation
Section. The coordination of the report was undertaken by Services Division (LDSD) whose collaboration is vital
Christophe Degain and Florian Eberth. Statistical research, in the production of this report. In particular, recognition
data compilation and the preparation of estimates were is due to Anthony Martin, Serge Marin-Pache and Steve
conducted by Barbara d’Andrea-Adrian, Shradha Bhatia, Lori Cooper in IERD and to the French and Spanish translators
Chang, Christophe Degain, Florian Eberth, Zineb Haj Nassar, in LDIMD.
Coleman Nee, Steen Wettstein, and Ying Yan.
Finally, we wish to thank the users of WTO statistics for their
Contributions to this publication were also provided by the constructive suggestions on how to improve our statistical
WTO’s Market Access Intelligence Section and Research output. This regular feedback allows us to constantly refine
Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division. the data we provide.
6
Chapter I: Introduction
A message from Director-General

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences

across the world. Millions of people have lost their lives, and
large sections of the world’s population, particularly in
developing and least developed countries, remain unvaccinated.
The worst economic downturn since the 1930s has disrupted
livelihoods and businesses everywhere. Extreme poverty and
hunger are on the rise, and employment is well below the
pre-crisis trend.
This publication presents recent trends in world trade

and seeks to provide statistical insights on the trade impact
of COVID-19. cent in 2020. In contrast, demand for computer services was
buoyant, reflecting the shift to remote work and the growth in
In 2020, the value of world merchandise exports declined digital platforms.
by 8 per cent while services trade contracted by 21 per cent.
The most severe impacts of the pandemic were felt in the Exports from least-developed countries (LDCs) were severely
second quarter of the year, when services trade dropped affected by the first wave of the pandemic in 2020. They
by a record 30 per cent as travel and transport were severely suffered in particular from the drop in fuel prices (-60 per cent
affected, while goods trade fell by 23 per cent, both in between January and April 2020) and the impact of restrictions
value terms. on the travel industry. These two sectors represent the largest
source of LDCs’ export earnings. LDCs’ fuel exports have
Trade began to recover as of mid-2020, but the effects of started to slowly stabilize since early 2021 but services trade
COVID-19 have varied significantly across countries and continues to be weighed down by persisting weakness in the
regions. In volume terms, which strip out the effects of travel and transport sectors.
fluctuating prices, Asia’s merchandise trade was down by only
0.5 per cent in 2020, compared to the global decline of 5.3 per Leading indicators confirm positive signs of recovery in goods
cent. Asia’s resilience was due to the relative success of many trade during the second quarter of 2021, but purchasing
countries at containing the virus’s spread in early 2020, managers’ indices suggest weaker growth in services trade.
together with the region’s role as a leading global supplier As of May 2021, the number of international flights was just
of consumer goods and medical products. In the first quarter over half their pre-pandemic level. A full recovery for
of 2021, merchandise export volumes were up in Asia and international travel, and for global trade in general, depends
Europe. They were down slightly in South and Central America on rapid, equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines around the
and North America, and more substantially in Africa and the world. Indeed, with much of the world still unvaccinated, the
Middle East. Across manufacturing sectors, the automotive emergence of new coronavirus variants is one of the leading
sector suffered the most, with world exports dropping by 16 threats to the economic and trade recovery.
per cent in 2020. Meanwhile global exports of textiles grew by
16 per cent, driven by an increase in the production of personal The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation,
protective equipment (PPE). Exports of medical products, including with regard to the international exchange of goods
including medicines, medical equipment and PPE, rose by and services. This trend increases potential trading
more than 16 per cent, underscoring how trade has been a opportunities for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises
lifeline for access to critical goods through the pandemic, after (MSMEs) and women, provided they can overcome supply-
the initial disruptions. side barriers. It also emphasizes the need to tackle the digital
divide. From a statistical standpoint, there is a strong need to
Global value chains were severely disrupted during the first half improve the measurement of digital trade.
of 2020. World exports of intermediate goods decreased by
10 per cent year-on-year. Trade was more resilient in value Finally, I would like to thank the statistical team and the
chains for high-tech goods and pharmaceutical/medical other divisions across the WTO who worked on this report.
products. Trade in intermediate goods across countries started We hope it provides useful insights to assist trade analysts
to recover in the third quarter of 2020. and policymakers.
As of the first quarter of 2021, global trade in commercial

services remained 9 per cent lower than in the same period
in 2020. The travel sector was the most affected, as border
closures, quarantine requirements, lockdowns, and other Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
restrictions caused global travel exports to decline by 62 per Director-General
7
Chapter I I
Highlights of world
trade in 2020 and the
impact of COVI D -19
World trade overview 10
Merchandise trade 12
Commercial services 15
Leading traders 18
Least-developed countries (LDCs) 19

10
8
11
9
World trade overview
Trade in goods and services experienced a deep slump in 2020 due to

the COVID-19 pandemic
Chart 2.1
World trade in goods and commercial services, 2010-2020, quarterly
(Year-on-year percentage change)
40
30
20
Year-on-year percentage change
Commercial services
10
-10
Goods
-20
-30
-40
Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC.
Note: Trade as average of exports and imports.
• The COVID-19 pandemic led to merchandise trade declining demand for essential goods held up in all major economies.
by 8 per cent and trade in commercial services contracting Unlike goods, services cannot be stockpiled, which means
by 21 per cent year-on-year in 2020. that most of the revenue losses are likely to be permanent.
• The effect of COVID-19 on goods and services differed, • As businesses adjusted to new working conditions and
with services more severely affected. Services declined by vaccines began to be rolled out in the last quarter of 2020,
30 per cent in the second quarter of 2020 compared with trade in goods saw a recovery of 1 per cent compared with
a fall of 23 per cent for goods in the same period. While its pre-pandemic level in Q4 of 2019.
lockdowns led to the cancellation of flights, holidays abroad,
restaurant meals, and cultural/recreational activities, the

10
Chapter II: Highlights of world trade in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19
30
25
6
6
20
Trade in goods and services
US $ trillion
5 5
5
15
10 World trade in goods and services amounted to

16 17 19 18 17 US$ 22 trillion in 2020, a 12 per cent decline compared
5
with 2019.
0
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Goods Commercial services
Souce: WTO-UNCTAD in cooperation with ITC and UNSD.

Note: Average of exports and imports.
2500
2250 2311 2289 2323 China

2000 2054
1750
China, the top exporter of merchandise trade in 2020,
1500
accounted for 13 per cent of the world’s total (up from
US$ billion
1250 12 per cent in 2019), totalling US$ 2,323 billion .

1000
750
500
250
0
2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: WTO-UNCTAD estimates.
Other goods Manufactured goods

Manufactured goods 29%
Trade in manufactured goods represented 71 per cent

71%
of world merchandise exports in 2020, with a value of
US$ 12.1 trillion.
1,233
2016
1,212 Travel
1,329
2017
1,298
Travel - including tourism and related services - plunged
US$ billion
1,434
in 2020 as travel restrictions were imposed due to the
2018
1,391
pandemic. World travel exports dropped to US$ 549 billion
1,468 compared with US$ 1,468 billion in 2019.
2019
1,401
549
2020
554
Exports Imports
7%
Medical goods
Medical goods
Other goods
The share of medical goods in world merchandise trade grew
from 5.3 per cent in 2019 to 6.6 per cent in 2020.
93%
Source: WTO estimates.
11
Merchandise trade
World merchandise trade

All regions recorded declines in merchandise trade in 2020. Trade in nominal US dollar terms fell more sharply than trade in
volume terms. The impact of the pandemic on merchandise trade differed across regions.
Chart 2.2
World merchandise trade by region, 2020
(Annual percentage change)
-0.5%
0
-0.5
-5 -4.0 -4.3
-5.3
Annual percentage change
-6.6
-7.6
-6.9 -7.3 -7.8
-8.4
A decline of only 0.5 per
-10 -9.8 -9.7
cent in Asia in 2020 was
-12.2
-15
due to COVID-19 having
-14.9
-16.0 an earlier impact than
-20 in other regions, Asia’s
-22.0 rigorous management
-25
World Asia Commonwealth South & North America Europe Africa Middle East
of the crisis and its role
of Independent
States (CIS),
Central
America
as a global supplier of
including certain
associate and
consumer goods and
former member States medical products.
Merchandise trade in value Merchandise trade in volume
Merchandise exports
World exports of manufactured goods decreased by 5.2 per cent in 2020 while total merchandise exports declined by
7.7 per cent overall.
Chart 2.3
Merchandise exports
by major product
-23.9% +0.9%
group, 2010-2020 Exports of agricultural
(US$ billion, annual
Fuels and mining products products increased by 0.9 per
percentage change)
declined by 23.9 per cent in cent in 2020 as many countries
2020, due to a big drop in energy depended on food exports
prices and a fall in demand. during the COVID-19 crisis.
20000
-8%
15000
-5%
10000
5000
-24%
+1%
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020*
Total Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing
* Estimate of product break-down.

Note: Data including intra-trade of the European Union, excluding re-exports of Hong Kong, China

12
World exports of manufactured goods

World exports of automotive products were the most affected, among manufactured goods, by the pandemic while textiles
saw a strong increase.
Chart 2.4
World merchandise exports of manufactured goods, 2020
20
15
16.0
+16.0%
10 Due to demand for protective
5 3.9 personal equipment, world exports

0
-0.4
of textiles increased the most among
-5
manufactured goods in 2020, growing
-5.2
-10 -9.1
by 16.0 per cent.
-15 -14.9
-16.4
-20
-16.4%
Manufactured Textiles Office Chemicals Clothing Iron and Automotive
goods (total) and telecom steel products
equipment

Note: Data including intra-trade of the European Union, excluding re-exports of Exports of automotive products
Hong Kong, China.
suffered from disruptions to
production lines and weak demand in
2020, declining by 16.4 per cent.
Trade in medical goods

Trade in medical goods registered growth of 16.3 per cent in 2020 - compared with 4.7 per cent growth in 2019 when the
pandemic was just starting.
Chart 2.5
World merchandise trade in medical goods, by product group, 2019 and 2020
50 47.2
40
+47.2%
30
Trade in medical goods increased
20 18.8 significantly in 2020, with trade in
16.3
personal protective products growing
9.8
10 8.4
5.7
the most (+47.2 per cent).
4.7 4.6 4.3
1.5
0
All medical Medical Medical supplies Medicine Personal
products equipment protective products
2019 2020
13
Chart 2.6
World merchandise trade in medical goods, by product group, 2020
(Percentage share)
Medicine Medical supplies Personal protective products
52%
Medicine represented
52 per cent of world
Face masks
Other
PPP
trade in medical goods
11.9% 5.5%
in 2020.
Medical equipment
Other med supplies

17.3%
All medicines Test kits All medical equipment

52.2% 3.4% 13.1%
World exports of intermediate goods

After three successive negative quarters, world exports of intermediate goods rose by 8.5 per cent year-on-year in Q4 of 2020,
a sign of strong recovery in supply chains.
Chart 2.7
World exports of intermediate goods, total and by main category
20 16.3
10 9.7 9.2
8.3 8.5
10
4.4
2.7
0.5
0
-1.0 -1.3
-2.7
-4.8 -5.7
-10 -7.4 -7.9
-10.3
-15.9 -15.3
-20
-30
-40
-41.5
-50
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
2020
Total intermediate goods (IG) IG food & beverages IG parts & accessories (excl. transport equipment)
IG parts & accessories (transport equipment) IG other industrial supplies
+16.3% +0.5%
Exports of transport equipment saw a
Exports of food and beverage slight recovery in Q4 of 2020, increasing
intermediate goods increased by 16.3 by 0.5 per cent year-on-year. The
per cent in Q4 of 2020 as food supply automotive sector was severely affected
chains remained resilient and continued by COVID-19, with a decline in sales and
to meet demand. supply chain disruption.

14
Commercial services
Trade in commercial services by sector

Travel and transport were the hardest hit by COVID-19 and associated travel restrictions.
Chart 2.8
World trade in commercial services by sector quarterly, 2008-2020
40
20
Other services
0
Transport
-20
-40
-60
Travel
-80
-100
Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4 Q1Q2Q3Q4
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Source: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC.
Note: Trade as average of exports and imports.
-81%
International travellers’ expenditure was down by 81 per cent and transport by 29 per
cent in Q2 of 2020. The decline in transport was similar to the drop in the financial crisis
of 2009. However, unlike in 2009, the decrease in transport services trade was driven
predominantly by restrictions to passenger transport and a fall in demand for international
travel rather than by sharp declines in freight shipping.
15
Other commercial services

Other commercial services were affected unevenly by the pandemic. Sectors requiring physical proximity, such as construction,
and personal, cultural and recreational services, fell steeply. Financial services, in contrast, continued to grow.
Chart 2.9
Other commercial services by subsector, 2020
15
10
8%
5
3% 4%
0
-5% -5%
-5
-8%
-10
-14%
-15
-18%
-20
-25
Construction Personal, cultural, Charges for the use Telecommunications Other business Insurance and Financial services Computer services
and recreational of intellectual services services pension services
services property, n.i.e.
8% -18%
Computer services, the fastest growing With building projects delayed or
services sector over the past 10 years, postponed in many countries due to the
grew by 8 per cent in 2020, boosted pandemic, global construction exports
by a shift towards remote working and were down 18% in 2020.
increased digitalization.
Composition of commercial services
Chart 2.10
Change in composition of commercial services between 2019-2020
(Percentage share)
100 3% 4%
90 • The share of transport and travel in

Share in trade in commerical services (%)
80 total services trade declined from

70
54%
43 per cent to 31 per cent in 2020.
66%
60
• Other commercial services - including
50
financial services, legal services,
40 computer services and professional
30 24%
12%
services - increased their share from
20 54 per cent to 66 per cent.
10 19% 19%
0
2019 2020
Transport Travel Other commercial services Goods-related services

Note: Trade as average of exports and imports
16
Exports of computer services

Exports of computer services saw double-digit growth in many economies across various regions in 2020. Rapid growth was
recorded in most economies, in marked contrast with declines in other services sectors.
Chart 2.11
Exports of computer services, selected economies, 2020
Dominican Republic 1%
13%
Singapore 1%
Sweden 1%
Slovak Republic 3%
Bulgaria 3%
Hungary 3%
US exports of computer
Austria 4% software increased by
Brazil 4% 13 per cent in 2020,
Bangladesh 4%
mostly destined for
El Salvador 4%
the EU (22 per cent),
Australia 4%
Estonia 5%
Canada (12.6 per cent),
Latvia 6% Japan (10.9 per cent),
India 6% the UK (9.1 per cent)
Germany 6%
and Switzerland
Belgium 6%
(6 per cent).
Serbia 7%
Turkey 7%
Guatemala 8%
Sri Lanka 8%
Greece 8%
Georgia 9%
Chile 9%
25%
Netherlands 10%
Poland 10%
Czech Republic 10%
Mauritius 11%
US exports of cloud
Ecuador 12%
Albania 12%
computing and data
Russian Federation 13% storage services rose
Korea, Republic of 14% by 25 per cent in 2020,
Romania 14% accounting for 16.8 per
Egypt 15%
cent of US computer
Morocco 16%
United States 16%
services exports,
Colombia 17% up from 7.8 per cent
Bolivia, Plurinational State of 17% in 2015.
Ireland 17%
United Arab Emirates 18%
Belarus 19%
Panama 20%
Ukraine 20%
Moldova, Republic of 28%
Indonesia 28%
Uruguay 30%
Armenia 34%
Pakistan 36%
Montenegro 37%
Portugal 37%
Myanmar 39%
Kazakhstan 51%
Japan 62%
Belize 78%
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
17
Leading traders
Among the world’s top 100 traders, Slovenia and Cambodia Economies where commercial services trade mostly consists
rose many places in the world rankings for merchandise trade of tourism and travel services witnessed a big decline in their
in 2020, mostly due to their manufacturing sectors, which are ranking in 2020. Examples include Macao, China and the
well integrated into regional supply chains. Lebanese Republic.
Chart 2.12 Chart 2.13

Merchandise traders changing their rankings among the Commercial services traders changing their rankings
world’s top 100, 2019-2020 among the world’s top 100, 2019-2020
(Rank) (Rank)
2019 2020 2019 2020

United Arab Emriates Chinese Taipei Spain Belgium
Chinese Taipei Belgium Luxemburg
United Arab Emriates Luxemburg
Spain
Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, China Austria
Kingdom of United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
Saudi Arabia, Hong Kong, China
Austria
Kingdom of
Brazil
Philippines Slovak Republic Brazil
Slovak Republic Qatar
Philippines
Iraq
Ukraine
Qatar Malta
Ukraine
Qatar Macao, China, 44
Slovenia, 50
Kuwait, the State of Bahrain, Kingdom of
Malta
Iraq Lebanese Republic, 56
Slovenia, 58 Ghana
Qatar
Iran
Algeria
Bulgaria Belarus
Bulgaria Ghana
Lithuania
Lithuania Kuwait, the State of Bahrain, Kingdom of Macao, China, 64
Angola Algeria
Belarus Bangladesh
Cambodia, 70
Latvia Iran
Cambodia, 76
Estonia Lebanese Republic, 75
Latvia Bangladesh
Estonia
Jordan
Angola
Guatemala
Kenya
Cambodia
Guatemala Jordan
Kenya
Côte d’Ivore
Source: WTO-UNCTAD. Cambodia
Côte d’Ivore
50
Slovenia recorded one of the largest increases in world ranking for merchandise trade,
improving from 58th place in 2019 to 50th in 2020.
64
Macao, China experienced the sharpest fall in the ranking for services trade, dropping from
44th position in 2019 to 64th in 2020.

18
Least-developed countries (LDCs)
LDCs’ exports of goods amounted to US$ 173 billion in 2020, representing around half of LDCs’ merchandise exports.
a 12 per cent decrease from 2019, while LDC commercial In services, LDCs were hit by travel restrictions, with travel
services exports totalled US$ 28 billion, collapsing by 35 receipts representing the largest source of services export
per cent. Goods exports suffered particularly from a 30 earnings for LDCs.
per cent drop in fuel prices, with fuels and mining products
Chart 2.14
Exports of Least Developed Countries, 2016-2020
(US$ billion)
250
200
200 195
177 173
154
150
US $ billion
100
50 43
40
32 34
26
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Merchandise trade Commercial services
-12% -35%
LDCs’ goods exports declined by 12 per The value of LDCs’ commercial services
cent in 2020, compared with 9 per cent exports declined by 35 per cent in 2020,
for the rest of the world. a sharper decline than in the rest of the
world (-20 per cent).
19
Chapter I I I
World trade and

economic growth,
2020 -21
Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021 22
Merchandise trade volume 23
Commodity prices 26
Exchange rates 27
Merchandise and services trade values 28
Leading indicators of trade 31
Economic recovery from COVID-19 34
10
20
World merchandise trade volume and real Merchandise trade and commercial services
GDP fell sharply in the first half of 2020 as trade in current US dollar terms plunged in the
a result of the COVID-19 pandemic before early stages of the pandemic. Merchandise trade
rebounding in the second half. Consequently, rebounded strongly in the second half of 2020
trade and output declined less than initially but services continued to be weighed down by
expected for the year. The volume of travel restrictions. The value of merchandise
merchandise trade dropped by 5.3 per cent in exports fell by 8 per cent in 2020 to US$ 17.58
2020 while real GDP at market exchange rates trillion while commercial services exports
declined by 3.6 per cent. dropped by 20 per cent to US$ 4.91 trillion.
The decline in merchandise trade in 2020 was The post-pandemic trade recovery is already
less severe than forecasters predicted for a showing signs of divergence across countries
number of reasons. These included proactive and regions. Merchandise export and import
fiscal and monetary policies that boosted volumes in the first quarter of 2021 rose to new
incomes and consumption, an increase in heights in Asia and reverted to pre-pandemic
demand for technological innovation to facilitate levels in Europe and North America but lagged
remote work, and trade policy restraint that kept behind in poorer, less industrialized regions,
supply chains functioning. such as Africa and the Middle East.
11
21
Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021
The volume of world merchandise trade declined significantly in 2020, with only
the financial crisis of 2008-09 having seen a steeper decline. However, it could
have been even greater in view of the contraction in GDP.
Chart 3.1
World merchandise trade volume and real GDP growth, 2014-20
6
4.9
4
3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.1
2.6
2.2 2.7
2 2.4
1.4
0.2
0
-2
-4 -3.6
-5.3
-6
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Trade GDP Average trade growth 2010-19 Average GDP growth 2010-19
Sources: WTO Secretariat for trade, consensus estimates for GDP.

Note: GDP growth is calculated with market exchange rate weights.
• The volume of world merchandise trade declined by • The large decline in services trade is mostly due to travel
5.3 per cent in 2020 as the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions and lockdowns, which prevented the delivery
severely jolted the global economy. This followed a sharp of services requiring physical proximity. Some income
decline in trade the previous year, with volume growth of not spent on services may have been diverted to goods,
just 0.2 per cent as trade tensions between leading nations supporting merchandise imports.
remained high.
• The 5.3 per cent decline in merchandise trade volume
• The decline in merchandise trade in 2020 was even in 2020 was accompanied by a 3.6 per cent contraction
larger when measured in nominal US dollar terms, in world real GDP at market exchange rates. The trade
with the value of exports falling by nearly 8 per cent decline was therefore 1.5 times larger than the decline in
to US$ 17.58 trillion. The dollar value of commercial output. This is smaller than in 2009 following the global
services exports declined even more, dropping by financial crisis, when trade volumes fell 12.6 per cent, six
20 per cent to US$ 4.91 trillion. times more than the 2.0 per cent slump in GDP.

22
Chapter III: World trade and economic growth, 2020-21
Merchandise trade volume
The 2020 contraction in the volume of merchandise trade started in the first
quarter and accelerated in the second. The subsequent rebound in the third
and fourth quarters was strong enough to return merchandise trade to its pre-
pandemic level by the end of the year.
Chart 3.2
World merchandise trade volume, 2015Q1-2021Q1
(Volume index 2015 =100 and year-on-year percentage change)
120 10
5.4 5.4 5.5

115 4.0 4.5 4.6 4.3 5
3.7 3.6
2.5
1.9 2.8 1.9 1.8 1.8

1.5 1.3 111.7
0.0
Volume index 2015=100
110 0
-2.0 111.0 0.4 -0.2
-0.7
-3.3
105 -5
-5.4
100 -10
95 -15.5 -15
93.7
90 -20
2019Q1
2019Q3
2019Q4
2020Q1
2015Q1
2015Q2
2015Q3
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q3
2016Q4
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q3
2017Q4
2018Q1
2018Q2
2018Q3
2018Q4
2019Q2
2020Q2
2020Q3
2020Q4
2021Q1
Year-on-year % change (right axis) Index, 2015Q1 = 100 (left axis)
Sources: WTO Secretariat and UNCTAD.
• World merchandise trade volume fell by 2.0 per cent in the 2019. By comparison, merchandise trade took more
first quarter of 2020 compared with the previous quarter than two years to recover to its pre-crisis level after the
and a further 12.5 per cent in the second quarter. By the financial crisis.
end of the second quarter, merchandise trade was down
15.5 per cent compared to the same period in 2019. • Trade growth slowed to 2.1 per cent in the first quarter
of 2021 compared with the previous quarter while year-
• Merchandise trade jumped 11.4 per cent in the third on-year growth picked up to 4.3 per cent. Year-on-year
quarter of 2020 compared with the previous quarter and growth is expected to be very strong in the second
another 4.4 per cent in the final quarter, bringing the quarter of 2021, mostly due to the downturn in the second
volume of trade back to its level in the fourth quarter of quarter of 2020.
23
The recovery of merchandise trade since the third quarter of 2020 has been
strong but uneven, with exports and imports growing faster in some regions
than in others.
Chart 3.3
Merchandise exports by region, 2015Q1-2021Q1
(Volume indices 2015Q1=100)
Exports
140
130
120
Volume indices 2015Q1=100
110
100
90
80
70
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2020Q1
2020Q2
2020Q3
2015Q1
2020Q4
2021Q1
2015Q2
2015Q3
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q3
2016Q4
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q3
2018Q3
2017Q4
2018Q1
2018Q2
2018Q4
2019Q1
2019Q2
2019Q3
2019Q4
North America South America1 Europe CIS2 Africa Middle East Asia
1
Refers to South and Central America and the Caribbean.
2
Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.
Sources: WTO and UNCTAD.
140
• 130
All regions recorded year-on-year declines in merchandise • All regions have seen merchandise exports and imports
trade volumes in the second quarter of 2020 except recover to varying degrees since trade bottomed out in
the Commonwealth of Independent States (including the second quarter of 2020. In the first quarter of 2021,
120
certain former and associate members), which saw a merchandise export volumes were up in Asia (21.0 per cent
2.8 per cent rise in its exports. North American exports year-on-year) and Europe (1.9 per cent). They were down
declined the most (-25.5 per cent), followed by Africa
110 slightly in South and Central America (-0.1 per cent) and
(-21.7 per cent), Europe (-20.4 per cent) and the Middle North America (-2.2 per cent). They were also down more
East (-19.7 per cent). Smaller declines were seen in substantially in Africa (-4.6 per cent), the Middle East
100
South and Central America (-9.0 per cent) and Asia (-8.4 per cent) and the Commonwealth of Independent
(-7.1 per cent). States (-13.9 per cent).
90
80
70
2015Q1
2016Q4
2015Q2
2015Q3
2018Q4
2020Q1
2020Q2
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q3
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q3
2017Q4
2018Q3
2018Q1
2018Q2
2019Q1
2019Q2
2019Q3
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2020Q3
2020Q4
2021Q1
24
Volume indice
100

90
80
70
2018Q3
2015Q1
2015Q2
2015Q3
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q3
2016Q4
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q3
2017Q4
2018Q1
2019Q4
2020Q1
2020Q2
2020Q3
2020Q4
2018Q2
2018Q4
2019Q1
2019Q2
2019Q3
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2021Q1
Chart 3.4
Merchandise imports by region, 2015Q1-2021Q1
(Volume indices 2015Q1=100) South America1
North America Europe CIS2 Africa Middle East Asia
Imports
140
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
2015Q1
2020Q4
2021Q1
2015Q2
2015Q3
2015Q4
2016Q1
2016Q2
2016Q3
2016Q4
2017Q1
2017Q2
2017Q3
2017Q4
2018Q3
2018Q1
2019Q4
2019Q4
2019Q4
2020Q1
2020Q2
2020Q3
2018Q2
2018Q4
2019Q1
2019Q2
2019Q3
2019Q4
1
2
Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member States.
• All regions had large year-on-year import contractions for • Merchandise import volumes were up year-on-year in
merchandise trade volumes in the second quarter of 2020, all regions in the first quarter of 2021 except in Africa
including the Middle East (-20.1 per cent), Europe (-19.0 (-0.9 per cent) and the Middle East (-2.7 per cent). Overall,
per cent), South and Central America (-18.6 per cent), it appears that the trade recovery has been strongest in
North America (17.8 per cent), Africa (-16.0 per cent), the Asia and weakest in regions that rely on exports of
Commonwealth of Independent States (-11.1 per cent), and natural resources.
Asia (-7.0 per cent).
25
Commodity prices
Prices of energy commodities fell sharply during the first wave of the pandemic
but have risen steadily since then.
Chart 3.5
Prices of primary commodities, January 2014 - May 2021
(US$ price indices, January 2014 =100)
160
140
120
US$ price indices, January 2014 =100
100
80
60
40
20
2020M01
2020M04
2021M01
2020M07
2015M01
2015M07
2015M04
2015M10
2019M01
2019M07
2016M01
2016M07
2018M01
2018M07
2017M01
2017M07
2019M04
2019M10
2014M01
2016M04
2016M10
2018M04
2018M10
2014M07
2017M04
2017M10
2014M04
2014M10
2021M04
2020M10
Food Agricultural raw materials Metals Fuels
Source: IMF primary commodity prices.
• Fuel prices fell by 60.1 per cent between January and April the summer. Successive waves of COVID-19 do
2020 as the pandemic resulted in a decline in domestic not appear to have had as strong an impact on fuel
and international travel. Smaller declines over the same prices. Other commodity prices have also risen since
period were recorded for other commodities, such as food April 2020, raising concerns about a build-up in
(-10 per cent), agricultural raw materials (-8 per cent) and inflationary pressures.
metals (1 per cent).
• In May 2021, fuel prices were up 194 per cent year-on-year.
• Fuel prices rose steadily after April 2020 as economic Prices were also up 54 per cent for metals, 45 per cent for
growth picked up and travel restrictions were eased in food and 26 per cent for agricultural raw materials.

26
Exchange rates
The US dollar appreciated sharply early in the pandemic but has fallen in value
against other currencies since its peak in April 2020.
Chart 3.6
Exchange rate indices for selected economies, January 2014 – May 2021 a
(Index, January 2014 =100)
140
130
120
Index, January 2014 =100
110
100
90
80
01-2017
01-2014
04-2014
07-2014
10-2014
01-2015
04-2015
07-2015
10-2015
01-2016
04-2016
07-2016
10-2016
04-2017
07-2017
10-2017
01-2018
04-2018
07-2018
10-2018
01-2019
04-2019
07-2019
10-2019
01-2020
04-2020
07-2020
10-2020
01-2021
04-2021
United States Japan China Euro area United Kingdom
a)
Nominal effective exchange rate indices against a broad basket of currencies.
Source: Bank for International Settlements (BIS).
• The US dollar appreciated 7 per cent on average against • The dollar fell in value by 9 per cent between April and
currencies of trading partners between January and December 2020 as global economic growth picked up
April 2020, reflecting the traditional safe-haven status of and expansionary monetary and fiscal policy put downward
the currency. pressure on the currency. The nominal effective exchange
rate of the US dollar was relatively stable between January
• The appreciation of the dollar probably contributed to the and May 2021.
fall in fuel prices denominated in dollars over the same
period since these variables tend to move in opposite • Exchange rates of other major currencies fluctuated less
directions. However, the appreciation would only account than the dollar exchange rate during the pandemic.
for a small fraction of the 60 per cent drop in fuel prices
over the same period.
27
Merchandise and services trade values
The sharp decline and subsequent recovery of merchandise trade in 2020 was
mostly due to trade in manufactured goods.
Chart 3.7
Growth in world merchandise trade by sector, 2020Q1-2021Q1
(Year-on-year percentage change in US$ values)
20
16
14
11
10 9
6 6
2 2
0
0
-3
Year-on-year % change in US$ values
-5 -5
-6 -6
-7
-10
-18
-20 -19
-21
-26
-30
-40
-43
-50
Total merchandise Agricultural products Fuels and mining products Manufactures
2020Q1 2020Q2 2020Q3 2020Q4 2021Q1
Sources: WTO estimates and UNCTAD.
• The US dollar value of world trade in manufactured goods up substantially (+11 per cent). The lower decline for
was down 18 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter agricultural products trade in the second quarter is mostly
of 2020 but by the first quarter of 2021 trade had risen due to the ongoing need for vital food supplies.
by 16 per cent above its level from the same period the
previous year. • The sharp 43 per cent decline in fuels and mining products
trade in the second quarter of 2020 and the partial
• The growth rates are similar to those for total merchandise recovery since then reflect both falling prices and the
trade since manufactured goods account for the vast availability of reduced quantities.
majority of this trade (73 per cent in 2020).
• Most types of manufactured goods saw
• Trade in agricultural products declined less than trade significant gains in the second half of 2020,
in manufactured goods during the second quarter of notably textiles, pharmaceuticals, computers and
2020 (-5 per cent) and by the first quarter of 2021 it was telecommunications equipment.

28
Export revenues fell most in oil-exporting regions during the pandemic but by
the start of 2021 all regions were recording year-on-year growth.
Chart 3.8
Growth of merchandise trade by region, 2020Q1 - 2021Q1
(Year-on-year percentage change in US$ values)
30
28
20
16
13 13
10 9
8
5
4
Year-on-year % change in US$ values
3
2
-2
-3 -3 -3
-4
-5
-7 -7 -7
-10 -9
-10
-11
-16 -16
-20 -19
-21 -21
-23
-30
-32
-40 -39
World North America South America1 Europe Asia Other regions2
2020Q1 2020Q2 2020Q3 2020Q4 2021Q1
1
2
“Other regions” comprise Africa, Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain associate and former member states.
• Merchandise exports of Asia in current US dollar terms and Central America, exports were down 19 per cent in the
declined by 10 per cent year-on-year in the second quarter second quarter of 2020 but up strongly (+13 per cent) in
of 2020 but by the first quarter of 2021 they were up 28 the first quarter of 2021.
per cent. In contrast, Europe recorded a larger decline in
the second quarter of 2020 (23 per cent) and a smaller • Merchandise exports of other regions, including Africa,
increase in the first quarter of 2021 (13 per cent). the Middle East and the Commonwealth of Independent
States, were collectively down 39 per cent in the second
• North America’s merchandise exports were down heavily in quarter of 2020, reflecting a persistent reduction in fuel
the second quarter of 2020 (32 per cent) and were only up consumption and a fall in prices during the pandemic but
slightly (+4 per cent) in the first quarter of 2021. In South by the first quarter of 2021 exports were up 8 per cent.
29
Services trade recovered only partially in the second half of 2020, weighed
down by COVID-19-related travel restrictions.
Chart 3.9
Growth in the value of world commercial services trade by category, 2020Q1-2021Q1
10
6
1 2
0 0
-2 -3
-6 -6 -6 -6
-10 -9 -9
-14 -14
-17
-20
-20
-23 -23
-25
-30 -29
-30
Year on year % change
-40
-50
-60
-62
-70 -68 -68
-80
-81
-90
Commercial services Transport Travel Other commercial services Goods-related services
2020Q1 2020Q2 2020Q3 2020Q4 2021Q1
Sources: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.

Note: Trade as average of exports and imports
• Services trade remained depressed in the first quarter of passenger flights, which were curtailed early in the
2021 although the category of “other commercial services” pandemic. However, maritime transport held up relatively
- including financial services, business services and well, with a year-on-year decline in container throughput of
charges for the use of intellectual property - increased around 7 per cent in Q2 of 2020. The sector recovered its
by 6 per cent. year-on-year level in Q1 2021.
• The biggest source of the decline was travel, which fell • Other commercial services, which includes financial
by 81 per cent in the second quarter. It was still down 62 and other business services, avoided large declines
per cent in Q1 2021, weighed down by pandemic related during the pandemic (down just 6 per cent in Q2 of
restrictions for cross-border movement of people. 2020) due to the widespread adoption of technologies
allowing remote work. These services sectors were
• Transport also experienced a severe decline (-29 per cent the only ones having year-on-year positive growth since
in Q2 2020) due mostly to the reduction in international Q4 2020.

30
Leading indicators of trade
Leading indicators of trade provide clues about the strength of the global
economy in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. These data continue to
point to a strong but uneven recovery.
Chart 3.10
Global PMI new export orders indices, January 2010 - May 2021
(Index, base = 50)
60
50
Index, base=50
40
30
20
Jan 2008
Jul 2008
Jan 2009
Jul 2009
Jan 2010
Jul 2010
Jan 2011
Jul 2011
Jan 2012
Jul 2012
Jan 2013
Jul 2013
Jan 2014
Jul 2014
Jan 2015
Jul 2015
Jul 2016
Jan 2017
Jul 2017
Jan 2018
Jul 2018
Jan 2019
Jul 2019
Jan 2020
Jul 2020
Jan 2021
Jul 2021
Jan 2016
Manufacturing Services
Source: IHS Markit.

Note: Values greater than 50 indicate expansion while values less than 50 denote contraction. No available data for services before September 2014.
• Purchasing managers’ indices (PMIs) showed new for manufacturing export orders, reflecting the weaker state
export orders of manufacturers and services providers of global services trade.
falling sharply early in the pandemic but rebounding
strongly afterwards. • As of May 2021, the manufacturing index continued to
indicate a strong recovery in goods trade, with a value
• New export orders of services fell to 21.8 in April 2020 of 54.9. The services index suggested weaker growth in
while new export orders of manufacturing bottomed services trade, with a value of 51.0.
out at 27.1.
• Services export orders surpassed the baseline value of 50

for the index in April 2021 compared with September 2020
31
Container shipping fell in 2020 as the pandemic disrupted the global economy
but throughput quickly returned to and surpassed pre-pandemic levels.
Chart 3.11
Global container throughput, January 2007 - April 2021
(seasonally-adjusted index, 2015 =100)
130
120
110
Seasonally adjusted index, 2015=100
100
90
80
70
60
Jan-07
Jul-07
Jan-08
Jul-08
Jan-09
Jul-09
Jan-10
Jul-10
Jan-11
Jul-11
Jan-12
Jul-12
Jan-13
Jul-13
Jan-14
Jul-14
Jan-15
Jul-15
Jan-16
Jul-16
Jan-17
Jul-17
Jan-18
Jul-18
Jan-19
Jul-19
Jan-20
Jul-20
Jan-21
Jul-21
Seasonally adjusted index Trend
Source: Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics.
• Container throughput of major ports dropped by continued shipments of goods from Asia to the rest of
7 per cent between January and May 2020 as the the world.
pandemic hit international trade flows, according to the
Institute for Shipping Economics and Logistics. However, • Throughput continued to increase in the first months of
by July the index had already risen above its level at the 2021. Average monthly growth between January and April
start of the year. was 0.7 per cent, which is equivalent to an annualized rate
of 8.8 per cent.
• For the whole of 2020, throughput was only down 1.3 per
cent, reflecting the relative strength of goods trade and

32
International commercial flights slumped in 2020 as travel restrictions

were imposed to slow the spread of COVID-19. In August 2020 the number
of flights returned to just over half their level before the pandemic, but more
widespread vaccination is required to increase passenger numbers and to
achieve full recovery.
Chart 3.12
International commercial flights per day, 1 January 2020 - 30 May 2021
(Number of flights)
60,000
50,000
40,000
Number of flights
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
01-Jan-20
15-Jan-20
29-Jan-20
12-Feb-20
26-Feb-20
11-Mar-20
05-May-21
25-Mar-20
08-Apr-20
22-Apr-20
06-May-20
17-Jun-20
20-May-20
03-Jun-20
01-Jul-20
15-Jul-20
29-Jul-20
12-Aug-20
26-Aug-20
09-Sep-20
23-Sep-20
07-Oct-20
21-Oct-20
04-Nov-20
18-Nov-20
02-Dec-20
16-Dec-20
30-Dec-20
13-Jan-21
27-Jan-21
10-Fen-21
24-Fen-21
10-Mar-21
24-Mar-21
07-Apr-21
21-Apr-21
19-May-21
7-day moving average Number of flights
Source: Martin Strohmeier, et.al, “Crowdsourced air traffic data from the OpenSky Network 2019–2020”, Earth System Science Data 13(2), 2021.
• International commercial flights per day fell to less than • As of 30 May 2021, the number of daily flights remained
10,000 in mid-April 2020, a decline of around 80 per cent below 30,000. Increased international travel will depend to
from the start of the year. Many flights were devoted to a large extent on the success of vaccination programmes.
cargo only as passenger flights were suspended.
• From mid-April 2020 until the end of the year, flights per
day averaged 27,000, around 55 per cent of the level in
January 2020.
33
Economic recovery from COVID-19
Since the second half of 2020, WTO economists have predicted a strong
rebound in world trade, with outcomes heavily dependent on GDP growth and
the evolution of the pandemic. Growth in 2021 could exceed expectations if
universal access to vaccines is achieved or fall short if vaccination efforts falter.
Chart 3.13
Real GDP growth of selected economies, 2020Q1 – 2021Q1
(Quarter-on-quarter percentage change)
25
23.1
20
15
13.7
11.7 11.6
10 9.3
7.5 7.8
5.3
5
3.2 3.0 2.6
Quarter-on-quarter % change
2.8
2.1
1.1 1.6 1.2
0.6 0.8 0.6
1.4 1.1
-0.1
0
-0.4 -0.5 0.6 -0.2 -0.4
-1.3 -1.0
-2.2 -2.6
-3.4
-5
-8.1
-10 -9.0 -9.2 -9.7
-11.1
-15
-16.6
-20
-25
-25.9
-30
United European Japan Brazil Russian India China South
States Union Federation Africa
2020Q1 2020Q2 2020Q3 2020Q4 2021Q1
Source: OECD National Accounts.
• GDP growth slowed in major economies in the first quarter • China’s economy grew by 0.6 per cent in the first quarter
of 2021 and is likely to remain slow in the second and of 2021. This is equivalent to 2.4 per cent on an annualized
third quarters as new waves of infection prompted new basis. Excluding the sharp contraction in the first quarter of
lockdowns and travel restrictions. 2020 that coincided with the emergence of COVID-19, this
is the weakest quarterly result for China since the country
• GDP growth in the United States rose to 1.6 per cent in the started reporting quarter-on-quarter GDP growth in 2011.
first quarter of 2021 compared with the previous quarter.
This is equivalent to around 6.5 per cent on an annualized
basis. Meanwhile, EU GDP contracted by 0.1 per cent in
the first quarter as the virus resurged in the region.

34
Despite the strong recovery in merchandise trade in value terms in the

first quarter of 2021, exports of many economies remained below their pre-
pandemic peaks.
Chart 3.14
Cumulative merchandise exports of selected economies, January-April 2021
(Percentage change compared to January-April 2019)
Bolivia, Plurinational state of
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Russian Federation
Hong Kong, China
North Macedonia
United Kingdom
European Union
Chinese Taipei
Korea, Rep. of
United States
New Zealand
Cote d'Ivoire
Montenegro
Switzerland
Kazakhstan
El Salvador
Costa Rica
Philippines
Guatemala
Singapore
Colombia
Indonesia
Argentina
Sri Lanka
Paraguay
Mauritius
Viet Nam
Morocco
Australia
Malaysia
Thailand
Ecuador
Uruguay
Namibia
Ethiopia
Canada
Belarus
Norway
Ukraine
Zambia
Albania
Iceland
Mexico
Tunisia
Ghana
Turkey
Kenya
Belize
China
Japan
Egypt
Brazil
Israel
Chile
India
Peru
Iran
40
38
35
33
% change compared to January-April 2019
30
32
31
31
29
25
26
24
23
23
20
21
21
19
19
19
18
18
18
18
15
17
17
16
16
15
15
14
10
12
12
11
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
5
3
3
6
6
6
6
5
4
4
1
0
-5
-3
-3
-8
-8
-10
-6
-6
-10
-15
-17
-15
-22
-20
-26
-25
-30

Note: Colombia, Egypt, Tunisia and Ukraine refer to January - March 2021
• Merchandise exports of the United States increased by • Some African countries, such as Zambia (+38 per cent),
only 1 per cent between January and April 2021 compared benefitted from improved terms of trade in January-April
with the same period in 2019 while those of the European 2021 as metals prices rose nearly 50 per cent whereas
Union rose by 10 per cent. others, such as Namibia (-17 per cent), did not.
• Russia’s merchandise exports remained below their level of

two years ago (-8 per cent) while those of China were up
sharply (+31 per cent).
35
Regional growth in merchandise trade volume has varied much more than it
did before the pandemic, with Asia exceeding growth in other regions for both
exports and imports.
Chart 3.15
Change in merchandise trade volume by region, 2021Q1
(Percentage change compared to 2019Q1)
Exports
EXPORTS Imports
IMPORTS
Middle East -19.9 Middle East -8.2
CIS 2 -14.2 Europe -5.1
Africa -11.2 Africa -3.5
South America1 -7.7 World 1.7
North America -3.3 North America 2.6
Europe -2.4 South America1 4.8
World 1.7 CIS 2 10
Asia 15.4 Asia 10
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
% change in volume % change in volume
1
2
Refers to the Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain former and associate member states.
Source: WTO.
• Asian merchandise export volumes were up 15 per cent • Asia also led other regions in merchandise imports, which
in the first quarter of 2021 compared to the same period were up 10 per cent for the year-to-date in 2021 compared
in 2019 while exports of all other regions were down to 2019.
compared to two years ago.
• The weakness of Europe’s year-on-year growth in
• Merchandise exports of oil-producing regions were down merchandise imports was partly due to the resurgence
the most in 2021 due to reduced demand for fuels as a of COVID-19 in the first quarter of 2021.
result of COVID-19-related travel restrictions.

36
Regional disparities in nominal dollar-denominated merchandise growth in

2021 were similar to those in volume terms.
Chart 3.16
Change in merchandise trade values by region, 2021Q1
(Percentage change in US dollar values compared to 2019Q1)
Exports
30
20
19%
% change in US dollar values
10
9% 7%
5%
2% 3%
-10%
-10
-16%
-20
-30
World Middle East CIS1 North America Africa South America2 Europe Asia
Imports
30
20
14%
12%
% change in US dollar values
10
5% 5% 6%
8%
2%
0
-2%
-10%
-10
-20
-30
World Middle East CIS1 North America Africa South America2 Europe Asia
1
2
Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain former and associate member States.
Sources: WTO-UNCTAD.
• The US dollar value of world merchandise trade was up • Africa’s merchandise export growth in value terms was
9 per cent for exports and 8 per cent for imports in the first stronger than in volume terms because of improved terms
quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2019. of trade. Metals prices were up nearly 50 per cent in the
first quarter of 2021 compared to the first quarter of 2019.
• Asia’s merchandise export and import values grew more
than for all other regions over the last two years.
37
Services exports remained depressed in many economies in the first four

months of 2021. China was the major exception, with exports up strongly
compared to the previous year.
Chart 3.17
Cumulative commercial services exports of selected economies, January-April 2021
(Percentage change compared to January-April 2019)
Russian Federation
Korea, Republic of
United Kingdom
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
United States
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Philippines
Mongolia
Germany
Morocco
Denmark
Lithuania
Romania
Australia
Tanzania
Hungary
Pakistan
Slovenia
Portugal
Bulgaria
Sweden
Belgium
Canada
Uganda
Ukraine
Greece
Estonia
Finland
Poland
France
Serbia
Turkey
China
Latvia
Japan
Brazil
Malta
India
Italy
40
30
% change compared to January-April 2019
25
20
18
15
10
12
10
9
8
6
6
3
2
2
4
0
-1
-5
-2
-3
-7
-8
-8
-9
-9
-9
-11
-10
-14
-14
-15
-16
-16
-19
-22
-22
-20
-23
-24
-25
-27
-29
-32
-30
-35
-36
-40

Note: Mongolia, Philippines, Portugal and Tanzania refer to January-March.
• China’s cumulative exports of commercial services • Other major economies suffered double-digit declines,
between January and April 2021 were up 25 per cent including the United States (-19 per cent), Italy (-25 per
compared with the same period in 2019, more than any cent) and Australia (-36 per cent).
other major economy.
• India’s exports were also up 3 per cent over the same

period, while those of Germany, France and the
United Kingdom were down 5 per cent, 7 per cent,
and 9 per cent, respectively.

38
Europe’s exports and imports of commercial services were down less than
other regions in the first quarter of 2021 but growth for all regions remained
deeply depressed compared to the pre-pandemic period.
Chart 3.18
Change in commercial services trade values by region, 2021Q1
(Percentage change in US dollar values compared to 2019Q1)
Exports
10
-10
% change
-15%
-19%
-20%
-20 -21%
-23%
-27%
-30
-35%
-37%
-40
World Africa South America1 CIS2 North America Middle East Asia Europe
Imports
10
-10
-13%
% change
-18%
-19%
-20 -22% -22%
-24%
-30 -31%
-33%
-40
World South America1 CIS2 Middle East North America Asia Africa Europe
1
2
Refers to Commonwealth of Independent States, including certain former and associate member States.
Sources: WTO-UNCTAD-ITC estimates.
• World commercial services trade was down 19 per cent for • Africa and South America and Central America, including
exports and 18 per cent for imports in the first quarter of the Caribbean, recorded the biggest declines in exports
2021 compared to the same period in 2019. of commercial services due to continuing COVID-19
restrictions hampering travel exports.
• Europe’s exports and imports of commercial services were
down less than the world average in the first quarter of
2021, 15 per cent and 13 per cent respectively, while all
other regions were down by more than the world average.
39
Chapter IV
Composition ,
definition &
methodology
Composition of geographical and economic groupings 42
Definitions and methodology 42
Specific notes for selected economies 49
Statistical sources 50
Abbreviations and symbols 51

10
40
41
11
Composition of geographical and

economic groupings
Refer to the WTO Data Portal’s Technical Notes for country

group definitions (at data.wto.org).
North America Europe Africa Asia

North America Europe Africa
South and Central America and the Caribbean Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
Middle East
South and Central America and the Caribbean C
ommonwealth
including
of Independent
States (CIS), including
associate and former member States
Middle East
certain associate and former member States
Definitions and methodology
Merchandise trade
Exports and imports

Two systems of recording merchandise exports and imports that either add to or subtract from the stock of material
are in common use. They are referred to as general trade resources of a country or territory by entering (imports) or
and special trade and differ mainly in the way warehoused leaving (exports) the country’s economic territory. For further
and re-exported goods are treated. General trade figures are explanations, see United Nations International Trade Statistics,
larger than the corresponding special trade figures because Concepts and Definitions, Series M, N° 52, Revision 3.
the latter exclude certain trade flows, such as goods shipped
through bonded warehouses. Unless otherwise indicated, exports are valued at transaction
value, including the cost of transportation and insurance to
To the extent possible, total merchandise trade is defined in bring the merchandise to the frontier of the exporting country
this report according to the general trade definition. It covers or territory (“free on board” valuation). Imports are valued at
all types of inward and outward movement of goods through transaction value plus the cost of transportation and insurance
a country or territory including movements through customs to the frontier of the importing country or territory (“cost,
warehouses and free zones. Goods include all merchandise insurance and freight” valuation).

42
Chapter IV: Composition, definition & methodology
Products
All product groups are defined according to Revision 3 Agricultural products according to the AoA (WTO
of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) Agreement on Agriculture) definition refer to HS chapters
and to Revision 4 of the Classification by Broad Economic 1 to 24 (excluding fish and fish products) and a number of
Categories (BEC). manufactured agricultural products (for further information
see “The Legal Texts, The Results of the Uruguay Round of
Throughout this report, other food products and live animals; Multilateral Negotiations”, WTO). This definition does not
beverages and tobacco; animal and vegetable oils, fats correspond to the definition of agricultural products presented
and waxes; oilseeds and oleaginous fruit are referred to as in the breakdown of merchandise trade by main product
other food products; electronic data processing and office group, as indicated below.
equipment is referred to as EDP and office equipment; and
integrated circuits and electronic components is referred to as
integrated circuits.
Product group definitions
A. Primary products
(i) Agricultural products (SITC sections 0, 1, 2 and 4 minus divisions 27 and 28)
of which,
- Food (SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22) of which,
of which,
0 - Food and live animals
1 - Beverages and tobacco
4 - Animal and vegetable oils, fats and waxes
22 - Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits
- - Fish (SITC division 03)
- - Other food products and live animals (SITC sections 0, 1, 4 and division 22 minus division 03)
- Raw materials (SITC divisions 21, 23, 24, 25, 26, 29)
of which,
21 - Hides, skins and fur skins, raw
23 - Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed)
24 - Cork and wood
25 - Pulp and waste paper
26 - Textile fibres (other than wool tops and other combed wool) and their wastes (not manufactured into yarn or fabric)
29 - Crude animal and vegetable materials, not elsewhere specified
(ii) Fuels and mining products (SITC section 3 and divisions 27, 28, 68)
of which,
- Ores and other minerals (SITC divisions 27, 28)
of which,
27 - Crude fertilizers, other than those of division 56, and crude minerals (excluding coal, petroleum and precious stones)
28 - Metalliferous ores and metal scrap
- Fuels (SITC section 3)
- Non-ferrous metals (SITC division 68)
B. Manufactures (SITC sections 5, 6, 7, 8 minus division 68 and group 891)

(i) Iron and steel (SITC division 67)
(ii) Chemicals (SITC section 5)
of which,
- Pharmaceuticals (SITC division 54)
- Other chemicals (SITC divisions 51, 52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59)
of which,
51 - Organic chemicals
52 - Inorganic chemicals
53 - Dyeing, tanning and colouring materials
55 - Essential oils and resinoids and perfume materials; toilet, polishing and cleaning preparations
56 - Fertilizers (other than those of Group 272, i.e. Fertilizers, crude)
57 - Plastics in primary forms
58 - Plastics in non-primary forms
59 - Chemical materials and products, not elsewhere specified
43
(iii) Other semi-manufactures (SITC divisions 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 69) of which,
61 - Leather, leather manufactures, not elsewhere specified and dressed fur skins
62 - Rubber manufactures, not elsewhere specified
63 - Cork and wood manufactures (excluding furniture)
64 - Paper, paperboard and articles of paper pulp, of paper or of paperboard
66 - Non-metallic mineral manufactures, not elsewhere specified
69 - Manufactures of metals, not elsewhere specified
(iv) Machinery and transport equipment (SITC section 7)
- Office and telecommunication equipment (SITC divisions 75, 76 and group 776)
of which,
- - Electronic data processing and office equipment (SITC division 75)
- - Telecommunications equipment (SITC division 76)
- - Integrated circuits, and electronic components (SITC group 776)
- Transport equipment (SITC group 713, sub-group 7783 and divisions 78, 79)
of which,
78 - Road vehicles (including air-cushion vehicles)
79 - Other transport equipment
- - Automotive products (SITC groups 781, 782, 783, 784 and subgroups 7132, 7783)
of which,
781 - Motor cars and other motor vehicles principally designed for the transport of persons (other than public-transport type vehicles), including station wagons and
racing cars
782 - Motor vehicles for the transport of goods and special purpose motor vehicles
783 - Road motor vehicles, not elsewhere specified
784 - Parts and accessories of the motor vehicles and tractors
7132 - Internal combustion piston engines for propelling vehicles listed above
- - Other transport equipment (SITC division 79, groups 713, 785, 786 minus sub-group 7132) of which,
79 - Other transport equipment
713 - Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified
785 - Motorcycles and cycles, motorized and non-motorized
786 - Trailers and semi-trailers, other vehicles (not mechanically propelled), and specially designed and equipped transport containers
- Other machinery (SITC divisions 71, 72, 73, 74, 77 minus groups 713, 776 minus sub-group 7783) of which,
- - Power generating machinery (SITC division 71 minus group 713)
of which,
71 - Power generating machinery and equipment
minus
713 - Internal combustion piston engines, and parts thereof, not elsewhere specified
- - Non-electrical machinery (SITC divisions 72, 73, 74)
of which,
72 - Machinery specialized for particular industries
73 - Metal working machinery
74 - General industrial machinery and equipment, not elsewhere specified and machine parts, not elsewhere specified
- - Electrical machinery (SITC division 77 minus group 776 and subgroup 7783)
of which,
77 - Electrical machinery, apparatus and appliances, not elsewhere specified and electrical parts thereof
minus
776 - Thermionic, cold cathode or photo-cathode valves and tubes
7783 - Electrical equipment, not elsewhere specified, for internal combustion engines and vehicles; and parts thereof
(v) Textiles (SITC division 65)
(vi) Clothing (SITC division 84)
(vii) Other manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89 excluding group 891)
of which,
- Personal and household goods (SITC divisions 82, 83 and 85)
of which,
82 - Furniture and parts thereof, bedding, mattresses, mattress supports, cushions and similar stuffed furnishings
83 - Travel goods, handbags and similar containers
85 - Footwear
- Scientific and controlling instruments (SITC division 87)
- Miscellaneous manufactures (SITC divisions 81, 88 and 89 minus group 891)
of which,
81 - Prefabricated buildings, sanitary plumbing, heating and lighting fixtures and fittings, not elsewhere specified
8 8 - Photographic apparatus, equipment and supplies and optical goods, not elsewhere specified; watches and clocks
89 - Miscellaneous manufactured articles, not elsewhere specified

44
C. Other products: commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere (including gold); arms and ammunition (SITC section 9 and group 891)
9 - Commodities and transactions not classified elsewhere in SITC
891 - Arms and Ammunition
D. Intermediate products include all parts and accessories as well as industrial primary and processed intermediate products.
The “fuels and lubricants” category (BEC chapter 3) was excluded. BEC headings 42, 53, 111, 121, 21, 22
Merchandise trade and the goods account in balance of payments statistics
Merchandise trade statistics serve as an input for the not recorded in the balance of payments statistics compiled
compilation of the goods account in the balance of payments according to BPM6; further, if the goods are sold to a third
(BOP) and the rest of the world account in the System of economy after processing, then the value of the goods
National Accounts (SNA). (including the value of processing) is recorded as an export of
the economy of the owner and an import of the third economy;
The compilation of international merchandise trade statistics the value of the processing is recorded as an export of
(IMTS) relies principally on customs records complemented, services of the processing economy and an import of services
as appropriate, by additional sources to enhance their of the economy of the owner.
coverage (for instance, to include electricity, or trade in
vessels and aircrafts). These statistics essentially reflect the Differences between BOP (BPM6) and national accounts
physical movement of goods across borders, while National statistics and IMTS can be found in the International
Accounts and BOP statistics record transactions that involve Merchandise Trade Statistics: Compilers Manual, Revision
change in ownership. 1 (IMTS 2010-CM), Chapter XXIV Section B “Goods to be
recorded differently in IMTS and BPM6/ national accounts”
Goods for processing with or without change of ownership (p250). (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/trade/publications/
are recorded in merchandise statistics when they enter or seriesf_87Rev1_e_cover.pdf)
leave the economic territory, irrespective of whether a change
in ownership takes place. However, goods supplied to another Refer to Table 11.1 (p177) in the Balance of Payments and
economy for processing without a change of ownership and International Investment Position Compilation Guide (http://
returned to the economy of the owner after processing are www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ bop/2014/pdf/BPM6_11F.pdf)
Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an

economy (BPM6)
Depending on the location of the supplier and the consumer, presence), or through the presence of natural persons (mode
the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) defines 4). An economy’s Balance of Payments, namely the services
four modes of supply. In addition to the cross-border supply account, can be used to derive estimates covering trade in
(mode 1), where both the supplier and the consumer remain commercial services for modes 1, 2 and 4. The Balance of
in their respective home territories, GATS also covers Payments does however not include most of the information
cases where consumers are outside their home territory on services supplied through foreign affiliates that is required
to consume services (mode 2 – consumption abroad), or to estimate the size of mode 3. A framework for collecting
where service suppliers are in the territory of the consumers these data, the “Foreign Affiliates Statistics (FATS)” was
to provide their services, whether by establishing affiliates adopted by the international statistical community for the first
through direct investment abroad (mode 3 – commercial time in 2002, and then further developed in 2010.
45
Trade in commercial services between residents and non-residents of an

economy (BPM6), exports and imports
Exports (credits or receipts) and imports (debits or payments) of Payments and International Investment Position Manual
of commercial services are included in balance of payments (BPM6) as well as the 2010 edition of the Manual on
statistics, in conformity with the concepts, definitions and Statistics of International Trade in Services (MSITS 2010).
classification of the sixth (2009) edition of the IMF Balance
Definition of commercial services in the Balance of Payments

In the sixth edition of the Balance of Payments Manual, the Transport is the process of carriage of people and objects
current account is subdivided into goods, services (including from one location to another as well as related supporting and
government goods and services, n.i.e.), primary income, and auxiliary services. Transport can be classified according to: (i)
secondary income. Commercial services comprise all services mode of transport, namely, sea, air, or other (“other” may be
categories except government goods and services, n.i.e. further broken down into rail, road, internal waterway, pipeline,
Commercial services are sub-divided into goods-related and space transport as well as electricity transmission); and
services, transport, travel, and other commercial services. (ii) what is carried – passengers or freight. Also included are
postal and courier services.
The BPM6 contains the following 12 standard services
components. Travel credits cover goods and services – for own use or
(1) Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others to give away – acquired by non-residents from an economy
(2) Maintenance and repair services, n.i.e. during visits to that economy. Travel debits cover goods and
(3) Transport services – for own use or to give away – acquired from other
(4) Travel economies by residents of the reporting economy during
(5) Construction visits to these other economies. The most common goods
(6) Insurance and pension services and services covered are lodging, food and beverages,
(7) Financial services entertainment and transportation (within the economy visited),
(8) Charges for the use of intellectual property, n.i.e. gifts and souvenirs. Travel is further subdivided into: (i)
(9) Telecommunications, computer and information services personal travel and (ii) business travel.
(10) Other business services
(11) Personal, cultural and recreational services The aggregate category ‘‘Other commercial services’’
(12) Government goods and services, n.i.e. corresponds to the following components defined in BPM6:
Construction covers the creation, renovation, repair, or
Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others extension of fixed assets in the form of buildings, land
cover processing, assembly, labelling, packing, and similar improvements of an engineering nature, and other similar
activities undertaken by enterprises that do not own the engineering constructions such as roads, bridges, dams, and
goods concerned and are paid a fee by the owner. Only the so forth. It also includes related installation and assembly
fee charged by the processor, which may cover the cost of work, site preparation, specialized services such as painting,
materials purchased, is included under this item. Examples plumbing, and demolition, and management of construction
include oil refining, liquefaction of natural gas, assembly of projects. Construction also covers the acquisition of goods
clothing and electronics, assembly, labelling, and packing. and services by the enterprises undertaking construction
work from the economy of location of the construction work.
Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. cover maintenance Construction can be divided into (i) construction abroad and
and repair work – by residents – on goods that are owned by (ii) construction in the compiling economy.
non-residents (and vice versa). The repairs may be performed
at the site of the repairer or elsewhere. The value recorded for Insurance and pension services include services of providing
maintenance and repairs is the value of the work done – not life insurance and annuities, nonlife insurance, reinsurance,
the gross value of the goods before and after repairs. freight insurance, pensions, standardized guarantees,
and auxiliary services to insurance, pension schemes, and
Manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others standardized guarantee schemes.
and Maintenance and repair services n.i.e. form a new WTO
aggregate named “Goods-related services”.

46
Financial services cover financial intermediary and auxiliary Other business services include (i) Research and
services, except insurance and pension fund services, development services, (ii) Professional and management
provided by banks and other financial corporations. They consulting services and (iii) Technical, trade-related and other
include deposit taking and lending, letters of credit, credit business services. (i) Research and development services
card services, commissions and charges related to financial consist of services that are associated with basic and applied
leasing, factoring, underwriting, and clearing of payments. research, and experimental development of new products
Also included are financial advisory services, custody of and processes. (ii) Professional and management consulting
financial assets or bullion, financial asset management, services include (a) legal services, accounting, management
monitoring services, liquidity provision services, risk consulting, managerial services, and public relations services;
assumption services other than insurance, merger and and (b) advertising, market research, and public opinion
acquisition services, credit rating services, stock exchange polling services. (iii) Technical, trade-related, and other
services, and trust services. Financial services may be business services include: (a) architectural, engineering, and
charged for by: (i) explicit charges; (ii) margins on buying other technical services; (b) waste treatment and depollution,
and selling transactions; (iii) asset management costs agricultural, and mining services; (c) operating leasing
deducted from property income receivable in the case services; (d) trade-related services; and (e) other business
of asset-holding entities; or (iv) margins between interest services n.i.e.
payable and the reference rate on loans and deposits
(called financial intermediation service charges indirectly Personal, cultural, and recreational services consist of (i)
measured – FISIM). Audio-visual and related services and (ii) other personal,
cultural, and recreational services. (i) Audio-visual and related
Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. include: (i) services cover services and fees related to the production
Charges for the use of proprietary rights (such as patents, of motion pictures (on film, videotape, disk, or transmitted
trademarks, copyrights, industrial processes and designs electronically, etc.), radio and television programs (live or on
including trade secrets, franchises); these rights can arise tape), and musical recordings. (ii) Other personal, cultural, and
from research and development, as well as from marketing; recreational services include (a) health services, (b) education
and (ii) Charges for licenses to reproduce or distribute (or services, (c) heritage and recreational services, and (d) other
both) intellectual property embodied in produced originals or personal services. Health services as well as education
prototypes (such as copyrights on books and manuscripts, services are provided remotely or on-site. Data on exports and
computer software, cinematographic works, and sound imports of total services (including government goods and
recordings) and related rights (such as for live performances services n.i.e), other services (including government goods and
and television, cable, or satellite broadcast). For the purpose services n.i.e) as well as government goods and services n.i.e.
of this report, all references to intellectual property (IP) are available as memorandum items in the WTO DATA Portal.
services or intellectual property related services refer only to
“Charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e.”. Memo items:
– Total services (Commercial services plus Government
Telecommunications, computer and information services goods and services n.i.e)
cover (i) Telecommunications services, which encompass – Other services (Other commercial services plus
the broadcast or transmission of sound, images, data, Government goods and services n.i.e)
or other information by telephone, telex, telegram, radio – Government goods and services n.i.e
and television cable transmission, radio and television
satellite, electronic mail, facsimile, and so forth, including Government goods and services n.i.e. cover: (a) goods and
business network services, teleconferencing, and support services supplied by and to enclaves, such as embassies,
services; (ii) Computer services consisting of hardware- military bases, and international organizations; (b) goods
and software-related services and data processing and services acquired from the host economy by diplomats,
services; (iii) Information services including news consular staff, and military personnel located abroad and their
agency services, such as the provision of news, dependents; (c) services supplied by and to governments and
photographs, and feature articles to the media as not included in other categories of services.
well as database services.
47
Coverage and comparability

While many economies worldwide have fully implemented the to classify appropriately, v) different sources, data collection
BPM6 for the recording of their Balance of Payments services and estimation methods lead to diverse results, etc. These
transactions, some are still compiling their statistics according distortions are more significant on detailed items levels and
to the BPM5 methodology. Consequently, comparability and may lead to considerable asymmetries among countries’
coverage of data may not always be complete. It should be reported trade flows by origin and destination.
noted in particular that world and regional estimates of trade
in new services items such as Manufacturing services on In June 2020, the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis
physical inputs owned by others and Maintenance and repair (BEA) has revised and expanded its statistics on trade in
services n.i.e. may be underestimated, as some economies do services for 1999 onwards. As a result, the classification of
not report these items yet. certain services transactions, such as audiovisual services, was
amended to align them with international statistical guidelines.
While the coverage and comparability of trade in services Thus, statistics contained in the 2020 and later editions are not
statistics have improved significantly over the years, the data comparable with earlier reports. For more information, consult
remain subject to recognized limitations, such as i) certain https://apps.bea.gov/scb/2020/04-april/0420-international-
countries do not collect figures for all items, ii) statistically annual-revision-preview.htm#trade-services.
capturing some services items remains difficult (more notably
on the imports side), iii) data can be reported on a net rather Statistics on trade in services for the aggregate “European
than gross basis, iv) certain transactions may prove complex Union” reflect the sum of trade of individual member countries.
Foreign Affiliates Statistics
The new statistical framework on Foreign Affiliates Statistics also provide a breakdown into total supply of goods and
(FATS) is developed in the Manual on Statistics of International total supply of services products. In the case of services
Trade in Services 2010, the OECD Benchmark Definition industries the concept of supply (or output) is based on
of Foreign Direct Investment and the OECD Handbook on measures that better capture service output (i.e. the
Economic Globalisation Indicators. The statistical framework margin). This mainly has an impact on the measurement
covers both goods and services producing enterprises. It of activities of wholesalers and retailers, insurers and
analyses the universe of affiliates for which foreign investors financial intermediaries. From a GATS perspective, the
own more than 50 per cent of the voting power or equity size of mode 3 in a given country can be approximated
interest. Depending on the compiler’s view, one can distinguish through the value of the output (or supply) of services by
inward FATS, that is, activities of foreign-owned affiliates in the foreign-owned affiliates. In the absence of data on output,
compiling economy, or, outward FATS, that is, foreign affiliates sales of services are used. FATS are currently available mainly
of the compiling economy active abroad. Variables such as for OECD and a small number of non-OECD economies.
sales, value added, number of employees, etc. are used to Given the recent development of these statistics, comparability
describe the affiliates’ activities. These variables are broken and coverage of individual economy data may not always be
down by country of origin or destination of investments and also complete. Availability of detailed data and long-time series
by type of primary activity of the affiliates. The United States varies considerably between economies.
Other definitions and methods
Annual changes may not always be available for the most recent years or
may differ in product coverage from the corresponding
Throughout this report, average annual percentage changes value indices. Aggregation of the indices to obtain a world
are analogous to compound interest rates. In calculating the total is a two-tier process. First, export and import deflators
average annual rate of change between 2010 and 2020, for from national and international sources are complemented
example, data for calendar year 2010 were taken as the starting with WTO and UNCTAD estimates for missing data. They
point, and data for calendar year 2020 as the end point. are then aggregated to obtain regional totals. The volume
index for each region is obtained by dividing the respective
trade value index for each region by the corresponding
World merchandise trade indices regional deflator. Second, the total world merchandise
volume index is obtained by deflating the world trade value
The volume indices and the deflators (i.e. price indices or unit with the aggregate of regional deflators. Throughout the
values) are taken from a range of different international and aggregation process trade values of the previous year are
national sources. The reported deflators and volume indices used as weights.

48
World gross domestic product global growth estimates based on PPP-weights indicate a
significantly faster growth than estimates using weights based
World GDP growth is estimated as a weighted average of on GDP data measured at market exchange rates. This is
individual economies’ real GDP growth. The weights used because of differences in the two weighting patterns.
are shares of the economies’ previous year GDP at 2005
constant prices converted to dollars at market exchange rates.
Re-exports and re-imports
The use of official exchange rates which are not market-based
for some major economies, together with the fluctuations of Under the system of general trade adopted in this report,
the United States dollar vis-à-vis major currencies, can have re-exports are included in total merchandise trade. However, in
a significant impact on the weighting pattern. The increasing the case of Hong Kong, China, the magnitude of its reexports,
use of weights based on purchasing power parities (PPP) if included in regional or world aggregates, would adversely
by other international organizations is meant to attenuate affect the analytical value of the statistics by introducing a
“anomalies” linked to these factors. In a period of widely significant element of double counting. Therefore, Hong Kong,
diverging growth rates among countries and regions, the China’s re-exports are excluded from the world and Asia (unless
choice of the weighting pattern can have a marked influence otherwise indicated); only Hong Kong, China’s domestic
on the global growth estimate. For the 2000-2011 period, exports and retained imports are included in the totals
Specific notes for selected economies
Merchandise trade statistics of the European Union

Beginning with the 2002 report, EU data compiled according Since January 1993, statistics on the trade between the
to national statistical practices have been replaced, starting member states of the EU have been collected through
1993, with data compiled by Eurostat in accordance with the “Intrastat” system (see GATT 1994, International
EU legislation. The concepts and definitions adopted by the Trade Trends and Statistics). The coverage of this system,
EU are in line with the United Nations’ International Trade which relies on reports submitted by firms for transactions
Statistics, Concepts and Definitions, Series M, N° 52, above a minimum value, is not as wide as the previous
Revision 3. As a result, the conceptual differences between one, which was based on customs declarations. This is
EU member states’ data have been substantially reduced. particularly noticeable on the import side. For example,
Moreover, for the EU as a whole, Eurostat data are more timely prior to the adoption of the Intrastat system, reported
than the previous source, thus reducing substantially the intra-EU imports (c.i.f.) closely matched reported intra-EU
amount of estimation included in the EU aggregate. exports (f.o.b.).
Major breaks in data continuity of merchandise trade

As of 2012, data on merchandise trade values for Switzerland Merchandise trade flows between the European Union
includes trade in non-monetary gold. member States include trade associated with fraudulent
VAT declaration, which concerns mainly office and
telecommunications equipment.
49
Statistical sources
Most frequently used international data sources are: based on the quarterly BOP data set, published by Eurostat, and
may not correspond to total EU aggregates, which are based on
EIU, The Economist Intelligence Unit annual statistics of the individual countries. For other economies
EUROSTAT, Comext and on-line databases that do not report to the IMF (e.g., Chinese Taipei) data are
FAO, FAOSTAT Agriculture database drawn from national sources.
FAO, Production Yearbook
IMF, Balance of Payments Statistics Estimations for missing data are mainly based on
IMF, International Financial Statistics national statistics.
IMF, World Economic Outlook database
OECD, Main Economic Indicators Acknowledgements are due to the Food and Agriculture
OECD, Measuring Globalisation: The Role of Multinationals in Organization, the International Monetary Fund, the Organization
OECD Economies for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Statistical
OECD, Monthly Statistics of International Trade Office of the European Communities, the United Nations
OECD, National Accounts Economic Commission for Europe, the United Nations
OECD, Statistics on International Trade in Services Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean,
OECD/IEA, Energy Prices & Taxes the United Nations Statistics Division, the United Nations
TDM, Trade Data Monitor Industrial Development Organization, the World Intellectual
UNECE, Economic Survey of Europe Property Organization and the World Bank whose assistance
UNECLAC, Overview of the Economies of Latin America and in supplying advance information has greatly facilitated the work
the Caribbean of the Secretariat. Acknowledgements are also due to national
UNIDO, National Accounts Statistics Database institutions for providing advance statistics.
UNSD, Comtrade database
UNSD, International Trade Statistics Yearbook Closing date for merchandise trade statistics (Customs basis),
UNSD, Monthly Bulletin of Statistics commercial services (Balance of Payments basis) and foreign
World Bank, World Development Indicators affiliates is 30 June 2021.
Figures for total merchandise trade are largely derived from

national sources, supplemented by international databases
and Secretariat estimates. Data on merchandise trade
by product are mainly obtained from Eurostat’s Comext
database, the Trade Data Monitor and UNSD’s Comtrade
database. Some inconsistencies in the aggregate export and
import data for the same country or territory between sources
are inevitable. These can be attributed to the use of different
systems of recording trade, to the way in which data sources
have converted data expressed in national currencies into
dollars, and different implementation of historical revisions.
Statistics on trade in commercial services are mainly drawn from

the IMF Balance of Payments Statistics and the Trade in Services
by Partner Country dataset of the OECD. Data for European
Union members are drawn from Eurostat’s on-line database.
European Union figures for partner ‘World’ are the aggregates of
its 27 members (per 2020 membership) country data. European
Union intra-trade and extra-trade are the aggregated statistics,

50
Abbreviations and symbols
ACP African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States

The following symbols are used in this publication:
AfCFTA African Continental Free Trade Area
ASEAN Association of South-East Asian Nations
... not available or growth rates
AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area
exceeding 500%
BOP Balance of Payments
0 figure is zero or became zero
BPM6 Balance of Payments Manual, sixth edition
due to rounding
CACM Central American Common Market - not applicable
CARICOM Caribbean Common Market US$ United States dollars
CEMAC Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter,
Commonwealth of Independent States, including associate 4th quarter
CIS
and former member states
I break in comparability of data series.
COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Data after the symbol do not form
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States
a consistent series with those from
EFTA European Free Trade Association
earlier years.
EU European Union
EUROSTAT Statistical Office of the European Communities
Billion means one thousand million.
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FATS Foreign Affiliates Statistics
Minor discrepancies between constituent figures and totals
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
are due to rounding.
GCC Gulf Co-operation Council
GDP Gross Domestic Product
Unless otherwise indicated, (i) all value figures are expressed
GNP Gross National Product
in U.S. dollars; (ii) trade figures include the intra-trade of free
HS Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System
trade areas, customs unions, geographical and other groups;
IEA International Energy Agency
(iii) merchandise trade figures are on a customs basis and (iv)
IMF International Monetary Fund
merchandise exports are f.o.b. and merchandise imports are
ITC International Trade Centre
c.i.f. Data for the latest year are provisional.
ISIC International Standard Industrial Classification
LDCs Least-developed countries
The statistical data in this publication are supplied by and
MERCOSUR Southern Common Market
under the responsibility of the relevant statistical authorities. In
NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement
line with the practice of the WTO Secretariat, this publication
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
uses the names of members as listed in the latest revision
PA Pacific Alliance
to document WT/INF/43. References to other geographical
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation
territories and groupings are based solely on terms provided
SADC South African Development Community
to the WTO Secretariat by WTO members and observers or
SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area
terms used by relevant international organizations.
SITC Standard International Trade Classification
TDM Trade Data Monitor
The use of such data and terms does not constitute or imply
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union
an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
the status of any country or territory, or the delimitation of
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and
UNECLAC its frontiers, or sovereignty. The colours, boundaries and
the Caribbean
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development names shown and the designations used on maps in this
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization publication do not imply any judgment, official endorsement
UNSD United Nations Statistics Division or acceptance by the WTO Secretariat as to the legal status
or frontier of any territory, or the rights and obligations of any
WTO member in respect of WTO agreements. References
and data relating to territories that are not WTO members or
c.i.f. cost, insurance and freight observers in their own right do not amount to an endorsement
f.o.b. free on board as to the WTO status, if any, of such territories.
n.e.s. not elsewhere specified
n.i.e. not included elsewhere Closing date 30 June 2021
51
Chapter V
Statistical tables
Table A1 Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2020 54
Table A2 Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2010-2020 54
Table A3 World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020 55
Table A4 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983,
1993, 2003 and 2020 56
Table A5 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983,
1993, 2003 and 2020 57
Table A6 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2020 58
Table A7 Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020 59
Table A8 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2020 60
Table A9 Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020 61
Table A10 Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2019 62
Table A11 Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2020 66
Table A12 Merchandise imports and exports of least-developed countries, 2020 67
Table A13 Exports and imports of commericial services of least-developed countries, 2020 68
Table A14 Top 10 exporters and importers of agricultural products, 2020 69
Table A15 Top 10 exporters and importers of food, 2020 70
Table A16 Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2020 71
Table A17 Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2020 72
Table A18 Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2020 73
Table A19 Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals, 2020 74
Table A20 Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2020 75
Table A21 Top 10 exporters and importers of automative products, 2020 76
Table A22 Top 10 exporters and importers of textiles, 2020 77
Table A23 Top 10 exporters and importers of clothing, 2020 78
Table A24 World trade in commercial services by category, 2020 79
Table A25 Growth of commercial services exports by category and by region, 2020 79
Table A26 World trade in good-related services by region, 2020 80
Table A27 Major exporters and importers of goods-related services, 2020 81
Table A28 Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical imputs owned
by others, 2019 and 2020 82
Table A29 Major exporters and importers of maintenance and repair services, 2019 and 2020 83
Table A30 World trade in transport by region, 2020 84
Table A31 Leading exporters and importers of transport, 2020 85
Table A32 World trade in travel by region, 2020 86
Table A33 Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2020 87

10
52
Table A34 World trade in other commerical services by region, 2020 88
Table A35 Leading exporters and importers of other commercial services, 2020 89
Table A36 World exports of construction by region, 2020 90
Table A37 Major exporters and importers of construction, 2019 and 2020 91
Table A38 World exports of insurance and pension services by region, 2019 and 2020 92
Table A39 Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services, 2019 and 2020 93
Table A40 World exports of financial services by region, 2019 and 2020 94
Table A41 Major exporters and importers of financial services, 2019 and 2020 94
Table A42 World receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2019 and 2020 95
Table A43 Major exporters and importers of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e., 2019 and 2020 95
Table A44 World exports of telecommunications, computer and information services by region, 2019 and 2020 96
Table A45 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications, computer and information services, 2019 and 2020 96
Table A46 Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2019 and 2020 97
Table A47 Major exporters and importers of computer services, 2019 and 2020 98
Table A48 World exports of other business services by region, 2018 and 2019 98
Table A49 Major exporters and importers of other business services, 2019 and 2020 99
Table A50 Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, 2019 100
Table A51 World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2019 and 2020 101
Table A52 Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2019 and 2020 101
Table A53 Major exporters and importers of audio-visual and related services, 2018 and 2019 102
Table A54 Leading exporters and importers of intermediate goods, 2019 103
Table A55 World merchandise exports and gross domestic product, 1950-2020 104
Table A56 Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020 106
Table A57 Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020 107
Table A58 World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020 108
Table A59 World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020 112
Table A60 World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020 116
Table A61 World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020 120
Table A62 Sales by affiliates of foreign companies - resident affiliates primarily engaged in services activities
(inward FATS), 2016-2018 124
Table A63 Sales by foreign affiliates of resident companies - affiliates located abroad primarily engaged in
services activities (outward FATS), 2016-2018 125
Table A64 Services supplied by United States affiliates established abroad (outward FATS) and by foreign affiliates
in the United States (inward FATS) by economy of affiliate, 2018 126
Table A65 World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019 127
Table A66 World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019 131
11
53
Table A1
Growth
Table A1 in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2020
Growth in the volume of world merchandise exports and production, 2010-2020
2010-20 2018 2019 2020 (1)
World merchandise exports 2.7 2.5 0.0 -5.1

Agricultural products 3.5 4.3 3.0 -2.3
Fuels and mining products 1.5 7.8 2.7 -3.1
Manufactures 2.8 3.5 0.2 -6.3
World GDP 2.0 2.9 2.2 -4.0
(1) Preliminary data
Note : See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports, production and GDP.
Table A2
Table A2
Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2010-2020
Growth in the volume of world merchandise trade by selected region and economy, 2010-2020
Exports Imports
2010-20 2019 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
1.9 0.3 -5.0 World 1.8 0.0 -5.6
2.0 0.3 -8.5 North America 2.1 -0.6 -6.1

2.5 2.3 -6.1 Canada 1.3 0.3 -9.4
4.5 1.3 -4.4 Mexico 1.4 -1.9 -15.2
1.2 -0.5 -10.3 United States of America 2.4 -0.5 -3.9
0.6 -2.2 -4.5 South and Central America and the Caribbean -0.3 -2.6 -9.3
2.4 -2.0 0.0 Brazil -0.1 2.4 -1.7
1.0 0.6 -8.0 Europe 0.8 0.3 -7.6

1.1 0.2 -7.7 European Union 0.8 0.2 -7.2
0.5 4.6 -13.6 United Kingdom 0.6 2.1 -14.3
0.8 -0.7 9.8 Norway 1.2 0.9 -2.5
-0.2 -0.5 -12.7 Switzerland -0.5 -0.5 -13.9
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including certain associate and

1.3 -0.3 -3.9 former member States 1.3 8.5 -4.7
-0.8 -0.5 -8.1 Africa 1.6 2.6 -8.8

1.4 -2.5 -8.2 Middle East 0.9 0.8 -11.3
3.4 0.8 0.3 Asia 3.4 -0.5 -1.3
2.6 0.5 -3.9 Australia 2.2 -1.4 -1.4
4.5 2.0 2.4 China 4.5 0.0 4.4
2.7 3.0 -11.6 India (1) 2.4 -0.8 -14.9
0.1 -1.9 -8.1 Japan 1.4 0.4 -4.0
3.0 -1.1 3.1 Six East Asian traders (2) 2.4 -2.1 -0.4
(1) Secretariat Estimates

(2) Hong Kong, China; Malaysia; Republic of Korea; Singapore; Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu

54
Chapter V: Statistical tables
Table A3
Table A3 merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
World
World merchandise trade and trade in commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
Exports Imports
2010-20 2019 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Merchandise
1 -3 -8 World 1 -3 -8
1 -1 -12 North America 2 -2 -8
1 -1 -13 United States of America 2 -2 -6
0 -1 -13 Canada 0 -1 -11
-1 -6 -10 South and Central America and the Caribbean -1 -6 -14
0 -6 -7 Brazil -1 -2 -10
0 -7 3 Chile 0 -7 -15
1 -3 -7 Europe 1 -3 -7
1 -3 -6 European Union 1 -4 -7
0 -3 -14 United Kingdom 1 4 -9
-2 -4 -20 former member States 0 5 -8
-2 -5 -21 Russian Federation 0 2 -6
-3 -6 -19 Kazakhstan 2 16 -1
-3 -5 -20 Africa 1 0 -13
-1 -4 -5 South Africa -1 -6 -22
-9 3 -45 Nigeria 2 28 2
-2 -9 -28 Middle East 1 -1 -13
4 0 -21 United Arab Emirates 2 2 -16
-4 -11 -34 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 2 12 -13
3 -1 -1 Asia 2 -4 -7
5 1 4 China 4 -3 -1
-2 -4 -9 Japan -1 -4 -12
Commercial services
2 2 -20 World 2 3 -21
2 2 -21 North America 0 4 -24
2 2 -20 United States of America 1 5 -23
1 1 -19 Canada -1 0 -25
-1 0 -37 South and Central America and the Caribbean -1 -3 -31
0 -3 -17 Brazil -2 -2 -30
-3 -7 -34 Argentina -2 -20 -39
2 1 -17 Europe 3 5 -18
3 2 -16 European Union 3 5 -17
2 -2 -16 United Kingdom 1 5 -26
0 -1 -28 former member States -1 5 -33
0 -3 -24 Russian Federation -1 5 -35
-2 10 -11 Ukraine -2 8 -33
-1 4 -34 Africa 0 4 -25
-5 6 -41 Egypt 3 14 -16
3 3 -21 Nigeria 0 26 -49
... 13 -29 Middle East ... 5 -31
... 26 -31 United Arab Emirates ... 22 -33
8 10 -5 Israel 3 5 -22
... 3 -21 Asia ... -1 -22
... 4 -1 China ... -5 -24
6 5 -14 Singapore 6 4 -17
Note : Includes Secretariat estimates.
55
Table A4
World
Table A4 merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2020
World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2020
(Billion dollars and percentage)
1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2020

Value
World 59 84 157 579 1838 3688 7382 17070
Share
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North America 28.1 24.8 19.9 17.3 16.8 17.9 15.8 13.1
United States of America 21.6 14.6 14.3 12.2 11.2 12.6 9.8 8.4
Mexico 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.4 1.4 1.4 2.2 2.4
Canada 5.5 5.2 4.3 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.7 2.3
South and Central America and the Caribbean 11.3 9.7 6.4 4.3 4.5 3.0 3.1 3.1
Brazil 2.0 1.8 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2
Chile 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4
Europe 35.1 39.4 47.8 50.9 43.5 45.3 46.2 38.2
Germany (1) 1.4 5.3 9.3 11.7 9.2 10.3 10.2 8.1
Netherlands 2.0 3.0 3.6 4.7 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0
France 3.4 4.8 5.2 6.3 5.2 6.0 5.3 2.9
United Kingdom 11.3 9.0 7.8 5.1 5.0 4.9 4.2 2.4
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including

certain associate and former member States (2) - - - - - 1.7 2.3 2.7
Africa 7.3 6.5 5.7 4.8 4.5 2.5 2.4 2.2
South Africa (3) 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5
Middle East 2.0 2.7 3.2 4.1 6.7 3.5 4.1 4.5
Asia 14.0 13.4 12.5 14.9 19.1 26.0 26.1 36.1
China 0.9 1.2 1.3 1.0 1.2 2.5 5.9 15.2
Japan 0.4 1.5 3.5 6.4 8.0 9.8 6.4 3.8
India 2.2 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.6
Australia and New Zealand 3.7 3.2 2.4 2.1 1.4 1.4 1.2 1.7
Six East Asian traders 3.4 3.0 2.5 3.6 5.8 9.6 9.6 10.1
Memorandum item:
EU (4) - - 24.5 37.0 31.3 37.3 38.6 32.0
USSR, Former 2.2 3.5 4.6 3.7 5.0 - - -
GATT/WTO Members (5) 63.4 69.6 75.0 84.1 77.0 89.0 98.3 98.6
Note : Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 export shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.
(1) Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983.
(2) Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.
(3) Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.
(4) Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003, and the European Union, excluding the United Kingdom, in 2020.
(5) Membership as of the year stated.

56
Table A5
Table A5 merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2020
World
World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 1948, 1953, 1963, 1973, 1983, 1993, 2003 and 2020
1948 1953 1963 1973 1983 1993 2003 2020

Value
World 62 85 164 594 1883 3805 7599 17376
Share
World 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
North America 18.5 20.5 16.1 17.2 18.5 21.3 22.7 18.5
United States of America 13.0 13.9 11.4 12.4 14.3 15.9 17.1 13.9
Canada 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.6 0.7 1.8 3.2 2.4
Mexico 4.4 5.5 3.9 4.2 3.4 3.7 2.3 2.3
South and Central America and the Caribbean 10.4 8.3 6.0 4.4 3.9 3.3 2.5 3.0
Brazil 1.8 1.6 0.9 1.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 1.0
Chile 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
Europe 45.3 43.7 52.0 53.3 44.1 44.5 44.6 37.3
Germany (1) 2.2 4.5 8.0 9.2 8.1 9.0 8.0 6.7
United Kingdom 13.4 11.0 8.5 6.5 5.3 5.5 5.2 3.7
Netherlands 5.5 4.9 5.3 6.4 5.6 5.7 3.5 3.4
France 3.4 3.3 4.4 4.8 3.3 3.3 5.2 3.4
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including

certain associate and former member States (2) - - - - - 1.5 1.4 2.1
Africa 8.1 7.0 5.2 3.9 4.6 2.6 2.2 2.9
South Africa (3) 2.5 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5
Middle East 1.7 2.2 2.3 2.7 6.2 3.3 2.8 3.7
Asia 13.9 15.1 14.1 14.9 18.5 23.5 23.8 32.4
China 0.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 2.7 5.4 11.8
Japan 1.1 2.8 4.1 6.5 6.7 6.4 5.0 3.7
India 2.3 1.4 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 1.0 2.1
Australia and New Zealand 2.9 2.3 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4
Six East Asian traders 3.5 3.7 3.2 3.9 6.1 10.2 8.7 9.3
Memorandum item:
EU (4) - - 25.5 37.1 31.4 36.2 36.1 29.6
USSR, Former 1.9 3.3 4.3 3.6 4.3 - - -
GATT/WTO Members (5) 58.6 66.9 75.3 85.5 79.7 89.3 98.4 98.2
Note : Between 1973 and 1983 and between 1993 and 2003 import shares were significantly influenced by oil price developments.
(1) Figures refer to the Fed. Rep. of Germany from 1948 through 1983.
(2) Figures are significantly affected by including the mutual trade flows of the Baltic States and the CIS between 1993 and 2003.
(3) Beginning with 1998, figures refer to South Africa only and no longer to the Southern African Customs Union.
(4) Figures refer to the EEC(6) in 1963, EC(9) in 1973, EC(10) in 1983, EU(12) in 1993, EU(25) in 2003, and the European Union, excluding the United Kingdom, in 2020.
(5) Membership as of the year stated.
57
Table A6
Table A6
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2020
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade, 2020
Annual Annual
percentage percentage
Rank Exporters Value Share change Rank Importers Value Share change
1 China 2591 14.7 4 1 United States of America 2408 13.5 -6

2 United States of America 1432 8.1 -13 2 China 2056 11.5 -1
3 Germany 1380 7.8 -7 3 Germany 1171 6.6 -5
4 Netherlands 674 3.8 -5 4 United Kingdom 635 3.6 -9
5 Japan 641 3.6 -9 5 Japan 635 3.6 -12
6 Hong Kong, China 549 3.1 3 6 Netherlands 597 3.4 -6
Domestic exports 35 0.2 131
Re-exports 513 2.9 -1
7 Korea, Republic of 512 2.9 -5 7 France 582 3.3 -11
8 Italy 496 2.8 -8 8 Hong Kong, China 570 3.2 -1
Retained imports (1) 133 0.7 -2
9 France 488 2.8 -14 9 Korea, Republic of 468 2.6 -7
10 Belgium 419 2.4 -6 10 Italy 423 2.4 -11
11 Mexico 418 2.4 -9 11 Canada 414 2.3 -11
12 United Kingdom 403 2.3 -14 12 Belgium 395 2.2 -8
13 Canada 391 2.2 -13 13 Mexico 393 2.2 -16
14 Singapore 363 2.1 -7 14 India 372 2.1 -23
Domestic exports 158 0.9 -14
15 Chinese Taipei 347 2.0 5 15 Singapore 330 1.9 -8
16 Russian Federation 332 1.9 -21 16 Spain 325 1.8 -13
17 Switzerland 319 1.8 2 17 Switzerland 291 1.6 5
18 Spain 307 1.7 -8 18 Chinese Taipei 288 1.6 0
19 United Arab Emirates (1) 306 1.7 -21 19 Viet Nam 263 1.5 4
20 Viet Nam 283 1.6 7 20 Poland 257 1.4 -3
21 India 276 1.6 -15 21 Russian Federation (2) 240 1.3 -6
22 Poland 271 1.5 2 22 United Arab Emirates (1) 226 1.3 -16
23 Australia 250 1.4 -8 23 Turkey 219 1.2 4
24 Malaysia 234 1.3 -2 24 Australia 208 1.2 -6
25 Thailand 231 1.3 -6 25 Thailand 207 1.2 -12
26 Brazil 210 1.2 -7 26 Malaysia 190 1.1 -7
27 Czech Republic 192 1.1 -4 27 Austria 172 1.0 -7
28 Ireland 179 1.0 5 28 Czech Republic 170 1.0 -5
29 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1) 173 1.0 -34 29 Brazil 166 0.9 -10
30 Turkey 169 1.0 -6 30 Sweden 149 0.8 -6
31 Austria 169 1.0 -5 31 Indonesia 142 0.8 -17
32 Indonesia 163 0.9 -3 32 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 133 0.7 -13
33 Sweden 156 0.9 -3 33 Hungary 115 0.6 -4
34 Hungary 120 0.7 -3 34 Ireland 98 0.6 -3
35 Denmark 108 0.6 -2 35 Denmark 97 0.5 -1
36 Slovak Republic 86 0.5 -4 36 Romania 92 0.5 -5
37 South Africa 86 0.5 -5 37 Philippines 91 0.5 -23
38 Norway 84 0.5 -18 38 Slovak Republic 84 0.5 -6
39 Chile 72 0.4 3 39 South Africa (1) 84 0.5 -22
40 Romania 71 0.4 -8 40 Norway 80 0.5 -6
41 Finland 66 0.4 -10 41 Portugal 78 0.4 -13
42 Philippines 64 0.4 -10 42 Israel 70 0.4 -9
43 Portugal 62 0.3 -8 43 Finland 68 0.4 -8
44 Argentina 55 0.3 -16 44 Egypt 61 0.3 -14
45 Iran 54 0.3 -17 45 Chile 59 0.3 -15
46 Qatar 51 0.3 -30 46 Nigeria 57 0.3 2
47 Israel 50 0.3 -15 47 Greece 56 0.3 -11
48 Ukraine 49 0.3 -2 48 Ukraine 54 0.3 -11
49 Kazakhstan 46 0.3 -19 49 Bangladesh 52 0.3 -11
50 Slovenia 45 0.3 0 50 Pakistan 46 0.3 -9
Total of above (3) 16495 93.8 - Total of above (3) 16434 92.3 -
World (3) 17583 100.0 -8 World (3) 17812 100.0 -8
Note: For annual data 2010-2020, see Tables A58 and A59.
(1) Secretariat estimates.
(2) Imports are valued f.o.b.
(3) Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export.

58
Table A7
Table A7
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020
Leading exporters and importers in world merchandise trade (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020
Annual Annual
1 China 2591 18.1 4 1 United States of America 2408 16.5 -6

2 Extra-EU Exports 2209 15.4 -7 2 China 2056 14.0 -1
3 United States of America 1432 10.0 -13 3 Extra-EU Imports 1958 13.4 -10
4 Japan 641 4.5 -9 4 United Kingdom 635 4.3 -9
5 Hong Kong, China 549 3.8 3 5 Japan 635 4.3 -12
Domestic exports 35 0.2 131
6 Korea, Republic of 512 3.6 -5 6 Hong Kong, China 570 3.9 -1
7 Mexico 418 2.9 -9 7 Korea, Republic of 468 3.2 -7
8 United Kingdom 403 2.8 -14 8 Canada 414 2.8 -11
9 Canada 391 2.7 -13 9 Mexico 393 2.7 -16
10 Singapore 363 2.5 -7 10 India 372 2.5 -23
Domestic exports 158 1.1 -14
11 Chinese Taipei 347 2.4 5 11 Singapore 330 2.3 -8
12 Russian Federation 332 2.3 -21 12 Switzerland 291 2.0 5
13 Switzerland 319 2.2 2 13 Chinese Taipei 288 2.0 0
14 United Arab Emirates (1) 306 2.1 -21 14 Viet Nam 263 1.8 4
15 Viet Nam 283 2.0 7 15 Russian Federation (2) 240 1.6 -6
16 India 276 1.9 -15 16 United Arab Emirates (1) 226 1.5 -16
17 Australia 250 1.7 -8 17 Turkey 219 1.5 4
18 Malaysia 234 1.6 -2 18 Australia 208 1.4 -6
19 Thailand 231 1.6 -6 19 Thailand 207 1.4 -12
20 Brazil 210 1.5 -7 20 Malaysia 190 1.3 -7
21 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1) 173 1.2 -34 21 Brazil 166 1.1 -10
22 Turkey 169 1.2 -6 22 Indonesia 142 1.0 -17
23 Indonesia 163 1.1 -3 23 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 133 0.9 -13
24 South Africa 86 0.6 -5 24 Philippines 91 0.6 -23
25 Norway 84 0.6 -18 25 South Africa (1) 84 0.6 -22
26 Chile 72 0.5 3 26 Norway 80 0.5 -6
27 Philippines 64 0.4 -10 27 Israel 70 0.5 -9
28 Argentina 55 0.4 -16 28 Egypt 61 0.4 -14
29 Iran 54 0.4 -17 29 Chile 59 0.4 -15
30 Qatar 51 0.4 -30 30 Nigeria 57 0.4 2
31 Israel 50 0.3 -15 31 Ukraine 54 0.4 -11
32 Ukraine 49 0.3 -2 32 Bangladesh 52 0.4 -11
33 Kazakhstan 46 0.3 -19 33 Pakistan 46 0.3 -9
34 Peru 42 0.3 -11 34 Morocco 44 0.3 -14
35 Iraq (1) 39 0.3 -52 35 Colombia 43 0.3 -17
36 New Zealand 39 0.3 -2 36 Iraq (1) 43 0.3 -6
37 Kuwait, the State of 36 0.3 -44 37 Argentina 42 0.3 -14
38 Nigeria 35 0.2 -45 38 Iran 39 0.3 -7
39 Bangladesh 34 0.2 -15 39 Kazakhstan 37 0.3 -1
40 Colombia 31 0.2 -21 40 New Zealand 37 0.3 -12
41 Oman (1) 31 0.2 -20 41 Peru 36 0.2 -15
42 Belarus 29 0.2 -12 42 Algeria 35 0.2 -16
43 Morocco 27 0.2 -7 43 Belarus 33 0.2 -17
44 Egypt 26 0.2 -10 44 Kuwait, the State of 29 0.2 -13
45 Pakistan 22 0.2 -6 45 Serbia 26 0.2 -2
46 Algeria 22 0.2 -40 46 Qatar 26 0.2 -12
47 Angola (1) 21 0.1 -40 47 Oman (1) 21 0.1 -11
48 Ecuador 20 0.1 -9 48 Uzbekistan 20 0.1 -8
49 Serbia 19 0.1 -1 49 Cambodia (1) 19 0.1 -5
50 Cambodia (1) 17 0.1 15 50 Tunisia 18 0.1 -15
Total of above (3) 13906 97.0 - Total of above (3) 14013 95.8 -
World excluding intra-EU exports (3) 14334 100.0 -8 World excluding intra-EU imports (3) 14634 100.0 -8
Note: For annual data 2010-2020, see Tables A58 and A59.
59
Table A8
Leading
Table A8 exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2020
Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services, 2020
Annual Annual
1 United States of America 684 13.9 -20 1 United States of America 436 9.5 -23
2 United Kingdom 339 6.9 -16 2 China 378 8.2 -24
3 Germany 305 6.2 -11 3 Germany 307 6.7 -17
4 China 278 5.7 -1 4 Ireland 296 6.4 -11
5 Ireland 262 5.3 6 5 France 232 5.0 -14
6 France 245 5.0 -17 6 United Kingdom 201 4.4 -26
7 India 203 4.1 -5 7 Japan 183 4.0 -11
8 Singapore 187 3.8 -14 8 Singapore 172 3.8 -17
9 Netherlands 186 3.8 -32 9 Netherlands 169 3.7 -36
10 Japan 156 3.2 -23 10 India 153 3.3 -14
11 Belgium 113 2.3 -5 11 Belgium 115 2.5 -6
12 Switzerland 113 2.3 -13 12 Switzerland 114 2.5 -7
13 Luxembourg 110 2.2 -2 13 Korea, Republic of 102 2.2 -19
14 Spain 90 1.8 -43 14 Italy 92 2.0 -25
15 Italy 87 1.8 -28 15 Canada 90 2.0 -25
16 Korea, Republic of 86 1.8 -12 16 Luxembourg 86 1.9 -3
17 Canada 84 1.7 -19 17 Denmark 69 1.5 -8
18 Denmark 74 1.5 -10 18 Sweden 68 1.5 -9
19 Sweden 69 1.4 -7 19 Russian Federation 63 1.4 -35
20 Poland 67 1.4 -4 20 Spain 60 1.3 -29
21 Austria 64 1.3 -15 21 United Arab Emirates 58 1.3 -33
22 Hong Kong, China 64 1.3 -37 22 Austria 56 1.2 -14
23 United Arab Emirates 61 1.2 -31 23 Hong Kong, China 51 1.1 -37
24 Israel 53 1.1 -5 24 Brazil 47 1.0 -30
25 Australia 48 1.0 -32 25 Thailand 47 1.0 -18
26 Russian Federation 47 1.0 -24 26 Poland 40 0.9 -7
27 Chinese Taipei 41 0.8 -20 27 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 38 0.8 -31
28 Norway 35 0.7 -18 28 Chinese Taipei 37 0.8 -34
29 Turkey 35 0.7 -45 29 Australia 37 0.8 -47
30 Thailand 31 0.6 -61 30 Norway 37 0.8 -30
31 Philippines 31 0.6 -24 31 Malaysia 33 0.7 -24
32 Finland 29 0.6 -19 32 Qatar 33 0.7 -2
33 Brazil 28 0.6 -17 33 Finland 32 0.7 -15
34 Romania 27 0.6 -11 34 Mexico 25 0.5 -32
35 Czech Republic 26 0.5 -14 35 Israel 25 0.5 -22
36 Greece 26 0.5 -42 36 Turkey 25 0.5 -8
37 Portugal 25 0.5 -36 37 Indonesia 24 0.5 -38
38 Hungary 22 0.5 -26 38 Czech Republic 21 0.5 -16
39 Malaysia 22 0.4 -47 39 Nigeria 20 0.4 -49
40 Viet Nam 19 0.4 -32 40 Philippines 18 0.4 -36
Total of above 4473 91.0 - Total of above 4090 89.0 -
World 4914 100.0 -20 World 4596 100.0 -21
Note : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of
economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For more annual data, see Tables A60 and A61.

60
Table A9
Leading
Table A9 exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020
Leading exporters and importers in world trade in commercial services (excluding intra-EU trade), 2020
Annual Annual
1 European Union extra-trade Exports 983 24.7 -16 1 European Union extra-trade Imports 916 24.6 -16
2 United States of America 684 17.2 -20 2 United States of America 436 11.7 -23
3 United Kingdom 339 8.5 -16 3 China 378 10.1 -24
4 China 278 7.0 -1 4 United Kingdom 201 5.4 -26
5 India 203 5.1 -5 5 Japan 183 4.9 -11
6 Singapore 187 4.7 -14 6 Singapore 172 4.6 -17
7 Japan 156 3.9 -23 7 India 153 4.1 -14
8 Switzerland 113 2.8 -13 8 Switzerland 114 3.1 -7
9 Korea, Republic of 86 2.2 -12 9 Korea, Republic of 102 2.7 -19
10 Canada 84 2.1 -19 10 Canada 90 2.4 -25
11 Hong Kong, China 64 1.6 -37 11 Russian Federation 63 1.7 -35
12 United Arab Emirates 61 1.5 -31 12 United Arab Emirates 58 1.6 -33
13 Israel 53 1.3 -5 13 Hong Kong, China 51 1.4 -37
14 Australia 48 1.2 -32 14 Brazil 47 1.3 -30
15 Russian Federation 47 1.2 -24 15 Thailand 47 1.2 -18
16 Chinese Taipei 41 1.0 -20 16 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 38 1.0 -31
17 Norway 35 0.9 -18 17 Chinese Taipei 37 1.0 -34
18 Turkey 35 0.9 -45 18 Australia 37 1.0 -47
19 Thailand 31 0.8 -61 19 Norway 37 1.0 -30
20 Philippines 31 0.8 -24 20 Malaysia 33 0.9 -24
21 Brazil 28 0.7 -17 21 Qatar 33 0.9 -2
22 Malaysia 22 0.5 -47 22 Mexico 25 0.7 -32
23 Viet Nam 19 0.5 -32 23 Israel 25 0.7 -22
24 Qatar 18 0.5 0 24 Turkey 25 0.7 -8
25 Mexico 17 0.4 -46 25 Indonesia 24 0.7 -38
26 Ukraine 15 0.4 -11 26 Nigeria 20 0.5 -49
27 Egypt 14 0.4 -41 27 Philippines 18 0.5 -36
28 Indonesia 14 0.4 -54 28 Kuwait, the State of 17 0.5 -39
29 Morocco 13 0.3 -29 29 Egypt 17 0.5 -16
30 New Zealand 12 0.3 -33 30 Viet Nam 17 0.5 -9
31 Bahrain, Kingdom of 11 0.3 -3 31 Iraq 14 0.4 -40
32 Macao, China 11 0.3 -76 32 Argentina 12 0.3 -39
33 Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 10 0.2 -59 33 Chile 11 0.3 -21
34 Argentina 9 0.2 -34 34 New Zealand 11 0.3 -28
35 Belarus 9 0.2 -9 35 Ghana 10 0.3 -7
36 Panama 9 0.2 -38 36 Ukraine 10 0.3 -33
37 Ghana 8 0.2 -18 37 South Africa 10 0.3 -38
38 South Africa 7 0.2 -50 38 Bahrain, Kingdom of 9 0.2 15
39 Serbia 7 0.2 -9 39 Colombia 9 0.2 -34
40 Costa Rica 7 0.2 -29 40 Bangladesh 8 0.2 -14
Total of above 3819 96.0 - Total of above 3518 94.3 -
World excluding intra-EU exports 3977 100.0 -21 World excluding intra-EU imports 3729 100.0 -22
Note : Figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat. Annual percentage changes and rankings are affected by continuity breaks in the series for a large number of
economies, and by limitations in cross-country comparability. See the Metadata. For more annual data, see Tables A60 and A61.
61
Table A10
Trade
Table A10in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2019
Trade in commercial services of selected economies by origin and destination, 2019
(Million dollars and percentage)
Exports Imports
Annual percentage Annual percentage

Value Share change Value Share change
2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019
European Union
World 2288707 100.0 5 12 2 World 2138482 100.0 6 11 5
European Union 1115924 48.8 6 14 3 European Union 1043767 48.8 6 13 2
United Kingdom 249941 10.9 5 13 2 United States of America 247345 11.6 5 8 6
United States of America 227703 9.9 6 11 5 United Kingdom 201239 9.4 5 15 3
Switzerland 126578 5.5 4 7 -1 Switzerland 72769 3.4 3 5 -8
China 58586 2.6 11 21 4 China 36457 1.7 7 9 1
Above 5 1778732 77.7 … … … Above 5 1601576 74.9 ... ... ...
Japan 34491 1.5 6 14 4 Singapore 29040 1.4 11 18 7
Singapore 34486 1.5 13 28 -7 India 19831 0.9 8 20 4
Russian Federation 30305 1.3 2 3 -3 Japan 18137 0.8 2 10 4
Norway 29343 1.3 2 0 1 Norway 16452 0.8 3 6 2
Canada 24331 1.1 6 18 7 Turkey 15514 0.7 -1 12 2
Australia 20268 0.9 6 14 -4 Canada 15363 0.7 4 39 -13
Hong Kong, China 17526 0.8 8 52 4 Russian Federation 14036 0.7 -1 13 -6
Brazil 16745 0.7 -1 3 -1 Hong Kong, China 12809 0.6 4 16 3
India 16532 0.7 5 15 -6 Brazil 8892 0.4 2 4 0
Mexico 15489 0.7 9 27 3 Australia 8873 0.4 4 23 3
Above 15 2018247 88.2 ... ... ... Above 15 1760524 82.3 ... ... ...
United States of America
World 853842 100.0 5 3 2 World 567121 100.0 4 3 5
European Union (28) 275006 32.2 ... ... 3 European Union (28) 200184 35.3 4 2 6
Canada 69035 8.1 2 6 1 Canada 38476 6.8 4 6 1
China 58854 6.9 ... 4 2 Japan 31269 5.5 4 0 1
Switzerland 45256 5.3 8 6 8 Mexico 30374 5.4 8 3 8
Mexico 32330 3.8 4 4 0 India 29651 5.2 8 5 0
Above 5 480481 56.3 ... ... ... Above 5 329954 58.2 ... ... ...
Singapore 25266 3.0 ... 16 3 Switzerland 24821 4.4 2 -28 17
Brazil 24048 2.8 3 0 -9 China 19732 3.5 ... 5 5
India 23965 2.8 11 ... ... Hong Kong, China 11287 2.0 5 9 1
Korea, Republic of 23655 2.8 ... -5 4 Singapore 10920 1.9 ... 13 16
Australia 21485 2.5 3 1 -5 Australia 8153 1.4 ... 4 1
Chinese Taipei 10217 1.2 1 -1 0 Israel 7303 1.3 5 ... -1
Argentina 7531 0.9 5 -3 -9 Brazil 6438 1.1 1 -17 1
Colombia 7139 0.8 ... 10 -3 Philippines 5559 1.0 9 ... 12
Bermuda 6785 0.8 -6 -15 -17 Dominican Republic 5485 1.0 8 ... ...
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 6131 0.7 3 -7 -6 Colombia 4805 0.8 ... ... 2
Above 15 636703 74.6 ... ... ... Above 15 434457 76.6 ... ... ...
China (1)
World 208320 100.0 ... 0 -4 World 449223 100.0 ... 0 4
Hong Kong, China 60051 28.8 ... ... -10 Hong Kong, China 87921 19.6 ... ... 3
European Union (28) 35498 17.0 ... ... ... United States of America 86911 19.3 ... ... 9
United States of America 31220 15.0 ... ... -6 European Union (28) 76005 16.9 ... ... ...
Japan 11439 5.5 ... ... -2 Japan 29678 6.6 ... ... 3
Singapore 11400 5.5 ... ... ... Canada 25920 5.8 ... ... ...
Above 5 149608 71.8 ... ... ... Above 5 306435 68.2 ... ... ...
Korea, Republic of 10606 5.1 ... ... -2 Australia 24780 5.5 ... ... ...
Chinese Taipei 6691 3.2 ... ... 9 Korea, Republic of 19533 4.3 ... ... 5
Macao, China 4075 2.0 ... ... -20 Chinese Taipei 11098 2.5 ... ... -14
Australia 1930 0.9 ... ... ... Singapore 10710 2.4 ... ... ...
Malaysia 1910 0.9 ... ... ... Thailand 8010 1.8 ... ... ...
Canada 1690 0.8 ... ... ... Russian Federation 6678 1.5 ... ... 20
Russian Federation 1442 0.7 ... ... 22 Macao, China 5987 1.3 ... ... 12
Thailand 1150 0.6 ... ... ... Malaysia 4070 0.9 ... ... ...
Viet Nam 1100 0.5 ... ... ... United Arab Emirates 3890 0.9 ... ... ...
Turkey 1080 0.5 ... ... ... Brazil 3433 0.8 ... ... -3
Above 15 181282 87.0 ... ... ... Above 15 404624 90.1 ... ... ...
Table A10 (continued)

Trade
Trade in commercial
in commercial services
services of selected
of selected economies
economies by and
by origin origin and destination,
destination, 2019 2019
Imports

2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019
Japan
World 202891 100.0 5 4 7 World 204384 100.0 3 5 1
United States of America 43903 21.6 ... -4 8 United States of America 62255 30.5 ... 3 2
European Union (28) 38435 18.9 ... 6 17 European Union (28) 47553 23.3 ... 14 12
China 28709 14.1 ... 15 11 Singapore 13970 6.8 ... 6 -22
Singapore 13253 6.5 ... 16 -1 China 11923 5.8 ... 12 7
Hong Kong, China 8455 4.2 ... -1 8 Korea, Republic of 7144 3.5 ... 2 -1
Above 5 132754 65.4 ... ... ... Above 5 142846 69.9 ... ... ...
Thailand 8194 4.0 ... 9 7 Chinese Taipei 6295 3.1 ... 3 8
Chinese Taipei 8143 4.0 ... 2 -4 Hong Kong, China 5487 2.7 ... -5 -12
Korea, Republic of 8053 4.0 ... 3 -15 Switzerland 4500 2.2 ... -11 10
Switzerland 5017 2.5 ... 17 5 Thailand 3619 1.8 ... 8 -2
Viet Nam 3679 1.8 ... -5 27 United Arab Emirates 2437 1.2 ... 7 -8
Indonesia 3679 1.8 ... 5 0 Australia 2333 1.1 ... 7 -3
Australia 3035 1.5 ... 2 5 Canada 2223 1.1 ... 3 17
India 2434 1.2 ... 5 -5 Philippines 2062 1.0 ... -9 5
Malaysia 2239 1.1 ... -17 -5 India 1994 1.0 ... 3 7
Canada 2028 1.0 ... 3 6 Viet Nam 1971 1.0 ... -2 17
Above 15 179255 88.4 ... ... ... Above 15 175767 86.0 ... ... ...
Singapore (2), (3), (4)
World 217187 100.0 9 21 5 World 208198 100.0 8 10 4
European Union 23621 10.9 10 22 -8 United States of America 36054 17.3 8 11 4
Japan 20137 9.3 17 28 15 European Union 28345 13.6 11 19 -5
United States of America 19464 9.0 6 28 -6 China 11526 5.5 13 18 10
China 18771 8.6 15 44 0 Japan 10788 5.2 12 53 7
Australia 17980 8.3 12 15 16 Hong Kong, China 9875 4.7 14 15 9
Above 5 99972 46.0 ... ... ... Above 5 96587 46.4 ... ... ...
United Kingdom 9800 4.5 6 35 -6 United Kingdom 6692 3.2 2 7 20
Switzerland 8287 3.8 18 33 19 Switzerland 5978 2.9 14 12 8
Hong Kong, China 7836 3.6 9 29 6 India 5575 2.7 12 23 15
Malaysia 5465 2.5 8 20 3 Australia 4511 2.2 8 4 -9
Indonesia 4591 2.1 7 6 12 Chinese Taipei 4452 2.1 11 5 14
India 4406 2.0 4 13 4 Korea, Republic of 4030 1.9 12 17 7
Viet Nam 3551 1.6 20 30 28 Thailand 2647 1.3 12 18 11
Thailand 3549 1.6 8 20 5 Malaysia 2508 1.2 5 4 -12
Korea, Republic of 2931 1.3 6 26 4 Indonesia 1861 0.9 4 13 2
Chinese Taipei 2625 1.2 6 26 5 United Arab Emirates 1839 0.9 10 11 3
Above 15 153014 70.5 ... ... ... Above 15 136681 65.6 ... ... ...
Hong Kong, China (5)
World 101864 100.0 3 9 -10 World 80773 100.0 2 5 -1
China 36559 35.9 5 9 -16 China 29984 37.1 -1 3 -1
European Union (28) 17602 17.3 ... 8 -2 European Union (28) 11095 13.7 ... 6 3
United States of America 14504 14.2 0 8 -5 United States of America 8701 10.8 1 5 -2
Japan 4304 4.2 -1 6 -5 Japan 6499 8.0 5 3 -2
Singapore 4108 4.0 6 6 -6 Singapore 3470 4.3 1 6 0
Above 5 77076 75.7 ... ... ... Above 5 59748 74.0 ... ... ...
Chinese Taipei 3575 3.5 -1 10 -9 Australia 3222 4.0 2 3 -4
Australia 2439 2.4 0 9 -8 Chinese Taipei 3217 4.0 4 2 -3
Korea, Republic of 1412 1.4 -4 2 -16 Thailand 1658 2.1 7 16 2
Canada 1205 1.2 0 12 -4 Canada 1594 2.0 2 6 0
Philippines 1170 1.1 5 4 -7 Korea, Republic of 1409 1.7 5 5 -7
Thailand 1138 1.1 5 6 -15 Macao, China 1181 1.5 4 3 13
India 1081 1.1 0 8 -9 Malaysia 1177 1.5 5 11 -3
Switzerland 1058 1.0 2 8 -5 India 833 1.0 0 4 -4
Malaysia 1044 1.0 -2 11 -12 Viet Nam 623 0.8 14 12 14
Macao, China 914 0.9 4 7 -3 United Arab Emirates 557 0.7 4 5 -1
Above 15 92112 90.4 ... ... ... Above 15 75220 93.1 ... ... ...

Trade
Trade in commercial
in commercial services
services of selected
of selected economies
economies byand
by origin origin and destination,
destination, 2019 2019
Exports Imports

2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019
Canada (2)
World 105010 100.0 3 9 1 World 121222 100.0 2 8 0
United States of America 56316 53.6 3 8 0 United States of America 65652 54.2 2 7 1
European Union (28) 15873 15.1 2 16 -1 European Union (28) 19510 16.1 3 4 -3
China 6102 5.8 13 11 3 Hong Kong, China 3991 3.3 3 13 -3
India 3150 3.0 22 47 27 Mexico 3188 2.6 5 22 0
Mexico 1493 1.4 7 25 6 China 2520 2.1 4 16 6
Above 5 82934 79.0 ... ... ... Above 5 94860 78.3 ... ... ...
Japan 1421 1.4 1 0 3 Japan 2344 1.9 5 22 7
Hong Kong, China 1413 1.3 4 16 1 India 1883 1.6 14 25 22
Australia 1409 1.3 2 0 -2 Singapore 1751 1.4 1 10 0
Switzerland 1396 1.3 0 1 -1 Barbados 1649 1.4 5 18 -3
Bermuda 1348 1.3 -3 -4 0 Switzerland 1339 1.1 -5 1 -3
Korea, Republic of 980 0.9 -1 -13 -1 Australia 988 0.8 4 17 -3
Brazil 815 0.8 7 13 4 Bermuda 934 0.8 -2 6 -2
Singapore 690 0.7 2 19 1 Chinese Taipei 669 0.6 3 16 4
Chinese Taipei 498 0.5 6 6 3 Philippines 544 0.4 5 49 10
Barbados 427 0.4 -3 6 -1 Russian Federation 543 0.4 4 -3 -5
Above 15 93331 88.9 ... ... ... Above 15 107504 88.7 ... ... ...
Russian Federation (2)
World 62786 100.0 3 12 -3 World 99000 100.0 3 7 5
European Union (28) 22555 35.9 3 6 -5 European Union (28) 47043 47.5 4 3 9
United States of America 4091 6.5 1 22 -5 Turkey 7606 7.7 5 34 16
China 3907 6.2 15 31 25 United States of America 3989 4.0 0 -2 -1
Switzerland 3855 6.1 1 4 -5 China 3652 3.7 11 15 33
Kazakhstan 2292 3.7 3 5 10 Switzerland 3240 3.3 4 17 -7
Above 5 36700 58.5 ... ... ... Above 5 65529 66.2 ... ... ...
Belarus 1653 2.6 11 15 -5 Belarus 2147 2.2 7 6 -5
United Arab Emirates 1366 2.2 18 24 8 Thailand 2102 2.1 9 16 -1
Ukraine 1207 1.9 -6 4 -7 United Arab Emirates 1790 1.8 8 7 -1
Turkey 1202 1.9 -4 32 -18 Panama 1354 1.4 3 8 4
Korea, Republic of 971 1.5 6 29 24 Korea, Republic of 1102 1.1 5 13 12
India 928 1.5 0 -10 56 Viet Nam 1092 1.1 27 -8 -4
Hong Kong, China 863 1.4 19 31 -17 Kazakhstan 1015 1.0 3 12 -7
Singapore 682 1.1 23 28 38 Israel 981 1.0 5 11 -1
Uzbekistan 680 1.1 -4 10 6 Tunisia 944 1.0 13 34 -1
Panama 632 1.0 3 9 7 Norway 669 0.7 6 1 13
Above 15 46883 74.7 ... ... ... Above 15 78726 79.5 ... ... ...
Australia
World 70148 100.0 4 7 2 World 70725 100.0 2 7 -2
China 13385 19.1 10 10 0 European Union (28) 17220 24.3 2 6 -2
European Union (28) 9618 13.7 1 7 2 United States of America 12585 17.8 3 6 -3
United States of America 6911 9.9 4 9 -2 New Zealand 4677 6.6 6 9 -2
India 5260 7.5 6 25 26 Singapore 4097 5.8 3 9 -4
New Zealand 4359 6.2 3 6 9 Japan 3247 4.6 5 10 5
Above 5 39533 56.4 ... ... ... Above 5 41826 59.1 ... ... ...
Singapore 3262 4.6 3 -12 -5 Indonesia 3114 4.4 5 11 6
Hong Kong, China 2209 3.1 4 0 -3 Hong Kong, China 2438 3.4 3 9 -2
Japan 1852 2.6 0 9 0 China 2254 3.2 4 14 -9
Malaysia 1830 2.6 1 -2 -6 India 1873 2.6 10 9 2
Korea, Republic of 1539 2.2 -3 0 -6 Thailand 1728 2.4 -2 3 -22
Viet Nam 1246 1.8 3 8 -1 Canada 1628 2.3 4 0 2
Indonesia 1228 1.8 1 3 -2 Fiji 1116 1.6 2 14 -2
Chinese Taipei 1011 1.4 7 7 -13 Viet Nam 1057 1.5 4 9 -19
Philippines 828 1.2 9 9 21 Malaysia 863 1.2 -3 2 14

Thailand 825 1.2 -2 -5 -13 Philippines 786 1.1 7 -1 18
64Above 15 55362 78.9 ... ... ... Above 15 58683 83.0 ... ... ...

Exports Imports

2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2019 2019 2010-19 2018 2019
Korea, Republic of (6)

World 97957 100.0 2 -6 10 World 127300 100.0 4 13 2
China 18650 19.0 4 -24 20 United States of America 29653 23.3 2 9 -3
United States of America 16090 16.4 3 3 12 European Union (28) 24165 19.0 4 15 1
European Union (28) 11360 11.6 3 2 -2 China 17356 13.6 4 7 6
Japan 8671 8.9 -2 -2 12 Japan 11450 9.0 2 24 0
Above 4 54770 55.9 ... ... ... Above 4 82625 64.9 ... ... ...
New Zealand
World 17236 100.0 5 3 -2 World 15503 100.0 5 8 5
Australia 3494 20.3 2 0 -1 Australia 4133 26.7 2 0 6
United States of America 2853 16.6 8 8 15 European Union (28) 2533 16.3 7 5 -1
European Union (28) 2411 14.0 3 -2 -3 United States of America 2269 14.6 9 10 2
China 2197 12.7 13 11 -6 Singapore 1768 11.4 13 37 42
India 612 3.6 11 -15 -15 Switzerland 606 3.9 16 23 68
Above 5 11568 67.1 ... ... ... Above 5 11309 72.9 ... ... ...
Korea, Republic of 345 2.0 -2 18 -20 China 519 3.3 10 -2 2
Singapore 338 2.0 5 3 7 Fiji 265 1.7 7 9 -8
Canada 308 1.8 5 4 6 Hong Kong, China 190 1.2 -1 -1 -6
Hong Kong, China 295 1.7 5 23 -18 United Arab Emirates 179 1.2 2 6 12
Chinese Taipei 184 1.1 8 25 12 India 174 1.1 7 -11 6
Malaysia 159 0.9 4 5 -28 Japan 169 1.1 -10 12 -1
Switzerland 152 0.9 1 5 -4 Thailand 145 0.9 4 15 -2
Thailand 151 0.9 4 11 -17 Indonesia 124 0.8 19 39 0
Philippines 146 0.8 14 -1 -19 Philippines 110 0.7 15 26 -1
Brazil 125 0.7 4 14 -16 Chinese Taipei 53 0.3 7 49 21
Above 15 13770 79.9 ... ... ... Above 15 13236 85.4 ... ... ...
Malaysia (7)
World 40905 100.0 2 8 2 World 43366 100.0 3 6 -2
Singapore 9743 23.8 ... -13 -2 Singapore 9171 21.1 ... 11 0
United States of America 5450 13.3 ... 5 8 China 5468 12.6 ... 21 -8
China 4218 10.3 ... 34 6 United States of America 5432 12.5 ... 1 19
Indonesia 3522 8.6 ... 26 10 Japan 1973 4.6 ... 1 -24
India 1846 4.5 ... -3 39 Thailand 1946 4.5 ... 2 -5
Above 5 24779 60.6 ... ... ... Above 5 23990 55.3 ... ... ...
Thailand 1266 3.1 ... -5 0 Indonesia 1793 4.1 ... 2 -3
Japan 1245 3.0 ... 31 -6 Chinese Taipei 1389 3.2 ... 10 -7
Australia 1242 3.0 ... 36 -12 Hong Kong, China 1350 3.1 ... -3 11
Korea, Republic of 1038 2.5 ... 32 -5 Australia 1051 2.4 ... 6 -16
Brunei Darussalam 947 2.3 ... 4 -1 Korea, Republic of 1040 2.4 ... 7 -37
Hong Kong, China 905 2.2 ... 77 -27 India 701 1.6 ... -3 -15
Chinese Taipei 769 1.9 ... 33 19 Philippines 618 1.4 ... 24 -9
Philippines 456 1.1 ... -9 15 Brunei Darussalam 404 0.9 ... -15 -16
Pakistan 117 0.3 ... 21 31 New Zealand 101 0.2 ... -11 -17
New Zealand 113 0.3 ... -49 13 Pakistan 63 0.1 ... -33 27
Above 15 32877 80.4 ... ... ... Above 15 32501 74.9 ... ... ...
(1) Refers to 2016.

(2) Refers to total services.
(3) The following transactions are not allocated geographically: travel exports and imports; financial services exports related to foreign exchange trading;
imports of freight transportation services; exports and imports of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) and, insurance on goods imports.
(4) In 2019, ASEAN countries accounted for 9 per cent of total commercial services exports and 5 per cent of imports.
(5) Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) are not allocated geographically.
(6) Refers to 2018.
(7) In 2019, ASEAN countries accounted for 41 per cent of total commercial services exports and 34 per cent of imports.
65
Table A11
Ratio
Table A11of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2020
Ratio of exports of goods and commercial services to GDP of the least-developed countries, 2020
Value Ratio to GDP
GDP Goods and commercial services Goods Commercial services
2020 2010 2019 2020 2010 2019 2020 2010 2019 2020
Least-developed countries 1122050 26.3 21.6 17.9 23.2 17.7 15.4 3.1 3.9 2.5
Afghanistan 19132 16.5 7.2 7.2 2.8 4.6 4.1 13.7 2.7 3.1
Angola 62440 61.4 39.3 33.6 60.4 38.8 33.5 1.0 0.5 0.1
Bangladesh 329120 17.7 13.9 10.9 16.7 12.8 9.9 1.1 1.1 1.0
Benin 15193 17.1 24.7 17.9 13.4 21.2 15.2 3.6 3.5 2.7
Bhutan 2503 42.1 31.2 31.4 37.3 24.5 26.0 4.8 6.7 5.3
Burkina Faso 16541 18.4 28.1 28.8 15.7 24.9 26.3 2.6 3.1 2.5
Burundi 3011 5.3 7.5 5.8 5.0 6.8 5.3 0.4 0.6 0.5
Cambodia 25953 51.8 78.0 74.3 34.7 56.1 67.3 17.1 21.9 7.0
Central African Republic 2366 8.0 8.3 6.1 7.2 6.0 4.6 0.8 2.3 1.5
Chad 10742 39.1 27.7 21.8 34.9 25.2 19.9 4.1 2.6 1.9
Comoros 1222 8.6 11.6 8.4 2.5 3.4 3.1 6.1 8.2 5.3
Democratic Republic of the Congo 49077 40.7 30.1 28.3 39.4 29.8 28.1 1.3 0.3 0.2
Djibouti 3408 15.2 143.1 110.3 5.5 119.4 92.3 9.7 23.7 18.0
Eritrea 2086 6.4 27.7 24.2 2.5 15.3 13.4 3.9 12.4 10.8
Ethiopia 96611 16.3 8.0 7.8 9.2 3.0 3.4 7.1 5.0 4.5
The Gambia 1913 17.5 19.7 9.5 9.1 7.9 3.5 8.5 11.8 6.1
Guinea 15455 22.3 29.3 31.5 21.5 28.6 31.2 0.9 0.7 0.3
Guinea-Bissau 1434 18.0 20.1 15.7 13.5 17.3 13.8 4.5 2.8 1.8
Haiti 14286 8.3 11.8 7.6 4.8 8.4 6.2 3.5 3.4 1.4
Kiribati 200 11.0 11.2 8.8 4.2 6.2 4.3 6.7 4.9 4.5
Lao People's Democratic Republic 19078 29.8 37.1 34.0 23.3 30.9 32.2 6.5 6.3 1.8
Lesotho 2068 39.0 47.6 43.4 37.3 46.5 42.9 1.8 1.2 0.5
Liberia 3033 11.0 18.1 20.6 10.1 17.7 20.2 0.9 0.3 0.3
Madagascar 13837 21.1 28.0 19.2 11.5 18.0 14.7 9.6 10.0 4.5
Malawi 8488 17.5 15.1 11.6 16.4 12.8 9.7 1.1 2.3 1.9
Mali 17639 22.5 25.1 25.3 19.2 21.2 22.2 3.3 3.9 3.1
Mauritania 8176 38.8 30.8 30.7 36.9 29.2 29.3 1.9 1.6 1.3
Mozambique 14385 22.6 36.9 30.3 20.4 30.7 24.9 2.1 6.1 5.3
Myanmar 81257 20.1 25.1 17.3 19.3 15.8 12.0 0.9 9.4 5.3
Nepal 34465 8.1 7.7 5.0 4.9 3.2 2.6 3.2 4.4 2.4
Niger 13698 16.2 10.6 8.8 14.7 8.7 7.3 1.5 1.8 1.5
Rwanda 10372 9.1 19.5 17.4 4.8 12.2 14.5 4.3 7.4 2.8
Sao Tomé and Principe 418 12.2 14.6 9.0 5.6 3.1 3.3 6.6 11.5 5.7
Senegal 24448 19.2 24.2 18.9 13.4 19.0 15.8 5.8 5.2 3.1
Sierra Leone 4204 16.2 17.7 15.2 14.0 16.2 14.2 2.2 1.5 1.0
Solomon Islands 1567 37.0 37.1 26.9 26.4 29.2 24.2 10.5 7.9 2.8
Somalia 4920 ... 23.8 14.4 ... 15.4 9.0 ... 8.4 5.4
South Sudan 4074 ... 72.6 69.9 ... 70.1 67.5 ... 2.5 2.4
Sudan 34370 17.7 15.2 15.0 17.4 11.1 11.4 0.3 4.0 3.6
Tanzania 63244 20.1 15.9 13.8 13.7 8.8 10.2 6.3 7.0 3.6
Timor-Leste 1791 6.5 5.0 2.8 3.1 1.3 1.0 3.5 3.8 1.9
Togo 7495 27.4 22.6 19.5 21.1 14.6 13.5 6.3 8.0 6.0
Tuvalu 48 42.6 21.6 14.4 32.3 1.1 0.2 10.3 20.5 14.2
Uganda 37613 13.0 15.5 10.9 8.8 10.8 8.6 4.2 4.6 2.3
Yemen 20140 29.5 5.7 3.6 24.7 4.6 2.8 4.8 1.1 0.8
Zambia 18529 39.7 35.4 46.2 36.9 31.1 43.2 2.8 4.3 3.0
Memorandum item:
World 84537688 28.4 28.4 26.0 22.5 21.3 20.1 5.9 7.0 5.8
Note: Most 2020 data are preliminary Secretariat estimates. Trade in goods is derived from balance of payments statistics and does not correspond to the merchandise trade statistics given elsewhere in this report.
See the Metadata.

66
Table A12
Table A12
Merchandise exports and imports of least-developed countries, 2020
Merchandise imports and exports of least-developed countries, 2020
Exports Imports
Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change
2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Least-developed countries 172650 1 13 -3 -10 247274 4 11 1 -11
Oil Exporters (1)
Angola 20978 -8 18 -15 -40 9716 -5 9 -11 -31
Myanmar 16795 7 20 8 -7 17951 14 1 -4 -4
Sudan 3775 -10 -15 7 1 9204 -1 -14 18 -1
Chad 2155 -5 21 1 -33 2491 0 38 5 -7
Yemen 927 -19 10 6 -35 7368 -2 16 27 -29
Bhutan 433 -4 6 -2 -27 768 -1 2 -6 -22
South Sudan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Exporters of manufactures (2)
Bangladesh 33605 6 9 0 -15 52410 7 14 -2 -11
Cambodia 17069 13 13 17 15 19173 ... 22 16 -5
Madagascar 1987 6 9 -13 -26 3224 2 11 -3 -18
Lesotho 934 1 19 -13 -12 1884 -2 6 -8 -7
Nepal 818 0 6 23 -15 10679 8 23 -3 -13
Haiti 721 2 10 11 -40 2971 -1 24 -6 -34
Exporters of agriculture
Burkina Faso 4491 11 13 0 39 3886 7 11 -3 -7
Uganda 3636 8 6 12 5 7480 5 20 12 0
Ethiopia 3476 4 -11 3 25 14135 5 -3 -5 -3
Benin 2606 7 51 -9 -15 3560 6 25 -10 -9
Rwanda 1400 17 8 4 20 3410 9 9 11 26
Malawi 788 -3 0 4 -14 2643 2 6 9 -10
Afghanistan 783 7 21 -1 -9 6475 2 5 -9 -4
Togo 638 -4 6 -3 -39 2026 2 13 1 -5
Liberia 411 6 44 2 -22 728 0 5 -24 -16
Solomon Islands 366 5 14 -19 -21 477 2 5 -2 -19
Burundi 205 7 5 0 14 914 6 5 12 3
Guinea-Bissau 171 3 0 -27 -31 343 6 -2 18 2
Central African Republic 120 -2 17 -10 -18 560 6 24 0 -7
The Gambia 100 4 13 -5 -25 695 9 24 -8 12
Vanuatu 69 4 35 -8 19 295 0 -5 -5 -12
Timor-Leste 43 10 93 240 -72 499 7 -6 14 -15
Comoros 26 2 6 -5 -34 217 -1 -4 -5 -6
Sao Tomé and Principe 16 4 6 -18 20 136 2 1 0 -8
Kiribati 12 12 -46 49 -2 184 10 -7 8 40
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Exporters of non-fuel minerals
Democratic Republic of the Congo 9200 6 40 -36 33 6400 4 31 6 -6
Zambia 7805 1 13 -22 11 5316 0 19 -24 -26
Lao People's Democratic Republic 6050 13 11 7 4 5240 10 11 -1 -16
Tanzania 4964 2 -2 24 -1 8419 1 10 4 -11
Guinea 4900 13 -13 -1 24 3255 9 -3 2 -6
Mali 4212 8 24 3 14 5142 4 10 5 4
Mozambique 3585 2 6 -7 -23 6471 3 21 7 -13
Mauritania 2396 1 10 22 3 3037 5 -10 11 -14
Niger 925 -2 0 -6 -18 2252 -1 17 2 -3
Eritrea 556 46 15 15 -28 965 4 4 8 -16
Sierra Leone 367 1 -2 12 -41 1256 5 4 16 -20
Others
Senegal 4091 7 21 15 -2 7881 5 20 1 -3
Djibouti 2837 ... 11 13 -29 3314 ... 1 15 -20
Tuvalu 0 -16 -11 51 -70 47 8 -4 28 43
Memorandum item:
World (3) 17582919 1 10 -3 -8 17812107 1 10 -3 -8
Note: Data for 2020 are largely estimated.

(1) Bhutan is included for its exports of electric current.
(2) Includes exporters of gold (normally classified in n.e.s. according to the UN Standard International Trade Classification) and diamonds (normally included in manufactures according to the UN classification).
(3) Includes significant re-exports or imports for re-export. 67
Table A13
Table A13
Exports
Exports and and importsofofcommericial
imports commercial services
servicesofofleast-developed
least-developedcountries, 2020
countries, 2020
Exports Imports
Value Annual percentage change Value Annual percentage change
2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Least-developed countries 27942 3 15 10 -35 57789 1 7 -3 -15

Afghanistan 597 -12 98 -19 18 1042 0 10 -12 -10
Angola 66 -23 -36 -28 -85 5415 -10 -24 -18 -32
Bangladesh 3451 11 31 7 9 8049 7 12 1 -14
Benin 410 2 50 5 -20 578 1 11 5 -28
Bhutan 133 7 13 -8 -20 215 5 9 -6 3
Burkina Faso 413 5 11 -3 -16 1572 7 10 -3 8
Burundi ... ... 41 ... ... ... ... 1 ... ...
Cambodia 1815 -1 20 12 -69 2045 7 12 7 -37
Central African Republic ... ... 11 ... ... ... ... 7 ... ...
Chad 201 -8 81 3 -28 1523 -4 95 5 -13
Comoros 65 2 20 -4 -33 96 0 15 3 -13
Democratic Republic of the Congo 115 -9 50 42 -9 2496 0 73 -20 17
Djibouti ... ... 7 11 ... ... ... -20 7 ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Ethiopia 4318 8 38 3 -7 5375 8 22 -1 -12
The Gambia 117 -1 45 9 -46 102 3 -17 -5 6
Guinea 40 -4 93 -6 -58 1011 10 6 7 19
Guinea-Bissau 26 -5 17 8 -35 148 4 7 0 -11
Haiti 201 -7 36 -26 -59 566 -3 15 -11 -44
Kiribati 9 -2 -30 25 -8 55 3 -10 -1 0
Lao People's Democratic Republic 346 -3 27 20 -71 444 6 12 0 -64
Lesotho 10 -14 -3 -10 -64 341 -2 0 -7 -15
Liberia 10 -5 -53 6 -2 224 -4 -8 9 3
Madagascar 626 -4 2 8 -57 650 -5 5 -9 -36
Malawi 162 8 16 9 -7 275 3 11 12 -18
Mali 542 4 10 38 -19 1605 5 5 10 5
Mauritania 110 0 -15 9 -11 789 2 -8 16 6
Mozambique 764 12 19 19 -18 2384 7 46 -36 -14
Myanmar 4332 29 19 46 -33 3421 16 18 6 -5
Nepal 830 4 7 2 -45 1074 2 11 -5 -36
Niger 206 6 10 5 -13 1157 3 11 -2 9
Rwanda 295 1 9 15 -61 543 2 -1 -3 -40
Sao Tomé and Principe 24 6 3 -34 -51 41 7 -1 -2 -30
Senegal 758 -2 7 -1 -37 2327 8 12 10 29
Sierra Leone ... ... -1 -31 ... ... ... -3 9 ...
Solomon Islands 43 -7 14 -10 -65 129 -3 -3 18 -44
Somalia ... ... 3 2 ... ... ... 2 5 ...
South Sudan 99 ... -28 -26 -5 1118 ... 37 37 7
Sudan 1226 19 -15 -9 -9 1198 -7 -20 22 -8
Tanzania 2287 1 5 7 -47 1144 -5 -5 -9 -31
Timor-Leste 33 1 6 -7 -56 209 -7 9 -7 -35
Togo 451 5 11 -2 -22 407 0 8 -4 -9
Tuvalu 7 8 1 15 -29 21 -2 12 -8 -35
Uganda 882 -2 16 9 -50 3004 5 24 5 13
Yemen ... ... ... 34 ... ... ... ... 37 ...
Zambia 554 0 10 6 -45 1150 3 14 -9 -22
Memorandum item:
World 4913807 2 10 2 -20 4596398 2 9 3 -21

68
Table A14
Table A14
TopTop1010 exportersand
exporters andimporters
importersof
ofagricultural
agricultural products,
products,2020
2020
Value Share in world exports/imports Annual percentage change
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 653 38.9 41.9 37.4 36.3 3 6 -1 2
Extra-EU Exports 231 12.6 13.0 11.9 12.9 4 6 1 3
United States of America 170 13.0 9.8 10.5 9.5 2 2 -4 3
Brazil 93 2.8 4.1 5.1 5.2 3 6 -5 5
China 78 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.3 4 6 -1 -4
Canada 70 6.3 4.9 3.8 3.9 3 4 -6 7
Indonesia 46 1.4 1.7 2.7 2.6 3 -7 -7 7
Thailand 41 2.2 2.1 2.6 2.3 2 1 -3 -4
Mexico 41 1.7 1.5 1.4 2.3 8 6 11 4
India 39 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.2 5 0 -4 4
Argentina 37 2.2 2.3 2.6 2.0 1 -3 14 -6
Above 10 1269 72.5 72.8 71.6 70.5 - - - -
Importers
European Union 597 36.3 39.2 35.7 32.4 2 6 -3 0
Extra-EU Imports 178 13.0 12.5 11.1 9.6 1 6 -4 -1
China 216 3.3 5.0 7.8 11.7 7 8 3 8
United States of America 186 11.6 10.7 8.4 10.1 5 6 1 3
Japan 77 10.5 7.3 5.6 4.2 0 5 0 -7
United Kingdom 71 5.8 5.9 4.6 3.9 1 6 -3 0
Canada (1) 41 2.6 2.4 2.3 2.2 3 3 1 1
Korea, Republic of 37 2.2 1.9 1.9 2.0 3 10 -3 -2
Russian Federation (1) 30 1.3 1.9 2.6 1.6 -2 3 1 -4
Mexico (1) 28 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 2 7 3 -12
India 26 0.7 0.8 1.3 1.4 4 -14 -1 -6
Above 10 1309 76.1 76.9 71.7 71.0 - - - -
69
Table A15
TopA15
Table 10 exporters and importers of food, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of food, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 570 40.6 43.4 38.4 36.3 3 5 -1 3
Extra-EU Exports 199 13.3 13.3 12.0 12.6 4 5 2 4
Brazil 81 3.0 4.5 5.5 5.2 3 4 -5 7
China 70 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4 5 5 -2 -2
Canada 55 4.1 3.6 3.3 3.5 4 3 -1 10
Indonesia 38 1.3 1.4 2.3 2.4 4 -6 -8 12
Mexico 38 1.9 1.7 1.6 2.4 8 6 9 3
Argentina 36 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.3 1 -4 14 -6
India 35 1.3 1.3 1.6 2.2 7 -1 -1 5
Thailand 33 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.1 3 6 0 -3
Above 10 1100 72.9 73.3 72.0 70.0 - - - -
Importers
European Union 523 36.7 40.2 36.2 33.0 2 5 -2 2
Extra-EU Imports 154 12.3 12.3 10.9 9.7 2 4 -3 1
China 160 2.0 3.0 5.2 10.1 10 9 11 17
Japan 67 10.6 7.5 5.6 4.2 0 5 0 -5
United Kingdom 63 6.3 6.4 4.9 4.0 1 5 -2 1
Canada (1) 38 2.6 2.4 2.4 2.4 3 3 1 2
Korea, Republic of 31 1.7 1.6 1.7 2.0 5 10 0 1
Hong Kong, China 25 ... ... ... ... 3 5 -7 -10
Retained imports (2) 19 1.3 0.9 1.1 1.2 ... 4 -4 -3
Mexico (1) 23 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.5 2 5 1 -9
Above 10 1115 75.5 76.2 70.4 70.4 - - - -


70
Table A16
TopA16
Table 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of fuels and mining products, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 358 14.5 15.4 14.3 15.3 -2 19 -9 -23
Extra-EU Exports 126 4.5 4.5 4.9 5.4 -2 18 -10 -24
United States of America 201 3.2 2.8 4.2 8.6 5 34 2 -17
Russian Federation 171 7.2 9.1 9.2 7.3 -5 26 -6 -31
United Arab Emirates (1) 155 3.5 3.0 2.5 6.6 7 83 69 -31
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of (1) 135 8.3 8.9 7.0 5.8 -5 36 -13 -34
Australia 132 3.1 2.8 4.2 5.6 0 18 8 -28
Canada 99 5.6 5.1 4.0 4.2 -2 16 -3 -23
China (2) 61 1.4 1.7 1.6 2.6 2 27 -1 -22
Brazil 59 0.8 1.0 1.8 2.5 0 26 4 -5
United Kingdom 51 3.6 2.6 2.2 2.2 -3 26 -11 -12
Above 10 1421 51.1 52.5 51.0 60.8 - - - -
Importers
European Union 574 30.4 31.8 27.6 23.7 -4 23 -11 -27
Extra-EU Imports 335 21.0 21.1 18.4 13.8 -5 26 -12 -32
China (2) 528 3.8 6.4 11.8 21.8 3 26 3 -9
United States of America 186 18.5 18.2 12.9 7.7 -8 17 -12 -30
Japan 151 10.9 8.8 8.0 6.2 -5 21 -10 -25
India 124 2.4 2.8 4.0 5.1 0 34 -11 -30
Korea, Republic of 120 5.2 4.6 4.9 5.0 -3 28 -11 -25
United Kingdom 58 2.8 3.1 2.8 2.4 -4 23 -11 -25
Singapore 53 2.0 2.1 2.7 2.2 -5 19 -14 -33
United Arab Emirates (1) 45 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.9 22 47 173 -29
Chinese Taipei 45 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 -4 20 -11 -25
Above 10 1884 78.2 79.9 77.1 77.6 - - - -

(2) Includes significant shipments through processing zones.
71
Table A17
Table A17
Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of manufactures, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 4359 38.0 41.0 37.2 36.1 2 10 -3 -6
Extra-EU Exports 1792 15.5 16.4 15.3 14.8 2 8 -2 -8
China (1) 2423 4.7 9.6 14.8 20.0 5 10 0 4
United States of America 915 13.8 9.2 8.7 7.6 0 4 -1 -12
Japan 552 9.6 7.5 6.8 4.6 -2 6 -5 -10
Hong Kong, China 489 ... ... ... ... 3 7 -4 0
Domestic exports 4 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 -6 3 8 3
Re-exports 486 ... ... ... ... 3 7 -4 0
Mexico (1) 325 3.0 2.3 2.2 2.7 4 9 1 -11
Chinese Taipei 323 3.0 2.4 2.5 2.7 3 5 -1 7
Singapore 290 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.4 1 9 -4 0
United Kingdom 280 4.7 4.0 2.9 2.3 0 4 -1 -17
Above 10 9928 83.0 82.2 81.8 82.1 - - - -
Importers
European Union 3897 33.1 34.8 31.7 29.9 2 10 -2 -5
Extra-EU Imports 1402 12.6 12.2 11.3 10.8 2 10 -1 -4
China (1) 1289 3.5 6.5 8.6 9.9 4 13 -5 4
Hong Kong, China 505 ... ... ... ... 3 8 -7 -1
Retained imports (3) 93 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.7 ... 12 -16 -5
United Kingdom 400 5.7 5.1 4.0 3.1 0 4 -3 -13
Japan 395 4.4 3.6 3.3 3.0 1 8 -1 -7
Korea, Republic of 309 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.4 3 5 -3 2
Canada (2) 308 4.1 3.2 2.8 2.4 1 5 -1 -12
Mexico (1),(2) 296 3.1 2.4 2.3 2.3 2 8 -2 -14
Singapore 241 2.3 2.0 1.9 1.9 2 12 1 -3
Above 10 9119 78.6 76.1 70.5 70.0 - - - -


72
Table A18
Table
TopA1810 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of iron and steel, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 125 44.3 41.5 37.0 35.2 -2 13 -12 -17
Extra-EU Exports 32 13.1 13.0 11.4 9.1 -4 10 -8 -22
China (1) 46 3.1 6.1 9.4 13.1 2 12 -12 -16
Japan 24 10.5 8.7 9.9 6.8 -5 6 -10 -14
Russian Federation 17 4.3 5.4 4.4 4.7 -1 24 -21 -13
India 13 0.9 1.7 2.5 3.5 2 -13 -1 4
Indonesia 11 0.4 0.3 0.4 3.2 20 70 23 43
United States of America 11 4.5 3.6 4.1 3.1 -5 -4 -14 -18
Turkey 10 1.3 1.8 2.4 2.8 0 38 -13 -12
Brazil 9 2.6 2.9 2.1 2.6 0 12 -9 -21
Above 10 289 76.6 76.6 78.0 81.2 - - - -
Importers
European Union 123 38.1 36.3 33.3 33.3 -2 16 -14 -17
Extra-EU Imports 31 9.1 9.5 8.6 8.4 -2 21 -17 -23
China (1) 39 6.4 7.9 5.8 10.6 5 7 5 54
Korea, Republic of 11 3.5 4.5 5.3 2.9 -7 -4 -3 -27
Thailand 10 1.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 -1 20 -12 -14
Turkey 10 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.6 0 6 -16 -6
Viet Nam (2) 9 0.6 1.0 1.6 2.5 3 10 -4 -12
Mexico (1),(3) 8 2.6 1.9 1.9 2.2 0 3 -12 -20
Indonesia 8 1.1 1.2 1.7 2.1 0 29 1 -29
Canada (3) 8 3.5 2.8 2.5 2.1 -3 11 -18 -18
Above 10 249 71.9 69.3 64.2 67.4 - - - -

73
Table A19
Table
TopA1910 exporters and importers of chemicals, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of chemicals, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 1036 47.6 50.0 46.0 47.4 3 13 -1 3
Extra-EU Exports 470 19.9 19.8 18.9 21.5 4 10 3 3
China (1) 169 2.1 3.2 5.2 7.7 7 19 -5 6
Switzerland 125 3.6 4.0 4.3 5.7 6 7 8 8
Japan 79 6.0 4.8 4.6 3.6 0 11 -1 0
United Kingdom 66 6.0 5.2 4.3 3.0 -1 0 -4 -3
India 53 0.7 1.0 1.4 2.4 8 22 6 -1
Singapore 51 1.6 2.4 2.3 2.3 3 16 -7 -6
Canada 36 2.5 2.4 2.0 1.7 1 14 -2 -2
Above 10 1901 86.2 86.4 84.1 87.0 - - - -
Importers
European Union 834 38.6 41.4 37.9 36.2 2 12 -3 2
Extra-EU Imports 266 12.7 12.3 11.6 11.5 3 7 1 1
China (1) 212 4.9 6.7 8.5 9.2 4 16 -2 -3
Japan 73 4.2 3.3 3.5 3.1 2 15 -3 -2
United Kingdom 68 5.0 4.7 4.0 2.9 0 1 -5 -6
Switzerland 57 2.1 2.3 2.1 2.5 4 8 3 3
India 53 0.8 1.2 2.0 2.3 4 22 -1 -11
Canada (2) 50 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.2 2 7 1 0
Mexico (1),(2) 43 2.4 2.1 1.9 1.8 2 11 -6 -6
Above 10 1723 75.7 78.0 74.7 74.7 - - - -


74
Table A20
Table
TopA2010 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of office and telecom equipment, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
China (1) 690 4.5 17.7 27.8 33.3 4 11 -5 9
European Union 368 24.1 25.2 21.4 17.7 1 8 -2 1
Extra-EU Exports 116 10.2 10.0 7.4 5.6 0 5 0 -1
Hong Kong, China 310 ... ... ... ... 6 10 -3 6
Domestic exports 0 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.0 -20 -35 22 18
Re-exports 310 ... ... ... ... 6 10 -3 6
Chinese Taipei 169 6.0 4.4 5.4 8.1 7 3 2 20
Singapore 128 7.7 8.0 7.9 6.1 0 2 -6 10
Viet Nam (2) 109 0.1 0.1 0.4 5.3 34 15 12 19
Malaysia 78 5.4 4.7 4.2 3.8 2 21 -6 -1
Mexico (1) 66 3.5 3.0 3.7 3.2 1 4 -1 -3
Above 10 1880 73.6 79.7 85.1 90.6 - - - -
Importers
China (1) 510 4.4 11.8 15.7 21.8 6 15 -4 12
European Union 479 26.1 27.6 25.6 20.5 1 9 -2 3
Extra-EU Imports 248 14.5 14.7 13.4 10.6 0 9 -2 4
Hong Kong, China 321 ... ... ... ... 6 10 -7 5
Retained imports (2) 57 1.3 0.4 0.6 2.5 ... 9 -22 2
Singapore 109 5.3 5.5 5.0 4.6 2 11 -2 10
Japan 91 6.0 4.9 4.7 3.9 1 3 0 1
Chinese Taipei 84 3.8 2.8 2.6 3.6 6 11 4 17
Korea, Republic of 79 3.4 2.8 2.7 3.4 5 4 7 0
Viet Nam (2) 78 0.1 0.2 0.4 3.3 27 8 15 23
Mexico (1),(3) 62 2.9 2.6 3.2 2.6 1 11 3 -11
Above 10 1899 74.5 75.7 76.6 81.1 - - - -

75
Table A21
Table
TopA2110 exporters and importers of automotive products, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of automative products, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 609 45.4 49.5 46.4 48.5 2 6 -4 -13
Extra-EU Exports 234 16.0 17.8 18.8 18.6 1 2 -6 -13
Japan 125 15.3 13.3 13.7 9.9 -2 6 -4 -18
Mexico (1) 104 5.3 3.8 5.1 8.3 6 13 2 -16
China (1) 58 0.3 1.1 2.6 4.6 8 12 -2 -2
Korea, Republic of 56 2.6 4.1 5.0 4.4 0 -1 3 -14
Canada 46 10.5 7.3 4.6 3.7 -1 -4 0 -24
United Kingdom 37 4.5 4.2 3.6 2.9 -1 2 -8 -29
Thailand 22 0.4 0.9 1.7 1.8 2 7 -15 -15
Turkey 22 0.3 1.0 1.3 1.7 5 10 0 -18
Above 10 1189 96.2 94.6 93.0 94.7 - - - -
Importers
European Union 483 36.7 38.8 33.9 37.5 2 10 -1 -15
Extra-EU Imports 100 7.4 7.4 6.5 7.8 3 9 2 -16
China (1) 78 0.7 1.4 4.8 6.1 4 4 -8 -2
Canada (2) 57 8.0 6.1 5.4 4.4 -1 0 -1 -25
United Kingdom 56 6.8 6.8 5.4 4.3 -1 2 -1 -24
Mexico (1),(2) 38 3.5 2.7 2.6 2.9 3 7 -4 -24
Australia (2) 23 1.5 1.6 2.1 1.8 0 2 -11 -11
Japan 19 1.7 1.4 1.3 1.5 3 9 -5 -19
United Arab Emirates (3) 18 0.4 0.7 1.0 1.4 6 -6 -6 -4
Above 10 1051 88.9 82.7 75.5 81.7 - - - -


76
Table A22
Table
TopA2210 exporters and importers of textiles, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of textiles, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
China (1) 154 10.3 20.2 30.4 43.5 7 8 1 29
European Union 64 33.4 32.5 25.3 18.1 0 7 -6 -3
Extra-EU Exports 22 11.5 11.3 9.0 6.1 0 8 -6 -9
India 15 3.6 4.1 5.1 4.2 2 6 -5 -12
Turkey 12 2.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 3 4 -1 -1
Viet Nam (2) 10 0.2 0.4 1.2 2.8 13 14 10 11
Pakistan 7 2.9 3.5 3.1 2.0 -1 2 -4 -8
Chinese Taipei 7 7.6 4.8 3.8 2.0 -3 0 -8 -17
Japan 6 4.5 3.4 2.8 1.6 -2 3 -2 -14
Above 10 294 80.0 83.5 84.5 83.0 - - - -
Importers
European Union 87 29.7 29.2 23.8 24.3 3 5 -5 29
Extra-EU Imports 50 9.6 9.8 9.6 14.1 7 7 -4 69
Viet Nam (2) 16 0.8 1.6 2.6 4.4 8 14 4 -8
China (1) 14 7.8 7.2 6.6 3.9 -2 3 -12 -10
Japan 12 3.0 2.7 2.7 3.3 5 6 -1 34
United Kingdom 11 4.4 3.5 2.7 3.0 4 2 -3 52
Bangladesh (2) 9 0.8 1.1 1.7 2.5 7 18 -7 -17
Canada 6 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.8 4 2 -3 41
Korea, Republic of 6 2.0 1.6 1.8 1.6 2 8 -5 9
Indonesia 5 0.8 0.4 1.6 1.5 2 12 -2 -21
Above 10 211 61.4 59.8 53.7 58.9 - - - -

77
Table A23
TopA23
Table 10 exporters and importers of clothing, 2020
Top 10 exporters and importers of clothing, 2020
2020 2000 2005 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
China (1) 142 18.2 26.6 36.6 31.6 1 0 -4 -7
European Union 125 26.4 29.3 26.9 27.9 3 11 1 -8
Extra-EU Exports 38 8.1 8.6 7.5 8.4 4 10 3 -13
Viet Nam (2) 29 0.9 1.7 2.9 6.4 11 15 7 -7
Bangladesh (2) 28 2.6 2.5 4.2 6.3 7 13 0 -15
Turkey 15 3.3 4.2 3.6 3.4 2 4 5 -6
India 13 3.0 3.1 3.2 2.9 1 -10 4 -24
Malaysia 10 1.1 0.9 1.1 2.2 10 14 -2 73
United Kingdom 8 2.1 1.8 1.6 1.9 4 6 0 -7
Hong Kong, China 8 ... ... ... ... -10 -4 -11 -33
Domestic exports 0 5.0 2.6 0.1 0.0 -12 -10 -9 240
Re-exports 8 ... ... ... ... -10 -4 -11 -34
Indonesia 8 2.4 1.8 1.9 1.7 1 9 -4 -12
Above 10 378 65.1 74.5 82.1 84.2 - - - -
Importers
European Union 168 32.7 37.4 37.6 34.1 2 9 -1 -7
Extra-EU Imports 86 16.4 19.4 21.2 17.6 1 8 -1 -9
Japan 26 9.7 8.1 7.2 5.3 0 8 -2 -12
United Kingdom 26 7.5 8.7 7.1 5.3 0 4 -1 -1
Canada (3) 10 1.8 2.1 2.2 2.1 2 5 4 -6
Korea, Republic of 10 0.6 1.0 1.2 2.0 8 16 2 -12
China (1) 9 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.9 14 14 8 6
Switzerland 8 1.6 1.6 1.4 1.6 4 13 2 4
Hong Kong, China 8 ... ... ... ... -7 2 -11 -31
Retained imports (2) 1 0.9 ... ... 0.2 ... 562 -13 6
Russian Federation (3) 8 0.1 0.3 2.0 1.6 0 7 4 -5
Above 10 349 88.5 88.5 81.6 71.0 - - - -


78
Table A24
Table A24 trade in commercial services by category, 2020

World
World trade in commercial services by category, 2020
Value Share
2020 2005 2010 2018 2019 2020
Exports
Commercial services 4914 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Goods-related services 203 3.4 3.3 3.8 3.8 4.1
Transport 830 22.0 21.2 17.2 16.9 16.9
Travel 549 26.6 24.7 23.9 23.9 11.2
Other commercial services 3332 48.0 50.9 55.1 55.4 67.8
Imports
Commercial services 4596 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Goods-related services 143 2.6 2.2 2.8 2.8 3.1
Transport 996 27.1 26.5 21.9 21.2 21.7
Travel 554 25.6 23.2 24.5 23.9 12.1
Other commercial services 2903 44.7 48.1 50.8 52.1 63.2
Note : For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.
Table A25
Table A25
Growth
Growth of of commercialservices
commercial servicesexports
exports by
by category
categoryand
andby
byregion, 2010-2020
region, 2020
South and
Central
World North America America Europe CIS Africa Middle East Asia
Commercial services
2010-2020 2 2 -1 2 0 -1 ... ...
2019 2 2 0 1 -1 4 13 3
2020 -20 -21 -37 -17 -28 -34 -29 -21
Goods-related services
2010-2020 5 0 4 6 -6 0 18 ...
2019 1 0 -10 1 -5 5 15 4
2020 -13 -50 -10 -6 -31 -20 -8 -9
Transport
2010-2020 0 -3 -2 0 2 0 ... 0
2019 1 -1 1 1 -2 4 2 0
2020 -20 -36 -25 -20 -21 -21 -32 -12
Travel
2010-2020 -5 -5 -6 -6 -8 -7 ... ...
2019 2 1 2 1 -2 3 30 1
2020 -63 -62 -66 -58 -76 -61 -54 -69
Other commercial services
2010-2020 5 4 2 5 3 4 ... 7
2019 3 3 -2 2 2 5 5 6
2020 -2 1 -11 -4 -4 -6 -1 0
79
Table A26
Table A26 trade in goods-related services by region, 2020

World
World trade in good-related services by region, 2020
Value Share Annual percentage change
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World 203 100.0 100.0 5 18 1 -13
North America 15 11.3 7.4 0 21 0 -50
South and Central America and the Caribbean 5 2.5 2.3 4 26 -10 -10
Europe 113 49.7 55.9 6 16 1 -6
European Union 100 49.5 49.1 5 17 0 -6
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including certain
associate and former member States 3 4.1 1.4 -6 0 -5 -31
Africa 3 2.1 1.3 0 47 5 -20
Middle East 2 0.3 0.8 18 -10 15 -8
Asia 63 ... 31.0 ... 21 4 -9
Imports
World 143 100.0 100.0 5 10 3 -12
North America 7 7.4 4.8 1 8 19 -33
South and Central America and the Caribbean 1 ... 0.7 ... 14 -4 -40
Europe 87 41.6 61.1 10 15 4 -9
European Union 80 34.8 56.4 11 15 4 -9
associate and former member States 3 1.4 1.9 9 12 -4 -10
Africa 1 0.8 0.9 7 23 6 -26
Middle East 1 0.2 0.4 11 0 22 -29
Asia 43 ... 30.3 ... 3 0 -13
Note: For information on asymmetries, see the Metadata.

80
Table A27
Major
Table A27exporters and importers of goods-related services, 2020
Major exporters and importers of goods-related services, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 99.6 49.5 49.1 5 17 0 -6
Extra-EU exports 50.1 29.0 24.7 3 17 0 -4
China 25.1 19.7 12.4 0 22 2 -16
United States of America 13.3 10.2 6.5 0 21 -1 -52
United Kingdom 6.7 3.5 3.3 4 11 5 -15
Switzerland 6.6 2.9 3.2 6 13 12 -3
Singapore 5.5 5.1 2.7 -2 26 0 -28
Chinese Taipei 5.1 ... 2.5 ... 10 7 10
Philippines 4.1 ... 2.0 ... 20 5 -8
Malaysia 3.4 2.2 1.7 2 17 -1 1
Japan 2.5 0.5 1.2 15 9 13 23
Korea, Republic of 2.3 1.8 1.1 0 8 -16 -2
Russian Federation 2.0 3.2 1.0 -7 -3 -5 -35
Canada 1.7 1.1 0.9 2 28 17 -24
Ukraine 1.6 1.4 0.8 -1 17 -2 -17
Turkey 1.6 ... 0.8 ... 7 6 4
Above 15 181.1 ... 89.2 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 80.5 34.8 56.4 11 15 4 -9
Extra-EU imports 36.1 15.2 25.3 11 16 4 -7
Japan 10.3 10.2 7.3 2 2 -1 -2
Hong Kong, China 8.7 22.9 6.1 -8 2 -5 -24
United States of America 6.1 7.0 4.3 0 8 21 -31
Singapore 5.6 4.7 3.9 4 -3 -2 -9
China 3.9 0.1 2.7 47 14 42 -3
Switzerland 2.8 2.3 2.0 4 5 4 -4
United Kingdom 2.8 1.0 2.0 13 34 18 -16
Chinese Taipei 2.4 ... 1.7 ... -21 -23 -16
Russian Federation 1.9 1.1 1.3 7 11 -2 -9
Norway 1.4 1.2 1.0 3 1 45 21
India 1.0 ... 0.7 ... 90 25 -26
Turkey 0.8 ... 0.5 ... 15 -5 -11
Malaysia 0.6 0.2 0.4 13 16 10 -16
Above 15 137.2 ... 96.2 ... ... ... ...
81
Table A28
Major
Table A28exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by others, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of manufacturing services on physical imputs owned by others, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
Value economies Annual percentage change
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 66382 62556 57.3 4 20 -4 -6
Extra-EU exports 29904 29367 25.8 0 22 -7 -2
China 19531 17277 16.8 -3 22 -11 -12
Viet Nam 10725 ... 9.3 ... 20 12 ...
Philippines 4339 4046 3.7 ... 20 5 -7
United Kingdom 3628 2715 3.1 6 6 12 -25
Chinese Taipei 3214 3804 2.8 ... 8 16 18
Malaysia 2869 3009 2.5 1 16 -1 5
Honduras 1789 1272 1.5 5 7 14 -29
Korea, Republic of 1735 1899 1.5 -3 3 -24 9
Myanmar 1717 1285 1.5 46 183 42 -25
Above 10 115928 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 52854 48697 60.4 11 17 3 -8
Extra-EU imports 20531 20030 23.4 10 22 4 -2
Hong Kong, China 11242 ... 12.8 -6 1 -5 ...
Korea, Republic of 9520 7777 10.9 3 7 -3 -18
Singapore 5270 4896 6.0 5 -8 -3 -7
Japan 4205 5135 4.8 -7 -7 -18 22
Chinese Taipei 1882 1615 2.1 ... -25 -31 -14
United Kingdom 1663 1545 1.9 12 44 -5 -7
Norway 340 559 0.4 ... 2 57 64
China 312 501 0.4 16 49 18 60
Ghana 278 ... 0.3 ... ... 18 ...
Above 10 87567 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.

82
Table A29
Major
Table A29exporters and importers of maintenance and repair services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of maintenance and repair services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 39308 37003 38.8 11 12 7 -6
Extra-EU exports 22139 20722 21.8 12 9 9 -6
United States of America 27698 13278 27.3 9 21 -1 -52
China 10167 7812 10.0 ... 21 42 -23
Singapore 7509 5383 7.4 2 25 1 -28
Switzerland 5601 5518 5.5 7 20 12 -1
United Kingdom 4256 4022 4.2 6 15 0 -5
Canada 2265 1728 2.2 5 28 17 -24
Russian Federation 1900 1666 1.9 0 -11 19 -12
Chinese Taipei 1389 1280 1.4 53 16 -9 -8
Israel 1258 ... 1.2 ... 5 2 ...
Above 10 101350 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 35546 31775 55.6 17 12 4 -11
Extra-EU imports 18175 16094 28.4 17 10 4 -11
United States of America 8866 6090 13.9 5 8 21 -31
Japan 6344 5211 9.9 34 11 15 -18
China 3653 3358 5.7 ... 12 44 -8
Switzerland 2880 2743 4.5 5 7 4 -5
Russian Federation 1949 1735 3.0 12 13 -3 -11
United Kingdom 1724 1295 2.7 24 21 55 -25
India 1231 933 1.9 ... 97 23 -24
Chinese Taipei 922 752 1.4 6 -5 0 -18
Singapore 850 698 1.3 3 39 2 -18
Above 10 63965 54590 100.0 ... ... ... ...
83
Table A30
World
Table A30 trade in transport by region, 2020
World trade in transport by region, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World 830 100.0 100.0 0 10 1 -20
North America 69 10.9 8.3 -3 7 -1 -36
South and Central America and the Caribbean 20 3.0 2.4 -2 3 1 -25
Europe 416 48.7 50.1 0 11 1 -20
European Union 345 39.7 41.6 1 12 0 -16
associate and former member States 29 3.0 3.5 2 11 -2 -21
Africa 25 3.0 3.0 0 8 4 -21
Middle East 40 ... 4.8 ... 1 2 -32
Asia 231 28.7 27.9 0 10 0 -12
Imports
World 996 100.0 100.0 0 12 -1 -20
North America 101 12.1 10.1 -2 12 1 -34
South and Central America and the Caribbean 34 4.5 3.5 -3 6 -4 -26
Europe 365 36.3 36.7 0 14 -1 -17
European Union 309 29.1 31.0 1 13 -2 -15
associate and former member States 22 2.1 2.2 1 10 5 -23
Africa 55 5.5 5.6 0 13 1 -15
Middle East 62 ... 6.2 ... 1 7 -22
Asia 355 32.2 35.7 1 12 -2 -17

84
Table A31
Leading
Table A31 exporters and importers of transport, 2020
Leading exporters and importers of transport, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 345.4 39.7 41.6 1 12 0 -16
Extra-EU exports 170.3 22.8 20.5 -1 12 0 -18
China 57.6 4.1 6.9 5 14 9 25
United States of America 56.7 9.2 6.8 -3 8 -2 -38
Singapore 53.1 4.7 6.4 3 27 2 -15
Korea, Republic of 24.9 4.7 3.0 -4 12 -3 -7
Hong Kong, China 20.9 3.6 2.5 -3 8 -5 -34
Japan 20.8 5.1 2.5 -7 -15 -10 -20
India 20.8 1.6 2.5 5 12 11 -2
United Kingdom 20.4 3.4 2.5 -3 8 10 -45
United Arab Emirates 16.6 ... 2.0 ... 1 3 -43
Norway 15.0 2.2 1.8 -2 2 -2 -17
Turkey 14.3 1.1 1.7 4 10 -1 -41
Switzerland 12.7 1.4 1.5 1 13 -1 -16
Qatar 11.3 0.2 1.4 20 -2 6 6
Above 15 707.0 ... 85.2 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 309.3 29.1 31.0 1 13 -2 -15
Extra-EU imports 134.0 15.9 13.4 -2 12 -2 -17
China 94.7 6.3 9.5 4 17 -3 -10
United States of America 72.4 8.9 7.3 -2 14 2 -36
India 53.8 4.7 5.4 1 17 2 -21
Singapore 52.6 3.0 5.3 6 23 4 -19
Japan 28.0 4.7 2.8 -5 -3 -11 -18
United Kingdom 21.5 3.0 2.2 -3 14 2 -41
Thailand 18.4 1.9 1.8 0 13 0 -3
Canada 17.4 2.2 1.8 -2 10 -1 -29
Qatar 15.6 0.6 1.6 10 5 22 11
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 14.9 1.3 1.5 2 -1 12 -16
Hong Kong, China 14.2 1.6 1.4 -1 6 -1 -23
Switzerland 11.8 1.2 1.2 0 17 -1 -13
Russian Federation 11.5 1.2 1.2 0 6 1 -26
Above 15 760.3 72.5 76.3 ... ... ... ...
85
Table A32
World
Table A32 trade in travel by region, 2020
World trade in travel by region, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World 549 100.0 100.0 -5 8 2 -63
North America 95 16.7 17.3 -5 3 1 -62
South and Central America and the Caribbean 24 4.6 4.4 -6 4 2 -66
Europe 226 42.2 41.2 -6 9 1 -58
European Union 181 33.1 33.1 -5 9 -1 -57
associate and former member States 6 1.4 1.1 -8 18 -2 -76
Africa 20 4.4 3.7 -7 13 3 -61
Middle East 45 ... 8.2 ... 6 30 -54
Asia 132 ... 24.1 ... 10 1 -69
Imports
World 554 100.0 100.0 -4 7 1 -60
North America 52 14.2 9.3 -8 5 4 -71
South and Central America and the Caribbean 15 3.9 2.7 -8 0 -5 -70
Europe 198 42.8 35.8 -6 8 0 -58
European Union 155 31.6 27.9 -6 10 1 -55
associate and former member States 13 3.7 2.4 -9 9 5 -73
Africa 16 2.9 2.9 -5 16 18 -54
Middle East 52 ... 9.4 ... 0 19 -54
Asia 208 ... 37.6 ... 8 -4 -59

86
Table A33
Leading
Table A33 exporters and importers of travel, 2020
Leading exporters and importers of travel, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 181.5 33.1 33.1 -5 9 -1 -57
Extra-EU exports 59.4 13.7 10.8 -8 8 -1 -68
United States of America 72.8 13.5 13.3 -6 2 -1 -63
Australia 25.5 3.4 4.6 -2 8 1 -44
United Kingdom 18.9 3.7 3.4 -6 4 5 -64
China 17.1 ... 3.1 ... 2 -13 -50
Thailand 14.2 2.1 2.6 -3 8 6 -76
India 13.0 1.5 2.4 -1 4 8 -58
Canada 11.3 1.8 2.0 -4 8 4 -60
Mexico 11.0 1.2 2.0 -1 6 9 -55
Japan 10.6 1.4 1.9 -2 24 9 -77
Turkey 10.2 2.3 1.9 -8 12 18 -66
Switzerland 9.0 1.5 1.6 -5 4 0 -50
Macao, China 8.7 2.3 1.6 -9 13 -1 -78
Korea, Republic of 8.7 1.1 1.6 -2 15 12 -50
Above 15 437.1 ... 79.6 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 154.7 31.6 27.9 -6 10 1 -55
Extra-EU imports 49.0 14.7 8.8 -9 10 1 -62
China 131.2 ... 23.7 ... 9 -9 -48
United States of America 35.8 9.7 6.5 -8 7 6 -73
United Kingdom 21.7 6.9 3.9 -10 7 1 -70
India 12.6 1.2 2.3 2 16 7 -45
Canada 12.1 3.6 2.2 -9 0 4 -66
Switzerland 9.5 1.3 1.7 -2 0 -2 -49
Russian Federation 9.1 3.1 1.6 -10 10 5 -75
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 8.5 2.4 1.5 -9 -5 -9 -44
Kuwait, the State of 7.4 0.7 1.3 1 14 11 -53
Singapore 6.8 2.1 1.2 -10 6 3 -75
Qatar 6.7 0.1 1.2 29 -4 2 -29
Australia 6.5 3.0 1.2 -13 8 -2 -82
Above 15 452.5 ... 81.6 ... ... ... ...
87
Table A34
Table A34
World
Worldtrade in in
trade other commerical
other commercialservices
servicesby
byregion,
region, 2020
2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World 3332 100.0 100.0 5 11 3 -2
North America 607 19.7 18.2 4 3 3 1
Europe 1715 53.6 51.5 5 13 2 -4
European Union 1293 36.7 38.8 6 13 4 -4
Africa 30 1.0 0.9 4 8 5 -6
Middle East 91 ... 2.7 ... 15 5 -1
Asia 800 20.3 24.0 7 14 6 0
Imports
World 2903 100.0 100.0 5 8 5 -5
North America 393 15.5 13.5 3 0 4 2
Europe 1520 49.4 52.3 5 10 8 -7
European Union 1239 39.4 42.7 6 10 9 -8
Africa 61 3.3 2.1 0 16 1 -20
Middle East 103 ... 3.6 ... 12 -6 -14
Asia 694 22.7 23.9 5 9 3 0

88
Table A35
Table A35
Leading
Leading exporters
exportersand
andimporters
importersofofother
othercommercial
commercial services, 2020
services, 2020
2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 1293.3 36.7 38.8 6 13 4 -4
Extra-EU exports 703.3 21.0 21.1 5 11 3 -4
United States of America 541.2 17.3 16.2 5 2 3 1
United Kingdom 292.7 11.0 8.8 3 14 -5 -4
China 178.3 3.6 5.4 9 26 8 4
India 168.4 4.5 5.1 7 12 4 4
Singapore 123.4 2.1 3.7 12 21 8 -2
Japan 122.4 3.8 3.7 5 4 10 -5
Switzerland 84.6 3.4 2.5 2 7 -5 -5
Canada 61.3 2.3 1.8 3 12 0 3
Israel 44.4 0.8 1.3 11 18 12 5
Hong Kong, China 39.8 1.4 1.2 4 7 -4 -3
Philippines 23.6 0.7 0.7 6 6 4 -2
Chinese Taipei 23.1 0.4 0.7 11 12 5 5
Above 15 3072.0 90.5 92.2 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 1239.0 39.4 42.7 6 10 9 -8
Extra-EU imports 696.7 21.6 24.0 6 8 13 -9
United States of America 321.4 12.4 11.1 4 -2 5 3
United Kingdom 155.1 5.1 5.3 5 18 6 -4
China 147.8 4.1 5.1 7 16 4 7
Japan 138.9 4.4 4.8 6 8 5 0
Singapore 107.4 2.7 3.7 8 6 5 -2
Switzerland 89.6 3.1 3.1 5 2 1 3
India 85.5 3.2 2.9 4 10 0 -1
Canada 60.2 2.5 2.1 3 12 -1 2
Korea, Republic of 54.1 2.2 1.9 3 -1 4 -1
Russian Federation 40.9 1.9 1.4 2 4 5 -7
United Arab Emirates 34.8 ... 1.2 ... -1 0 -9
Brazil 33.5 1.7 1.2 1 -5 -1 -12
Thailand 25.3 0.9 0.9 4 24 7 0
Hong Kong, China 22.7 1.0 0.8 2 7 -1 -6
Above 15 2556.2 ... 88.0 ... ... ... ...
89
Table A36
Table A36
World exports of construction by region, 2020
World exports of construction by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 111 91 100.0 100.0 1 -4 -18
North America 3 3 3.9 2.8 -3 9 -25
South and Central America and the Caribbean 0 0 0.1 0.2 5 78 -19
Europe 37 32 36.9 34.6 0 -8 -15
European Union 30 26 28.5 27.9 0 -10 -14
associate and former member States 6 6 4.6 6.1 4 -11 -6
Africa 2 2 ... 2.3 ... -2 -12
Middle East 6 4 ... 4.5 ... 9 -27
Asia 56 45 ... 49.5 ... -3 -20

90
Table A37
Table A37
Major
Majorexporters
exportersand
andimporters
importersofofconstruction, 2019and
construction, 2019 and2020
2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 29797 25539 30.7 2 1 -10 -14
Extra-EU exports 14887 11221 15.3 1 -1 -11 -25
China 27962 23931 28.8 ... 11 5 -14
Japan 10569 7423 10.9 0 -11 15 -30
Korea, Republic of 9055 6403 9.3 -3 20 -29 -29
United Kingdom 4935 3665 5.1 9 16 35 -26
India 2912 2799 3.0 21 39 -8 -4
United Arab Emirates 2750 2069 2.8 ... 2 3 -25
Singapore 1277 809 1.3 2 51 10 -37
Above 10 97170 79685 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 21121 19351 32.3 2 15 -9 -8
Extra-EU imports 7157 6082 11.0 0 19 -22 -15
China 9277 8151 14.2 ... 0 8 -12
Japan 7333 5462 11.2 -1 0 -11 -26
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 7053 6452 10.8 7 14 10 -9
Russian Federation 5524 7482 8.5 2 11 14 35
Kuwait, the State of 3924 3271 6.0 6 99 -53 -17
United Kingdom 3317 3942 5.1 6 27 17 19
India 2662 2601 4.1 12 103 7 -2
Korea, Republic of 2427 1735 3.7 1 21 -26 -29
Above 10 65335 60461 100.0 ... ... ... ...
91
Table A38
Table A38
World exports of insurance and pension services by region, 2019 and 2020
World exports of insurance and pension services by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 140 144 100.0 100.0 4 -2 3
North America 23 25 19.3 17.7 3 -3 10
Europe 83 83 64.8 57.8 3 -1 0
European Union 47 45 36.7 31.7 3 0 -4
associate and former member States 1 1 0.6 0.5 2 -14 21
Africa 2 2 1.1 1.2 5 3 2
Middle East 7 9 ... 6.2 ... -12 19
Asia 21 21 10.3 14.6 8 -2 1

92
Table A39
Table A39
Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of insurance and pension services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 47216 45431 39.5 3 9 0 -4
Extra-EU exports 22444 22539 18.8 2 0 -5 0
United Kingdom 25456 26588 21.3 3 11 -3 4
United States of America 18528 20431 15.5 2 1 -3 10
Switzerland 7658 7656 6.4 4 -11 3 0
Singapore 6540 6664 5.5 12 37 -2 2
China 4772 5450 4.0 12 22 -3 14
Mexico 3120 3145 2.6 6 -12 -5 1
India 2527 2353 2.1 4 5 -2 -7
Japan 2325 2192 1.9 7 8 -3 -6
Canada 1431 1710 1.2 -3 6 2 19
Above 10 119571 121621 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
United States of America 51632 55617 30.6 -2 -18 18 8
European Union 45542 46624 27.0 3 13 0 2
Extra-EU imports 22410 23010 13.3 2 9 -1 3
United Arab Emirates 26794 ... 15.9 ... -4 2 ...
China 10760 12344 6.4 -4 14 -9 15
Japan 8109 10265 4.8 2 10 17 27
India 6805 5687 4.0 3 7 1 -16
Mexico 6239 5437 3.7 10 -2 29 -13
Singapore 5536 5317 3.3 10 23 12 -4
Canada 4084 4091 2.4 -2 14 -2 0
Qatar 3484 3438 2.1 26 17 10 -1
Above 10 168985 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat.
93
Table A40
World
Table A40 exports of financial services by region, 2019 and 2020
World exports of financial services by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 518 540 100.0 100.0 4 0 4
North America 146 155 25.3 28.7 5 2 6
Europe 269 280 60.3 52.0 2 -3 4
European Union 168 177 31.5 32.7 4 -1 5
associate and former member States 1 1 0.3 0.3 2 -10 4
Africa 3 3 0.5 0.5 5 -7 -13
Middle East 4 3 1.1 0.6 -2 -24 -8
Asia 90 92 11.6 17.0 8 6 2
Table A41
Table A41
Major
Major exportersand
importersof
offinancial
financial services,
services,2019
2019and
and2020
2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 167831 176565 34.6 4 5 -1 5
Extra-EU exports 86601 88702 17.8 4 4 -1 2
United States of America 136046 144343 28.0 5 3 3 6
United Kingdom 75576 78549 15.6 0 9 -9 4
Singapore 30840 31608 6.3 11 14 8 2
Switzerland 21683 21833 4.5 0 6 1 1
Hong Kong, China 21581 21570 4.4 6 10 -3 0
Japan 14256 15715 2.9 16 8 26 10
Canada 9140 9906 1.9 6 12 -2 8
India 4821 4105 1.0 -2 21 -11 -15
China 3904 4268 0.8 13 -6 12 9
Above 10 485680 508461 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 127045 138218 55.1 5 7 -1 9
Extra-EU imports 69225 77239 30.0 5 9 -1 12
United Kingdom 23067 21353 10.0 6 23 5 -7
Canada 8859 9719 3.8 6 11 -7 10
Japan 8485 10638 3.7 12 7 3 25
Singapore 7208 8117 3.1 12 18 10 13
Hong Kong, China 6452 6243 2.8 7 14 4 -3
Switzerland 3417 3618 1.5 -4 4 -12 6
China 2466 3174 1.1 7 31 16 29
Russian Federation 2341 2247 1.0 -1 -18 28 -4
Above 10 230549 245583 100.0 ... ... ... ...

94
Table A42
World
Table A42 receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2019 and 2020
World receipts of charges for the use of intellectual property n.i.e. by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 424 391 100.0 100.0 5 1 -8
North America 121 120 39.9 30.7 2 0 -1
South and Central America and the Caribbean 1 1 0.2 0.3 8 -19 -8
Europe 220 191 45.2 48.9 6 1 -13
European Union 168 144 23.5 36.9 10 4 -14
associate and former member States 1 1 0.2 0.3 11 17 12
Africa 0 0 0.1 0.1 3 -40 -12
Middle East 5 4 ... 1.1 ... 5 -15
Asia 75 73 14.3 18.6 8 3 -3
Table A43
Table A43
Major
Major exportersand
importersofofcharges
charges for
for the
the use
use of
of intellectual
intellectualproperty
propertyn.i.e., 2019
n.i.e., andand
2019 20202020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 167742 144062 40.5 13 16 4 -14
Extra-EU exports 95987 90200 23.2 12 14 -1 -6
United States of America 115529 113779 27.9 2 -3 1 -2
Japan 46891 42802 11.3 6 9 3 -9
Switzerland 29838 23123 7.2 7 22 -4 -23
United Kingdom 21302 22401 5.1 5 12 -11 5
Singapore 8491 8280 2.1 18 10 -1 -2
Korea, Republic of 7755 6858 1.9 10 6 0 -12
China 6644 8879 1.6 26 17 19 34
Canada 5699 6017 1.4 8 19 -2 6
Above 10 413730 379251 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 235760 212946 56.3 11 11 6 -10
Extra-EU imports 157948 159783 37.7 13 11 6 1
United States of America 41730 42984 10.0 3 -4 -2 3
China 34328 37629 8.2 11 25 -4 10
Japan 26268 27685 6.3 4 3 19 5
Singapore 17213 16848 4.1 0 8 1 -2
Switzerland 17189 17961 4.1 4 12 -7 4
United Kingdom 16006 16841 3.8 5 17 7 5
Canada 12399 12704 3.0 3 8 -3 2
Korea, Republic of 9979 9959 2.4 1 2 1 0
India 7890 7241 1.9 14 21 0 -8
Above 10 418762 402798 100.0 ... ... ... ...
95
Table A44
World
Table A44 exports of telecommunications, computer and information services by region, 2019 and 2020
World exports of telecommunications, computer and information services by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 682 711 100.0 100.0 9 8 4
North America 65 67 11.3 9.4 7 9 2
Europe 382 395 58.4 55.6 8 6 3
European Union 333 346 54.9 48.7 7 9 4
associate and former member States 9 10 1.2 1.4 10 10 8
Africa 6 6 1.6 0.8 2 -1 -2
Middle East 34 37 ... 5.2 ... 13 8
Asia 175 186 22.4 26.2 10 11 7
Table A45
Table A45
Major
Major exporters
and importersofoftelecommunications,
telecommunications, computer
computer and
and information
informationservices,
services,2019
2019and 2020
and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 332849 345902 55.9 8 21 9 4
Extra-EU exports 195601 199954 32.8 8 20 11 2
India 64933 68248 10.9 5 7 12 5
China 53785 59034 9.0 20 70 14 10
United Kingdom 27291 27899 4.6 3 13 -21 2
Israel 18462 ... 3.1 17 21 15 ...
Singapore 15496 15339 2.6 18 23 -6 -1
Switzerland 11011 10394 1.8 2 -4 -14 -6
Canada 10304 9711 1.7 2 28 0 -6
Japan 6975 9719 1.2 16 -3 43 39
Above 10 595871 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 178400 180565 52.9 5 14 3 1
Extra-EU imports 84617 81017 25.1 3 13 4 -4
China 26861 32968 8.0 23 24 13 23
Japan 20700 20843 6.1 18 21 20 1
Singapore 16719 17442 5.0 20 -2 14 4
Switzerland 15765 15310 4.7 3 -10 0 -3
United Kingdom 14083 13104 4.2 2 5 -3 -7
India 9603 11007 2.8 11 17 35 15
Canada 6759 6808 2.0 4 18 -3 1
Brazil 5401 6064 1.6 4 20 13 12
Above 10 337252 342704 100.0 ... ... ... ...

96
Table A46
Major
Table A46exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of telecommunications services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 33501 ... 51.0 -2 4 -11 ...
Extra-EU exports 18699 ... 28.5 -3 5 -10 ...
United States of America 7999 7680 12.2 -3 -12 -11 -4
United Kingdom 7401 7853 11.3 3 10 -22 6
Kuwait, the State of 4373 4320 6.7 2 43 34 -1
India 2851 2736 4.3 7 11 19 -4
China 2397 ... 3.7 8 18 14 ...
Hong Kong, China 2011 ... 3.1 9 5 6 ...
United Arab Emirates 1879 ... 2.9 ... 5 3 ...
Singapore 1827 1629 2.8 ... 13 16 -11
Japan 1430 961 2.2 8 -35 13 -33
Above 10 65669 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 32808 ... 59.1 0 3 -10 ...
Extra-EU imports 16962 ... 30.5 -1 2 -8 ...
United Kingdom 5960 6167 10.7 1 3 -8 3
United States of America 5007 4659 9.0 -5 -1 -12 -7
United Arab Emirates 2859 ... 5.1 ... 6 4 ...
China 1782 ... 3.2 5 -12 13 ...
Singapore 1667 1823 3.0 ... 1 11 9
Canada 1440 ... 2.6 -1 -1 -4 ...
Japan 1410 1269 2.5 4 -2 -23 -10
Australia 1345 1652 2.4 8 20 1 23
India 1282 1390 2.3 2 18 21 8
Above 10 55560 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in telecommunications services do no report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. Transactions on
telecommunications services are often reported on a net rather than a gross basis.
97
Table A47
Major
Table A47 exporters and importers of computer services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of computer services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 279894 ... 56.7 9 24 12 ...
Extra-EU exports 165930 ... 33.6 10 22 15 ...
India (1) 61785 65257 12.5 5 7 11 6
China 51387 ... 10.4 21 73 14 ...
Israel 17618 ... 3.6 18 22 16 ...
United Kingdom 14774 14529 3.0 3 15 -21 -2
Singapore 13247 13345 2.7 ... 24 -8 1
Canada 7670 ... 1.6 3 35 0 ...
Philippines 5546 5188 1.1 12 2 5 -6
Japan 5221 8438 1.1 ... 17 55 62
Above 10 493454 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 132327 ... 52.5 6 17 6 ...
Extra-EU imports 61814 ... 24.5 5 16 8 ...
China 25079 ... 10.0 27 28 13 ...
Japan 18320 18808 7.3 ... 25 25 3
Singapore 14219 14763 5.6 ... -5 14 4
India 7871 9089 3.1 15 17 41 15
United Kingdom 6437 5660 2.6 3 7 7 -12
Brazil 4426 5030 1.8 3 15 16 14
Canada 4156 ... 1.6 8 40 -3 ...
Norway 3981 4809 1.6 14 16 7 21
Above 10 252019 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Note : Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain major traders in computer services do not report this item separately, they may not appear in the list. See the Metadata.
(1) Secretariat estimate based on data reported on computer services by the Reserve Bank of India. It excludes estimates for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process
Outsourcing services (BPO), (source: RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Servcies Exports, various issues), which have been included under other business services.
Table A48
Table A48
World exports of other business services by region, 2019 and 2020
World exports of other business services by region, 2018 and 2019
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 1408 1338 100.0 100.0 5 4 -5
North America 214 213 15.2 15.9 6 4 -1
Europe 738 679 53.0 50.7 5 2 -8
European Union 559 512 37.3 38.3 5 3 -8
associate and former member States 16 14 1.7 1.0 0 5 -12
Africa 17 17 1.2 1.2 5 13 -5
Middle East 24 23 1.8 1.7 5 4 -2
Asia 364 363 23.8 27.1 6 8 0

98
Table A49
Major
Table A49exporters and importers of other business services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of other business services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 559261 512248 46.1 7 10 3 -8
Extra-EU exports 290184 262984 23.9 5 7 1 -9
United Kingdom 141709 128468 11.7 6 19 0 -9
India (1) 74004 78042 6.1 9 9 13 5
China 73247 75446 6.0 ... 14 5 3
Singapore 62778 59746 5.2 14 25 14 -5
Japan 46671 43938 3.8 4 3 10 -6
Canada 28222 29344 2.3 2 6 0 4
Switzerland 18295 20177 1.5 4 -1 -7 10
Above 10 1213123 1155074 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 700203 613453 56.7 8 9 15 -12
Extra-EU imports 405193 337235 32.8 9 5 24 -17
United Kingdom 94903 90399 7.7 7 19 10 -5
Japan 66688 63587 5.4 6 8 -3 -5
Singapore 62241 58927 5.0 12 5 3 -5
China 49775 50487 4.0 ... 10 5 1
India 46062 48595 3.7 7 9 19 5
Switzerland 42802 45013 3.5 7 -1 4 5
Korea, Republic of 34697 33793 2.8 4 -2 5 -3
Brazil 24499 21167 2.0 2 -8 -5 -14
Above 10 1234647 1143093 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Note: Based on information available to the Secretariat.
(1) Secretariat estimate. It includes an estimate for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing Services (BPO) which are classified under "software" by the Reserve
Bank of India (source: RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Services Exports, various issues).
99
Table A50
Table A50
Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, 2019
Trade in other business services by category in selected economies, 2019
Value Share
Professional and management Technical, trade-related, and

consulting services other business services
Advertising, Waste
Legal, market Architectural, treatment
accounting, research, and engineering, and
management public scientific, and de-pollution, Other
Total other Research and consulting, and opinion other agricultural Operating Trade- business
business development public relations polling technical and mining leasing related services
services services Total services services Total services services services services n.i.e.
Exporters
E28European Union 559261 15.0 34.7 25.1 9.6 50.3 10.9 2.1 6.7 8.9 21.8
GXT Extra-EU exports 290184 17.0 32.3 23.9 8.4 50.8 11.8 2.8 8.3 5.7 22.2
US United States of America 185573 26.6 55.0 43.4 11.5 18.4 6.7 1.4 3.7 1.1 5.5
IN United Kingdom 141709 9.4 40.2 32.3 9.6 50.4 11.0 0.5 0.3 1.3 37.8
JP India (1) 74004 6.7 73.3 ... ... 20.0 ... ... ... ... ...
SG Singapore 62778 1.1 69.9 33.4 35.5 29.0 8.7 ... 6.9 11.9 1.1
CA Japan 46671 16.8 19.2 ... ... 64.0 ... ... ... ... ...
BR Canada 28222 21.2 47.6 39.9 7.7 31.2 ... ... 1.4 6.4 7.1
KR Korea, Republic of 23364 4.4 10.7 ... ... 84.8 ... ... ... ... ...
CH Switzerland 18295 26.4 36.3 ... ... 37.3 ... ... ... ... ...
RU Israel 18008 51.7 18.9 5.1 13.9 29.3 0.9 ... 0.1 3.2 4.8
PH Philippines 17456 0.4 0.9 ... ... 98.7 ... ... ... ... ...
NOBrazil 15835 3.9 27.7 ... ... 68.4 ... ... ... ... ...
HK Hong Kong, China 13834 1.1 46.9 ... 4.6 52.0 4.0 ... 0.3 35.9 11.8
IL Russian Federation 12994 3.4 46.6 ... 27.8 50.0 23.7 5.4 6.5 ... 14.4
TH Thailand 11682 ... ... ... ... 100.0 ... ... ... ... ...
AU Norway 9673 4.7 19.8 ... ... 75.5 ... ... ... ... ...
AR Australia 8428 7.5 48.5 45.7 2.8 44.1 10.7 2.2 1.4 8.4 21.3
LB Malaysia 7061 6.6 43.6 ... ... 49.7 ... ... ... ... ...
UA Ghana 6450 1.0 21.1 ... ... 77.8 ... ... ... ... ...
ZA Argentina 3800 8.8 51.5 ... ... 39.8 ... ... ... ... ...
Importers
E28European Union 700203 29.3 30.8 19.2 11.6 40.0 6.5 1.1 4.1 10.8 17.5
GXT Extra-EU imports 405193 39.2 26.2 17.0 9.3 34.6 5.0 1.0 2.6 9.7 16.2
US United States of America 112776 29.6 48.7 43.4 5.3 21.7 6.9 0.7 1.6 2.2 10.2
JP United Kingdom 94903 10.5 27.7 20.5 8.0 61.8 4.5 0.6 0.6 1.1 55.5
SG Japan 66688 28.4 16.1 ... ... 55.5 ... ... ... ... ...
CH Singapore 62241 20.6 51.9 32.0 16.0 27.5 5.0 ... 6.7 15.4 0.4
BR India 46062 1.1 25.0 ... ... 73.9 ... ... ... ... ...
KR Switzerland 42802 41.9 36.8 ... ... 21.3 ... ... ... ... ...
IN Korea, Republic of 34697 14.9 17.6 ... ... 67.6 ... ... ... ... ...
RU Brazil 24499 0.3 12.9 ... ... 86.8 ... ... ... ... ...
CA Canada 23890 6.3 56.7 50.9 5.8 37.0 ... ... 2.6 4.6 7.3
NORussian Federation 21357 0.7 29.7 ... 14.5 69.6 27.7 10.9 22.5 ... 8.5
HK Nigeria 15965 0.0 12.6 ... ... 87.4 ... ... ... ... ...
TH Thailand 15044 ... ... ... ... 100.0 ... ... ... ... ...
AO Norway 13206 3.1 19.0 ... ... 77.9 ... ... ... ... ...
AU Hong Kong, China 11894 1.6 34.6 ... 4.2 63.8 2.8 ... 15.8 35.9 9.3
IL Australia 9605 2.3 57.9 53.3 4.6 39.8 11.5 1.0 2.0 1.3 23.9
KZ Malaysia 7918 6.0 35.9 ... ... 58.1 ... ... ... ... ...
NGIsrael 7875 11.9 30.9 7.4 23.4 57.2 6.0 ... 0.5 6.3 10.9
DZ Ghana 7086 1.1 9.9 ... ... 89.1 ... ... ... ... ...
PH Philippines 5475 0.2 5.6 ... ... 94.1 ... ... ... ... ...
Note: Based on information available to the Secretariat. As certain economies do not report the breakdown of business services separately, they may not appear in the list.
(1) Secretariat estimate. It includes an estimate for Information Technology Enabled Services (ITES) and Business Process Outsourcing Services (BPO) which are classified under "software" by the Reserve Bank of India (source:
RBI, Survey on Computer Software & Information Technology Services Exports, various issues).

100
Table A51
World
Table A51 exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2019 and 2020
World exports of personal, cultural and recreational services by region, 2019 and 2020
2019 2020 2010 2020 2010-20 2019 2020
Exports
World 90 77 100.0 100.0 4 6 -14
North America 27 25 38.1 32.2 2 -1 -7
South and Central America and the Caribbean 7 1 11.8 1.5 -16 -11 -84
Europe 43 38 39.3 49.0 6 15 -12
European Union 33 31 32.9 40.3 6 9 -7
associate and former member States 1 1 1.3 0.7 -2 -2 -27
Africa 1 1 0.8 1.0 5 -5 -25
Middle East 2 1 1.0 1.8 10 3 -25
Asia 10 11 7.6 13.9 10 11 9
Table A52
Table A52
Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2019 and 2020
Major exporters and importers of personal, cultural and recreational services, 2019 and 2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
European Union 33475 31050 44.6 8 19 9 -7
Extra-EU exports 17384 15320 23.2 7 16 3 -12
United States of America 22193 20442 29.6 3 -11 -2 -8
United Kingdom 7643 5141 10.2 5 12 28 -33
Canada 4380 4409 5.8 7 10 7 1
India 2069 2197 2.8 9 28 10 6
China 1196 1297 1.6 29 60 -1 8
Singapore 991 954 1.3 13 51 34 -4
Japan 938 618 1.2 23 -38 44 -34
Australia 891 2640 1.2 3 8 5 196
Above 10 75063 69897 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 32365 26094 41.1 6 18 5 -19
Extra-EU imports 16549 11812 21.0 4 15 1 -29
United Kingdom 6274 6331 8.0 8 8 13 1
Switzerland 5112 5055 6.5 6 36 -1 -1
China 4073 3008 5.2 31 23 20 -26
India 2961 2751 3.8 -4 18 17 -7
Canada 2787 2858 3.5 3 10 7 3
Qatar 1771 1600 2.2 ... -7 9 -10
Norway 1380 1416 1.8 11 2 -11 3
Above 10 78768 73555 100.0 ... ... ... ...
101
Table A53
Table A53
Major
Majorexporters
exportersand
andimporters
importersofofaudio-visual
audio-visual and relatedservices,
and related services,2019
2018 and
and 2019
2020
Share in 10
2019 2020 2019 2010-19 2018 2019 2020
Exporters
United States of America 18531 14678 38.3 2 -11 -6 -21
European Union 18502 ... 38.2 6 14 19 ...
Extra-EU exports 10451 ... 21.6 6 5 14 ...
Canada 4241 4269 8.8 9 13 7 1
United Kingdom 3727 2796 7.7 5 0 46 -25
India 772 774 1.6 14 41 25 0
Singapore 656 637 1.4 ... 74 77 -3
Japan 545 376 1.1 22 -61 55 -31
Argentina 291 243 0.6 1 5 -19 -17
Israel 262 ... 0.5 21 4 16 ...
Above 10 48382 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...
Importers
European Union 18695 ... 41.8 4 13 8 ...
Extra-EU imports 9669 ... 21.6 2 4 1 ...
Canada 2609 2676 5.8 3 8 8 3
United Kingdom 1131 1447 2.5 6 -9 15 28
Australia 979 848 2.2 -1 -7 -18 -13
Russian Federation 845 768 1.9 0 13 5 -9
Argentina 626 593 1.4 12 -5 -11 -5
Norway 566 710 1.3 3 10 -15 26
Japan 533 260 1.2 -4 -48 11 -51
Above 10 44685 ... 100.0 ... ... ... ...

102
Table A54
Table A54
Leading
Leading exporters
exportersand
andimporters
importersofofintermediate goods, 2019
intermediate goods, 2019
2019 2005 2010 2019 2010-19 2017 2018 2019
Exporters
European Union 2608 38.2 33.4 31.4 2 12 10 -4
Extra-EU Exports 1037 14.6 13.1 12.5 2 10 9 -2
China (1) 1116 6.7 9.6 13.4 7 10 13 1
United States of America 748 11.0 10.2 9.0 1 5 6 -3
Japan 354 7.1 6.4 4.3 -2 7 4 -6
Korea, Republic of 346 3.4 3.8 4.2 4 19 12 -11
Chinese Taipei 247 2.7 2.9 3.0 3 16 6 -3
Singapore 224 1.7 3.1 2.7 1 7 8 -4
United Kingdom 210 3.7 2.5 2.5 3 10 12 -6
Canada 189 3.6 2.7 2.3 1 7 7 -5
Switzerland 170 1.4 1.4 2.0 7 -6 0 1
Mexico (1) 164 1.9 1.6 2.0 5 5 8 2
India 152 1.2 1.7 1.8 4 15 9 -2
Brazil 146 1.6 2.0 1.8 1 18 7 -5
Malaysia 145 1.7 1.8 1.7 3 15 14 -2
Australia 133 1.1 1.7 1.6 2 11 1 16
Above 15 6952 86.9 84.8 83.7 - - - -
Importers
European Union 2440 34.0 30.3 27.8 2 13 11 -5
Extra-EU Imports 949 12.3 11.8 10.8 2 12 10 -3
China (1) 1259 9.5 13.0 14.4 4 14 10 -3
United States of America 948 12.8 9.6 10.8 4 8 10 -3
United Kingdom 313 4.3 3.3 3.6 4 -1 2 13
Japan 282 4.3 3.9 3.2 1 9 11 -4
Mexico (1) 259 2.9 2.7 3.0 4 8 10 -2
India 252 1.5 2.7 2.9 4 26 6 -4
Korea, Republic of 240 2.9 3.1 2.7 1 11 6 -1
Singapore 194 1.4 2.3 2.2 2 8 10 0
Canada (2) 193 3.2 2.5 2.2 1 7 5 -2
Viet Nam 177 0.5 0.8 2.0 14 21 11 7
Chinese Taipei 163 2.2 2.1 1.9 2 16 9 -1
Switzerland 147 1.1 1.1 1.7 8 -6 0 -3
Malaysia 126 1.7 1.6 1.4 2 15 10 -5
Turkey 122 1.3 1.4 1.4 3 27 -5 -5
Above 15 7116 83.6 80.3 81.2 - - - -

103
Table A55
Table A55
World merchandise exports and gross domestic product, 1950-2020
World merchandise exports and gross domestic product, 1950-2020
(Index, 2015=100)
(Index, 2015=100)
Value Volume
Exports Exports GDP
Agricultural Fuels and mining Agricultural Fuels and mining

Total (1) products products Manufactures Total (1) products products Manufactures
1950 0 2 0 0 3 11 9 1 10
1951 1 2 1 0 3 11 9 2 10
1952 1 2 1 0 3 11 11 2 11
1953 1 2 1 0 3 11 12 2 11
1954 1 2 1 0 4 11 12 2 12
1955 1 2 1 0 4 13 13 2 12
1956 1 2 1 0 4 13 14 2 13
1957 1 2 1 1 5 14 15 2 13
1958 1 2 1 1 4 14 15 2 13
1959 1 3 1 1 5 16 16 3 14
1960 1 3 1 1 6 17 19 3 15
1961 1 3 1 1 6 18 20 3 16
1962 1 3 1 1 6 18 21 3 17
1963 1 3 1 1 7 19 22 4 17
1964 1 3 1 1 8 20 24 4 19
1965 1 3 1 1 8 21 25 5 20
1966 1 3 2 1 9 22 26 5 21
1967 1 3 2 1 9 22 29 5 22
1968 2 4 2 1 10 23 32 6 23
1969 2 4 2 1 12 25 34 7 24
1970 2 4 2 2 13 25 38 8 26
1971 2 4 2 2 13 26 39 8 27
1972 3 5 3 2 15 28 42 9 28
1973 4 8 4 3 16 28 46 11 30
1974 5 9 9 4 17 27 45 12 31
1975 5 10 9 4 16 27 40 11 31
1976 6 11 10 5 18 29 42 12 33
1977 7 12 11 6 19 30 43 13 34
1978 8 13 12 7 19 32 46 14 36
1979 10 17 17 8 20 33 48 15 37
1980 13 19 24 10 21 36 45 15 38
1981 13 19 24 10 21 37 41 16 39
1982 12 17 21 9 20 37 39 16 39
1983 11 17 19 9 21 37 38 16 40
1984 12 18 19 10 23 38 40 18 42
1985 12 17 19 10 23 37 40 19 43
1986 13 19 14 13 24 37 43 20 44
1987 16 22 16 15 26 39 44 21 46
1988 18 25 16 17 28 40 46 23 48
1989 19 26 18 19 29 41 48 25 50
1990 21 26 21 21 30 41 50 26 51
1991 22 27 20 22 31 42 52 27 52
1992 23 29 19 24 33 45 54 29 53
1993 23 27 19 24 34 45 56 30 54
1994 26 32 20 28 38 49 59 33 56
1995 31 37 23 33 40 51 62 36 57
1996 33 38 26 34 42 53 64 38 59
1997 34 38 27 36 47 57 68 42 61
1998 33 36 21 37 49 57 70 44 63
1999 35 35 25 38 51 58 70 47 65
2000 39 35 36 42 57 60 72 53 68
2001 37 35 33 40 56 61 72 53 69
2002 39 37 33 42 59 64 74 55 71
2003 46 43 41 49 62 66 78 58 73
2004 56 50 55 59 68 68 83 64 76
2005 63 54 76 65 72 73 86 69 78
2006 73 60 98 74 79 77 90 77 82
2007 85 72 113 85 84 81 93 83 85
2008 98 86 150 93 86 83 95 85 86
2009 76 75 97 75 75 81 90 72 84
2010 93 87 129 89 86 87 96 85 88
2011 111 106 174 103 91 92 97 90 90
2012 112 106 175 103 93 94 99 93 92
2013 114 111 171 106 95 97 100 95 95
2014 115 112 159 110 98 98 100 99 97
2015 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
2016 97 101 86 98 102 102 102 100 102
2017 107 110 110 107 107 110 99 105 106
2018 118 115 137 116 109 114 106 109 109
2019 (2) 115 114 129 114 109 118 109 109 111
2020 (2) 106 115 98 108 104 115 106 102 107
(1) Includes unspecified products.
(2) Preliminary data
Note : Secretariat estimates. See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports and GDP.

World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
exports and gross
and gross domestic
domestic product,
product, 1950-2020
1950-2020
Value Volume
Exports Exports GDP
Agricultural Fuels and mining Agricultural Fuels and mining

Total (1) products products Manufactures Total (1) products products Manufactures
1950-63 7.4 3.7 8.1 10.1 7.8 4.5 7.3 8.8 4.7
1964 10.0 6.9 9.1 14.3 10.1 5.3 8.7 16.7 7.2
1965 9.1 3.2 8.3 12.5 6.6 5.1 3.4 7.1 4.1
1966 8.3 3.1 15.4 11.1 7.4 3.9 6.1 8.9 6.5
1967 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.0 5.7 2.3 10.3 6.1 3.7
1968 15.4 6.1 20.0 9.1 10.9 5.5 12.2 17.3 5.9
1969 13.3 5.7 5.6 16.7 12.7 5.6 5.9 16.4 6.7
1970 17.6 10.8 15.8 21.4 8.7 2.9 12.3 8.5 5.1
1971 10.0 7.3 9.1 11.8 7.2 2.0 1.0 9.1 4.4
1972 18.2 20.5 16.7 21.1 8.2 7.0 7.0 9.5 5.6
1973 38.5 45.3 46.4 30.4 11.7 1.1 10.1 15.2 6.9
1974 44.4 22.1 122.0 33.3 5.6 -4.7 -1.8 8.5 2.1
1975 3.8 1.1 -4.4 7.5 -7.0 0.8 -11.8 -4.3 1.4
1976 13.0 10.5 17.2 14.0 11.3 7.9 6.8 12.7 5.1
1977 14.8 13.3 9.8 14.3 4.5 3.5 2.6 4.8 4.2
1978 15.7 12.6 4.5 21.4 4.3 6.7 5.3 6.2 4.6
1979 25.9 24.6 46.2 22.1 5.2 4.7 5.9 5.1 4.0
1980 23.5 13.8 42.1 15.7 3.0 6.9 -6.2 5.5 1.7
1981 -0.8 -1.6 -3.3 -1.0 -0.5 5.1 -9.9 4.6 1.9
1982 -6.4 -7.5 -10.6 -3.2 -1.9 -2.1 -5.9 -2.5 0.4
1983 -2.6 -1.7 -8.1 0.0 2.5 0.3 -1.0 5.1 2.8
1984 6.1 5.3 -0.5 8.7 8.1 2.7 5.0 11.0 4.5
1985 -0.8 -5.6 -3.1 4.0 2.7 -1.1 -1.3 4.9 3.5
1986 10.0 11.2 -24.2 20.2 3.9 -1.6 9.1 4.2 3.3
1987 17.4 14.9 11.3 20.0 5.8 5.4 1.6 6.0 3.8
1988 13.5 13.4 0.6 16.0 8.2 2.8 5.7 9.5 4.6
1989 8.0 4.1 15.8 6.9 6.5 3.0 4.3 7.8 3.7
1990 11.8 3.8 14.5 15.1 3.1 -0.1 3.5 6.1 2.8
1991 1.3 0.8 -6.2 3.3 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.7 1.4
1992 7.2 7.1 -0.9 8.0 5.3 6.0 4.3 4.6 2.1
1993 -0.2 -4.1 -3.5 0.0 4.2 0.8 3.5 4.2 1.5
1994 13.5 15.8 5.1 15.6 9.1 8.7 6.7 11.1 3.1
1995 19.4 17.7 15.2 20.0 7.3 4.6 3.6 8.9 2.9
1996 4.5 2.5 14.2 3.5 5.0 3.9 3.9 5.3 3.3
1997 3.3 -1.3 2.7 4.6 10.0 5.9 7.1 11.0 3.7
1998 -1.4 -4.6 -20.6 2.3 4.6 1.5 2.5 4.8 2.7
1999 4.0 -3.7 15.6 3.3 4.7 1.0 -0.7 5.1 3.3
2000 12.8 1.0 46.4 10.3 10.8 4.0 3.5 13.6 4.3
2001 -4.1 0.3 -8.8 -3.8 -0.1 1.8 0.0 -0.6 1.9
2002 4.8 5.9 1.4 5.4 3.9 3.5 2.6 3.9 2.1
2003 16.6 16.9 23.2 15.7 5.4 3.9 5.6 5.9 2.9
2004 21.7 14.6 34.7 20.3 9.6 3.5 6.7 11.3 4.1
2005 14.0 8.8 38.3 10.3 6.5 6.3 3.6 7.9 3.7
2006 15.7 11.2 28.1 13.2 8.7 5.9 4.6 10.6 4.1
2007 15.9 20.1 15.3 15.4 6.7 5.0 3.3 7.8 3.9
2008 15.4 18.7 32.9 9.9 2.2 2.0 1.3 2.4 1.5
2009 -22.6 -12.3 -35.3 -20.0 -12.0 -2.0 -4.6 -15.4 -2.0
2010 22.2 15.1 33.7 19.2 14.2 7.1 5.9 17.9 4.1
2011 20.1 21.8 34.1 15.3 5.2 6.0 1.8 6.9 2.9
2012 0.5 0.3 1.0 -0.1 2.5 2.8 2.0 2.4 2.3
2013 2.2 4.6 -2.7 3.1 2.6 2.3 0.8 2.7 2.4
2014 0.5 1.2 -6.6 3.6 2.6 2.0 0.2 4.0 2.8
2015 -13.1 -10.8 -37.2 -8.7 2.3 1.6 -0.2 1.1 2.9
2016 -3.2 1.3 -14.4 -1.7 2.0 2.0 1.8 0.3 2.5
2017 10.8 9.0 28.2 8.8 4.5 7.5 -2.9 4.7 3.1
2018 9.9 4.6 24.8 8.3 2.5 4.3 7.8 3.5 2.9
2019 (2) -2.9 -1.1 -5.5 -1.9 0.0 3.0 2.7 0.2 2.2
2020 (2) -7.7 0.9 -23.9 -5.2 -5.1 -2.3 -3.1 -6.3 -4.0
(1) Includes unspecified products.

(2) Preliminary data.
Note : Secretariat estimates. See the Metadata for the estimation of world aggregates of merchandise exports and GDP.
Table A56
Table A56
Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020
Merchandise trade by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020
(Billion dollars)
(Billion dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World (1) 15304.0 18343.6 18514.5 18969.9 19011.1 16558.1 16045.2 17742.9 19550.4 19014.7 17582.9
North America and Europe
EFTA 330.9 400.6 478.5 518.9 460.9 398.4 395.7 405.5 438.1 422.0 408.3
European Union 4768.0 5587.2 5342.5 5535.3 5653.0 4929.1 4969.7 5466.7 5993.4 5824.9 5457.8
NAFTA 1964.3 2283.4 2372.1 2417.9 2493.7 2293.2 2215.0 2376.4 2565.4 2550.4 2240.0
South and Central America
Andean Community 99.4 134.0 142.6 138.2 132.4 97.2 92.7 109.3 121.4 118.3 100.7
CACM 42.9 52.8 55.7 54.4 53.6 50.0 50.2 52.4 53.1 54.1 52.1
CARICOM 17.8 23.2 22.2 27.4 22.6 17.7 14.5 16.3 18.8 15.5 12.6
MERCOSUR 349.1 448.6 435.9 425.3 387.0 301.3 285.4 324.9 352.0 323.0 285.2
Africa
CEMAC 33.2 46.6 41.7 43.6 39.2 26.8 22.7 24.9 31.3 25.2 17.4
COMESA 135.7 117.2 152.6 139.1 113.3 86.6 88.9 107.5 127.0 118.7 97.7
ECCAS 89.5 121.1 119.8 118.9 107.2 66.6 56.5 68.5 84.2 68.1 49.2
ECOWAS 114.8 155.1 155.7 133.5 147.0 86.6 70.9 89.4 109.1 112.5 84.2
SADC 181.0 223.0 218.3 215.6 205.9 157.4 146.8 171.7 189.7 172.3 151.8
WAEMU 20.7 24.0 23.8 24.6 26.4 23.3 23.0 25.4 28.3 29.1 29.4
Middle East and Asia
ASEAN 1049.8 1239.5 1253.7 1270.0 1296.8 1167.1 1145.1 1316.3 1448.0 1423.9 1384.3
GCC 661.2 950.0 1071.9 1079.5 990.0 684.6 625.0 706.2 898.3 845.2 611.9
SAFTA 277.6 365.3 358.1 381.6 391.5 335.0 332.2 370.4 402.0 401.7 344.3
Memorandum:
ACP 389.1 497.0 482.0 465.7 464.5 331.0 297.2 350.7 399.4 378.5 314.1
LDCs 152.3 189.2 189.8 196.5 192.9 149.5 148.7 175.0 198.0 192.5 172.6
WTO Members (164) 14908.8 17856.0 18010.2 18512.6 18586.8 16269.5 15783.0 17414.7 19149.1 18670.2 17343.3
Imports
World (1) 15438.1 18438.4 18657.3 18966.1 19060.8 16733.5 16211.2 17985.9 19836.3 19284.2 17812.1
EFTA 257.5 303.8 388.0 416.3 370.6 334.7 347.9 358.0 373.8 369.7 377.6
European Union 4732.2 5564.6 5178.3 5261.2 5348.8 4609.3 4621.9 5161.1 5751.6 5542.3 5135.4
NAFTA 2682.1 3090.7 3193.3 3195.8 3299.4 3150.7 3060.6 3284.3 3561.2 3498.6 3214.5
CACM 66.3 82.1 89.5 87.0 88.7 84.9 79.6 86.8 92.4 89.8 75.7
CARICOM 24.9 30.3 30.9 34.7 33.0 29.3 26.5 27.6 31.3 30.3 23.0
MERCOSUR 306.0 382.4 375.9 397.6 371.7 292.4 232.7 255.4 288.0 260.2 233.0
Africa
CEMAC 20.7 28.1 28.1 28.1 32.5 27.3 24.3 17.4 18.5 16.6 14.8
COMESA 159.5 169.3 200.8 206.4 203.7 187.1 164.8 181.4 202.9 202.6 178.0
ECCAS 43.9 56.7 61.1 64.0 71.5 57.7 45.1 39.9 44.1 41.2 35.4
ECOWAS 83.6 103.1 104.9 114.7 114.0 93.7 84.6 83.2 100.6 112.5 111.4
SADC 167.0 212.6 224.6 231.7 227.7 194.2 163.9 177.0 201.1 189.4 153.0
WAEMU 24.5 25.1 30.1 35.2 34.0 29.1 28.4 32.1 37.1 36.5 35.7
ASEAN 953.5 1154.3 1223.2 1242.0 1244.3 1097.8 1082.2 1258.9 1428.9 1392.8 1268.9
GCC 372.0 445.7 509.7 539.4 552.8 543.1 504.4 511.3 506.8 520.6 447.6
SAFTA 441.6 579.8 604.8 582.9 589.3 516.6 491.0 602.3 681.4 638.4 505.9
Memorandum:
ACP 371.7 461.0 482.5 506.8 507.3 438.9 387.8 401.9 452.6 452.0 394.4
LDCs 163.7 202.6 223.6 239.6 255.7 237.9 223.3 247.5 274.9 276.4 247.3
WTO Members (164) 15103.5 18069.1 18273.3 18579.5 18663.3 16386.2 15901.6 17649.6 19471.8 18931.4 17505.5

106
Table A57
Table A57
Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020
Trade in commercial services by selected groups of economies, 2010-2020
(Billion dollars)
(Billion dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Exports
World 3903.2 4393.4 4522.0 4810.4 5165.6 4927.9 5015.2 5457.9 6012.2 6150.2 4913.8
EFTA 142.3 156.3 165.4 170.0 179.3 166.0 169.4 171.5 183.5 178.3 151.2
European Union 1438.9 1628.2 1610.1 1739.4 1891.1 1745.1 1800.8 2002.8 2244.8 2288.7 1919.7
NAFTA 655.3 724.9 769.4 807.8 849.8 855.0 872.4 934.6 970.4 988.9 785.2
CACM 17.9 21.0 23.7 25.9 27.5 29.0 30.5 31.9 33.1 34.3 22.7
CARICOM 9.8 10.1 10.6 10.8 12.8 13.0 13.5 13.5 15.2 16.5 7.1
MERCOSUR 46.6 55.4 58.7 57.4 59.7 53.4 52.6 56.4 56.7 54.5 41.6
Africa
CEMAC 2.6 3.3 2.6 3.1 3.2 2.5 2.4 3.5 3.9 3.9 ...
COMESA 41.5 38.3 43.7 40.5 43.8 39.7 34.0 40.9 48.4 50.4 31.2
ECCAS 4.0 4.7 4.0 5.1 5.6 4.5 3.9 5.3 5.4 5.3 3.5
ECOWAS 8.1 8.8 9.9 9.3 8.5 13.1 14.1 15.9 17.7 20.3 15.9
SADC 25.6 28.2 30.0 29.2 30.7 27.9 26.5 29.4 30.1 29.0 14.9
WAEMU 3.4 3.6 3.6 3.9 4.0 3.5 3.7 4.0 4.7 4.9 3.8
ASEAN 213.5 252.1 274.2 301.7 314.4 316.2 334.3 368.1 428.3 452.2 311.6
GCC 38.7 43.9 54.0 59.1 99.6 105.8 115.3 125 132.9 155.4 109.3
SAFTA 127.8 151.4 158.2 162.7 172.9 172.1 178.6 204.0 225.8 235.0 216.5
Memorandum:
ACP 70.6 78.2 84.8 86.1 89.7 89.8 89.8 97.8 105.7 107.1 63.5
LDCs 20.7 25.5 28.1 31.9 34.8 33.1 32.0 34.2 39.3 43.0 27.9
WTO Members (164) 3834.4 4322.2 4450.5 4732.7 5086.0 4847.2 4935.7 5374.1 5921.7 6057.9 4856.4
Imports
World 3765.2 4219.5 4374.0 4620.4 5029.4 4794.2 4833.8 5228.7 5687.9 5851.3 4596.4
EFTA 128.0 147.6 155.5 164.2 173.7 157.9 162.8 172.1 178.4 178.3 152.9
European Union 1308.1 1447.1 1428.8 1543.8 1692.0 1619.9 1668.5 1829.4 2028.6 2138.5 1783.5
NAFTA 530.1 566.1 585.6 586.8 614.3 612.9 627.6 673.3 698.0 724.2 551.0
CACM 9.9 12.2 13.1 14.5 14.4 15.0 15.6 16.5 17.3 17.9 13.0
CARICOM 6.1 8.7 9.6 10.1 11.2 10.7 10.9 11.6 11.8 12.0 8.1
MERCOSUR 88.2 107.4 116.9 124.4 126.1 106.3 97.1 108.2 105.7 97.5 66.2
Africa
CEMAC 11.9 14.2 13.2 14.8 15.6 12.5 7.8 9.7 12.4 12.0 9.3
COMESA 39.6 41.1 45.5 48.4 51.8 47.5 44.0 45.9 51.8 55.6 46.4
ECCAS 31.1 40.0 37.0 39.3 43.4 32.1 23.0 25.3 26.1 23.3 18.0
ECOWAS 31.1 35.4 36.7 36.1 39.3 35.1 28.8 37.9 51.8 61.9 42.6
SADC 49.0 59.1 57.6 57.7 59.8 48.0 42.1 44.1 44.0 38.5 27.0
WAEMU 7.5 8.1 8.2 9.2 9.3 8.3 8.6 9.6 10.4 10.6 10.9
ASEAN 224.3 260.8 285.7 313.1 332.0 320.8 319.6 352.7 389.8 403.2 318.3
GCC 122.6 153.3 169.2 174.5 215.4 203.6 192.1 200.4 212.0 224.6 161.5
SAFTA 131.7 145.7 149.9 147.8 152.0 147.6 159.5 184.1 206.7 208.3 175.2
Memorandum:
ACP 117.0 139.9 141.1 143.8 150.8 130.9 113.2 128.0 147.7 153.1 112.1
LDCs 52.4 66.2 69.2 75.2 81.8 69.0 62.7 65.7 70.6 68.2 57.8
WTO Members (164) 3670.5 4120.2 4270.7 4506.9 4910.5 4685.0 4730.7 5116.8 5570.2 5729.6 4513.4
107
Table A58
Table A58
World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
World merchandise exports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
World (1) 15303993 18343601 18514486 18969946 19011072 16558147 16045249 17742931 19550439 19014680 17582919
North America 1964302 2283428 2372077 2417940 2493768 2293208 2214972 2376394 2565462 2550474 2239994
Bermuda 15 13 11 12 22 22 19 18 17 16 13
Canada 387481 451335 455592 458318 476300 410062 389991 420665 450743 446585 390668
Mexico 298305 349569 370770 380015 396912 380550 373948 409433 450713 460704 417670
United States of America 1278495 1482508 1545703 1579593 1620532 1502572 1451011 1546273 1663982 1643161 1431638
South and Central America and the Caribbean 593258 761381 751882 738354 686700 542149 516794 585212 635114 595234 535821
Anguilla ... ... ... ... 5 11 7 11 12 12 11
Antigua and Barbuda 46 56 63 69 99 66 I 61 21 26 38 20
Argentina 68187 84051 79982 75963 68405 56784 57910 58644 61781 65116 54884
Aruba, the Netherlands with respect to 265 5180 1389 279 259 330 284 135 194 131 150
Bahamas 702 834 984 955 834 521 481 571 642 669 469
Barbados 429 475 565 457 474 483 517 485 448 444 345
Belize 478 604 627 609 589 538 443 457 451 462 324
Bolivia, Plurinational State of 6402 8358 11254 11657 12300 8726 7082 7846 8965 8757 7015
Brazil 201915 256040 242578 242034 225101 191134 185232 217739 239264 225383 209878
Cayman Islands 24 37 39 51 48 65 58 39 41 54 55
Chile 71109 81438 77791 76770 75065 62035 60718 68823 75200 69889 71728
Colombia 39713 56915 60125 58824 54857 35691 31757 36897 41774 39489 31008
Costa Rica 9448 10408 11433 11480 11250 9422 10361 10769 11344 11712 12174
Cuba 4914 6440 5900 5283 4857 3350 2317 2402 2373 2062 2183
Curaçao ... 928 948 705 702 466 419 425 586 398 230
Dominica 37 29 34 35 36 30 18 12 10 18 21
Dominican Republic 6754 8492 9069 9651 9899 9442 9840 10135 10908 11219 10355
Ecuador 17490 22322 23765 24848 25724 18331 16798 19122 21628 22329 20227
El Salvador 4499 5308 5339 5491 5302 5509 5420 5760 5905 5943 5030
Grenada 25 31 35 37 37 33 30 30 31 32 19
Guatemala 8463 10401 9979 10025 10803 10677 10447 10990 10769 11175 11567
Guyana 880 1129 1416 1375 1167 1151 1441 1437 1377 1567 2465
Haiti 579 767 815 885 950 882 986 980 1078 1200 721
Honduras 6264 7977 8359 7833 8117 8226 7960 8656 8586 8718 7733
Jamaica 1328 1623 1712 1569 1452 1263 1202 1310 1961 1586 1126
Montserrat 1 2 2 6 3 3 4 6 5 6 6
Netherlands Antilles 807 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Nicaragua 3251 4133 4686 4794 5126 4839 4782 5170 5014 5273 5191
Panama 10987 14555 15945 14732 12960 11348 11195 11093 11480 11318 10356
Paraguay 6505 7763 7283 9456 9636 8357 8494 8680 9045 7652 8529
Peru 35803 46376 47411 42861 39533 34415 37082 45422 49068 47690 42411
Saint Kitts and Nevis 32 45 46 56 57 55 51 50 54 58 55
Saint Lucia 215 160 182 174 161 180 120 127 62 82 69
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 42 38 43 49 48 46 47 42 44 38 51
Saint Martin ... 127 131 164 132 129 132 123 148 181 214
Suriname 2026 2467 2695 2416 2113 1652 1439 1992 2070 2127 2311
Trinidad and Tobago 10982 14944 12983 18745 14530 10748 7633 8741 10530 7192 4613
Uruguay 6724 7912 8709 9067 9132 7688 7043 7888 7498 7680 6853
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 65745 92811 97340 88753 74714 37309 26696 31960 34440 17210 5020
Europe 5707128 6726230 I 6538551 6856966 6875790 6009471 5991440 6555200 7181446 6986663 6525745
Albania 1544 1947 1967 2339 2429 1917 1959 2292 2870 2716 2506
Austria 152560 177428 166611 175156 178223 152728 152090 168026 184815 178670 168940
Belgium 407692 475672 445939 468760 472192 396841 398134 429645 468650 446944 419340
Bosnia and Herzegovina 4803 5850 5162 5687 5892 5098 5328 6402 7182 6578 6152
Bulgaria 20630 28208 26686 29579 29245 25371 26572 31438 33617 33340 31826
Croatia 11806 13338 12371 12659 13835 12925 13813 16069 17402 17180 17069

108
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
exports by region
by region and selected
and selected economy,
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cyprus 1402 1818 1740 2019 3163 3295 2965 3288 5052 3453 3056
Czech Republic 132982 162939 157041 162274 175021 157878 162692 182142 202238 199128 191685
Denmark 96440 111864 105469 110949 111493 95457 95326 102506 109711 110779 108074
Estonia 11591 16709 16087 16320 16042 12836 13171 14559 17017 16111 16375
Faeroe Islands 839 1008 952 1087 1110 1023 1202 1329 1271 1430 1283
Finland 69518 79142 73077 74437 74333 59817 57908 68073 75869 73468 66060
France 523767 596473 568708 580963 581393 506264 501179 535298 582222 570951 488345
Germany 1258924 1473985 1401113 1445067 1494214 1326206 1334355 1448191 1560539 1489412 1380000
Greece 28017 33779 35324 36140 35960 28554 28151 32627 39502 37907 35094
Hungary 95483 112312 103570 107503 110622 98524 101919 113806 124705 123796 120365
Iceland 4604 5347 5064 4998 5053 4732 4436 4878 5556 5223 4586
Ireland 116497 125740 116773 116637 121057 123361 130864 137359 164794 169583 178732
Italy 447301 523258 501306 518268 529797 456990 461737 507418 549526 537718 496108
Latvia 9532 13130 14112 14467 14715 12286 12294 14126 16166 15705 16178
Lithuania 20748 28050 29611 32598 32319 25392 25010 29901 33337 33151 32767
Luxembourg 19748 20866 18833 18441 19099 17139 15796 15761 16412 16464 13799
Malta 3586 4386 4250 3637 2929 2607 3186 2858 3192 3007 2679
Montenegro 437 628 469 498 441 352 361 421 472 465 419
Netherlands 574251 667101 655374 671556 672410 570442 570606 652065 726697 708596 674475
North Macedonia 3351 4478 4015 4299 4969 4536 4790 5668 6911 7189 6635
Norway 130657 160410 160953 156022 144677 103915 88410 101054 121791 102799 84459
Poland 159724 188696 185374 204984 220052 199124 203817 234364 263569 266595 271070
Portugal 49406 59617 58090 62823 63832 55047 55372 62130 68361 67063 61509
Romania 49579 63035 57841 65835 69725 60595 63534 70761 79660 76867 70720
Serbia 9795 11779 11229 14614 14845 13376 14874 16992 19227 19630 19498
Slovak Republic 65957 79736 80721 85701 86227 75146 77060 83414 93425 89509 86192
Slovenia 29200 34682 32163 34019 35956 31929 32917 38443 44200 44943 44777
Spain 254418 306551 295250 317833 324533 282274 289981 319531 346754 334018 306995
Sweden 158549 186963 172345 167550 164645 140023 139290 152920 165968 160576 155537
Switzerland 195609 234819 I 312464 357852 311204 289720 302900 299603 310749 313934 319232
Turkey 113883 134907 152462 I 161481 166505 150982 149247 164495 177169 180833 169482
Ukraine 51478 68460 68530 64338 53901 38127 36360 43265 47348 50066 49220
United Kingdom 420182 510380 478780 546755 510789 465850 410856 440997 486439 469684 403319
European Union 4767971 5587162 5342467 5535309 5653032 4929053 4969739 5466719 5993402 5824935 5457769
Extra-EU Exports 1901000 2260831 2275655 2363804 2385603 2080189 2065528 2253396 2432357 2385999 2208879
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS),
including certain associate and former
member States 537736 717490 731281 714281 679247 458059 379403 473883 590996 565852 453553
Armenia 1011 1334 1380 1480 1519 1485 1792 2245 2412 2640 2544
Azerbaijan 26476 34495 32634 31703 28260 16592 13108 15481 20317 19636 13741
Belarus 25284 41419 46060 37203 36127 26660 23537 29241 33907 32960 29043
Georgia 1677 2189 2376 2910 2861 2204 2117 2746 3380 3798 3342
Kazakhstan 59971 84336 86449 84700 79460 45956 36685 48304 60956 57309 46447
Kyrgyz Republic 1756 1979 1894 2058 1897 1441 1573 1764 1837 1986 1965
Moldova, Republic of 1541 2217 2162 2428 2340 1967 2045 2425 2706 2779 2485
Russian Federation 400630 522011 529256 521836 496807 341419 281710 352943 443914 419850 331748
Tajikistan 1195 1257 1360 1162 977 891 899 1198 1073 1174 1838
Turkmenistan 6500 13000 16500 16800 17500 10000 6964 7458 9573 9695 7120
Uzbekistan 11695 13254 11210 12000 11500 9443 8974 10079 10921 14024 13281
Africa 519184 612722 637066 594527 564703 394339 361864 429386 498251 471009 375341
Algeria 57053 73489 71866 64974 60061 34668 30026 35191 41797 35824 21517
Angola 50595 67310 71093 68247 59170 33181 27589 34613 40758 34726 20978
Benin 1282 1410 1443 1982 2560 1682 1774 2216 3344 3053 2606
Botswana 4693 5882 5971 7911 8510 6316 7366 5870 6577 5241 4221
Burkina Faso 1591 2399 2182 2356 2453 2176 2509 2875 3254 3239 4491
Burundi 101 123 134 94 132 121 125 172 180 180 205
109
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
exports by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cabo Verde 44 69 56 69 80 67 60 50 76 62 50
Cameroon 3878 4517 4274 4515 5145 4058 3305 3233 3801 4411 3656
Central African Republic 140 190 203 116 99 86 115 140 164 147 120
Chad 3600 4800 4800 3800 4194 2426 2090 2621 3160 3205 2155
Comoros 21 26 20 21 26 17 31 39 41 39 26
Congo 6918 13824 7438 10453 8673 8623 7901 8252 11155 5576 3340
Côte d'Ivoire 11410 12635 12124 12049 12951 11730 10876 11853 11912 12474 12242
Democratic Republic of the Congo 5300 6600 6300 6200 7915 5800 5400 7700 10800 6900 9200
Djibouti 85 93 118 120 129 134 I 1732 3162 3522 3996 2837
Egypt 26438 30528 29409 29018 26853 21349 25468 25604 27624 28993 26118
Equatorial Guinea 10000 13500 15500 14700 12800 6500 4900 5200 6500 5200 3200
Eritrea 13 430 480 316 630 499 436 583 669 768 556
Eswatini 1800 1910 1926 1895 2004 1812 1633 1801 1842 2002 1638
Ethiopia 2330 2875 3370 2973 3275 2914 2789 3022 2704 2788 3476
Gabon 8686 9766 9493 10039 8290 5113 4345 5468 6504 6620 4903
The Gambia 68 102 126 134 125 115 105 124 140 133 100
Ghana 7960 12785 13552 13752 13217 10321 11138 13835 14943 15668 14481
Guinea 1471 1433 1928 1886 2066 1781 2414 4594 3978 3945 4900
Guinea-Bissau 127 242 131 153 166 252 277 339 339 249 171
Kenya 5169 5756 6127 5856 6115 5906 5695 5747 6052 5839 6034
Lesotho 878 1172 972 847 826 929 881 1028 1221 1063 934
Liberia 222 367 460 559 444 283 279 358 517 528 411
Libya 48935 19060 61026 46018 20826 11392 9446 18865 29830 25732 7769
Madagascar 1149 1590 1516 1923 2196 2048 2254 2848 3110 2696 1987
Malawi 1066 1425 1183 1208 1370 1080 1022 884 880 913 788
Mali 1996 2374 2610 2339 2776 2717 2826 2896 3584 3693 4212
Mauritania 2074 2749 2641 2652 1935 1389 1401 1722 1899 2325 2396
Mauritius 2261 2565 2649 2869 3094 2662 2359 2342 2366 2223 1791
Morocco 17771 21654 21446 21972 23920 22334 22661 25272 28609 29132 27159
Mozambique 3000 3604 3856 4024 4421 3413 3328 4725 5012 4669 3585
Namibia 4026 4407 4389 4629 4612 4067 4084 4800 5400 5000 3500
Niger 1150 1250 1450 1588 1445 1087 1032 1206 1202 1126 925
Nigeria 84000 116000 114700 90555 103100 50216 33302 44468 60547 62531 34545
Rwanda 297 464 591 703 723 682 731 1042 1121 1166 1400
Sao Tomé and Principe 11 11 12 13 17 11 14 15 16 13 16
Senegal 2161 2542 2532 2661 2750 2612 2640 2989 3623 4179 4091
Seychelles 400 483 497 578 540 415 460 547 569 518 446
Sierra Leone 341 350 1122 1917 1552 512 624 567 554 619 367
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa I 91347 108815 99606 96153 93043 81002 76214 88947 93970 90016 85834
Sudan 11404 10193 4066 4790 4350 3169 3094 4100 3478 3735 3775
Tanzania 4051 4735 5075 4559 4628 4834 4500 4113 4041 5005 4964
Togo 976 1179 1314 1522 1324 1011 1036 1016 1080 1050 638
Tunisia 16427 17847 17007 17061 16756 14073 13572 14204 15534 14933 13813
Uganda 1619 2159 2357 2408 2262 2267 2482 2901 3087 3472 3636
Zambia 7200 9001 9365 10607 9694 6607 6372 8007 9035 7047 7805
Zimbabwe 3199 3512 3882 3907 3866 3248 3335 3481 4057 4269 4057
Middle East 906356 1267273 1363634 1354299 1266681 893840 821197 941221 1174578 1071404 772457
Bahrain, Kingdom of 14971 19650 19768 21930 20130 16540 12785 15376 18044 18120 14006
Iran 101316 132000 108341 90765 95160 70275 72903 92764 103422 65718 54243
Iraq 52483 83226 94392 93066 88112 57577 46830 63604 92831 82309 39345
Israel 58415 67648 63191 66607 68507 64063 60571 61150 61952 58507 49627
Jordan 7028 8006 7887 7920 8385 7833 7549 7511 7750 8317 7832
Kuwait, the State of 69978 102103 118912 115104 102111 54122 46273 55015 71938 64483 35959
Lebanese Republic 5021 5664 5615 5170 4548 3982 3930 4026 3830 4829 4022

110
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
exports by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Oman 36601 47092 52138 55497 50718 31927 30014 32904 41761 38724 30915
Qatar 74964 114448 132962 136855 131592 77971 57309 67498 84288 72935 51116
Saudi Arabia, Kingdom of 251143 364699 388401 375872 342433 203550 183579 221835 294373 261603 173490
Syrian Arab Republic 12796 11000 4000 3000 2300 1600 1700 2400 2600 2600 2300
United Arab Emirates 213539 302037 359728 374214 343036 300477 295031 313547 387910 389373 306407
Yemen 8100 9700 8300 8300 7792 1911 651 1235 1358 1434 927
Asia (1) 5076029 5975077 6119996 6293579 6444184 5967082 5759579 6381636 6904593 6774044 6680007
Afghanistan 388 376 429 515 570 571 596 723 875 864 783
Australia 212634 271733 256675 252981 239975 187684 192505 231131 257098 271005 250352
Bangladesh 19194 24439 25127 29114 30405 32379 34894 35851 39252 39337 33605
Bhutan 641 675 535 544 583 549 525 573 606 594 433
Brunei Darussalam 8907 12465 13001 11447 10509 6353 4875 5571 6574 7039 6479
Cambodia 5143 6704 7838 6666 6846 8542 10069 11278 12700 14825 17069
China 1577754 1898381 2048714 2209005 2342293 2273468 2097632 2263346 2486695 2499457 2591121
Fiji 841 1069 1221 1108 1373 895 926 956 1041 1033 822
French Polynesia 153 168 139 151 170 130 173 153 148 133 71
Hong Kong, China 400692 455573 492907 535546 524130 510486 516635 549865 568456 534887 548773
Domestic exports 14798 16846 22371 20185 15597 13073 25526 18407 12445 15341 35446
Re-exports 385894 438727 470537 515361 508533 497413 491108 531458 556011 519547 513327
India 226351 302905 296828 314848 322694 267951 264542 299241 324778 324340 276227
Indonesia 157779 203497 190032 182552 176293 150366 144490 168811 180215 167683 163306
Japan 769774 823184 798568 715097 690203 624921 645052 698329 738143 705564 641376
Kiribati 4 9 6 7 10 10 11 15 8 12 12
Korea, Republic of 466384 555214 547870 559632 573091 526757 495426 573694 604860 542233 512498
Lao People's Democratic Republic 1746 2190 2271 2264 2662 3653 4245 4873 5408 5806 6050
Macao, China 870 869 1021 1138 1241 1339 1257 1406 1510 1586 1353
Malaysia 198612 228086 227538 228331 233927 199952 189743 218130 247455 238195 234129
Maldives 198 346 314 331 301 240 256 318 339 361 286
Micronesia, Federated States of 30 73 52 35 32 40 49 46 47 49 46
Mongolia 2899 4818 4385 4269 5775 4669 4916 6201 7012 7620 7576
Myanmar 8661 9238 8877 11233 11453 11429 11831 13879 16704 18118 16795
Nepal 856 919 911 879 889 721 696 742 786 968 818
New Caledonia 1493 1663 1326 1223 1595 1219 1330 1561 1929 1700 1665
New Zealand 31396 37669 37305 39445 41622 34355 33756 38075 39673 39517 38900
Northern Mariana Islands 5 2 4 4 2 2 6 5 5 5 3
Pakistan 21410 25383 24567 25121 24731 22089 20375 21569 23425 23334 21976
Palau 6 6 9 7 11 6 7 6 9 7 4
Papua New Guinea 5742 6908 6328 5951 8794 8453 8194 9952 10524 11399 8496
Philippines 51496 48305 52099 56698 62100 58827 57406 68713 69307 70927 63767
Samoa 70 66 76 62 51 59 56 44 46 49 37
Singapore 351867 409503 408393 410250 415378 351587 330481 373446 412955 390763 362534
Domestic exports 182726 223913 228161 207045 212918 172919 158861 187917 208892 184666 158168
Re-exports 169141 185590 187437 203205 202272 184811 171620 185529 204062 206098 204366
Solomon Islands 224 418 500 487 459 400 437 500 569 461 366
Sri Lanka 8602 10236 9380 10208 11298 10547 10310 11360 11890 11940 10137
Chinese Taipei 274601 308257 306409 311428 320092 285344 280321 317249 335909 330622 347193
Thailand 193306 222576 229106 228505 227462 214310 215388 236635 252957 246269 231468
Timor-Leste 16 13 31 18 15 18 20 23 45 154 43
Tonga 8 14 16 17 19 18 21 19 13 20 14
Tuvalu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Vanuatu 49 67 55 39 63 39 50 47 63 58 69
Viet Nam 72237 96906 114529 132033 150217 162065 176581 215014 243699 264268 282655
Memorandum item:
World
excluding intra-EU exports (1) 12437021.5 15017269 15447675 15798441 15743643 13709283 13141038 14529609 15989394 15575744 14334028
Europe
excluding intra-EU exports 2840156.65 3399899 3471740 3685461 3608360 3160607 3087229 3341877 3620401 3547727 3276854.4
Note : Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise
trade statistics.
It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports.
(1) Includes significant re-exports.
111
Table A59
Table A59 merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020

World
World merchandise imports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
World (1) 15438092 18438364 18657296 18966119 19060809 16733507 16211194 17985896 19836342 19284167 17812107
North America 2683150 3091742 3194299 3196938 3300527 3151735 3061682 3285500 3562430 3499822 3215420
Bermuda 972 900 900 1012 962 934 977 1095 1100 1152 806
Canada 402690 463640 476296 475777 475319 430124 412940 443651 470466 463786 413706
Mexico 310205 361068 380477 390965 411581 405282 397522 432179 476546 467342 393248
Anguilla ... ... ... ... 175 204 193 222 234 228 211
Antigua and Barbuda 501 430 492 503 532 449 I 478 554 686 701 484
Argentina 56793 74319 67974 74442 65735 60205 55852 66937 65482 49124 42354
Aruba, the Netherlands with respect to (2) 1394 5917 2046 1377 1350 1250 1138 1124 1231 1201 900
Bahamas 2591 2966 3386 3166 3344 2954 2632 3109 3317 3073 2458
Barbados 1569 1805 1780 1759 1739 1618 1622 1600 1578 1581 1518
Belize 706 831 861 928 962 991 953 916 958 986 787
Brazil 191537 236964 233398 250556 239156 179091 143411 157543 188564 184370 166276
Cayman Islands 872 962 960 980 1023 986 1023 1098 1251 1420 1215
Chile 59207 74695 80073 79353 72852 62388 59376 65230 74747 69802 59032
Colombia 40486 54233 59048 59397 64029 54058 44889 46076 51233 52703 43489
Costa Rica 13570 16220 17591 18127 17509 16273 15456 16796 18289 17573 14942
Cuba 11496 14243 13869 14707 13037 11702 10270 10172 11484 9901 8040
Curaçao ... 2130 2254 1906 1819 1532 1432 1469 1757 1461 1222
Dominica 224 226 208 203 230 214 214 198 302 294 227
Dominican Republic (2) 15489 17409 17739 16873 17273 16907 17399 17734 20209 20288 17087
Ecuador 20591 24438 25477 27146 27726 21518 16324 20010 23177 22564 17959
El Salvador 8416 9965 10258 10772 10514 10293 9826 10572 11830 12018 10594
Grenada 318 336 341 368 340 372 351 420 467 470 370
Guatemala 13838 16613 16994 17518 18282 17640 17000 18388 19699 19882 18204
Guyana 1397 1771 1997 1875 1791 1492 1448 1644 2410 3019 2028
Haiti 3146 3020 3170 3580 3734 3683 3423 3890 4822 4513 2971
Honduras (2) 8907 11126 11371 10953 11051 11175 10559 11409 12250 11826 9871
Jamaica 5225 6439 6331 6216 5840 4993 4767 5818 6171 6339 4466
Montserrat 29 33 37 42 41 39 36 30 34 33 32
Nicaragua (2) 4792 6355 6778 6688 6946 7060 I 5827 7708 7351 6986 6712
Panama 16737 21802 26524 22988 24401 22504 20935 21934 23006 21492 15358
Paraguay 10033 12366 11555 12142 12169 10291 9753 11875 13334 12544 10217
Peru 30030 37747 42545 43670 42346 37924 36254 39885 43262 42284 36096
Saint Lucia 662 697 644 620 627 570 655 655 659 598 600
Saint Martin ... 734 768 925 1013 857 856 761 919 922 648
Suriname 1398 1638 1994 2174 1982 2028 1252 1280 1486 1702 1441
Uruguay 8622 10726 11652 11642 11485 9489 8137 8458 8893 8246 7564
Europe 5871148 6914827 I 6624439 6722646 6769935 5868444 5893900 6500775 7146039 6939577 6478191
Albania 4406 5383 4879 4920 5222 4302 4613 5271 5925 5897 5570
Austria 159009 191417 178513 183277 182076 156046 157697 175755 193722 184758 171964
Belgium 391177 466943 439128 451677 453700 375530 379409 409220 454947 427708 394637
Bulgaria 25513 32582 32710 34303 34651 29205 28933 34184 37856 37663 34829
Croatia 20067 22663 20832 22022 22809 20571 21903 24829 28203 28160 26649

112

World
World merchandise
merchandise imports
imports by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cyprus 8569 8678 7296 6314 7996 7023 7830 9231 10815 9127 8636
Czech Republic 126652 152125 141412 144259 154237 141364 143040 163352 184659 179039 170142
Denmark 83052 95663 91925 97348 99572 85623 85513 92957 102605 97824 96782
Estonia 12287 17459 18085 18464 18296 14521 14959 16674 19140 18022 17335
Faeroe Islands 780 987 1153 1115 1051 910 980 1100 1227 1222 1240
Finland 68803 84264 76468 77570 76765 60430 60841 70586 78624 73716 67731
France 611070 720028 674415 681467 676617 570758 567657 619334 676441 654658 582351
Germany 1054814 1254869 1154852 1181233 1207193 1051132 1055326 1162907 1284353 1233978 1170787
Greece 65907 66705 61686 60859 61983 46786 46809 53495 63877 62510 55513
Hungary 88178 102440 95176 100111 104897 91973 93880 107519 120741 120590 115480
Iceland 3920 4841 4772 5020 5375 5299 5670 6965 7679 6567 5698
Ireland 60276 66606 62769 72134 82016 76977 81185 93198 107669 100757 97969
Italy 487049 558787 488600 479447 474394 410919 406788 453122 503240 475006 422879
Latvia 11691 16290 17227 17865 17964 14719 14434 17033 19681 18959 18292
Lithuania 23403 31773 31965 34806 34359 28154 27376 32258 36502 35759 33140
Luxembourg 25092 28860 27543 26692 26656 23289 21872 22876 24175 24246 20814
Malta 5062 6293 6598 6142 6798 6036 6444 5997 6769 7072 5212
Montenegro 2182 2544 2336 2354 2369 2040 2286 2613 3010 2909 2402
Netherlands 516409 594366 586927 589697 589570 512105 500797 574646 645502 635678 596746
North Macedonia 5474 7027 6522 6620 7301 6427 6758 7723 9050 9471 8710
Norway 77330 90784 87308 89808 89460 76424 72110 81249 86600 85319 80447
Poland 178049 210597 199060 207607 223556 196473 199506 233812 268959 265282 257168
Portugal 77749 82896 72429 75719 78389 66914 67954 78763 89060 89538 77515
Romania 62109 76480 70207 73481 77748 69824 74560 85486 97747 96544 92122
Serbia 16735 19862 18925 20543 20601 17876 19245 21947 25882 26730 26233
Slovak Republic 66615 80187 77443 81915 81549 72837 74680 81617 92902 90001 84468
Slovenia 30094 35531 32035 33373 33934 29815 30537 36078 42267 44007 42121
Spain 327016 376606 337338 340598 358860 311851 310921 351981 390562 372750 324993
Sweden 148946 177026 164436 160609 162211 138398 141021 154215 170605 158971 149163
Switzerland 176281 208220 I 295961 321509 275741 253027 270128 269834 279528 277830 291442
Turkey 185544 240842 236545 I 260823 251142 213619 202189 238715 231152 210345 219397
Ukraine 60911 82594 84639 76787 54430 37517 39252 49609 57046 60607 53929
United Kingdom 592271 680939 702840 662160 694126 630003 636731 641002 672267 695798 634710
European Union 4732170 5564556 5178265 5261244 5348793 4609273 4621875 5161124 5751623 5542321 5135439
Extra-EU Imports 1948784 2319427 2188553 2165741 2160164 1828018 1772801 2000932 2256936 2172103 1957723
member States 354535 458603 487224 494768 451249 303587 290576 351622 379486 399493 368320
Armenia 3783 4145 4261 4477 4401 3239 3273 4189 4963 5514 4559
Azerbaijan 6746 10166 10417 10321 9188 9217 8489 8783 11466 13667 10731
Belarus 34884 45759 46404 43023 40614 30292 27610 34236 38440 39480 32595
Georgia 5257 7065 8037 8023 8602 7300 7342 8057 9362 9517 8011
Kazakhstan 31107 36906 46358 48806 41296 30568 24995 29266 32534 37757 37222
Kyrgyz Republic 3223 4261 5374 6070 5732 4070 4000 4495 5292 4989 3684
Russian Federation (2) 248634 323831 335446 341269 307877 193019 191493 238384 248856 254598 239748
Tajikistan 2657 3206 3778 4151 4297 3436 3031 2775 3151 3349 3110
Turkmenistan 5700 7600 9900 10000 10000 7000 4994 4571 2351 2913 3225
Uzbekistan 8689 10472 12034 13138 13925 11461 11328 12035 17312 21866 20020
Africa 481169 572712 621170 646831 649064 563691 498846 521390 586420 583677 510633
Algeria 40473 47247 50378 55028 58580 51702 47089 46059 46330 41934 35122
Angola (2) 16667 20228 23717 26331 28580 20693 13040 14463 15798 14127 9716
Benin 2054 2129 2339 3010 3828 2561 2872 3494 4375 3932 3560
Botswana 5657 7272 8025 8352 8078 7238 6143 5329 6316 6565 6325
Burkina Faso 2048 2406 3575 4365 3576 3080 3345 3861 4301 4187 3886
Burundi 509 752 751 811 769 857 616 755 793 887 914
113
World
TableTrade Statistical Review 2021
A59 (continued)
Table A59 merchandise

World (continued) imports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cabo Verde 742 947 766 725 768 604 666 789 816 796 736
Cameroon 5133 6800 6515 6649 7553 6045 5206 4796 5656 5646 5364
Central African Republic (2) 300 310 323 213 406 346 399 488 606 603 560
Chad (2) 2400 3300 2800 3000 4400 3700 2465 1851 2550 2666 2491
Comoros 233 277 273 284 278 214 219 253 243 230 217
Congo (2) 4369 7013 7349 8372 10099 10550 11270 4560 3486 2242 1697
Côte d'Ivoire 7849 6720 9770 12483 11178 9532 8404 9614 10970 10483 10650
Djibouti (2) 374 511 564 719 803 871 I 2327 3576 3603 4138 3314
Egypt 52923 58903 69200 66180 66786 63574 55789 61627 72000 70919 60701
Equatorial Guinea 5485 6972 7505 6104 5946 3525 2323 2842 3087 2275 1747
Eritrea 660 950 970 1040 1130 1020 957 1027 1066 1147 965
Eswatini 1960 1950 1848 1693 1690 1412 1476 1612 1858 1832 1522
Ethiopia 8602 8896 11913 12072 15357 16702 16429 15761 15305 14554 14135
Gabon 2983 3665 3629 3754 4055 3171 2635 2886 3082 3140 2937
The Gambia 285 341 380 350 387 420 336 548 677 621 695
Ghana 10922 15838 17763 17600 14600 13465 12920 12647 13134 13411 12352
Guinea 1405 2106 2254 1869 2372 2192 4429 3484 3386 3470 3255
Guinea-Bissau (2) 196 240 182 183 214 207 230 291 284 335 343
Kenya 12093 14782 16290 16358 18396 16093 14107 16687 17378 17655 15435
Lesotho 2300 2500 2602 2175 2207 1997 1861 2066 2185 2016 1884
Liberia 710 1044 1005 1150 1997 1687 1302 1089 1143 869 728
Libya 17674 8000 22000 27000 18994 16429 8667 10556 13786 16543 13361
Madagascar 2584 2905 3094 3260 3227 2795 2966 3670 4061 3942 3224
Malawi 2173 2428 2360 2845 2778 2312 2210 2547 2706 2941 2643
Mali 3428 3352 3524 3807 3909 3800 4051 4286 4722 4939 5142
Mauritania 1935 2467 3129 3978 3642 3703 2174 3522 3183 3520 3037
Mauritius 4386 5149 5354 5397 5610 4790 4655 5254 5661 5596 4234
Morocco 35381 44272 44872 45190 46283 38100 41391 44490 51038 50734 43831
Mozambique 4600 6312 8688 10099 8747 8334 5206 5745 6944 7428 6471
Namibia 5570 6593 7256 7621 8523 7697 6673 6977 8729 7767 6576
Niger 2476 2190 1900 2018 2190 1976 1715 1952 2281 2327 2252
Nigeria 44235 56000 51000 56000 58300 44700 35532 31273 43007 55257 56613
Rwanda 1431 2039 2300 2302 2470 2382 2254 2239 2445 2703 3410
Senegal 4782 5909 6434 6552 6555 5595 5478 6729 8071 8143 7881
Seychelles 984 1049 1071 1082 1144 991 1040 1302 1271 1167 1031
Sierra Leone 770 1717 1604 1780 1568 1530 1068 1301 1354 1576 1256
Somalia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
South Africa 96835 124430 127154 126330 121950 104651 91692 101576 113972 107540 84062
Sudan 10045 9236 9230 9918 9211 9509 8311 9134 7850 9291 9204
Tanzania 7874 10799 11346 12091 11993 10789 9300 8299 9120 9452 8419
Togo 1683 2187 2380 2769 2526 2336 2261 1874 2116 2137 2026
Tunisia 22215 23952 24471 24266 24828 20221 19462 20654 22705 21555 18351
Uganda 4664 5631 6044 5818 6074 5528 4829 5596 6729 7518 7480
Zambia 5321 7178 8805 10586 9707 7935 7290 7988 9466 7180 5316
Zimbabwe 5337 7984 6939 7216 6070 6053 5336 5064 6391 4817 4953
Middle East 600876 699799 761532 784817 809673 766970 715225 738089 751915 747863 647214
Iran 65404 61760 57292 46571 55106 44937 43080 49499 49353 41828 38757
Iraq 43915 47803 59006 65104 59990 58517 44116 48506 56876 46262 43297
Israel 58705 72747 72270 71102 71480 62065 65812 69127 76598 76591 69901
Jordan 15564 18930 20752 21549 22930 20475 19324 20498 20310 19170 16983

114
Table A59 (continued) Chapter V: Statistical tables
Table A59merchandise
World (continued) imports by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Oman 19973 24019 28636 34331 29303 29007 23148 26435 25770 23507 20837
Qatar 23240 22328 30787 27034 30448 32610 32060 29896 31696 29178 25648
Yemen 9255 11260 13273 13273 12042 6573 7700 7089 8213 10407 7368
Asia (1) 4861941 5965012 6218522 6344713 6332770 5452417 5213770 6004736 6757973 6500116 6066988
Afghanistan 5154 6515 9069 8554 7729 7723 6534 7065 7407 6777 6475
Australia 201639 243701 260940 242140 237352 208501 196270 228780 235386 221564 208446
Bangladesh 27821 36214 34173 37085 41119 42047 44772 52836 60495 59094 52410
Bhutan 854 1043 991 909 932 1061 1002 1029 1048 981 768
Cambodia (2) 6791 9300 11350 9555 10692 13261 I 12371 14283 17489 20279 19173
China 1396247 1743484 1818405 1949990 1959233 1679566 1587925 1843792 2135748 2078386 2055752
Fiji 1808 2182 2253 2826 3250 2081 2316 2420 2720 2734 1719
Hong Kong, China 441369 510855 553486 622277 600765 558770 546520 588913 626616 577834 569769
Retained imports 112587 131822 136229 142411 149882 133872 129070 137170 154010 136220 133440
India 350233 464462 489694 465397 462910 394131 361649 449925 514464 486059 371920
Indonesia 135663 177436 191691 186629 178179 142695 135653 156925 188707 171276 141622
Japan 694059 855380 885843 833166 812208 648117 607728 672096 748488 720957 634514
Kiribati 73 92 109 97 107 117 137 131 122 132 184
Macao, China 5629 7927 8982 10140 11262 10603 8924 9451 11162 11167 11586
Malaysia 164622 187473 196393 205897 208851 175971 168684 195417 217602 204998 189856
Maldives 1091 1465 1554 1733 1993 1896 2125 2360 2960 2888 1839
Mongolia 3278 6598 6738 6358 5237 3798 3358 4337 5875 6127 5294
Myanmar 4760 9019 9201 12043 16459 16885 15705 19253 19355 18611 17951
Nepal 5133 5774 6066 6571 7590 6652 8935 10345 12712 12340 10679
New Caledonia 3312 3698 3245 3202 3323 2689 2395 2511 2805 2944 2593
New Zealand 30617 37105 38254 39641 42518 36554 36079 40125 43793 42363 37192
Northern Mariana Islands 349 350 329 335 442 472 588 625 591 592 387
Pakistan 37807 44012 44105 44647 47590 44168 46847 57746 60078 50349 45847
Palau 107 129 142 169 165 150 154 158 154 169 150
Papua New Guinea 3524 4272 4755 5410 4000 2551 2068 3059 3519 3934 2750
Philippines 58468 63693 65350 65705 68705 74751 89435 101901 119329 117374 90654
Samoa 310 346 346 367 388 371 350 356 363 391 312
Singapore 310791 365770 379723 373016 377914 297087 283339 327923 370881 359266 329830
Retained imports 141650 180180 199491 169812 175442 123157 111719 142395 166818 153168 125464
Solomon Islands 404 469 486 537 499 466 454 572 601 590 477
Sri Lanka 13512 20269 19190 18003 19417 18935 19183 20980 22233 19937 15993
Chinese Taipei 251236 281438 277324 278010 281850 237219 230568 259266 286333 287164 288053
Thailand 182921 228787 249115 250407 227749 202653 194198 221519 248201 236260 206992
Timor-Leste 246 319 664 843 858 578 547 554 520 591 499
Tonga 159 193 199 198 219 209 229 231 230 238 214
Tuvalu 22 27 21 21 22 37 23 27 25 33 47
Vanuatu 285 304 296 313 313 367 422 370 350 333 295
Viet Nam 84839 106750 113780 132033 147849 165610 174804 212919 236862 253393 262701
Memorandum item:
World
excluding intra-EU imports (1) 12654706 15193235 15667585 15870616 15872180 13952252 13362120 14825705 16341654 15913949 14634391
Europe
excluding intra-EU imports 3087763 3669697 3634727 3627144 3581306 3087189 3044825 3340583 3651351 3569359 3300475
Note : Breaks in the continuity of the value series for particular countries and regional groupings are indicated by an 'I'. They result mainly from changes in the methods of collecting and reporting merchandise trade
statistics.
It should be noted that the World and Asia totals contain a significant element of double counting due to the use of the general system of recording merchandise trade statistics which includes re-exports.
Recent figures for a number of countries and territories have been estimated by the Secretariat.
(1) Includes significant imports for re-export.
115
Table A60
Table A60
World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
World exports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
World 3903170 4393395 4521981 4810364 5165571 4927868 5015246 5457881 6012230 6150175 4913807
North America 656646 726324 770768 809067 851051 856218 873618 935970 971930 990385 786217
Bermuda 1342 1393 1330 1316 1268 1179 1243 1322 1514 1509 979
Canada 77089 86025 90499 92225 91387 83733 86142 93334 102243 103698 84434
Mexico 15385 15711 16264 17965 21039 22734 24066 27463 28579 31336 16803
Anguilla 113 128 127 136 176 193 197 272 229 254 137
Antigua and Barbuda 466 469 470 452 927 947 992 952 1112 1277 578
Argentina 12631 14296 14048 13487 13190 13006 13242 15274 15057 13942 9237
Bahamas 2456 2446 2648 2631 2679 2850 3363 3162 4072 4414 1253
Barbados 1295 1262 1243 1409 1344 1386 1394 1284 1351 1475 775
Belize 325 311 371 421 465 468 507 538 580 634 381
Brazil 29135 35192 37055 36260 39014 32984 32519 33656 34582 33595 27860
Cayman Islands 1538 1524 1853 2610 2859 2961 3076 3453 3648 3769 ...
Chile 10847 12912 12269 12117 10681 9520 9526 9789 9940 9259 6318
Colombia 5031 5551 6353 6935 7068 7334 7635 8306 9479 9794 4896
Costa Rica 4990 5757 6179 6923 7074 7669 8508 8566 9035 9569 6814
Cuba 10546 11149 12760 13027 12663 11369 11144 11379 11764 10240 ...
Curaçao ... 1292 1465 1534 1630 1537 1405 1315 1321 1350 731
Dominica 131 143 108 115 233 220 230 189 139 185 67
Ecuador 1375 1490 1691 1923 2231 2261 2539 2850 3110 3207 1649
El Salvador 1466 1578 1807 2073 2264 2411 2489 2491 2749 3141 2030
Grenada 150 157 161 161 430 463 482 534 603 606 244
Guatemala 2302 2473 2675 2887 3060 3115 3293 3493 3605 3601 2527
Guyana 248 298 298 165 181 145 166 180 157 225 251
Haiti 402 487 493 595 643 677 574 489 663 488 201
Honduras 2076 2221 2210 2304 2636 2897 2734 2700 2763 2917 1941
Jamaica 2600 2587 2723 2722 2921 3027 3185 3487 3798 4305 2114
Montserrat 11 12 13 14 16 16 14 13 17 15 9
Nicaragua 732 901 993 1024 1108 1158 1301 1465 1259 1267 882
Panama 6350 8021 9866 10675 11335 11758 12162 13212 13678 13817 8502
Paraguay 565 650 667 772 824 778 833 938 990 967 655
Peru 3552 4121 4783 5667 5831 6168 6193 7232 6925 7435 3238
Saint Lucia 368 378 389 406 824 865 827 932 1048 1153 390
Saint Martin ... 899 1039 1062 1113 1084 1029 836 651 907 462
Suriname 207 191 160 165 198 167 155 153 163 152 97
Uruguay 2654 3607 5141 5029 4896 5116 4779 5619 5350 5206 3499
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 1617 1621 1806 1849 1819 1533 1242 907 772 ... ...
Europe 1936893 2190021 2184031 2360607 2543573 2353523 2394493 2620110 2928758 2967008 2470493
Albania 2533 2775 2383 2242 2455 2206 2610 3195 3574 3743 2474
Austria 52163 58604 57263 63901 68022 58537 60978 66539 75111 75741 64251
Belgium 96621 103303 104334 111256 123213 107151 106849 115180 121682 119333 113459
Bulgaria 6628 7387 7469 7809 8999 8106 8900 9301 10838 11402 8116
Croatia 12003 13154 12400 13029 12427 11652 12941 14484 16354 17162 9714

116

World
World exports
exports of commercial
of commercial services
services by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cyprus 9228 10264 9674 10824 11535 10488 11741 13380 14482 14277 12563
Czech Republic 21892 24881 24198 23953 25071 23259 24340 27193 30584 30311 26063
Denmark 61254 66967 67181 71196 73066 64055 63165 71514 81129 83168 74440
Estonia 4692 5637 5688 6624 7101 5816 6054 6828 7787 7990 6419
Faeroe Islands 194 236 269 301 320 252 270 316 359 408 ...
Finland 20761 24368 23692 25226 25671 24116 25320 28693 31843 35428 28822
France 201306 235314 233689 253081 271975 254941 258454 273207 302272 293569 244998
Germany 220259 245560 247400 267628 294889 275605 288619 314709 344033 341078 305169
Greece 37130 39204 34986 37054 41009 34947 32809 37862 43729 44807 25809
Hungary 19301 22369 20620 22501 24775 22382 24075 26708 29819 30028 22238
Iceland 2991 3422 3479 3965 4253 4332 5329 6303 6537 5635 2765
Ireland 91635 106334 103865 115844 132359 132940 149098 182396 222127 247408 262309
Italy 100184 110047 107938 111341 113617 97494 100101 111313 122632 120490 86532
Latvia 4002 4773 4769 5099 5423 4805 5074 5596 6246 6211 4989
Lithuania 4273 5489 6021 7163 7755 6623 7474 9369 11330 13191 12253
Luxembourg 62323 71009 76351 86391 96962 92165 93271 100881 110507 112724 110215
Malta 10022 11161 10984 11794 13329 13368 12717 13732 16370 16847 15816
Montenegro 1048 1272 1203 1317 1369 1347 1396 1591 1832 1895 758
Netherlands 160610 174373 167159 178011 204195 195931 188901 218887 258207 273815 185980
North Macedonia 975 1443 1361 1527 1724 1524 1533 1622 1854 1821 1643
Norway 41206 40882 46466 48575 49299 41605 41425 40506 43296 43288 35414
Poland 34689 39884 40020 43617 47599 44107 48719 57380 67964 69927 67002
Portugal 22912 26634 25328 28900 30421 27486 29265 34734 39171 39313 25335
Romania 10348 12039 12608 18016 20603 18986 20813 24485 28088 30273 27064
Serbia 3512 4201 3965 4544 5034 4729 5045 5943 7126 7745 7042
Slovak Republic 6399 7265 7758 9193 9058 8092 9203 10511 12031 12282 10083
Slovenia 6248 6912 6610 7121 7567 6583 7197 8339 9559 9554 7831
Spain 113831 132337 124370 129460 136968 120900 129996 143098 155355 156666 89641
Sweden 53351 64773 64474 73869 76509 72326 72425 73980 73121 74542 68994
Switzerland 98098 112040 115484 117438 125787 120013 122693 124673 133665 129365 112992
Turkey 35966 40750 42816 58011 61377 54560 45421 52747 57849 62810 34573
Ukraine 17729 20618 21373 21851 14582 12202 12135 13936 15536 17154 15224
United Kingdom 286202 329573 335721 358207 384408 365195 355131 365445 410685 401430 338804
European Union 1438900 1628247 1610071 1739360 1891107 1745107 1800815 2002769 2244847 2288707 1919671
Extra-EU exports 775551 879827 887373 910046 984965 930848 938799 1045091 1157594 1172783 983026
member States 67960 80504 89899 100484 96918 79995 79076 89361 99507 98992 70800
Armenia 1001 1286 1375 1493 1594 1484 1639 1981 2174 2385 1076
Azerbaijan 2397 2934 4681 4106 4269 4423 4341 4661 4661 3727 2594
Belarus 4799 5616 6328 7531 7916 6662 6858 7884 8817 9624 8775
Georgia 1556 1927 2465 2882 2954 2998 3218 3892 4392 4510 1503
Kazakhstan 3900 4078 5208 5756 6739 5909 5867 6261 7070 7467 4837
Kyrgyz Republic 586 846 972 1043 894 846 833 816 813 1080 439
Tajikistan 385 459 488 363 310 252 232 247 238 239 136
Turkmenistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uzbekistan 1381 1811 2106 2413 2342 2331 1887 2231 2731 3075 1693
Africa 90167 91458 97852 93884 99028 94931 88808 102768 114220 118394 77751
Algeria 3442 3527 3570 3701 3477 3395 3142 3024 3225 3154 3053
Angola 857 732 780 1316 1681 1256 711 985 631 455 66
Benin 348 391 414 500 457 335 317 324 485 510 410
Botswana 598 758 612 778 878 839 797 868 924 882 486
Burkina Faso 265 394 408 458 427 369 428 457 507 491 413
Burundi 7 20 13 28 30 19 18 17 24 ... ...
117

World
World exports
services by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cabo Verde 487 569 570 623 604 481 540 582 661 709 264
Cameroon 1241 1811 1548 1861 1944 1442 1574 1843 2005 2103 1552
Central African Republic 16 17 18 24 26 41 36 47 52 ... ...
Chad 444 478 262 309 331 221 253 150 271 279 201
Comoros 55 64 61 74 90 77 75 85 101 97 65
Congo 389 521 287 558 620 387 226 783 ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 1027 871 846 790 758 643 790 872 1130 1121 1017
Djibouti 149 152 156 599 606 622 655 669 714 791 ...
Egypt 23618 19031 21336 17881 20262 18092 13309 18613 22913 24253 14376
Equatorial Guinea 64 143 213 127 138 183 174 512 ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eswatini 250 79 107 24 79 67 54 119 67 86 66
Ethiopia 1911 2562 2538 2838 2725 2937 2755 3266 4509 4654 4318
Gabon 423 281 264 264 142 273 184 203 ... ... ...
The Gambia 131 135 149 130 145 155 137 136 197 214 117
Ghana 1344 1679 3200 2353 1977 6013 6260 6470 7563 9870 8058
Guinea 61 71 156 89 64 78 53 52 101 95 40
Guinea-Bissau 42 43 21 38 45 34 20 32 38 41 26
Kenya 3016 3345 4012 4200 4116 3709 3369 3785 4626 4648 2997
Lesotho 42 41 37 29 27 43 57 31 30 27 10
Liberia 18 273 57 44 5 9 30 21 10 11 10
Libya 410 40 152 180 79 483 86 107 134 134 ...
Madagascar 955 1185 1328 1313 1355 1099 1206 1318 1341 1449 626
Malawi 75 81 100 106 104 110 109 138 160 175 162
Mali 356 379 312 372 405 405 427 441 486 672 542
Mauritania 105 185 128 168 255 203 226 133 113 124 110
Mauritius 2656 3215 3364 2734 2846 2699 2795 3017 3214 2944 1298
Morocco 14329 15486 14947 13935 15804 14102 14642 16592 17993 18728 13268
Mozambique 245 366 792 645 725 723 440 658 779 931 764
Namibia 643 744 650 528 825 785 487 694 728 646 352
Niger 119 64 69 141 271 219 183 205 225 237 206
Nigeria 2619 2314 2067 1916 1507 2673 3245 4549 4351 4486 3533
Rwanda 263 331 373 408 414 516 529 594 648 747 295
Senegal 937 1030 1080 1177 1166 1036 1056 1133 1216 1204 758
Seychelles 440 465 672 818 825 839 879 982 1099 1111 651
Sierra Leone 56 157 176 219 202 198 84 93 92 64 ...
Somalia ... ... ... 199 337 355 373 391 405 415 ...
South Africa 15676 16950 17203 16401 16450 14662 13974 15387 15598 14373 7243
Sudan 212 300 861 1019 1525 1599 1492 1754 1486 1352 1226
Tanzania 2001 2256 2753 3169 3380 3374 3577 3792 4000 4276 2287
Togo 289 465 405 437 440 443 501 532 589 576 451
Tunisia 5298 4286 4754 4577 4555 3124 3068 3119 3697 4036 2147
Uganda 1034 1615 1950 1877 2001 1806 1672 1389 1610 1752 882
Zambia 571 665 990 758 851 862 885 865 953 1012 554
Zimbabwe 263 316 313 325 333 341 349 371 390 394 148
Middle East 105108 111646 120572 131584 I 174134 182071 192349 206233 222237 250318 177995
Bahrain, Kingdom of 4233 3296 I 8332 8501 8571 9113 10998 11356 12249 11776 11468
Iran 8657 8202 8258 9174 10275 10840 10178 9267 9596 9949 4482
Iraq 2199 2159 2657 2704 3456 4915 5258 5653 5306 6991 3499
Israel 25356 29426 31935 35948 36777 37422 39718 44022 50624 55512 52545
Jordan 5221 5250 6030 6034 6597 5895 5844 6392 7082 7718 2322

118

World
World exports
services by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Oman 1808 2322 2687 2955 3130 3395 3503 4079 4591 5001 1830
Qatar 2826 5580 8851 10294 12775 14103 14550 17527 17780 18336 18378
Syrian Arab Republic 7040 2434 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
United Arab Emirates 11028 12063 15276 20422 I 57481 59905 64697 69582 70878 89285 61266
Yemen 1471 1111 1412 1551 1507 562 309 ... 179 241 ...
Asia 929294 1059387 1114284 1165966 I 1246022 1212089 1235581 1343418 1509760 1559815 1226227
Afghanistan 2097 2571 1807 836 1282 779 441 314 621 504 597
Australia 51125 57182 57622 57002 58187 54090 57218 64271 68524 70148 47877
Bangladesh 1236 1419 1352 1526 1639 1677 2008 2274 2973 3178 3451
Bhutan 67 80 97 121 123 124 144 160 181 167 133
Cambodia 1917 2603 3054 3354 3713 3784 3847 4391 5249 5854 1815
China 177384 200294 200586 205778 I 218086 217570 208320 226389 269697 281651 278084
Fiji 922 1082 1114 1104 1217 1230 1294 1391 1539 1510 342
French Polynesia 774 866 845 857 936 829 860 915 1065 1028 ...
Hong Kong, China 80468 91232 98425 104694 106835 104263 98414 104006 113049 101864 63731
India 116583 137935 145030 148703 156614 155717 161234 184673 204323 214128 202600
Indonesia 16331 21316 23070 22334 22920 21589 22645 24665 30490 30911 14258
Japan 131833 137871 133838 132650 159338 158302 170659 182025 189404 202891 156351
Kiribati 11 12 14 13 11 8 11 11 8 10 9
Macao, China 23715 32226 37805 45228 45233 33404 32994 38827 43651 43496 10607
Malaysia 34588 38751 40498 42005 41972 34842 35513 37022 40154 40905 21780
Maldives 1804 2092 2165 2570 2991 2898 2884 2993 3237 3373 1513
Mongolia 483 517 647 685 604 686 798 964 1154 1228 651
Myanmar 337 727 1183 2679 3079 3691 3694 3728 4421 6459 4332
Nepal 583 775 769 967 1099 1060 1065 1383 1477 1512 830
New Caledonia 409 404 387 418 403 366 345 371 394 370 ...
New Zealand 11433 13140 12962 13306 14434 14776 15678 16979 17527 17236 11580
Northern Mariana Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Pakistan 2931 3457 3205 3309 3552 3459 3686 4499 4695 4656 4378
Palau ... ... ... 118 133 152 143 129 121 107 58
Papua New Guinea 278 385 432 383 178 110 95 257 356 319 178
Philippines 17770 18866 20425 23321 25483 29047 31186 34813 38378 41245 31391
Samoa 181 184 190 206 198 198 212 241 257 277 214
Singapore 100118 118975 129143 141715 153465 152911 151629 170661 206441 216880 187261
Solomon Islands 89 108 115 123 110 99 115 121 138 125 43
Sri Lanka 2454 3062 3773 4657 5574 6366 7105 7690 8340 7453 3009
Chinese Taipei 26410 30366 34326 36226 41298 40651 40953 44863 49832 51475 40992
Thailand 34099 41252 46185 54413 51587 57718 63496 70667 77152 80784 31421
Timor-Leste 31 26 30 49 62 57 62 77 82 76 33
Tonga 29 48 58 74 55 47 74 77 87 94 71
Tuvalu 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 10 7
Vanuatu 271 279 295 339 320 277 306 322 367 332 130
Viet Nam 7355 8581 9510 10585 10913 11108 I 20901 20857 24477 27421 18677
Memorandum items:
World excluding
intra-EU exports 3239820 3644976 3799282 3981050 4259429 4113610 4153231 4500202 4924977 5034251 3977162
Europe excluding
intra-EU exports 1273543 1441601 1461333 1531293 1637431 1539265 1532477 1662431 1841505 1851084 1533849
119
Table A61
Table A61
World imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
World 3765155 4219462 4373969 4620397 5029431 4794205 4833784 5228735 5687884 5851326 4596398
North America 531110 566962 586441 587673 615233 613766 628517 674253 699087 725255 551782
Bermuda 995 879 881 879 983 888 944 950 1097 1073 816
Canada 98937 107975 112723 114459 113158 103759 103517 110913 119605 120043 90175
Mexico 26683 31214 31089 31940 34243 32438 32942 37265 37435 37018 25043
Anguilla 54 54 55 56 97 97 103 137 115 103 68
Argentina 14265 17298 17921 18626 17629 18701 21626 24965 24014 19151 11604
Bahamas 1101 1258 1522 1615 1716 1262 1590 1676 1664 1651 1196
Barbados 651 501 551 728 671 695 661 494 523 559 269
Belize 154 162 177 195 213 207 202 216 219 219 155
Brazil 57893 71068 75947 81158 86015 68989 61557 70746 69131 67748 47357
Cayman Islands 1010 1108 1012 942 951 1065 1103 1249 1387 1408 ...
Chile 12604 15365 14812 15542 14411 13095 12840 13613 14609 14362 11316
Colombia 9554 11054 12458 13247 14252 12090 11158 12298 13373 13766 9092
Costa Rica 1869 1920 2200 2371 2549 3067 3412 3824 3899 4161 3407
Cuba 1923 2462 2406 2306 2074 2035 1955 2119 2195 2028 ...
Curaçao ... 820 888 904 887 915 876 959 977 855 510
Dominica 65 64 65 68 135 131 141 148 165 185 108
Ecuador 2941 3046 3090 3336 3384 3080 3533 3625 3846 4059 2685
El Salvador 1054 1152 1303 1431 1420 1471 1715 1804 1923 1966 1427
Grenada 89 91 89 93 185 198 219 227 241 263 164
Guatemala 2401 2616 2811 2898 3050 3091 3125 3243 3470 3551 2752
Guyana 344 434 526 503 426 423 591 789 1027 1411 1234
Haiti 731 755 773 1064 1057 1001 972 991 1143 1013 566
Honduras 1143 1418 1617 1652 1614 1631 1705 2028 2299 2388 1819
Jamaica 1767 1884 2103 1995 2182 2099 2109 2260 2353 2568 1678
Montserrat 16 17 15 15 20 19 19 22 21 20 13
Nicaragua 693 821 871 1045 959 979 951 984 913 808 591
Panama 2709 4235 4332 5077 4851 4739 4659 4576 4828 5001 3009
Paraguay 700 864 906 1048 1085 1071 1069 1175 1244 1212 866
Peru 5900 6359 7406 7816 7865 8216 8187 8657 9676 10540 7319
Saint Lucia 200 197 183 181 305 334 344 375 398 444 207
Saint Martin ... 238 261 263 291 277 274 266 299 308 154
Suriname 237 553 611 589 800 705 494 564 664 807 559
Uruguay 1470 1989 3821 4931 4944 4233 3815 4131 4422 4596 3429
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 13836 16231 18340 18594 16432 13313 9068 7170 6884 ... ...
Europe 1665408 1838354 1816653 1953843 2135392 2042334 2089715 2267859 2510372 2634062 2170805
Albania 1987 2235 1860 1920 2029 1644 1711 1899 2193 2301 1254
Austria 38635 44393 44041 50899 55149 47621 49649 55544 63860 65226 55769
Belgium 87468 94878 97697 103937 117790 104193 105144 114892 124928 122524 115242
Bulgaria 3411 3562 4148 4294 5630 4695 5132 5863 5968 5947 4735
Croatia 3820 4036 3909 4027 3811 3607 3904 4595 5430 5573 3932

120

Table A61
World
(Million imports of commercial services by region and selected economy, 2010-2020
dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cyprus 5282 5587 5459 6378 7086 6546 6876 7983 8868 9474 9361
Czech Republic 17728 20232 20192 20327 22344 19711 19955 21841 25045 25745 21500
Denmark 55012 61983 61788 63927 64633 58112 59403 62945 72879 75866 69424
Estonia 2917 3779 3983 4744 4879 3961 4299 4747 5566 5743 6190
Faeroe Islands 354 393 361 431 417 388 313 375 398 402 ...
Finland 27246 29804 30915 31324 30807 27551 28434 30365 35200 37230 31727
France 181074 202282 202217 227641 252466 233400 236781 246785 273593 269940 231587
Germany 262357 294850 293496 326661 331364 300462 315273 344701 371207 369368 307130
Greece 19838 19107 17463 16157 16836 16577 14799 17485 20896 21113 17401
Hungary 15800 17710 15656 17464 18662 16923 17258 18841 20716 21510 17614
Iceland 2166 2575 2726 2800 3100 2825 3206 3751 4262 3611 2227
Ireland 109898 119326 112266 117120 140012 175204 220017 231900 241804 332092 295688
Italy 111645 117492 107248 109047 115330 101537 103481 115038 124609 121605 91618
Latvia 2305 2760 2746 2816 2808 2585 2729 3054 3550 3527 2940
Lithuania 2939 3730 4242 5090 5417 4666 5052 5926 7050 7692 6504
Luxembourg 43108 49884 54496 61910 71022 66652 67419 75657 84437 89302 86467
Malta 8434 9312 9202 9767 10389 10231 9300 9718 12335 12794 13207
Montenegro 421 417 422 441 437 460 524 589 723 744 545
Netherlands 135764 150220 142612 151335 192700 213162 183273 216313 259180 265264 169030
North Macedonia 779 920 941 1005 1194 1121 1137 1180 1397 1418 1118
Norway 44950 47625 52328 56210 57424 47159 48241 49721 52076 52417 36864
Poland 29598 32141 31790 32910 34962 31936 33391 37183 42869 43329 40085
Portugal 14643 15694 13490 14391 15870 13913 14728 16482 18756 19811 15606
Romania 8259 9657 9386 11604 12502 11361 12062 15221 18206 20522 16275
Serbia 3485 3939 3766 4070 4373 3883 4004 4802 5909 6569 5758
Slovak Republic 7241 7628 7161 8707 8913 7974 8803 9536 10964 10923 8889
Slovenia 4741 5180 4973 5174 5572 4711 4985 5726 6364 6359 5492
Spain 65238 68766 61608 59755 66507 61884 65170 71074 81826 85324 60252
Sweden 50448 58519 58293 63934 68973 61459 61546 69781 71727 74503 68144
Switzerland 80849 97439 100409 105190 113187 107962 111314 118581 122110 122240 113792
Turkey 18507 19571 19467 24571 26492 24272 24497 26036 27371 26860 24765
Ukraine 12189 12759 13994 15538 11702 10385 10905 12407 13809 14904 10035
United Kingdom 183821 196829 198906 209364 231491 230503 223878 228065 260767 272717 201163
European Union 1308094 1447062 1428831 1543832 1691979 1619857 1668500 1829438 2028615 2138482 1783500
Extra-EU imports 689737 759718 757033 750910 839047 849980 858546 922175 1006240 1094715 915858
member States
101203 121167 146276 168248 162709 124059 108027 125000 133532 139989 93766
Armenia 1252 1351 1479 1619 1706 1581 1570 1834 2125 2414 947
Azerbaijan 3845 5741 7330 8176 10187 8553 7434 8004 6679 6303 5386
Belarus 3019 3369 4061 5270 5754 4410 4378 4820 5399 5842 4927
Georgia 1003 1206 1375 1483 1628 1611 1659 1898 2171 2360 1401
Kazakhstan 11198 10848 14230 13963 13694 10699 9686 9949 11850 11331 7969
Kyrgyz Republic 792 955 1314 1098 1234 1044 1032 901 946 1006 555
Tajikistan 407 436 575 784 595 457 369 368 434 479 404
Turkmenistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Uzbekistan 2649 3110 3458 3377 2873 3083 3423 4071 5167 5334 3483
Africa 140565 159386 162603 165111 176419 153459 133286 149859 172314 179148 134083
Algeria 11489 12034 10470 10276 11243 10515 10394 10793 11394 9430 7743
Angola 16028 22415 21177 21485 24260 16581 12123 12903 9772 8008 5415
Benin 503 497 575 761 885 570 761 688 762 803 578
Botswana 823 934 942 979 1147 1044 950 1047 1111 1041 679
Burkina Faso 818 1132 1170 1408 1298 1156 1229 1357 1497 1455 1572
Burundi 156 189 191 225 249 205 181 215 216 ... ...
121
Table A61
World
World imports
imports of commercial
services by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cabo Verde 297 326 359 338 361 271 301 318 363 342 204
Cameroon 1718 1954 2067 2501 2590 2141 2190 2382 2641 2772 2241
Central African Republic 196 201 216 173 249 207 256 370 394 ... ...
Chad 2406 2420 2241 3091 3172 2314 1003 857 1668 1744 1523
Comoros 93 107 103 109 94 81 83 94 107 110 96
Congo 3299 3773 2862 2897 3709 3699 2201 2213 ... ... ...
Côte d'Ivoire 2742 2638 2773 2847 2900 2641 2756 3188 3385 3331 3119
Djibouti 104 143 142 610 507 509 489 693 556 594 ...
Egypt 12991 13129 15557 14808 16840 16724 16389 16082 17830 20415 17127
Equatorial Guinea 2578 3388 3490 3437 3510 2287 1455 2009 ... ... ...
Eritrea ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Eswatini 652 212 189 197 242 154 169 292 230 168 171
Ethiopia 2538 3411 3581 3454 4433 4884 5214 5004 6129 6079 5375
Gabon 1744 2445 2373 2669 2353 1861 737 1825 ... ... ...
The Gambia 77 76 74 66 117 117 131 122 101 96 102
Ghana 2444 3126 3838 4358 3833 6489 7091 8478 8961 10948 10155
Guinea 387 530 772 738 544 503 708 756 797 850 1011
Guinea-Bissau 101 100 73 87 116 131 82 155 165 166 148
Kenya 1890 2057 2402 2564 3084 3077 2539 2847 3613 3595 3330
Lesotho 410 462 421 348 308 297 367 431 433 402 341
Liberia 342 437 545 624 665 279 196 217 200 217 224
Libya 5251 3555 6279 7388 6709 4386 2377 3910 4528 6538 ...
Madagascar 1088 1190 1166 1257 1133 1016 952 1072 1123 1022 650
Malawi 205 225 203 220 246 266 226 272 302 337 275
Mali 1007 1115 1059 1215 1174 1146 1255 1323 1394 1532 1605
Mauritania 638 725 968 941 849 599 561 698 640 741 789
Mauritius 1951 2428 2382 2143 2061 2000 2024 2171 2144 2113 1311
Morocco 5660 6713 6578 6418 7896 6984 7248 8708 9257 8638 6130
Mozambique 1176 2209 4448 3857 3624 2989 3111 2963 4322 2780 2384
Namibia 633 567 492 647 787 606 601 545 533 539 419
Niger 846 870 828 978 1039 966 802 973 1078 1061 1157
Nigeria 19868 22470 22412 20079 23245 18286 11345 18003 30625 38452 19598
Rwanda 446 510 416 482 509 875 923 949 936 910 543
Senegal 1077 1243 1298 1410 1417 1277 1294 1467 1643 1807 2327
Seychelles 259 262 383 469 500 496 505 548 665 676 489
Sierra Leone 242 418 518 681 1230 870 440 383 370 404 ...
Somalia ... ... ... 1017 1224 1328 1335 1454 1478 1555 ...
South Africa 19158 20430 18438 17599 16625 15110 14531 15774 16114 15300 9556
Sudan 2406 2686 1985 1922 1917 1486 1346 1326 1063 1301 1198
Tanzania 1843 2157 2310 2436 2579 2561 2117 1946 1840 1669 1144
Togo 396 468 437 471 427 373 399 428 464 447 407
Tunisia 3054 3002 2989 3139 3112 2769 2702 2780 2990 2854 2171
Uganda 1774 2442 2460 2393 2653 2369 2003 2044 2528 2653 3004
Zambia 849 1052 1290 1770 1596 1381 1338 1416 1616 1474 1150
Zimbabwe 1326 1770 1731 1858 1901 1467 1228 1072 973 695 474
Middle East 192629 223712 241156 252226 I 296931 282449 270670 285056 299679 315453 218367
Bahrain, Kingdom of 1905 1778 I 6045 7051 6764 6592 7530 7800 8077 8083 9263
Iran 18153 17285 14933 15378 16460 15138 15782 17339 16527 14066 6838
Iraq 9606 10870 13016 17301 18590 17642 14951 16158 17785 22662 13679
Israel 18539 20004 22044 22539 23437 23975 26033 28824 30516 31946 25042
Jordan 4312 4357 4465 4499 4553 4523 4637 4721 4732 4710 2903

122
Table A61
World
World imports
imports of commercial
services by region
economy, 2010-2020
2010-2020
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Oman 6364 7740 8785 9798 10015 10215 9923 10840 11729 12093 5539
Qatar 7666 15548 22126 24844 30007 28390 29729 29715 30735 33648 32897
Syrian Arab Republic 3437 2818 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
United Arab Emirates 41337 55702 62301 61157 I 83567 80681 69326 70581 71014 86862 58162
Yemen 2103 2112 2296 2208 2697 1246 1450 ... 1351 1848 ...
Asia 990902 1135768 1233273 1294125 I 1440092 1398560 1433037 1540366 1683713 1674645 1301088
Afghanistan 1057 1520 1735 1457 1454 1173 1072 1193 1311 1160 1042
Australia 56926 68578 73170 74589 70002 62818 61450 67313 72186 70725 37225
Bangladesh 4122 4978 5230 6194 7402 7392 7600 8275 9272 9334 8049
Bhutan 135 171 187 171 184 189 201 203 221 209 215
Cambodia 996 1363 1558 1762 2054 2209 2399 2715 3034 3238 2045
China 192254 246779 280260 329419 I 430856 432975 449223 464133 520683 496967 377528
Fiji 443 534 562 592 589 545 559 637 719 778 480
French Polynesia 594 556 506 495 494 415 383 407 450 493 ...
Hong Kong, China 70246 74117 76467 75046 73808 73927 74317 77569 81480 80773 50921
India 114225 124446 129215 125823 127404 122690 132848 153960 174925 178322 152860
Indonesia 25971 31157 33639 34425 33076 30755 30359 32592 37643 39203 24453
Japan 162921 173807 182829 169040 190467 176627 184153 191017 201377 204384 182711
Kiribati 43 54 52 62 71 69 72 62 56 55 55
Macao, China 2479 3093 3694 3521 3787 3902 3985 4718 5302 4903 3036
Malaysia 32400 38083 43131 44973 45128 39923 39896 42022 44336 43366 33060
Maldives 446 576 567 692 788 867 1094 1264 1328 1326 707
Mongolia 768 1355 2060 1978 1872 1383 2118 2154 2584 3200 2083
Myanmar 754 1067 1434 2162 2189 2390 2493 2862 3373 3584 3421
Nepal 845 761 881 970 1173 1183 1239 1597 1774 1687 1074
New Caledonia 1300 1371 1420 1376 1189 1153 1108 1105 1200 1172 ...
New Zealand 10109 11984 12288 12522 13116 11872 12368 13666 14820 15503 11100
Northern Mariana Islands ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Pakistan 6551 7408 7634 7241 7980 8215 9288 11160 11130 9724 7306
Palau ... ... ... 43 55 61 66 68 64 62 37
Papua New Guinea 2738 2950 3714 3866 2261 1324 1051 1581 1617 1630 1320
Philippines 11714 12013 13962 16058 20607 23355 23804 25845 26271 27686 17746
Samoa 106 106 88 87 73 71 85 86 86 105 110
Singapore 100327 117631 132707 149483 166436 161493 158252 180997 199891 207966 172480
Solomon Islands 180 183 188 235 217 176 197 202 197 232 129
Sri Lanka 4285 5797 4406 5232 5590 5886 6109 6451 6756 6542 3914
Chinese Taipei 36964 41190 52208 50997 52228 51154 51147 53296 56182 56289 37306
Thailand 41078 45926 45452 47110 44934 42208 43194 46385 54661 56563 46563
Timor-Leste 450 710 465 331 359 377 444 316 344 320 209
Tonga 44 50 74 86 63 52 71 90 99 99 89
Tuvalu 26 35 25 25 26 27 36 32 35 33 21
Vanuatu 123 143 145 148 143 177 150 152 152 139 141
Viet Nam 9752 11684 10855 13635 14805 15815 16564 16903 17802 18552 16914
Memorandum items:
World excluding
intra-EU imports 3146797 3532119 3702170 3827475 4176500 4024327 4023829 4321472 4665509 4807559 3728757
Europe excluding
intra-EU imports 1047050 1151011 1144855 1160921 1282461 1272457 1279761 1360596 1487997 1590296 1303163
123
Table A62
Table A62
Sales by by
Sales affiliates of of
affiliates foreign companies
foreign companies- resident
- residentaffiliates
affiliatesprimarily
primarily engaged in services
engaged in servicesactivities
activities(inward
(inward FATS),2016-2018
FATS), 2016-2018
Value Annual percentage change
2016 2017 2018 2010-2018 2016 2017 2018
AT Austria 53.1 56.3 63.2 4 6 6 12

Belgium ... ... 58.7 -7 … … …
BA Bosnia and Herzegovina (1) 0.5 0.6 ... … -2 13 …
BG Bulgaria (1) 6.4 7.1 9.5 8 1 11 33
CA Canada (2), (3) 168.2 176.0 197.8 1 -5 5 12
CN China (2) 610.1 849.7 970.9 … -3 39 14
CR Costa Rica (2), (3) ... 6.9 ... … … … …
HR Croatia (1) 4.5 6.3 7.6 6 5 39 21
CY Cyprus (4) 4.0 4.6 5.1 21 8 16 10
CZ Czech Republic 42.9 48.1 55.4 4 14 12 15
DK Denmark (1) 34.9 39.0 42.2 2 11 12 8
EE Estonia (1), (4) 2.4 2.8 3.3 4 -2 18 16
FI Finland 24.3 25.0 28.1 6 8 3 12
FR France 214.6 213.8 225.6 0 6 0 6
DE Germany 315.8 338.3 336.9 4 15 7 0
GR Greece 9.4 10.4 12.3 … … 11 18
HK Hong Kong, China (2), (5) 225.3 ... ... … 1 … …
HU Hungary (6) 23.5 26.4 28.9 … 3 13 9
IE Ireland (1) ... 131.2 188.6 15 … … 44
IT Italy (1) 112.1 118.5 120.8 1 3 6 2
JP Japan (2), (3), (7), (8) 113.7 94.2 134.5 … -7 -17 43
LV Latvia (6) 4.2 4.7 5.3 6 -2 14 12
LT Lithuania 6.1 7.3 8.9 12 16 19 22
LU Luxembourg (1) 28.1 ... ... … -14 … …
MK North Macedonia 0.8 0.8 1.0 … … 6 27
MT Malta (1) ... ... 5.5 … … … …
NL Netherlands 117.8 135.3 153.3 5 8 15 13
NO Norway (1) 37.2 38.5 44.3 3 2 3 15
PL Poland (1) 39.4 44.2 54.7 6 3 12 24
PT Portugal 26.6 32.1 37.6 5 8 20 17
RO Romania 21.2 23.6 27.2 … 6 12 15
RS Serbia (1) 3.4 3.8 4.6 … 7 13 21
SK Slovak Republic (1) 11.6 12.8 14.4 6 23 10 13
SI Slovenia (1), (4) 3.6 4.1 4.7 … 12 13 15
ES Spain 125.3 137.4 140.4 3 16 10 2
SE Sweden (1) 66.0 74.4 75.6 3 -2 13 2
TH Thailand (2), (3) 15.7 11.8 ... … 4 -25 …
GB United Kingdom 461.6 470.9 ... … -5 2 …
US United States of America (2), (3) 908.4 1016.5 1105.9 5 7 12 9
ZM Zambia (2) 1.3 1.4 ... … 3 7 …
Memorandum item:
EU_WLEuropean Union (1), (4) 0.0 0.0 1194.9 … … … …
Excluding wholesale and retail trade as well as repair activities. Unless otherwise specified:
- all or a large part of financial service activities are excluded;
- all or a large part of community, social and personal services activities are excluded;
- insurance activities and/or activities auxiliary to financial and insurance activities are included.
(1) Insurance activities and activities auxiliary to financial and insurance activities are not covered.
(2) Financial service activities are included.
(3) Community, social and personal services activities are included.
(4) Real estate activities are not covered.
(5) Includes other income.
(6) Insurance activities and activities auxiliary to financial and insurance activities are not covered starting in 2013 for Latvia, 2014 for Hungary.
(7) Fiscal year as reference period.
(8) No estimation for non-response.
Note : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.

124
Table A63
Table A63
Sales
Sales byby foreignaffiliates
foreign affiliatesofofresident
resident companies
companies --affiliates
affiliateslocated abroad
located primarily
abroad engaged
primarily in services
engaged activities
in services (outward
activities (outward
FATS),
FATS), 2016-2018
2016-2018
Value Annual percentage change
2016 2017 2018 2010-2018 2016 2017 2018
AU Australia (1) ... ... 73.3 … … … …

AT Austria 31.4 35.0 37.8 0 6 12 8
BE Belgium (2) 32.3 35.5 57.1 11.9 -2 10 61
CA Canada 192.1 202.8 205.6 … 1 6 1
CN China (3) 385.1 709.6 948.3 … 14 84 34
HR Croatia 0.7 0.5 0.6 2 15 -28 15
CY Cyprus 2.0 2.3 2.6 -2 3 17 9
CZ Czech Republic 1.0 1.3 2.1 22 103 34 58
DK Denmark (4) 53.0 55.6 65.5 … -2 5 18
FI Finland 15.9 19.8 24.0 -3 3 25 21
FR France 448.5 469.4 504.8 2 2 5 8
DE Germany 580.6 611.7 675.9 3 4 5 11
GR Greece 2.7 2.8 3.9 3 -33 6 38
HU Hungary 2.1 2.5 2.4 0 7 18 -4
IE Ireland 100.6 115.2 113.8 2 2 15 -1
IT Italy 126.7 ... ... … -11 … …
JP Japan (1), (5) 181.7 204.6 222.3 23 6 13 9
LV Latvia 0.6 0.5 0.6 6 -17 -19 18
LT Lithuania 0.5 0.9 1.3 25 12 83 50
LU Luxembourg (6) 4.3 4.6 4.2 2 3 8 -10
NO Norway 40.7 42.6 42.6 5 -1 4 0
PL Poland 2.9 2.5 4.3 8 22 -14 70
PT Portugal 5.9 5.8 5.7 -14 3 -1 -3
RO Romania 0.3 0.4 0.5 65 430 19 35
SK Slovak Republic 0.4 0.5 0.7 11 38 21 38
SI Slovenia 0.9 1.0 1.5 3 -6 17 43
ES Spain 167.2 170.7 177.0 1 1 2 4
SE Sweden 97.3 90.6 108.3 2 1 -7 20
CH Switzerland 209.4 223.0 234.2 … -12 6 5
GB United Kingdom (4) 492.3 471.1 485.9 … -11 -4 3
US United States of America 1453.1 1534.4 1700.6 6 3 6 11
Excluding wholesale and retail trade and repair activities.
(1) Fiscal year as reference period.
(2) Classified under services according to activity of parent company.
(3) Accommodation and food services, financial intermediation activities, as well as education, health and social work activities are not covered.
(4) Branches are excluded.
(5) Also includes affiliates foreign owned by more than 10 per cent. Excludes affiliates of parent companies active in finance, insurance and real estate. No estimation for non-response.
(6) Includes wholesale and retail trade and repair activities.
Note : Given the recent development of this statistical framework, comparability and coverage of data may not always be complete. See the Metadata.
125
Table A64
Table A64
Servicessupplied
Services suppliedby
by United
United States
Statesaffiliates established
affiliates abroad
established (outward
abroad FATS)FATS)
(outward and byand
foreign affiliatesaffiliates
by foreign in the United States
in the (inward
United States
FATS) FATS)
(inward by economy of affiliate,
by economy 2018
of affiliate, 2018
Supply of services abroad Supply of services in the United States

2018 2018 2010-18 2017 2018 2018 2018 2010-18 2017 2018
World 1704310 100.0 5 5 10 World 1141541 100.0 6 12 4

European Union (28) 827567 48.6 6 8 12 European Union (28) 570960 50.0 5 6 4
Canada 132657 7.8 2 3 9 Japan 173170 15.2 8 6 5
Singapore 88120 5.2 10 0 6 Canada 133261 11.7 8 21 1
Switzerland 86384 5.1 4 6 8 Switzerland 61019 5.3 1 -1 27
Japan 77411 4.5 1 -3 5 Korea, Republic of 35855 3.1 17 34 15
Above 5 1212139 71.1 - - - Above 5 974265 85.3 - - -
China 59614 3.5 9 -2 10 Bermuda 22075 1.9 10 1 -13
Australia 54725 3.2 2 10 14 China 20558 1.8 44 103 4
Mexico 42696 2.5 3 3 1 British Virgin Islands 19995 1.8 29 181 3
Brazil 40088 2.4 4 4 1 India 18259 1.6 12 7 0
India 33076 1.9 11 14 5 Australia 15438 1.4 2 12 -3
Hong Kong, China 31105 1.8 0 1 19 Mexico 10070 0.9 11 10 0
Bermuda 18649 1.1 3 1 22 Chinese Taipei 9458 0.8 19 277 1
Macao, China 17548 1.0 … 8 36 Hong Kong, China 6957 0.6 10 11 10
Korea, Republic of 16358 1.0 5 3 15 Singapore 6831 0.6 2 35 -25
Bahamas 16310 1.0 … 0 13 Israel 4574 0.4 14 43 23
Above 15 1542308 90.5 - - - Above 15 1108480 97.1 - - -
Note: This information refers to supply of services products to foreigners by United States owned affiliates and supply of services products to United States persons by affiliates foreign owned. This differs from the FATS data
presented for the United States in the tables A62 and A63 which refer to sales of foreign affiliates operating in the services sector. For instance the latter include sales of goods of foreign affiliates whose primary activity is
classified as a service industry but not the supply of services of those whose primary activity is classified as a manufacturing industry.

126
Table A65
Table A65
World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019
World merchandise exports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
World 5240767 6537188 7784160 7764685 8025366 7975810 7206311 7070155 7847551 8559719 8307425
North America
Canada 139413 176547 206109 201398 199376 202245 182762 173415 185316 197798 188509
Mexico 79252 106075 127228 140162 143156 145571 144020 143229 150005 161882 164356
South and Central America and the Caribbean
Argentina 32317 41491 51684 47870 45699 41207 36823 38318 37127 32429 35579
Bahamas 317 287 312 312 351 336 198 158 194 204 353
Barbados 97 89 89 84 95 96 92 97 97 106 109
Belize 45 42 63 84 94 92 101 84 111 86 95
Brazil 94829 128293 167830 155385 157779 147957 127214 120954 142721 153237 145569
Chile 42495 57218 64317 60980 58123 55464 44735 42480 49860 54953 49561
Colombia 9762 10380 12466 12808 11166 10830 9589 9256 10074 10219 10176
Costa Rica 3474 4776 5646 6386 6346 5615 3967 3860 4476 4601 4599
Cuba 913 1142 1674 1461 1276 963 863 717 912 671 635
Dominica 7 10 32 12 33 25 19 24 26 33 28
Ecuador 1669 1971 2629 2901 2897 3557 3309 2777 2635 2755 2790
El Salvador 1189 1310 1845 1726 1881 1659 1744 1634 1866 1904 1978
Grenada 21 12 17 21 21 14 20 11 14 11 11
Guatemala 3175 4066 5298 4957 4774 5070 4962 4869 4902 4187 4253
Guyana 623 710 964 1127 1111 989 967 1231 1324 1149 1201
Honduras 1551 1934 2478 3329 3273 3079 2828 2693 3420 2844 1992
Jamaica 834 752 945 1032 926 828 807 685 723 1258 934
Nicaragua 651 979 1274 2088 2041 2032 1873 1928 2031 1958 2073
Panama 3437 3289 5517 5483 5386 3943 3636 3882 3500 1699 1943
Paraguay 2336 3304 4374 3778 5650 5585 4591 4689 4756 5148 4385
Peru 20822 28060 35719 34911 30881 27228 24975 27607 33720 35647 34204
Saint Lucia 28 31 31 18 36 40 52 36 31 23 19
Suriname 46 51 114 89 81 94 1068 1059 1266 1233 877
Uruguay 2784 3567 4210 4845 5273 5157 4209 3773 4328 3783 3944
Europe
Albania 344 619 759 715 777 272 497 618 518 565 803
Andorra 23 36 36 37 39 30 31 34 34 30 44
Austria 68485 78207 91664 86981 89649 92117 78997 78022 87437 95453 90381
Belgium 180104 209244 243187 227365 250616 231342 196463 198669 212771 241699 230009
Bulgaria 8345 10732 15408 13976 15782 15786 14007 13974 17112 18938 18222
Croatia 4465 5058 5878 5560 6079 6372 6032 6347 7579 8254 8148
Cyprus 389 522 711 622 570 559 376 398 458 616 456
Czech Republic 57480 67896 85728 81882 86571 92613 81070 83042 94512 102525 98908
Denmark 33551 34440 40572 38520 40022 40772 35735 35909 38732 40478 39952
Estonia 4560 5859 7710 7818 8191 7764 6315 6262 7276 8720 7486
Faeroe Islands 37 45 76 38 78 87 68 93 106 121 101
Finland 31829 42233 47717 42835 44254 41248 33361 31884 37889 42552 39978
127
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
exports of intermediate
of intermediate goodsgoods by and
by region region and selected
selected economy,economy, 2009-2019
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
France 207704 233779 270434 249842 254345 251909 214298 209250 232154 252341 243976
Germany 521792 602405 706679 659512 676141 693140 596975 600444 666629 729358 688556
Greece 8920 9658 11543 10612 10502 10501 9282 9078 10686 12527 12097
Iceland 1965 2459 2806 2595 2611 2546 2526 2146 2607 2979 2421
Ireland 60369 63018 69910 66789 64757 65586 65655 73972 79774 101988 110908
Italy 183628 206921 246027 230297 235587 238863 204369 205463 226209 246467 235467
Latvia 3687 4792 6111 6340 6202 6267 5588 5677 6599 7836 7366
Lithuania 5899 7359 9912 10489 11248 12196 9924 10187 12129 13822 14322
Luxembourg 8286 9860 11667 9747 9636 10021 8556 8395 9348 10183 9697
Malta 1571 1875 2022 1983 1895 1693 1448 1396 1619 1724 1916
Montenegro 272 298 422 303 248 233 211 202 264 255 255
Netherlands 164041 190210 241659 228853 228397 231406 190885 191203 223677 237039 227043
North Macedonia 776 1803 2541 2225 2477 2847 2628 2752 3516 4435 4612
Norway 21786 24883 26996 24941 24824 25002 21733 19286 20185 22005 21343
Poland 61289 74973 92472 88291 97967 103334 91136 93129 106225 124920 118717
Portugal 21765 25432 30733 29041 30210 30594 26793 27235 30322 35727 31866
Romania 19749 25940 33757 32290 36524 39014 34469 37324 41869 47604 45606
Serbia 4362 5688 6921 6203 7177 7434 6836 7474 9210 10949 11378
Slovak Republic 24976 30099 36787 36983 37924 37659 33345 33880 36750 39537 36164
Slovenia 10802 12553 15173 14089 14792 15495 13575 14195 16067 18268 17644
Spain 93290 109338 135729 125057 133730 134330 115799 116271 131096 144122 134518
Sweden 65043 81028 94980 86605 83560 82337 68932 68351 75012 79061 75596
Switzerland 76278 89044 104364 186565 231867 177341 165895 177253 167479 168188 170297
Hungary 34644 41981 52316 50035 53753 56432 51884 53636 59574 65197 63296
Turkey 46272 52299 62657 76890 69936 70242 65035 64618 70481 76506 79482
Ukraine 29291 36973 49154 50238 47897 43165 31745 29934 35229 38704 44378
United Kingdom 140461 165787 197022 187179 261787 232064 220302 181555 198962 223335 210438
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including certain associate and former member States
Armenia 510 749 908 867 871 876 869 985 1231 1280 1453
Azerbaijan 394 474 675 669 637 621 541 541 802 932 1098
Belarus 7526 9904 14618 15600 12496 13193 10563 9793 12197 14216 13956
Georgia 622 907 1061 1054 1197 1205 984 1000 1359 1603 1721
Kazakhstan 12840 15719 23706 26232 18426 16448 13688 13214 16563 17079 17328
Kyrgyz Republic 675 844 1292 912 1097 1210 897 947 1146 1233 1411
Tajikistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Turkmenistan 352 702 621 725 1150 888 874 791 663 724 742
Africa
Algeria 938 1200 1692 1740 1765 2243 1739 1454 1517 2018 1961
Benin 248 241 254 329 445 600 441 314 538 717 690
Botswana 2954 4192 5309 6238 7543 8186 6003 7061 5720 5862 5057
Burkina Faso 759 1241 2213 2074 2258 2380 2008 2319 2550 2952 3036
Burundi 82 96 162 206 172 103 76 83 102 121 137
Cabo Verde 13 6 10 52 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
Cameroon 1434 1683 1725 1576 1700 2036 1999 1793 2329 2402 2511
Congo 305 243 246 172 197 201 197 292 714 481 520
Côte d'Ivoire 5928 6009 7150 6475 6900 7715 7704 7231 7904 7599 8499
Egypt 10282 11562 14336 13130 12970 11601 9373 11244 12727 13715 13408
Eritrea 24 11 347 584 319 575 449 379 431 509 494
Ethiopia 708 1051 1385 1523 1370 1757 1491 1384 1551 907 1780

128
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
of intermediate goods goods by and
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Gabon 833 1625 1628 1217 1452 1323 1289 1131 1861 2169 2272
The Gambia 19 44 66 90 81 78 74 15 5 4 6
Ghana 4688 5025 8853 10496 8417 9305 9332 7830 9572 10581 10485
Guinea 991 1196 1273 1621 1667 1864 1411 2272 5503 5952 6339
Guinea-Bissau 6 17 60 23 28 58 26 15 3 9 85
Kenya 1530 1751 1774 1846 1850 1828 1763 1676 1676 1755 1676
Lesotho 140 136 182 175 110 448 274 144 152 737 618
Madagascar 267 301 384 430 778 1229 1206 1240 991 1202 1135
Malawi 988 875 1166 994 1009 972 780 754 723 659 720
Mali 193 1905 2190 2396 3006 3231 3534 2624 1737 2833 4816
Mauritania 325 897 555 1706 1995 1505 1196 1035 1313 1151 1300
Mauritius 530 565 507 512 535 577 582 535 510 528 577
Morocco 6490 10148 12816 11874 11114 12017 11395 10962 12580 14827 14808
Mozambique 576 1536 2458 2253 2177 2941 2791 2074 1963 2358 3134
Namibia 3906 4056 4092 3480 3514 3465 3248 3479 3771 5199 4766
Niger 560 397 814 209 826 565 523 640 1391 1050 769
Nigeria 3639 9411 12898 18116 10194 10061 2414 849 1429 1908 5584
Rwanda 120 178 285 248 370 381 332 344 593 589 712
Senegal 851 1026 1391 1382 1318 1279 1279 1356 1506 1856 2084
Seychelles 26 178 215 214 156 211 167 141 24 44 25
Sierra Leone 231 311 456 986 1884 259 75 125 65 116 678
South Africa 34128 51250 71321 62234 60290 57517 47223 44153 51832 55950 53398
Sudan 1898 1738 1558 2410 3358 3014 2528 3275 3529 2944 3072
Eswatini 880 1095 1656 1454 1624 1618 1476 1350 1406 1387 1541
Tanzania 2228 3111 3883 4482 3283 4203 4024 3653 2762 1766 3391
Togo 549 534 741 767 893 687 536 488 531 586 558
Tunisia 5589 6548 6832 6645 6876 7251 6168 6329 6651 7245 7258
Uganda 908 939 1310 1278 1462 1378 1399 1575 1873 2040 2620
Zambia 3659 6324 8501 9113 9531 9191 6203 5771 7623 8541 6523
Zimbabwe 1243 2410 2895 3748 3630 3627 3155 3139 3244 3725 3845
Middle East
Iran 8124 14047 16888 15175 19856 22052 19396 20026 23245 22412 11021
Iraq 97 134 176 256 331 172 11 6 2230 1721 3139
Israel 32341 39697 48086 43526 47922 48731 45245 40026 40360 38827 36534
Jordan 3089 3521 4398 4159 3960 4169 3637 3492 3391 3479 3882
Oman 3670 4568 6706 7230 7949 8008 7053 5239 7055 9129 10373
Qatar 4084 1701 2492 14875 5151 454 6503 8693 8912 9810 8808
Yemen 198 265 364 417 862 351 126 626 1055 14 24
Asia
Afghanistan 67 78 79 22 9 12 142 189 399 194 235
Australia 77017 112872 151339 140914 146462 135261 101409 102636 113482 115175 133277
Bangladesh 1553 2184 2445 2424 2229 2030 2052 1836 2012 2007 2065
Bhutan 255 377 410 320 152 168 194 138 189 245 245
Cambodia 2228 1982 1918 986 617 553 880 1291 1703 1573 2077
China 458677 627380 772710 818960 909193 963133 957534 882206 973604 1102791 1115793
129
World
World merchandise
merchandise exports
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fiji 220 254 310 349 295 421 289 279 289 278 273
Hong Kong, China 12543 9793 12583 18577 16072 11626 8638 22279 23958 24093 22725
India 79171 110649 136943 134076 155134 139897 124701 123821 142546 155304 151782
Indonesia 57673 80469 98890 88492 87268 83389 74456 73161 87733 92341 87431
Japan 321557 420433 450837 437014 394556 375382 330931 337262 360543 376544 354057
Macao, China 202 50 54 77 679 152 191 69 405 95 115
Malaysia 90804 115194 132576 125643 124048 127592 117410 113053 130321 148410 144894
Maldives 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 5 6 9
Mongolia 1181 1835 2394 2246 2536 4169 3603 3443 3398 3594 3892
Myanmar 1309 2626 2659 3364 3536 3348 2646 2442 3813 5214 4275
Nepal 477 486 510 489 461 491 326 355 361 316 489
New Caledonia 1185 1223 1576 1229 1158 1546 1171 1303 1623 2061 1766
New Zealand 9108 11559 17445 13814 14411 14229 11859 11168 12031 12485 11730
Pakistan 6177 7663 10564 10129 10201 9555 7899 6824 7080 7692 7381
Papua New Guinea 4008 5312 5099 4135 5321 5263 4396 4619 5238 5629 5725
Philippines 23594 24284 25998 32895 38175 41076 40065 38750 46549 45694 47438
Samoa 33 49 38 42 31 23 20 18 8 5 7
Singapore 156488 203998 224534 226026 234047 231641 212403 202717 216997 233640 224092
Sri Lanka 1720 2256 3040 2670 2594 2890 2479 2528 2815 3499 3176
Chinese Taipei 138987 186826 209291 203319 205793 221670 202314 207185 240965 254852 246597
Thailand 75088 98781 121925 113757 113237 111877 103972 107135 118853 125854 116840
Tonga 2 2 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 4 4
Vanuatu 21 29 46 36 61 21 41 42 49 39 13
Viet Nam 14797 20813 28708 37392 38855 44248 50162 57352 77415 91665 100107

130
Table A66
Table A66
World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019
World merchandise imports of intermediate goods by region and selected economy, 2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
World 5472792 6834513 8124926 8034476 8247575 8297202 7567378 7447045 8301056 9051207 8767391
North America
Canada 137383 170419 194251 199447 195946 197651 182754 175112 186693 196775 193170
Mexico 140303 182902 209386 220494 225752 234090 228505 222446 239483 263215 259222
South and Central America and the Caribbean
Argentina 19874 29211 36781 34295 35537 31970 30909 26838 30795 32713 27291
Bahamas 831 809 941 1101 1054 1165 924 893 1014 983 955
Barbados 452 439 497 475 484 483 477 468 457 435 442
Belize 204 207 212 238 255 315 341 327 311 307 319
Brazil 67892 95337 115523 114511 122446 117936 93888 80543 87698 98575 100172
Chile 14511 19619 23999 25270 24978 23805 21980 19972 21057 24342 23526
Colombia 15733 19477 24987 25888 25575 27266 23816 21098 22138 25196 24673
Costa Rica 4992 7228 8913 9253 8964 8048 6869 6502 7076 7259 7155
Cuba 2526 3047 3748 3759 3953 3396 3776 3380 3263 3093 2808
Dominica 80 83 119 74 104 111 92 82 85 145 106
Ecuador 6799 8701 11005 11706 12528 12953 10687 8234 9753 11062 10073
El Salvador 3070 3814 4593 4608 4701 4637 4599 4304 4690 5085 5092
Grenada 96 74 87 79 87 92 89 73 86 86 77
Guatemala 5138 6226 7482 7415 7635 7780 7869 7326 7869 8536 8424
Guyana 387 454 511 588 590 556 535 684 713 1142 1565
Honduras 2170 2458 3173 3032 5143 2927 3382 3066 3489 3776 3447
Jamaica 1723 1689 2048 1995 1852 1687 1625 1488 1773 1983 1955
Nicaragua 1151 1357 1771 2038 1985 2002 2151 3298 3514 3350 3330
Panama 5008 5853 8364 5413 4872 3664 3505 3270 7256 7351 6559
Paraguay 2195 3028 3917 3698 4031 4119 3799 3516 4272 4739 4143
Peru 10220 13867 17472 18337 18096 18650 17540 16003 17666 19325 18978
Saint Lucia 186 183 191 181 176 166 177 186 208 182 178
Suriname 605 538 629 679 905 672 633 400 449 497 666
Uruguay 2442 3243 4189 4036 4436 3974 3658 3095 3288 3485 3193
Europe
Albania 1996 2008 2284 1925 1986 1141 1553 1544 1605 1657 2337
Andorra 320 268 261 229 235 263 217 244 273 299 286
Austria 63205 73478 89793 81327 84005 84100 73519 73568 83175 92531 87070
Belgium 162600 188981 230214 212577 229364 216411 180604 183048 196073 222924 208917
Bulgaria 9619 11087 14793 14275 14912 15729 13373 13223 16140 17992 17517
Croatia 8130 7966 8945 7904 8647 8944 8297 8924 9733 10944 10922
Cyprus 2263 2437 2402 1854 1660 1690 1462 1515 1950 2268 2282
Czech Republic 56164 69078 84114 77399 79777 85928 76593 78584 90926 100177 94502
Denmark 32360 33584 39027 36806 37936 38737 34192 33873 36780 39524 38032
Estonia 4384 5898 8353 8393 8486 8612 6535 6503 7231 8647 7080
Faeroe Islands 258 215 251 333 291 350 277 300 335 394 405
Finland 23917 29804 35052 30339 30056 30688 23882 23634 30602 34332 31869
131

World
World merchandise
merchandise imports
imports of intermediate
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
France 224651 255136 300395 274562 277182 276894 244890 246094 274900 289353 279532
Germany 424027 506862 605806 543980 552251 570638 500292 499237 561163 618205 574385
Greece 20921 19357 20635 17301 17278 17381 14686 15475 17352 20379 20144
Iceland 1766 1949 2356 2180 2249 2268 2263 2322 2801 3192 2871
Ireland 22380 21552 24369 22965 25626 27555 26569 27924 32431 38921 35463
Italy 167724 214027 250006 209453 211186 216244 191256 187766 208470 232308 217858
Latvia 3141 4085 5572 5514 5586 5803 4914 4913 5880 7136 6355
Lithuania 6148 7516 9997 9785 10746 12168 10029 10084 11601 13407 13449
Luxembourg 7648 8510 11483 9838 9513 9394 8001 7980 8894 9969 9345
Malta 1625 2130 2302 2122 2176 2007 1790 1593 1639 1819 1946
Montenegro 852 821 918 778 771 769 688 789 900 1034 1079
Netherlands 140080 163124 213775 196935 201391 201586 169811 169818 195047 216131 214076
North Macedonia 2101 2624 3537 3263 3541 4113 3803 4036 4760 5645 5954
Norway 30582 32960 39367 37682 37628 38758 32419 30258 37520 37794 36337
Poland 73472 88544 106487 95200 103114 110178 96597 97403 113288 135845 121396
Portugal 29879 32928 37407 32050 33277 34281 29932 30404 35611 43912 40079
Romania 28059 33403 41833 37968 40625 42292 38655 40205 45940 53900 51931
Serbia 5709 6429 8478 8439 9982 9603 8721 8570 10262 12006 12261
Slovak Republic 29316 36406 41621 39726 41316 42003 38103 40205 44584 52214 50983
Slovenia 11892 13711 15782 14034 14404 14621 13048 13558 16002 18482 17844
Spain 121629 133881 154718 133457 141153 150488 135088 135003 150642 166249 159220
Sweden 49673 63844 75393 65814 62094 62978 53940 53981 60522 66994 62429
Switzerland 64697 73713 87926 178992 205523 158721 146524 160588 151000 151166 146680
Hungary 39004 46721 53895 48781 51651 55540 51088 53433 59577 65907 65512
Turkey 70559 94010 120361 116541 129474 123104 105400 107418 135920 128907 122097
Ukraine 15716 21210 27518 27640 27032 20171 14477 16108 19001 22029 22798
United Kingdom 177082 223861 258109 241543 250999 269849 244599 275052 271437 277182 313417
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), including certain associate and former member States
Armenia 1464 1499 1617 1601 1712 1820 1313 1336 1595 2077 2053
Azerbaijan 3229 3641 4980 5051 5968 4822 4980 4467 3954 5642 7179
Belarus 9075 12816 15176 16193 16209 14162 10089 10329 12948 14451 14992
Georgia 1214 1543 2141 2768 2626 2921 2600 2609 2807 3285 3373
Kazakhstan 13255 9940 14715 17958 19444 16460 13353 11449 13487 15472 17295
Kyrgyz Republic 918 920 1307 1678 2014 1824 1513 1458 1676 1860 1871
Tajikistan ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Turkmenistan 2895 2454 3260 4476 4320 4538 3460 2695 1855 1399 1547
Africa
Algeria 22455 23663 27148 24800 27145 30955 28091 26005 25727 25015 22239
Benin 536 636 726 731 930 927 698 756 1021 968 820
Botswana 1974 2703 3260 4692 4856 4662 4320 3292 2738 3150 3517
Burkina Faso 735 840 932 1369 1645 1304 1129 1394 1496 1607 1520
Burundi 190 209 464 573 313 255 210 284 346 365 412
Cabo Verde 228 253 323 223 228 265 207 251 259 277 268
Cameroon 1793 1850 2274 2271 2574 2666 2392 2176 2191 2813 2761
Congo 796 791 1031 1416 1463 1786 2180 1831 1345 1130 874
Côte d'Ivoire 2336 2366 2185 2993 3319 3608 3742 3248 3429 3902 3972
Egypt 27029 30854 37948 39177 37252 40696 38137 37644 37612 46607 44141
Eritrea 153 220 239 266 228 223 188 190 205 232 206
Ethiopia 3922 3793 4302 5480 5459 7496 8191 8962 7782 7114 4405

132

World
World merchandise
merchandise imports
of intermediate goods goods byand
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Gabon 1259 1048 1391 1555 1594 1579 1133 771 751 808 948
The Gambia 111 100 115 111 117 139 157 143 215 199 209
Ghana 2971 3695 5396 5968 5410 7586 6513 5497 6691 5564 4830
Guinea 704 800 1139 1246 874 867 698 830 1483 1712 1757
Guinea-Bissau 72 71 104 111 109 110 117 103 105 114 107
Kenya 4491 4990 6673 6683 7040 7972 6915 6611 7665 7775 7746
Lesotho 567 610 594 751 752 557 652 724 1214 620 627
Madagascar 1850 1303 1274 1203 1258 1639 1516 1553 1696 1936 1759
Malawi 1014 1219 1325 1199 1552 1359 1195 1153 1354 1399 1592
Mali 873 1873 1338 1384 1335 1344 1320 1608 1761 1585 1598
Mauritania 589 663 992 1277 1169 1167 1165 809 883 1231 1256
Mauritius 1378 1641 1955 2116 1845 1864 1560 1607 1777 1848 1840
Morocco 15728 17051 22752 21823 22365 23918 21246 23864 24850 27680 27980
Mozambique 1287 1113 2775 2806 3247 3727 3913 2426 2464 3044 5873
Namibia 2308 2341 2654 2937 3156 3172 3021 3123 3301 3986 4407
Niger 668 1069 772 741 743 970 1017 935 678 1164 677
Nigeria 17654 22712 30008 17052 20149 20756 15078 14220 13772 14256 17824
Rwanda 575 577 727 744 834 892 951 979 1124 1222 1545
Senegal 1675 1558 1888 2342 2316 2305 1988 2131 2568 2974 3049
Seychelles 218 560 538 533 407 479 462 418 314 289 324
Sierra Leone 217 319 538 597 526 460 393 367 407 398 498
South Africa 22458 29949 35637 34633 34943 33445 31521 29101 31138 34392 32864
Sudan 4387 6628 5172 3363 4267 4715 3812 5876 5245 5213 3534
Eswatini 606 774 1004 791 725 716 666 690 712 786 786
Tanzania 2761 3317 4451 4407 4607 5416 4130 3612 3548 3916 6857
Togo 587 620 881 835 1047 939 921 816 790 871 907
Tunisia 11093 12804 14029 13058 13689 13787 11638 11658 12257 13626 12611
Uganda 1874 1977 2214 2066 2180 2379 2271 2202 2457 3175 1855
Zambia 2088 3183 4292 4897 6271 5336 3702 3288 4260 5156 3510
Zimbabwe 1284 1939 4139 2570 3213 2310 2270 2110 1978 2493 1891
Middle East
Iran 31252 32409 34678 40593 29492 31130 23490 23484 27759 23603 20499
Iraq 10384 12488 15157 16809 21466 19076 16298 14394 16936 17554 15938
Israel 21471 28466 34679 32586 32781 33567 30107 30250 30683 32721 31626
Jordan 5655 6014 6882 7531 8429 8736 8741 8057 8370 8137 7895
Oman 7748 8446 10877 12333 14156 13346 13147 11467 13178 13454 13843
Qatar 11115 12360 8423 10503 12839 14731 15779 14830 14369 14803 14417
Yemen 3887 3908 4087 4075 4564 6662 3366 3244 3533 1538 2231
Asia
Afghanistan 882 1217 1156 529 1020 1196 1850 2187 4472 4181 4094
Australia 56886 66466 74277 75322 68902 68203 63450 61317 65658 71934 67909
Bangladesh 15153 20350 27715 24360 25276 26773 31851 29135 33310 37201 36391
Bhutan 229 397 462 539 120 91 143 166 213 299 326
Cambodia 2305 3078 3588 4249 4804 6525 7464 7973 9018 10741 11907
China 659229 888857 1055805 1063001 1142917 1146760 1097451 1035287 1180438 1296917 1258598
133

World
World merchandise
merchandise imports
of intermediate goods goods byand
2009-2019
(Million dollars)
(Million dollars)
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Fiji 513 592 682 694 775 942 632 858 850 901 795
Hong Kong, China 49506 64815 71223 77979 102923 85764 59990 58137 69640 86659 75567
India 134272 181632 236951 228124 212275 212631 211496 195767 247119 262915 251800
Indonesia 51169 72705 92148 99670 98463 94345 83428 82774 93325 110763 103401
Japan 203378 267574 311282 295654 279138 281896 248227 242493 265155 293068 282120
Macao, China 905 667 784 953 2198 1468 1577 1040 2535 1162 1148
Malaysia 82136 108778 120232 117379 120451 123341 109082 105047 120431 132846 126065
Maldives 288 324 425 418 447 528 652 802 889 1154 703
Mongolia 691 912 1663 1780 1905 1697 1249 1050 1357 1871 1836
Myanmar 3304 1859 3700 3412 5015 6657 6581 6589 7719 8403 8784
Nepal 1995 2665 3131 3113 3587 3835 3414 4521 5000 4625 4546
New Caledonia 740 879 851 832 875 902 767 618 627 694 715
New Zealand 8778 10529 16101 12570 12671 13314 12109 11842 13512 14546 14295
Pakistan 15165 17448 20574 19458 21072 23095 22894 24213 28432 29027 23967
Papua New Guinea 1340 1657 2670 3181 2251 1954 1772 1592 1750 1836 1848
Philippines 28946 35961 28809 36903 35904 36298 41476 50233 58026 65683 64562
Samoa 59 102 108 112 119 119 134 114 126 111 125
Singapore 124003 157622 173646 176875 188716 184833 165914 163777 176972 194622 194397
Sri Lanka 5180 6463 9532 8842 8581 9037 9184 9976 10497 10024 9485
Chinese Taipei 97543 141987 157594 142616 136576 143929 125227 130426 151024 165008 163101
Thailand 77804 111131 132931 135226 135783 120915 114637 111934 130335 142582 121431
Tonga 35 46 54 54 47 67 50 55 43 59 53
Vanuatu 88 81 75 105 83 75 91 99 90 81 80
Viet Nam 42281 55508 69629 76817 92842 103306 114916 124060 149675 165989 176811

134
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2019Q3

Merchandise trade volume

About this publication

For more information

II. Highlights of world trade in 2020 and the impact of COVID-19 8

III. World trade and economic growth, 2020-21 20

IV. Composition, definitions & methodology 40

A message from Director-General 07

A message from Director-General

The COVID-19 pandemic has had devastating consequences

This publication presents recent trends in world trade

As of the first quarter of 2021, global trade in commercial

World trade overview 10

Least-developed countries (LDCs) 19

World trade overview

Trade in goods and services experienced a deep slump in 2020 due to

10 World trade in goods and services amounted to

Souce: WTO-UNCTAD in cooperation with ITC and UNSD.

2250 2311 2289 2323 China

1250 12 per cent in 2019), totalling US$ 2,323 billion .

Other goods Manufactured goods

Trade in manufactured goods represented 71 per cent

Source: WTO estimates.

World merchandise trade

Source: WTO estimates.

Total Agriculture Fuels and mining Manufacturing

* Estimate of product break-down.

World exports of manufactured goods

5 3.9 personal equipment, world exports

Source: WTO estimates.

Trade in medical goods

Source: WTO estimates.

Medicine Medical supplies Personal protective products

Other med supplies

All medicines Test kits All medical equipment

Source: WTO estimates.

World exports of intermediate goods

IG parts & accessories (transport equipment) IG other industrial supplies

Source: WTO estimates.

Trade in commercial services by sector

Other commercial services

Source: WTO-UNCTAD estimates.

Composition of commercial services

90 • The share of transport and travel in

80 total services trade declined from

Source: WTO-UNCTAD estimates.

Exports of computer services

Annual percentage change

Chart 2.12 Chart 2.13

2019 2020 2019 2020

Source: WTO-UNCTAD estimates.

Least-developed countries (LDCs)

2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Source: WTO-UNCTAD estimates.

World trade and

Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021 22

Merchandise trade volume 23

Merchandise and services trade values 28

Leading indicators of trade 31

Economic recovery from COVID-19 34

Trade and GDP in 2020 and early 2021

Sources: WTO Secretariat for trade, consensus estimates for GDP.

Merchandise trade volume