Republic of the Philippines

LEYTE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

Tacloban City, Leyte

SY 2021 - 2022

LOCAL ATTRACTIONS AND POLICIES

IMPLEMENTED IN BILIRAN PROVINCE

An Undergraduate Research
Proposal Presented to
Mr. Ariel B. Lunzaga

In partial fulfillment of the Requirements

For the subject Research in Tourism

Management Research Proposal
of

Baculanlan, Liesel Y.
Baldomar, Ma. Jaile B.
Cain, Jennyvive E.
Canillas, Samantha
Denisse C. DePaz,
Antonette
Elago, Ma.
Victoria J.
Esquierdo,
Queenzel A.
Namba, Sharon
Ocaña, Shaina Joy N.
Orca, Persha D.
Pauyon, Sheila Marie G.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter I: Introduction 1-8

Abstract and Introduction 2-4

Statement of the Problem 5

Objective of the Study 6

Significance of the Study 6-7

Scope and Delimitation 7

Definition of Terms 7-8

Chapter II: Review of the Related Literature

Review of Related Studies 9-19

Conceptual Framework 20

Chapter III: METHODOLOGY 21-25

Research Design 21

Study Locale 21
 Research Respondents 22

Sampling Procedure 23

Research Instrument 23

Data Gathering Procedure 23-24

Ethical Consideration 24

Data Analysis 24-25

Chapter IV: PRESENTATIONS, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Perception on Health Policies 26-27

Perception on Safety Policies 28-30

Perception on Security Policies 30-32

Results of T-test between Employees/Manager and Excursionist 32-33

Chapter V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary 34

Conclusion 35

Recommendations 35-36

References 37-45

Appendix A:
 ABSTRACT

Tourism has been greatly affected and is one of the world’s most harmed industries

during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the local destinations, the Biliran provincial

administration ordered the temporary closure of all tourist attractions as local authorities

restricted people's movements due to increased COVID-19 cases. Tourists are now surging in

Biliran, there are no studies that attest to what protocols on health, safety, and security are

being implemented in different local attractions in the Biliran Province.

The objective of this study is to gain data on the policies strictly implemented and not

implemented by the local attractions in Biliran through the perspective of the excursionists

and employees/managers. A survey questionnaire and a Likert Scale was used to obtain and

interpret data. Furthermore, a t-Test was used to test the significant difference between

employees and excursionist perceptions on health, safety, and security policies.

Based on the results of the perception of excursionists and employees/managers on

the implementation of health policies, the researchers found that the data shows that

employees' perception is inconsistent with the attribution theory. Employees/managers and

excursionist safety policies are established in the local attractions of Biliran. Most employees

agree that security policies are observed in local attractions. In terms of comparing

perceptions between employees and excursionists, safety and security policies show a not

statistically significant result. On the other hand, results on perceived safety policies show a

statistically significant result. (p > 0.0102).

 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Tourism is a collection of activities, services, and industries that deliver a travel

experience comprising transportation, accommodation, eating and drinking establishments,

retail shops, entertainment businesses, and other hospitality services provided for individuals

or groups traveling away from home (WTO, 2016). The tourism industry is one of the most

visible and rapidly increasing sectors in the global economy and is critical to a country's

economic growth. However, tourism has been greatly affected and is one of the world’s most

harmed industries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic evolved to be a global

biological disaster that is one of the most serious and catastrophic events in human history

that has changed the lives of everyone, and as it continues to threaten countries around the

world, national governments, and health ministry’s design and implement health policies and

standards based on World Health Organization guidelines, other countries' experiences, and

on-the-ground experiences to contain the spread of the virus. During the early weeks and

months of the COVID- 19 crisis, countries responded quickly to give a wide range of

emergency assistance targeted at keeping individuals and businesses afloat, as well as

protecting employment and income, to save the economy from collapsing.

In the Philippines, the national government convened an Inter-Agency Task Force on

Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF) in January 2020 to monitor a viral outbreak of the

COVID-19 virus before its emergence. The IATF implemented large-scale regulations

focused largely on controlling the pandemic, including social distancing, wearing of face

masks, and face shields, mass testing, and even school closures. The national government
also declared a community quarantine that was initially placed in the National Capital Region

(NCR) beginning March 13, 2020, and was later expanded to the entire island of Luzon and

was then expanded to provinces and the entire country. The country-wide lockdown policies

were implemented, and inbound and outbound travel was restricted, disrupting domestic

activity and trade.

In the local destinations, the Biliran provincial administration ordered the temporary

closure of all tourist attractions as local authorities restricted people's movements due to

increased coronavirus disease 2019 cases. The provincial government requested the local

officials to closely monitor and prevent visitor gatherings in all tourism establishments,

resorts, and similar amenities or attraction places, a mandatory 14-day facility quarantine and

negative swab test result for all returning Biliran residents and non-Biliran residents who

wanted to visit the province were imposed, and travel coordination requirements were

implemented. Moreover, as COVID-19 cases continue to rise, such travel restrictions are

likely to remain in place in the coming weeks, and possibly longer.

As the tourism industry is currently struggling to recover, many countries are still

working on a new plan or strategy, as well as measures to help restore tourism and make it

more sustainable and resilient in the face of the pandemic. This includes creating a recovery

plan, promoting domestic tourism, and adhering to government-implemented safety measures

and policies to ensure the safety of tourists to regain their trust in visiting a destination and

create a steadfast tourism system.

As we are at the tail end of the pandemic, where people are starting to go out and

travel, it is important to ensure that local attractions and tourist spots are following and

strictly implementing the protocols on health, safety, and security. This study aims to gain
data on the policies strictly implemented and not implemented by the local attractions in

Biliran through the perspective of the excursionists and employees/managers.

Statement of the Problem

Tourism is currently one of the largest and fastest-growing sectors in the Philippines.

However, studies tackling the field of tourism are lacking, especially those that focus on

Eastern Visayas. Tourism in different parts of the globe is hampered due to the restrictions

brought on by the pandemic. During the pandemic, the island of Biliran was completely

closed due to lockdowns and quarantines. Travelers from within and outside the country were

not permitted to enter the borders of Biliran to prevent the spread of the virus.

As the world is entering the tail-end of the pandemic, the Department of Health

(DOH) (2022) allowed travelers to visit tourist destinations to heal the economy. With this, it

is significant that the tourists and excursionists become knowledgeable of the protocols of

health, safety, and security implemented at local attractions to protect themselves and the

people that surround them. On the other hand, employees/managers must strictly implement

these protocols to foster a safe and conducive space for their customers. As tourists are now

surging in Biliran, there are no studies that attest to what protocols on health, safety, and

security are being implemented in different local attractions in the Biliran Province.
Objectives

The general objective of this study is to gain data on the policies strictly implemented

and not implemented by the local attractions in Biliran through the perspective of the

excursionists and employees/managers.

Specifically, this study will answer the following questions:

1. What are the local attractions in Biliran?

2. What is the importance of the policies in every local destination?

3. What are the protocols for the health, safety, and security of the local attractions?

4. Are these local attractions strictly implementing these protocols?

5. Is there a significant difference in the perception of the excursionists and

employees/managers with the policies on health safety and security implemented among the

different local destinations in Biliran Island?

Significance of the Study

The study will address that and provide baseline information regarding policies on

health, safety, and security employed by the managers of local destinations in the province of

Biliran. Through this study, we will have data on what local attractions strictly implement the

protocols that ensure the well-being of the excursionists. The results of this study will benefit

the managers of local destinations because the tourists will be knowledgeable about the

policies they are implementing and the policies they need to implement.
Scope and Delimitation

This study will focus on 10 local attractions in Biliran, namely, Casiawan Falls,

Tomalistis Falls, Tinago Falls, Marienor Mountain Resort, Naval Spring Resort,

Kasabangan/Saab Falls, Bagongbong Falls, VRC Resort, Talahid Resort, and Bethany Hills.

The researchers will have six (6) excursionists and two (2) employees/managers as

respondents for each local attraction in Biliran.

Definition of Terms

1. Policies – These refer to the rules and regulations, do’s and don'ts observed by the

local attractions related to the Health, Safety, and Security of excursionists (Singh,

1999).

2. Local Tourism – A location that serves as a local tourist destination and where

visitors stay at least one night. (UNWTO, 2007).

3. Establishment – A local business that offers short-term or short-stay

accommodations as a paid service (although the cost may be partially or entirely

subsidized (Bolivia, 2018).

4. Excursionists - People who do not live in the area of arrival and remain for just one

day without spending the night in a shared or private residence, also known as

same-day tourists (Harris, 2016).

5. Protocol - A system of rules that explain the correct conduct and procedures to be

followed in formal situations or different establishments. (Lockhart, 1994)

6. Policy Implementation - To fulfill the goals and objectives outlined in policy

statements, the government and other parties engage in several actions. (Bullock,

2019)
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Tourism is defined by the World Tourism Organization (WTO) as a group of activities

carried out by people who are temporarily absent from their normal surroundings for a

maximum of one year for various reasons, such as for pleasure, business, religion, health, and

other personal reasons. Any form of activity that is long-term, like seeking employment at the

destination or making a long-term move, is not considered tourism (WTO 1994). It is a brief

encounter between visitors and a place that is hosting them and is made up of a variety of

stakeholders who are either fully or partially active in the tourist industry (Buhalis, 2000).

The tourism industry is “the sum of all firms that directly supply goods or services to

assist business, pleasure, and leisure activities away from the home setting," (Smith 1988). In

which the supply of goods or services engaged in tourism is described as a tourism

commodity" (WTO, 1994), where consensus is used to define tourism consumers at the

Ottawa Conference. These include a visitor or anyone involved in tourism as a consumer, a

tourist or a visitor that stays overnight, and a same-day visitor or one that does not stay

overnight (WTO 1994).

Tourism is commonly regarded as the biggest industry on a global scale, contributing

to around 9% of the employment rate in 2012, according to the World Travel and Tourism

Council (WTTC) (WTTC, 2013). Along with business process outsourcing and overseas

Filipino (OF) remittances, the Philippines' tourism industry is a major factor in the country's

ability to maintain a strong external payment position and overall economic development

(Caynila, Luna, and Milla, 2022).

 Due to its huge importance, the Philippines institutionalized the tourism industry

through Republic Act No. 9593, which declares tourism a driver of economic development

through investment and employment. Today, academics, the government, businesses, and the

public are deeply concerned with tourism. Tourism is the world's largest industry now a

given. However, its importance goes beyond simply how many people travel, how many

individuals it employs, or how much income it brings into a location (Hall, 2008).

Tourism policy has been the subject of numerous studies by Hall (Hall 1994, 2011;

Hall and Jenkins 1995). Hall (2008) outlines three reasons to study policy: to comprehend the

shaping of policy decisions and their repercussions (the policy cycle method); to give

knowledge about solutions to real-world issues and then feed this information into the policy

process, and to comprehend the interests and values involved in policy and planning

processes. Policy implementation, according to Dredge and Jenkins (2007), is the process by

which ideas and plans for policies are put into action. According to O'Toole (1995), a policy

is a connection between the expression of governmental intention and actual consequences.

Despite the significance of this issue, Dodds (2007) contends that there is a lack of adequate

study on the implementation of tourism policy.

COVID-19 in the Philippines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is responsible for more mortality than the

SARS coronavirus, even though a worldwide pandemic is only emerging. The investigation

of the first suspected case in the Philippines began on January 22, 2020, and 633 suspected

cases had been reported by March 1. Both individuals were admitted to Manila's national

infectious illness referral hospital (Edrada et al., 2020).

 Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a total of 3,681,374 COVID-19 cases

and 59,769 COVID-19-related fatalities have been registered as of April. In late December

2021, there was a rapid and abrupt spike in the number of reported cases, which peaked in

early January 2022. Since then, the number of cases reported every day has been dropping.

This may be attributed to the ongoing vaccination initiatives nationwide and the strict

implementation of health protocols (WHO, 2022).

To mitigate the spread of the virus, the Philippine government implemented measures

for infection control. Some of which are community quarantines and travel restrictions. In

general, residents of regions subject to community quarantines are bound to remain at home

and are prohibited from traveling to neighboring cities or districts. Individuals are only

permitted to leave home to get critical supplies/medication or to go to work. Particularly

vulnerable groups, including those under 18 and those over 65, must always comply with the

home quarantine. The operation of facilities, the professional activity of persons, and the

execution of activities are only authorized to the degree expressly recognized by the

"Omnibus Guidelines on Community Quarantine." Therefore, only necessary facilities and

industries, such as hospitals, food shops, courier and delivery services, certain industrial

activities, and business process outsourcing, are permitted to maintain public access (BPO).

Depending on the number of COVID-19 cases in a specific location, there have been many

versions of community quarantines. These include Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ),

Modified Enhanced Community Quarantine (MECQ), and Modified General Community

Quarantine (MGCQ) (Roedl, 2021).

Tourism during the Pandemic

Tourism is among the industries that the COVID-19 outbreak has severely impacted.

The World Tourism Organization estimates that the closure of borders, airports and hotels and

limitations on mass gatherings, land travel, and associated services threaten between 100 and

120 million employment worldwide. In the Philippines, the Luzon airports were shut down

on March 20 as part of the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) that began on the island

on March 16. Much earlier, the tourist industry has suffered the detrimental effects of the

epidemic on its performance. Beginning in January of this year, travel restrictions and actions

in other nations have affected the number of foreign tourists visiting the Philippines.

However, domestic tourists also reduced their travel out of concern about acquiring

COVID-19. The Department of Tourism announced that foreign tourist receipts for the first

three months of the year decreased by 36%, compared to the same time in the previous year.

The country enjoyed a phenomenal year with 8.3 million inbound tourists and 550.2 billion

pesos in foreign tourism earnings in 2019. The most recent projections indicate that in 2020,

foreign tourism earnings and arrivals decreased to 3.9 million and PHP 279.5 billion pesos,

respectively (Meniano, 2022; PwC, 2020).

Tourism During the Pandemic in the Biliran Province

Biliran is a Philippine Island province situated in the Eastern Visayas Region (Region

VIII). Its capital is Naval. Biliran is one of the smallest and newest provinces in the nation.

Most of the province consists of small coastal regions or lowlands surrounded by mountains,

except for the municipalities of Naval and Caibiran, which have expansive plains (Patrick,

2020). The land area of the province is 536,01 km². According to the results of the 2020

Census, its population was 179,312. This accounted for 3.94% of the population of the
Eastern Visayas area, 0.87% of the population of the Visayas island group, and 0.16% of the

total population of the Philippines. Based on these numbers, the population density is

calculated to be 335 people per km² (PhilAtlas, 2022).

Since the outbreak of the pandemic, Biliran has documented 2,173 cases. Out of the 146,821

individuals targeted for Covid-19 immunization in the province of Biliran as of May 2022,

131,164 individuals are completely immunized. In 2021, the Province of Biliran placed top

among Eastern Visayas provinces in terms of COVID-19 vaccination coverage with at least

one dose compared to 70% of the target population, according to the most recent statistics

from the Department of Health (DOH) (Victoria, R, 2021). Presently, Biliran uses the

Department of Information and Communications Technology's (DICT) Vaccination

Administration System (VAS) to facilitate the registration of information against COVID-19.

It digitizes the whole inoculation procedure, including registration, vital signs input, health

screening, inoculation recording, and post-vaccination adverse event monitoring (Meniano,

2022). The provincial administration of Biliran is optimistic about a rapid economic recovery

after the recent reduction of the province's alert status. According to Espina (2022), the

current provincial governor, easing travel restrictions in Biliran would result in the return of

operations for tourist-serving attractions and businesses.

Implementing the alert level system in the province enabled the recovery of the

sectors most impacted by the Covid-19 restrictions, notably tourism, while protecting the

health of tourists through the continuous observance of public health protocols and

interventions.
Safety Protocols of International Attractions During the Pandemic

Safety is crucial when selecting tourism sites (Lepp and Gibson, 2008). Dangers and

violence originate from war or terrorism (Zuromskaité and Nagaj, 2018), natural catastrophes

such as earthquakes (Chung-Hung & Cheng-Wu, 2010), floods, tsunamis, and volcanic

eruptions (Ramis et al., 2019), and forest fires may impair the safety of tourists. In addition,

criminality and health concerns, particularly infectious illnesses, may have an impact

(Ferreira and Harmse, 2000). The relationship between health hazards and the degree and

availability of medical treatment is also an issue in the final instance. Before the outbreak of

COVID-19, travelers did not have to consider variables such as records of outbreaks of

contagious diseases and quarantine status, sanitation and cleanliness, and safety while

considering vacation sites. To ensure the safety of tourists in different attractions at the onset

of the pandemic, the respective management implemented policies and regulations

(Chang-Young and Hee-Won, 2021).

In the tourist attractions of Costa Rica and Thailand, the use of technology to combat

the spread of the COVID-19 virus has resulted in more effective contact mapping. They

rigidly employ social distancing, hygiene measures, and an online reservation system to

reduce consumer interaction. In addition, several attractions require that visitors be inoculated

with a COVID-19 vaccine and possess a health declaration paper (Babii and Nadeem, 2021).

As they opened their borders to travelers, Singapore, France, Greece, and Canada established

tourism task groups to manage their respective local attractions throughout the pandemic. The

Guest Assist app in Mexico links travelers with local officials. Japan provides a 24-hour

visitor hotline. Some individuals

unable to return to their initial destination may need visa extensions. New Zealand

implemented similar extensions. Jordan has also started deep-cleaning tourist spots and

assessing staff in the hospitality industry at its Dead Sea resorts (Kearney, 2019).

Safety Protocols of Attractions in the Philippines During the Pandemic

In accordance with the Philippines' Bayanihan to Heal as One Act, the President is

entitled to direct the operation of facilities to implement the stated national policy of

preventing the spread of COVID–19. It stipulates that upon check-in, travelers must submit a

Health Declaration Form. Online payment is encouraged at the time of booking. All guests

shall undergo a body temperature check using a thermal scanner at the hotel entrances by a

qualified health or medical staff or trained hotel personnel. Only guests who pass screening

will be permitted to enter the hotel perimeter for check-in. Those experiencing fever and

flu-like symptoms shall not be allowed entry. They will be directed to the on-duty physician,

the closest hospital, or the Barangay Health Emergency Response Team (BHERT) in line

with the procedure established by the Department of Health. At the entrances, sanitizing mats

will be supplied for tourists to sanitize their footwear. Physical Distancing measures, hand

hygiene, and respiratory etiquette must be maintained while checking in tourists. They must

be informed about the prevalent disease and the actions implemented by the institution to

decrease the danger of contracting and spreading the sickness. Guests must be presented with

informational papers on hand washing and respiratory etiquette, correct face mask usage, and

emergency contact numbers, among others. To maintain safety and decrease the danger of

infection, guests must be aware of the management's regulations regarding room occupancy,

eating, and public area usage. Physical distancing, mask use, and hand sanitization must be

stressed.
 Guests may be escorted to their rooms with careful observation of physical distancing

and compliance with the DOH's health and safety guidelines. Tourists must be given reminder

cards, which may include the no sharing of food or any personal or non-personal belongings,

proper disposal of used PPE, no mixing with occupants of other rooms, proper handwashing

etiquette, respiratory etiquette, and proper use of face mask, and strict observance of physical

distancing (Department of Tourism- Philippines, 2019).

Local Attractions in the Biliran Province

Biliran is an emerging tourism hot spot in the Eastern Visayas that may compete with

well-known destinations like Boracay and Palawan. The province has several natural

attractions, including breathtaking waterfalls, lovely beaches, and vast caverns. Its charms

remain undiscovered and must be uncovered by tourists worldwide (Valdez, 2014).

Casiawan Falls

The Casiawan Falls are situated in the Municipality of Cabucgaya, Biliran's Barangay

Casiawan. It is easily reached from the village road through a sloping trail. The waterfall,

which is 40 meters high, is concealed by imposing mahogany trees. One of the highest

waterfalls in the province, it cascades down over cliffs before ending in a vast pool. This is an

excellent location for people who enjoy the outdoors and swimming (Murphy, 2022).

Tomalistis Falls

Caibiran's Tomalistis Falls, known as the source of the "sweetest water in the world,"

is gaining popularity as a must-see destination for residents and visitors. The falls are roughly

a five-minute walk from the center of Caibiran's Brgy. Asug, which is situated along a rocky

beach. The hike is simple, and the payoff will be well worth the effort. Tomalistis Falls'
natural freshwater has a distinctive flavor, which has made it beloved among many. Even

people from Samar who traveled by motor banca visited the location to collect water. Its

refreshing, invigorating water cascades down to the sea, which is just a few meters away, and

you may choose to stay in the waterfalls or swim in the salty ocean – a waterfalls-to-sea

experience. To accommodate the rush of visitors, homes perched on the rocks have been

constructed, and a boardwalk has been constructed to make accessing the waterfalls simpler.

You may even rent a floating cabin if you wish to avoid the crowds and enjoy the tranquil

scenery in seclusion (Jalmz, 2015).

Tinago Waterfalls

Tinago Falls is situated in Cabibihan, Caibiran Biliran's Brgy. The most mesmerizing

waterfalls are in the Caibiran forest, a 10-minute circle walk from the highway. An ideal

haven for nature enthusiasts, with an abundance of trees, vines, and exotic plants, surrounded

by the cold and beautiful sounds of running streams (Jalmz, 2015).

Marienor Mountain Resort

The Marienor Mountain Resort is a privately owned pool that has been open to the

public lately. It gets its water from springs in the neighboring highlands. It is found in Brgy.

Anislag Capiahan, Naval, Biliran. The public can now visit Marienor Mountain Resort. The

water in its swimming pools is sourced from a cool spring fed by the adjacent mountains

(Biliran Island, 2005).

Naval Spring Resort

Naval Spring Resort is located in Brgy Lucsoon, Naval, Biliran, in a lush and steep

terrain. It features a popular swimming pool and attracts visitors across Biliran island due to

its convenient placement on the cross-country route. It is a 15-minute drive from Biliran

Province's capital. The Naval Spring Resort is set on a hillside with stunning views of the
valley, and the pools are fed by cold, clear mountain spring water. Aside from its strategic

position, this is a pleasant area to relax. The pool slides, villas, and lodgings at Naval Spring

Resort are among the best (Biliran Island, 2022).

Kasabangan/ Saob Falls

The Kasabangan Falls in Cabucgayan is close to the national highway. To reach the

waterfall, walk down a creek on monkey bars at the end of the access road. The admission

price is P10.00 for adults and P5.00 for youngsters. The waterfall's pleasant atmosphere adds

to its allure, and its cool water is soothing and restful. From its highest point on the mountain,

this waterfall has 13 levels. The seventh stratum is named "Saug," (Saub), and it costs

P300.00 for Filipinos and P500.00 for foreigners to hire a tour guide to go there (Biliran

Island, 2022).

Bagongbong Falls

Bagongbong Falls is a single-tiered waterfall with cascading water dropping from a

30-foot cliff split in half by a rock. It is distinguished by a massive rock formation

surrounding the falls' basin. The water slamming against the rocks from its basin is powerful

(Biliran Island, 2022).

VRC Resort

VRC Resort at Agta Beach is located on the island of Biliran, north of Leyte, in the

Philippines. It is located in Barangay Talahid, about 3 kilometers north of the town of

Almeria. Its western exposure makes it the ideal spot to kick back and watch some

spectacular sunsets (Biliran Island, 2022).

Talahid Resort
 A beachside establishment located in the center of Brgy's renowned seaside

area. Biliran, Almeria, and Talahid. They provide inexpensive lodging options at the nearby

Talahid Beach Resort, close to the Agta Beach Resort and VRC pool. The renowned Nestor's

Lechon Manok is served in the resort. Although there are multiple grilling stations nearby, the

building does not have a restaurant. They are also welcome for walk-ins and reservations and

get fantastic savings for reserving regularly. Additionally, the resort provides facilities,

including daily housekeeping and laundry service (Jalmz, 2022).

Bethany Hills

It is located in Brgy. Caucab, Almeria, Biliran. Bethany Hill, Weluisa Farm is a

perfect place to bring your loved ones to relax and unwind from daily stress. Bethany Hills, a

complete tourism package for nature lovers nestled between the natural scenic views of

verdant little mountain ranges and mini-rice terraces and part of the vast and open Biliran

Strait, where the fresh and cold breeze comes coupled with the captivating overlooking view

of islets and parts of mainland Leyte. It is a perfect venue for people who want nature's

serenity, where chirping birds soothe one’s soul, and the beautiful flowers and ornamental

plants quench the thirst of the weary imagination. Different events like birthdays, weddings,

and reunions can be held in the venue (Jalmz, 2022)

Framework

The framework for this research is shown below, which indicates the predicted

connection between the variables of the study. This conceptual framework describes the

appropriate study objectives and maps out how the research will derive cohesive findings.

Figure 1. Framework showing the input, and process of the study

 CHAPTER III

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This section includes the materials and methods used in the study. This includes the

Research Design, Study Area, Respondents, Sampling Procedure, Research Instrument, Data

Gathering Procedure, Ethical Consideration, and Data Analysis.

Research Design

The research design for this study will be comparative. Comparative research is used

to establish and quantify correlations between two or more variables by monitoring various

groups that are exposed to different treatments either by choice or by circumstance.

Comparative research compares two or more similar groups, persons, or circumstances. Here,

the researchers will quantitatively analyze the significant difference between the satisfaction

of the excursionists and employees/managers on implementing policies on the health, safety,

and security of the local attractions in Biliran province (Saunders and Thornhill, 2012).

Study Locale

This study will be conducted on the selected local destination in Biliran Island,

specifically the popular tourist attractions/sites, namely, Casiawan Falls, Tomalistis Falls,

Tinago Falls, Marienor Mountain Resort, Naval Spring Resort, Kasabangan/Saab Falls,

Bagongbong Falls, VRC Resort, Talahid Resort, and Bethany Hills.

 Figure 2. Map of Biliran Island with the Local Attractions

Respondents

This study coordinated with the owners/managers of popular tourist sites in data

gathering regarding the policies they employed before and during the pandemic. From the

total number of tourist attractions in Biliran Island, we will only pick 10 well-known

attractions to be the respondents of this study. The researchers chose such attractions as they

are the most visited attractions and one of the most affected sectors during this pandemic.

There will be six excursionists and two employees/managers that will be surveyed.
Sampling Procedure

The sampling procedure of this study is purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a

non-probability sampling strategy in which units are chosen because they possess traits that

you require in your sample. In other words, units are chosen "on purpose" in purposive

sampling. The researchers will search for respondents who specifically qualify as an

excursionist and an employee/manager (Saunders and Thornhill, 2012).

Research Instrument

The survey forms that will be answered by the respondents will have a Likert Scale

to test the satisfaction of the excursionists and employees/ managers on the implemented

health, safety, and security protocols in the different local attractions in Biliran. The Likert

scale is a rating system used in questionnaires to assess people's attitudes, views, or

perceptions. Subjects select from a set of responses to a given topic or statement; choices

often include "strongly agree," "agree," "neutral," "disagree," and "strongly disagree." Likert

scales are frequently employed in social and educational research. When employing Likert

scales, the researcher must consider factors such as answer categories (values on the scale),

scale size, scale direction, the ordinal character of Likert-derived data, and suitable statistical

analysis (Saunders and Thornhill, 2012).

Data Gathering Procedure

The researchers gave a letter of consent to the Tourism office of Biliran Island to

allow the conduct of the survey. Once signed and approved by the Biliran Tourism Office, the

researchers asked for the consent of the owners/managers and excursionists of the local
attractions. The researchers introduced themselves and discussed the background of the study.

Once the participants gave their consent to be respondents to the survey, the researchers will

then proceed to conduct a survey using the semi-structured questionnaire.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers guaranteed the participants' welfare and safety. The participants will

get an informed consent form outlining the study's protocols and the advantages and

disadvantages of taking part before the research instrument is administered. The informed

consent also outlines the researchers' plans for maintaining the participants' right to privacy

and voluntary involvement. The decision to continue or stop participating is entirely up to the

participants.

Data Analysis

The research tools (Semi-Structured Questions/Questionnaires) were gathered in

preparation for data processing. The survey questionnaires were grouped according to the

local attractions. After that, the data was inputted into Microsoft Excel for data processing.

After tallying the answers of the respondent per local attraction, the data were converted to

percentages to know the satisfaction level of the excursionists on the different health,

security, and safety protocols implemented in their respective local attractions. Then, a

descriptive analysis will be conducted comparing the results obtained across local attractions

in Biliran.

In addition, in determining the significant difference between the satisfaction of

employees and excursionists on the implementation of protocols on health, safety, and

security, the statistical tool used in the study was a t-Test for Two Sample Unpaired Means.

However, before proceeding with the computation, we first compared the standard deviations

of two groups using the general rule of thumb by dividing the larger by, the smaller standard

deviation. All gave results less than 2. Thus, in testing the hypothesis and determining

significant differences, we assumed that the two samples had equal variances.
 CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the data gathered from the survey, the statistical analysis

conducted, and the interpretation of the research findings arranged in tables.

PERCEPTION ON HEALTH POLICIES

Table 1. Perception of Employees/ Managers on Health Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

All guests completed a Health Declaration

55% 20% 25% 2.55
Form upon entry to the local attraction.

Body temperature is checked upon entry. 60% 0 40% 2.95

No Vaccination Card No Entry policy is strictly

40% 15% 45% 3.05
implemented

All the employees are wearing face masks. 0 5% 95% 4.5

Physical distancing is maintained in the local

5% 40% 55% 3.65
attraction.

*Note: ‘Disagree’ includes ‘Strongly Disagree and ‘Disagree’; Agree includes ‘Agree and

‘Strongly Agree’

Table 2. Perception of Excursionists on Health Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

All guests completed a Health Declaration Form 21% 23% 56% 3.47

upon entry to the local attraction.

Body temperature is checked upon entry. 30% 9% 61% 3.50

No Vaccination Card No Entry policy is strictly 30% 9% 61% 3.21

implemented.

All the employees are wearing face masks. 17% 33% 50% 3.45

Physical distancing is maintained in the local 30% 26% 44% 3.18

attraction.

Tables 1 and 2 show the perception of employees/ managers and excursionists on

health policies. From the data shown, they have a great percentage difference in the

completion of health declaration upon entry to the local attraction. Over 60% of the

employees/managers disagree that temperatures are being checked. On the other hand, over

61% of the excursionists agree that temperature has been checked upon entry. As for the

wearing of face mask policy and the avoidance of physical distancing, most

employees/managers and excursionists claim that all employees are wearing face masks.

The results where the majority of employees/managers have dissatisfaction with

implementing the health policies in their local attractions is unexpected. These results are not

unexpected given what attribution theory suggests. The attribution theory describes people's

inclination to accept credit for success (i.e., to make internal attributions for their triumphs, a

self-enhancing bias) while denying responsibility for failure (i.e., to blame failure on external

causes, a self-protecting bias). Given these biases, we would anticipate employees/managers

to blame either the system or the customer for service problems, but customers are more

likely to blame either the system or the individual (Bitner et al., 1994).
PERCEPTION ON SAFETY POLICIES

Table 3. Perception of Employees/Managers on Safety Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

There is a holding area for symptomatic guests

with a travel history from identified

0% 10% 90% 4.40
countries with high cases before transport

to the hospital.

Restrooms and handwashing areas have

adequate supplies of soaps, alcohol-based 0% 5% 95% 4.30

hand sanitizer, and toilet paper.

There are trash bins in the area. 0% 5% 95% 4.25

Emergency contact numbers of public health

authorities, the nearest hospital or medical

0% 0% 100% 4.45
center, and the DOH Assistance Center

must be readily available.

The guests are informed of the management’s

0% 5% 95% 4.45
health policies through public materials.

There are hand washing areas. 0% 25% 75% 4.16

Table 4. Perception of Excursionists on Safety Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

There is a holding area for symptomatic guests

with a travel history from identified

11% 5% 85% 4.05
countries with high cases before transport

to the hospital.

Restrooms and handwashing areas have

adequate supplies of soaps, alcohol-based 12% 11% 77% 3.91

hand sanitizer, and toilet paper.

There are trash bins in the area. 14% 12% 74% 3.91

Emergency contact numbers of public health

authorities, the nearest hospital or medical

5% 5% 91% 4.29
center, and the DOH Assistance Center

must be readily available.

The guests are informed of the management’s

6% 12% 82% 4.05
health policies through public materials.

There are hand washing areas. 15% 12% 73% 3.86

Tables 3 and 4 show the perceptions of employees and excursionists on policies

implemented related to safety. As shown in Table 3 employees/managers and excursionists in

Biliran agree that policies on safety are observed in local attractions surveyed. In tourism,

safety is a primary consideration for tourist attractions and destinations. (Dolnicar & Grun,

2013; Marine-Roig & Huertas, 2020; Sönmez & Graefe, 1998a). Although the definition of

safety varies from person to person as this can be subjectively defined (Zhou and Yu, 2022),
Xie et al. (2021) revealed that factors considered to perceive a travel destination safe include

humans, facilities and equipment, and both social and natural environment. Safety policies

are frequently observed and well-implemented because the lack of these may result in

negative consequences such as less visitor return. According to George (2003), tourists would

have a negative impression, would be less likely to return, and would not recommend to

others if they feel unsafe or threatened at the destination. This would affect not only their

impression of the place but also their behavior while experiencing insecurity in an unsafe

environment. This is also supported by Zhang, Wu, & Buhalis (2018), which increases

revisits and attracts more tourists through word of mouth.

Since the pandemic hit last 2020, safety is now linked to health policies. Thus, in the

guidelines released by the Department of Tourism (DOT), standard operating procedures on

health and safety are improved for the tourism industry to meet customer satisfaction while

maintaining a safe environment. The statements of perceptions on safety are adopted from the

Department of Tourism’s Memorandum Circular no. 2006_09, also known as the

memorandum for “Adoption of Safety and Security Measures in Hotels, Resorts, and Other

Similar Accommodation Establishments” and the DOT’s Health and Safety Guidelines for

Accommodation Establishments. As mean scores per statement lean toward the right side of

the 5-point Likert Scale and a high percentage fall on “Agree,” results show that safety

policies are established in the local attractions of Biliran.

PERCEPTION ON SECURITY POLICIES

Table 5. Perception of Employees/Managers on Security Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

Isolated spaces in the local attraction is well-lit

and regularly maintained. 30% 0% 70% 3.7

There are evacuation procedures in case of

disasters. 15% 15% 70% 3.8

The guests' belongings are checked using a

metal detector). 60% 10% 30% 2.5

There are always security personnel in the

different areas of the local attraction. 40% 5% 55% 3.15

All personnel have an efficient ID system. 10% 25% 65% 3.85

Table 6. Perception of Excursionists on Security Policies

% Mean

Statements of Perception Disagree Neutral Agree Score

Isolated spaces in the local attraction are

44% 24% 32% 2.80
well-lit and regularly maintained.

There are evacuation procedures in case of

42% 14% 44% 3.08
disasters.

The guests' belongings are checked using a

58% 6% 36% 2.77
metal detector).

There are always security personnel in the

42% 15% 42% 2.89
different areas of the local attraction.

All personnel have an efficient ID system. 20% 18% 62% 3.45

Tables 5 and 6 show the statements on security policies and how employees and

excursionists perceive them. Most employees agree that security policies are observed in

local attractions. However, the policy of checking materials using metal detectors is not

frequently observed (60% Disagree). The same perception is also shown by the excursionists,

with 58% disagreeing.

Like how safety is primarily considered when choosing a travel destination, security

is perceived the same. Safety and security, according to Kővári and Zimányi (2010), are

terms that are “a sine qua non of travel and tourism.” Safety is a term for preventing

potential harm or fatalities to clients and staff. At the same time, security prevents the loss of

a person's life, property, and possessions (Enz 2009; Enz & Taylor 2002). Like safety,

perceived security also affects tourist behavior. If tourists experience a sense of security while

traveling, they most likely return to the destination (Cerpez and Johannesson 2009). Threats
to tourism security include crime, terrorism, wars, and political turmoil (Pizam and Mansfeld

2006).

The results show that the lack of security equipment, such as metal detectors, is a

security protocol least observed in selected attractions in Biliran. This is because most

attraction subjects in the study are natural tourist destinations and are usually

underdeveloped. According to Gstaettner (2014), the majority of their respondents did not

favor stringent security management but did support essential rules and safety measures

sufficient to allow everyone to safely experience the local attraction.

Table 7. Results of t-Test between the Perception of Employees/ Managers and Excursionists

Employees/
Excursionists P(T<=t) t Critical
Comparison Managers t Stat Conclusion
Mean Score two-tail two-tail
Mean Score

Health 3.34 3.36 0.9181 -0.1032 1.9886 Not Statistically

Significant

Safety 4.33 3.90 *0.0102 4.3333 1.9886 *Statistically

Significant

Security 3.46 3.15 0.1392 1.4931 1.9893 Not statistically

significant

Table 7 shows the polarized comparison of responses between employees and

excursionists on health, safety, and security policies. For perceived policies of employees and

excursionists on health and security, results show that comparisons between samples are not

statistically significant (p > .05). However, as shown in the table, the perception of employee
and excursionist (p < .05) on safety policies suggests that their responses are statistically

significant. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is a significant

difference between employee-excursionist perception on safety policies.

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of the study, findings, the conclusions drawn

from the findings, and the researchers' recommendations to future researchers who will tackle

a similar topic.

SUMMARY

Tourism has been greatly affected and is one of the world’s most harmed industries

during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the local destinations, the Biliran provincial

administration ordered the temporary closure of all tourist attractions as local authorities

restricted people's movements due to increased COVID-19 cases. Tourists are now surging in

Biliran, there are no studies that attest to what protocols on health, safety, and security are

being implemented in different local attractions in the Biliran Province.

The objective of this study is to gain data on the policies strictly implemented and not

implemented by the local attractions in Biliran through the perspective of the excursionists

and employees/managers. A survey questionnaire and a Likert Scale was used to obtain and

interpret data. Furthermore, a t-Test was used to test the significant difference between

employees and excursionist perceptions on health, safety, and security policies.

Based on the results of the perception of excursionists and employees/managers on

the implementation of health policies, the researchers found that the data shows that

employees' perception is inconsistent with the attribution theory. Employees/managers and

excursionist safety policies are established in the local attractions of Biliran. Most employees

agree that security policies are observed in local attractions. In terms of comparing
perceptions between employees and excursionists, safety and security policies show a not

statistically significant result. On the other hand, results on perceived safety policies show a

statistically significant result. (p > 0.0102).

CONCLUSION

After the conduct of the study, the researchers of the study came up with significant

findings. With the significant findings of this study, the following conclusions were drawn.

1. Based on the results of the perception of excursionists and employees/managers on

the implementation of health policies, the researchers found that the data shows that

employees' perception is inconsistent with the attribution theory. When challenges

arise, people are more likely to blame external situational factors than to attribute the

failure to their shortcomings, as said in the attribution theory. However, the

employees/managers are making the local attraction accountable for the lapses in

implementing health policies.

2. Employees/managers and excursionist safety policies are established in the local

attractions of Biliran. In terms of security, Most employees agree that security policies

are observed in local attractions. However, the policy of checking materials using

metal detectors is not frequently observed (60% Disagree). The same perception is

also shown by the excursionists, with 58% disagreeing.

3. In terms of comparing perceptions between employees and excursionists, safety and

security policies show a not statistically significant result. On the other hand, results

on perceived safety policies show a statistically significant result. Thus, there is a

significant difference between the perceptions of employees/managers and

excursionists (p > 0.0102).

 RECOMMENDATIONS

The researchers of this study recommend that future researchers that will measure the

perception of excursionists and employees/managers on the health, safety, and security

policies implemented in local attractions the following:

1. To increase the number of their respondents because the greater the number of

individuals who participate, the better the outcome. A high number of respondents

minimizes the possibility of having extreme, or biased, groups, such as all

excursionists or all employees/ managers, in a research that should contain an equal

number of excursionists and employees/ managers.

2. Once the respondents per local attraction are accomplished, the researchers can

compare the descriptive and statistical results to determine what local attraction in the

area is the most efficient in implementing a particular policy.

3. It is also advised that future researchers conduct focus group discussions with

excursionists and employees/managers on gaining in-depth insight into the underlying

challenges. The approach seeks data from a deliberately selected group of individuals

rather than a statistically representative sample of a larger population.

 REFERENCES

Amazona, R. (2021, May 6). Biliran Province Shuts Door to Tourists. Gov.ph. Retrieved

from, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1139265

Alchemer. (2021, May 20). Purposive Sampling 101 | Alchemer Blog. Alchemer. Retrieved

from, https://www.alchemer.com/resources/blog/purposive-sampling-101/

Arriaga, P. et al (2021, August 23). The Impact and Role of Mass Media During the

Pandemic. Frontiers in. Retrieved from, https://www.frontiersin.org/research-

topics/13638/coronavirus-disease-covid-19-the- impact-and-role-of-mass-media

during-the-pandemic

Biliran Island. (2005). Marienor Mountain Resort. Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/marienor-mountain-resort.php

Biliran Island. (2021). Naval Spring Resort. Retrieved from,

https://biliran.ph/thread/958/spring-resort-swimming-accommodation-gardens

Biliran Island. (2022). Kasabangan Falls. Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/kasabanganfalls.php

Biliran Island. (2022). Bagongbong Falls. Retrieved from,

http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/07/08/enjoy-the-cool-waters-of-bagongb

ong-falls-all-by-yourself/
Biliran Island. (2022). VRC Resort. Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/vrc-resort.php

Biliran Profile PhilAtlas. (1903). Philatlas.com. Retrieved from,

https://www.philatlas.com/visayas/r08/biliran.html

Bitner, M., Booms, B., Mohr, A. (1994). Critical Service Encounters: The Employee's

Viewpoint. Journal of Marketing, 58(4), 95–106. doi:10.1177/002224299405800408

Bhandari, P. (2020). An introduction to quantitative research. Scribbr. Retrieved from,

https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/ quantitative -research/

Bolivia, P. (2018) Tourist Accommodation Establishment. Retrieved from,

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics

explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Tourist_accommodation_establishment#:~:text=T

ourist%20accommodation%20establishment%20means%20a,or%20short%2Dstay%2

0accommodation%20services.

Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism

Management, 21(1), 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(99)00095-3.

Bullock, H.L., Lavis, J.N. (2019). Understanding the support needed for policy

implementation: a comparative analysis of the placement of intermediaries across

three mental health systems. Retrieved from,

 https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-019-0479-1

Cennimo, D. (2022). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Medscape. Retrieved

from, https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500114-overview

Cerpez, D.; Johannesson, E (2009). The Reason to Return. Destination Loyalty and the Push

Factors; University of Kalmar and Baltic Business School: Kalmar, Sweden,; p. 34.

Available online:

https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:234655/FULLTEXT02.pdf (accessed on

19 December 20202).

Chang-Young Jeon, J. and Hee-Won Yang, Y. (2021). The structural changes of a local

tourism network: comparison of before and after COVID-19. (2021). Current Issues

in Tourism. Retrieved from, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi

/full/10.1080/13683500. 2021. 187489

Chung-Hung, T., and Cheng-Wu, C. (2010). An earthquake disaster management mechanism

based on risk assessment information for the tourism industry – a case study

from the island of Taiwan. Tourism Management, 31(4), 470–481. Retrieved

from, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.05.008

Department of Tourism-Philippines. (2019). Health and Safety Guidelines Governing the

Operations of Accommodation Establishments Under the New Normal. Retrieved

from, http://www.tourism.gov.ph/healthandsafetyguidelinesnew normal .aspx

Dolnicar S., Grun B. (2013). Validly measuring destination image in survey studies

Journal of Travel Research, 52 (1) pp. 3-14

Edrada, E. M., Lopez, E. B., Villarama, J. B., Salva Villarama, E. P., Dagoc, B. F., Smith, C.,

Sayo, A. R., Verona, J. A., Trifalgar-Arches, J., Lazaro, J., Balinas, E. G. M., Telan, E.

F. O., Roy, L., Galon, M., Florida, C. H. N., Ukawa, T., Villanueva, A. M. G., Saito,

N., Nepomuceno, J. R., and Ariyoshi, K. (2020). First COVID-19 infections in the

Philippines: a case report. Tropical Medicine and Health, 48(1). Retrieved from

https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-020-00203-0

Espina, R. (2022). A fast economic rebound has been seen from the lower alert level in

Biliran. @Pnagovph; Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from,

https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169262

Elsevier E. (2016). Role of tourist destination development in building its brand image: A

conceptual model. Retrieved from,

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2077188616000044

Enz C. (2009). The physical safety and security features of US hotels. Cornell Hospitality

Quarterly.;50:553–560.

Enz, C. & Taylor, M. (2002). The safety and security of U.S. Hotels A Post-September-11

Report. The Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. 43. 119-136.

10.1016/S0010-8804(02)80062-3.

Espina, R. (2022). A fast economic rebound has been seen from the lower alert level in

Biliran. @Pnagovph;Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from,

 https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1169262

Ferdz, B. (2016). Canaan Hill Farms and Honey Garden: More than a Breath of Fresh Air -

Ironwulf En Route. Ironwulf En Route. Retrieved from,

https://ironwulf.net/2016/12/06/canaan-hill-farms-biliran/

Ferreira, S. L. A., and Harmse, A. C. (2000). Crime and tourism in South Africa.

International tourist perception and risk. South African Geographical Journal, 82(2),

80–85. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2000.9713696

George, R (2003). Tourist’s Perceptions of Safety and Security while Visiting Cape Town.

Tour. Manag. 2003,24, 575–585.

Gstaettner, A., Rodger, K., Lee, D. (2017). Visitor perspectives of risk management in a

natural tourism setting: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of

Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 19(), 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.jort.2017.04.001

Hall, C. M. (2008a). Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes and Relationships (2nd ed.).

Harlow: Pearson Education. Retrieved from,

http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QqQrrxgEBEYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tour

ism+Planning:+Policies,+Processes+and+Relationships&hl=en&ei=u2RyTL3GEceR

4gb3za3fCA&sa=X&oi=book_resultct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwA

Harris, P. (2016) EXCURSIONISTS. Retrieved from, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics

explained/index.php?title=Glossary:Tourist_accommodation_establishment#:~:text=T
 ourist%20accommodation%20establishment%20means%20a,or%20short%2Dstay%2

0accommodation%20services.

Jalmz. (2022). Bethany Hill, Weluisa Farm. Retrieved from, https://tourism.

biliranisland.com/bethanyhill.php

Jalmz, (2022). Biliran Undiscovered Paradise. Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/coco-grove-talahid-beach-resort.php

Jalmz. (2015). Tinago waterfalls. Biliran Tourism Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/tinagowaterfalls.php

Jalmz. (2015). Tomalistis Falls. Biliran Tourism. Retrieved from,

https://tourism.biliranisland.com/tomalistisfalls.php

Kearney. (2019). Life after lockdown: tourism in a post-pandemic world. Retrieved from,

https://www.kearney.com/covid-19/article/-/insights/life-after-lockdown-tourism-in-a-

post-pandemic-world

Kővári, I.; Zimányi, K. (2010) Safety and security in the age of global tourism. Appl. Stud.

Agribus. Commer., 4, 67–69.

Lepp, A., and Gibson, H. (2008). Sensation seeking and tourism: Tourist role, perception, and

destination choice. Tourism Management, 29(4), 740–750. Retrieved from,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2007.08.002
Lockhart, D. (1994). The Britannica Dictionary. Retrieved from,

https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/eb/qa/what-does-protocol-mean

Murphy, A. (2022) Travel to the Philippines. Retrieved from,

http://www.traveltothephilippines.info/2019/11/06/casiawan-falls-is-the-highest-water

fall-in-biliran/

OECD (2021). Regulatory responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in Southeast Asia.

Retrieved from,

https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/regulatory-responses-to-

the-covid-19- pandemic-in-southeast-asia-b9587458/

Patrick. (2018). Discoverthephilippines.com. Retrieved from,

https://www.discoverthephilippines.com/biliran-province-philippines/

Peters, T. (1980). Chaos Theory of Management. The Business Professor. Retrieved from,

https://thebusinessprofessor.com/en_US/management-leadership-organizational-

behavior/chaos-theory-of-management

Ramis, R. O., Marrero, J. M., García, A., Llinares, A., and Melo, V. (2019). Risk

management issues in tourist regions with explosive volcanism: The Teide's 2004

unrest, Canary Islands. INGV Annals of Geophysic, 62(1). Retrieved from,

https://doi.org/10.4401/ag- 7698
Roedl, R. (2021). Philippines: Current situation on the coronavirus. (2019). Roedl.com.

Retrieved from, https://www.roedl.com/insights/covid-19/corona-virus-situation-

Philippines-working- hours-wage

Sarwell, M. (2022). Covid-19 vax admin system goes digital in Biliran. @Pnagovph;

Philippine News Agency. Retrieved from, https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1174932

Saunders, M., Lewis, P. & Thornhill, A. (2012) “Research Methods for Business Students”

6th edition, Pearson Education Limited. Retrieved from,

https://research-methodology.net/sampling-in-primary-data-collection/purposive-sam

pling/

Singh, H. (1999) Tourism Policy: A Strategic Review. Retrieved from,

https://www.goodfellowpublishers.com/free_files/fileTourismPolicy.pdf

Smith, S. L. J. (1988). Defining tourism: A view from the supply side. Annals of Tourism

Research 15, 179–90.

UNWTO, (2007) HOW TO BE A LOCAL TOURIST. Retrieved from,

https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/cros/system/files/NTTS2013fullPaper_247.pdfs

Victoria, R. (2021). Biliran province tops in COVID-19 vaccination coverage in EV. PIA.

Retrieved from, https://pia.gov.ph/news/2021/11/12/biliran-province-tops-in-covid-19

vaccination-coverage-in-ev

World Health Organization. (2022). Philippines Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Situation

Report #99 Philippines. ReliefWeb. Retrieved from, https://reliefweb

 .int/report/philippines/philippines-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-situation-report-99-1

1-april-2022#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20cases&text=

World Travel and Tourism Planning: Policies, Processes, and Relationships. Harlow Pearson

Education. Retrieved from, http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QqQrrxg

EBEYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Tourism+Planning:+Policies,+Processes+and+Rel

ationships&hl=en&ei=u2RyTL3GEceR4gb3za3fCA&sa=X&oi=book_result

&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

Zhang, H., Wu, Y., Buhalis D. (2018). A model of perceived image, memorable

tourism experiences and revisit intention Journal of Destination Marketing &

Management, 8, pp. 326-336.

Žuromskaité, B. and Nagaj, R. (2018). Cultural tourism facilities in the context of the

increased risk of terrorism: young tourists from Lithuania and security measures.

Tourism, 28(2), 85–91. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.2478/tour-20

Xie, J. Zhang, A.M. Morrison (2021). Developing a scale to measure tourist perceived

safety. Journal of Travel Research, 60 (6) , pp. 1232-1251

Appendix A