COVID-19 VACCINE KNOWLEDGE OF SHS STUDENTS IN HOLY CROSS

ACADEMY INC.

___________________

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Holy
Cross Academy Incorporated
Digos City

____________________

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Subject
Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research
Subject Teacher: John Philip P. Aballe, LPT

____________________

KURT AXL NATAVIO

TROY VINCENT LANGUB
MARK CYVIEN CABALLES

JANUARY 2023
 CHAPTER I

The Problem and Its Setting

Introduction

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has killed millions of

people and had a significant impact on society and public health. COVID-19

vaccines have been shown to be effective in preventing symptomatic COVID-19

infection.3-5 Real-world data have also shown that COVID-19 vaccines reduced the risk

of COVID-19 associated deaths regardless of the emergence of the Delta virus

(equivalent to Pfizer-BioNTech).

According to a recent study, religious leaders have a moral obligation to

inform people about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines.1 This could help

reduce vaccine reluctance in the Philippines, a developing nation where nearly 80% of

people identify as Christians. As of this writing, COVID-19 infections and mortality have

not decreased in the Philippines. Furthermore, only 2.05% of the approximately 110

million Filipinos have received vaccinations. As a result, the nation is still far from

achieving herd immunity. Even though most Filipino adults are aware of how important

COVID-19 vaccination is, their confidence in various vaccine brands varies. Some

people also engage in vaccine brand & quot; comparison shopping & quot; (although the

vaccines are free of charge). Government vaccination efforts are slowed down by this

behavior, which may result in vaccine waste.

Despite availability, issues with affordability, allocation, and deployment present

barriers to ensuring equitable global access to COVID-19 vaccines following the receipt

of 600,000 Sinovac vaccines. Access to health products in low- and middle-income

countries (LMICs) continues to be a challenge. The rollout of vaccines in the Philippines

started on March 1st, 2021. On January 11th, 2022, only 48.45% of the nation’s citizens

had received all recommended vaccinations. for a vaccination campaign to be effective.

Investment in the program, not just in the vaccines, is essential. By interviewing health

officers, healthcare workers (HCWs), and community representatives who are likely

vaccine hesitant, this study sought to identify key COVID-19 vaccine implementation

gaps across four study sites in Mindanao, Philippines, as part of The Asia Foundation’s

CONVERGE program (Radjah Buayan, Maguindanao: (Maluso, Basilan: Tungawan, and

Zamboanga Sibugay: Zamboanga City). Influencing the community, respected

individuals speak out against vaccination. According to sources, even members of the

local government and the community advise against vaccination. Social media users in

the community regularly consume false information about vaccinations that can kill you

or turn you into a zombie. The fact that healthy people experience side effects after

vaccination, even though these are known and expected, demoralizes the community.

In this study, the researchers aim to know the perception and acceptance

of people towards the COVID-19 vaccine despite the said bad rumors about the risk in

getting vaccinated. Through this, a data will be presented to various stakeholders

specifically the HCAI administrators.

Theoretical and Conceptual Framework

The following discussions presented theories and models that justified

this research and provided the intellectual backbone for the purpose of this

study.
 Knowledge-Attitude-behavior Theory. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior

(KAB), also found in literature as knowledge-attitude-practice (KAP), is an important

theoretical model of health education, which asserts that behavior change is affected by

knowledge and attitude.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Theory. A Knowledge, Attitude and

Practices (KAP) survey is a quantitative method (predefined questions formatted in

standardized questionnaires) that provides access to quantitative and qualitative

information. KAP surveys reveal misconceptions or misunderstandings that may

represent obstacles to the activities that we would like to implement and potential barriers

to behavior change. Note that a KAP survey essentially records an “opinion” and is based

on the “declarative” (i.e., statements). In other words, the KAP survey reveals what was

said, but there may be considerable gaps between what is said and what is done. 

Presented in Figure 1 is the conceptual paradigm. Specifically, it shows the

relationship between the variables of the study. The independent variable is the COVID-

19 Vaccine no indicators. These correlates to the dependent variable specifically the

Knowledge and Attitude that contains two indicators (1) self-reports and (2) experience
 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Demographic of the
Conduct a survey
A. Demographic of Respondents are
the Respondents using the determined.
in term of: questionnaire
 GENDER
analysis of findings.
 YEAR LEVEL

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram Showing the Variables of the Study

 Statement of the Problem

This study seeks to determine the COVID-19 Vaccine knowledge and attitude of

the respondents.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What is the demographics of the respondents in terms of:

1.1 Gender

1.2 Strand

2. What is the level of COVID-19 Vaccine knowledge of the respondents

3. What is the level of What is the perception of SHS Students in the COVID-19

Vaccine?

1. What is the level of knowledge and attitude of the respondents in terms of:

1.1.

2. Is there a significant relationship between the COVID-19 vaccine and knowledge and

attitude of the SHS students?

Hypothesis

Ho – There is no significant relationship between the Acceptance of

COVID-19 Vaccine and the knowledge and attitude of The SHS Students.

Significance of the Study

This research is made with the aim to provide information and knowledge regarding the

chosen topic from the respondents needed for the expected importance to the individuals

as follow:
HCAI Teachers- it is necessary to say that not all teachers are well educated on the

covid 19 vaccine it is important to share the content of this study to share some extra

knowledge they might not know about

HCAI SHS-Students-This study can help the students be well aware on the advantage

and disadvantage the covid 19 vaccine brings and the importance of it.

Future Researchers- The researchers conducted this study so they can share the

knowledge this study has to future researchers so they can get some information and

ideas from this study.

Scope and Limitations

This research focuses on finding out the knowledge and attitude of senior high

school students in holy cross academy, Inc towards the covid 19 vaccine. The gathering

of data will be conducted to the senior high school students in holy cross academy, inc

who will represent the population. Survey and reference questions will be given to the

respondents in order to gather the results. The researchers will be able to learn more

about the respondents' attitudes and understanding of the COVID 19 vaccine through this

method.

Definition of Terms
 Vaccine. A substance used to stimulate the production of antibodies and provide

immunity against one or several diseases, prepared from the causative agent of a disease,

its products, or a synthetic substitute, treated to act as an antigen without inducing the

disease.

Knowledge. Facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through

experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

Attitude. a settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something,

typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.

CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

The research and literature listed below are pertinent and will help you

comprehend the different study indicators better. This includes an understanding of

knowledge, attitude, and self-reported practices as well as a more detailed explanation of

the indicators for this study that are listed below.

COVID 19 Vaccine

Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 vaccine side effects was negatively

associated with vaccination intention whereas perceived severity did not show any

significant impact. Second, vaccine-related knowledge was not directly related to

vaccination intention, but it had an indirect and positive effect on vaccination intention

via decreasing perceived susceptibility. Third, doctor-patient communication

strengthened the negative effect of vaccine knowledge on perceived susceptibility and

severity. The results of this study offer insights on how to increase people’s vaccination

intention and reduce their psychological concerns when making COVID-19 vaccine-

related decisions. (Wu 2022.

Another related study by Mose (2021) entitled “Understanding of COVID-19

Vaccine Knowledge, Attitude, Acceptance, and Determinates of COVID-19 Vaccine

Acceptance Among Adult Population in Ethiopia” revealed This study revealed that the

level of good knowledge, positive attitude and intention to accept the COVID-19 vaccine

were 74%, 44.7%, and 62.6%, respectively. Moreover, having an age ≥46 years with an

adjusted odds ratio of 2.36 [95% CI, 1.09–5.39], attended secondary and above education

adjusted odds ratio 2.59 [95% CI, 1.52–4.39], having a chronic disease adjusted odds

ratio of 3.14 [95% CI, 1.21–8.14], and having good knowledge about COVID-19 vaccine

adjusted odds ratio 2.59 [95% CI, 1.67–4.02] were significantly associated with COVID-

19 vaccine acceptance.
 Another study by The COVID-19 pandemic continues to ravage the world, with

the United States being highly affected. A vaccine provides the best hope for a permanent

solution to controlling the pandemic. Several coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccines

are currently in human trials. However, to be effective, a vaccine must be accepted and

used by a large majority of the population. This study aimed to investigate the

acceptability of COVID-19 vaccines and its predictors in addition to the attitudes towards

these vaccines among public. This study did an online survey during the period June-

September 2020, were collected from 26,852 individuals aged 19 years or older across

six continents as part of 60 nationally representative surveys to determine potential

acceptance rates and factors influencing acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine. Results

revealed that two-thirds of respondents were at least moderately worried about a

widespread COVID-19 outbreak. Differences in acceptance rates ranged from almost

93% (in Tonga) to less than 43% (in Egypt). Respondents reporting higher levels of trust

in information from government sources were more likely to accept a vaccine and take

their employer’s advice to do so. Systematic interventions are required by public health

authorities to reduce the levels of vaccines’ hesitancy and improve their acceptance.

These results and specifically the low rate of acceptability is alarming to public health

authorities and should stir further studies on the root causes and the need of awareness

campaigns. These interventions should take the form of reviving the trust in national

health authorities and structured awareness campaigns that offer transparent information

about the safety and efficacy of the vaccines and the technology that was utilized in their

production.

Knowledge and Attitude towards COVID-19 Vaccine

 This study sought to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and

acceptance of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine among students in

selected universities in Nigeria. An anonymous survey was conducted online among

Nigeria students. The questionnaire collected demographic characteristics, knowledge,

attitudes, and acceptance of vaccines among respondents during the COVID-19

pandemic. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic. Of the 521

participants surveyed, 74 (14.2) stated that they have already received COVID-19

vaccination, whereas 286 (54.9%) intend to be vaccinated as soon as the vaccine becomes

available. Negative attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination has an inverse, very weak,

and significant relationship with intent to vaccinate (r = −0.125, N = 521, p < 0.01).

However, knowledge of COVID-19 vaccines was significantly related with intent to

vaccinate (r = 0.130, N = 521, p < 0.01). The study concluded that knowledge and

attitude of students toward vaccines are highly essential for their acceptance. Results

suggest that vaccine acceptability may be increased if students’ knowledge of vaccines is

increased, and attitudes toward vaccination are improved by addressing the respondents’

worries about vaccines’ unforeseen effects, and changing their general mistrust of the

benefits of vaccines. (Aborisade 2021)

Another study by Khan 2021 entitled “Knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and

perceived risk about COVID-19 vaccine and determinants of COVID-19 vaccine

acceptance in Bangladesh” cited Bangladesh govt. launched a nationwide vaccination

drive against SARS-CoV-2 infection from early February 2021. The objectives of this

study were to evaluate the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccines and examine the factors

associated with the acceptance in Bangladesh. In between January 30 to February 6,

2021, we conducted a web-based anonymous cross-sectional survey among the

Bangladeshi general population. At the start of the survey, there was a detailed consent

section that explained the study’s intent, the types of questions we would ask, the

anonymity of the study, and the study’s voluntary nature. The survey only continued

when a respondent consented, and the answers were provided by the respondents

themselves. The multivariate logistic regression was used to identify the factors that

influence the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 605 eligible

respondents took part in this survey (population size 1630046161 and required sample

size 591) with an age range of 18 to 100. A large proportion of the respondents are aged

less than 50 (82%) and male (62.15%). The majority of the respondents live in urban

areas (60.83%). A total of 61.16% (370/605) of the respondents were willing to

accept/take the COVID-19 vaccine. Among the accepted group, only 35.14% showed the

willingness to take the COVID-19 vaccine immediately, while 64.86% would delay the

vaccination until they are confirmed about the vaccine’s efficacy and safety or COVID-

19 becomes deadlier in Bangladesh. The regression results showed age, gender, location

(urban/rural), level of education, income, perceived risk of being infected with COVID-

19 in the future, perceived severity of infection, having previous vaccination experience

after age 18, having higher knowledge about COVID-19 and vaccination were

significantly associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. The research

reported a high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine refusal and hesitancy in Bangladesh.

To diminish the vaccine hesitancy and increase the uptake, the policymakers need to

design a well-researched immunization strategy to remove the vaccination barriers. To

improve vaccine acceptance among people, false rumors and misconceptions about the
COVID-19 vaccines must be dispelled (especially on the internet) and people must be

exposed to the actual scientific facts.

The collection of studies above provide the needed information to the researchers

that our study has familiarities with other local studies while perceived severity did not

have a significant influence, perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 vaccine side effects

was adversely correlated with intention to vaccinate. Second, whereas vaccine-related

information did not influence vaccination intention directly, it did so indirectly and

favorably by lowering perceived vulnerability. The interaction between the doctor and

the patient exacerbated the detrimental impact of vaccine knowledge on perceived

vulnerability and severity. The findings of this study provide guidance on how to raise

vaccination intentions and lower psychological anxieties while people are making

decisions about the COVID-19 vaccine. 

 REFERENCES

Zheng, H., Jiang, S., & Wu, Q. (2022). Factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination
intention: The roles of vaccine knowledge, vaccine risk perception, and doctor-patient
communication. Patient Education and Counseling, 105(2), 277-283.

Adetayo, A. J., Sanni, B. A., & Aborisade, M. O. (2021). COVID-19 Vaccine

Knowledge, Attitude, and Acceptance among Students in Selected Universities in
Nigeria. Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Journal.

Mahmud, S., Mohsin, M., Khan, I. A., Mian, A. U., & Zaman, M. A. (2021). Knowledge,
beliefs, attitudes and perceived risk about COVID-19 vaccine and determinants of
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Bangladesh. PloS one, 16(9), e0257096.

Mannan, D. K. A., & Farhana, K. M. (2020). Knowledge, attitude and acceptance of a

COVID-19 vaccine: A global cross-sectional study. International Research Journal of
Business and Social Science, 6(4).
 Chapter 3

Research Methodology

This chapter includes the research methodology, population, and sample size,

sampling strategy, respondents' descriptions, and research instruments, data collection

methods, and statistical analysis of data used to carry out this study.

Research Method

The data is gathered using a descriptive-quantitative research method.

Researchers were able to use this technique to elucidate the theoretical implications of the

results and hypothesis development for additional research. This is a methodology for

gathering and analyzing data analysis.

A descriptive method identifies behavior and together with a survey method in

which there is a process, tool, or technique that we could use to gather information in

research by asking questions to a predefined group of people (Formplus Blog 2022). This

type of method is defined as the process of conducting research using surveys that

researchers send to survey respondents to gather information regarding the Knowledge

and Attitude of COVID-19 Vaccines in Students of Holy Cross Academy, Inc.

This research aims to describe the level of knowledge and attitude towards the

COVID-19 vaccine of the respondents.

Population, Sample Size, and Sampling Techniques

 Selected Senior High School students from Holy Cross Academy Inc. were

utilized for this study. The researchers made use of using a stratified random sampling

technique to choose the responders sampling technique called random sampling involves

the division of stratification of the population into smaller groups (as in section). within

strata the strata are based on members' shared characteristics or characteristics.

The total population of the SHS of Holy Cross Academy Inc. stood at – 269

students.

Table 1: Population and Sample of Respondents

Strands Population Percentage Sample

STEM 108 40% 43

HUMSS 117 40% 47

ABM 44 20% 9

Total 269 100% 99

Table 2: Sample Distribution

Strand Grade 11 Grade 12 Total/strand

STEM 21 22 43

HUMSS 23 24 47

ABM 5 4 9

Total 49 50 99
Description of the Respondents

The researches will utilize respondents from HCAI SHS students. A total of 269

SHS-students are enrolled in the first semester of the school year 2022-2023 and

distribution of population per year level is being tabulated in Table 1. A total of 269

SHS-Students from the Holy Cross Academy Inc.

Research Instrument

A modified questionnaire from the study conducted Juin et. al (2022) entitled

“Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of COVID-19 Vaccination among Adults in

Singapore: A Cross-Sectional Study was used in the study. It has been modified and

validated by three proficient teachers of HCAI. The questionnaire for the COVID 19

vaccine (Independent Variable) is composed of 3 questions summing up the 5 questions

for Self reports and 5 questions for experiences.

Data Gathering Procedure

The following procedures have carried out by the researchers in conducting this

study. Letter of Permission.

Letter of Permission to conduct this study was addressed to the Director of

UMDC and upon approval we directly proceeded to the conduct of the study. Likewise,

another letter was addressed to the respondents for their information and preparation.

Administration and Retrieval of Instruments. The researchers distributed and

waited the respondents to have answered completely the questionnaire while retrieval of

their responses followed.

 Collection and Processing of Data When the data gathered, the researchers

summarized and tallied all the responses for submission to the statistician.

Interpretation and Analysis of Data. At this time, the data are ready for

statistical treatment and interpretation purposes.

Statistical Treatment of Data The following statistical tools were used in the

analysis of data.

Mean Score: This refers to the addition of all the points as answers of the

respondents.

Pearson Product Moment of Correlation (PPMCC): This statistical treatment

is used to measure the strength of the two variables, the food safety knowledge, and the

self-reported practices of UMDC-BTTE students that was moored in this study