Final Research Paper

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Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Exports of Milkfish
A Concept Paper and Review of Related Literature Matrix Presented To

Mr. Junnell Guia
Of the Master’s in International Business
School of Management and Information Technology
In partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements in

Export Research
(EXPORES)
Submitted by:
Conde, Steven
Corpuz, Johnrel
Lin, Dawang
Orquillas, Eldee Bray
December 2021
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DE LA SALLE–COLLEGE OF SAINT BENILDE
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ii
INFORMATION SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT
This Export Research (EXPORES) would not be possible without the
support, encouragement, help, comments, suggestions, knowledge and inspiration of
the person mentioned below. The researchers would like to convey the heartfelt
thanks to them:
To almighty God, for His guidance, wisdom, strength and for the blessings He have;
To our parents, for the abiding understanding, patience, emotional, spiritual and
financial support to the researchers;
To Mr. Junnell E. Guia of the Master’s in International Business School of
Management and Information Technology, research adviser, for the knowledge he had
imparted on the researchers, selfless support, unending motivation and suggestions
which had molded the researchers and for making this study done;
To all my classmates and friends, for their moral support and love that
motivated the researchers in doing their best. The information and knowledge they
have shared had helped in organizing until the completion of this research.
To those who had inspired the researchers in making this study, a million
thanks to all of you.
THE RESEARCHERS
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ABSTRACT
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Exports of Milkfish
by:
CONDE, STEVEN
CORPUZ, JOHNREL
LIN, DAWANG
ORQUILLAS, ELDEE BRAY
This export research aimed to determine the extent of COVID-19 on agricultural

export of milkfish in Central Luzon. This study employed a Descriptive Survey
Method.The survey was conducted with the use of questionnaires to the selected
agricultural exporters of milkfish in Central Luzon .The research instruments were
validated by the experts before utilization in the study. For the purpose of this study,
purposive sampling technique was applied in this study. The data gathering
instrument utilized was the validated researcher made instrument of two parts. Part I
was on learners’ readiness and part II was on parental involvement in the new normal
learning modality. The statistical tools used were mean, standard deviation (SD) and
Spearman Correlation with the aid of Software Package for Social Sciences
(SPSS).Results revealed that the extent and impact of COVID-19 pandemic exhibited
the behaviour “ Large Extent mostly showed ” (M=3.1, SD=0.73) and (M=3.4,
SD=0.51) “severe” in the impact respectively. However, relationships between impact
and extent of COVID-19 pandemic showed that there was a strong positive significant
correlation between the two rs =0.38, p= 0.038, N=30. This implies that the COVID-
19 pandemic poses a threat on agricultural exports causing delays and disruptions to
supply chains, transports and logistics services resulting in the decline of income and
closure of businesses.
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LISTS OF TABLES
Title
A. Scale for Interpreting the Data of the

Extent of COVID-19 on Agricultural
Export
B. Scale for Interpreting the Data of the

Export
C. Mean Results of Extent of COVID-19

on Agricultural Export
D. Mean Results of Impact of COVID-19

on Agricultural Export
E. Relationships between the Impact and

Export
F. Dissemination and Advocacy Plan

v
LISTS OF FIGURES
Title
A. Theoretical Framework
B. Conceptual Framework
C. Operational Framework
vi
LISTS OF APPENDICES
Title
A. Letter s /Request to Conduct Study
B. Letter s /Request to Analyze the
Results of the Study
C. Research Questionnaires
to the Participants
D. Statistical Computations
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
TITLE PAGE i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
LIST OF TABLES iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF APPENDICES vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 2
1.3 Statement of the Research Objectives 2
1.4 Significance of the Study 3
1.5 Scope and Limitation of the Study 5
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 7
CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 15
3.1 Theoretical Framework 15
3.2 Conceptual Framework 16
3.3 Operational Framework 17
3.4 Hypothesis/Propositions of the Study 17
3.5 Assumptions of the Study 18
3.6 Operational Definition of Terms 19
CHAPTER 4: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 21
4.1 Research Design 21
4.2 Research Locale 24
4.3 Profile of Respondents 24
4.4 Sampling Design 25
4.5 Method/s of Data Collection 25
4.6 Method/s of Data Analysis 26
CHAPTER 5: PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF 27
DATA
CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY 37
APPENDICES 41
1
CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.1 Introduction
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has affected all exporting trade
businesses all over the world. COVID-19 has disrupted global activities across all
economic sectors and industries. The disruptions are largely due to the lockdown
measures having to opt into adoption and implementation made by countries globally
as a health strategy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the human population.
Furthermore, due to the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic the production halted, the
movement of restrictions on people and goods, the closure of their border, the
logistical constraints, and as well as the slowdown of trade and business which are the
activities of fall-outs of the COVID-19 lockdown measures (Erhie,et al.,2020, p.2).
Despite these challenges there is a clear need to keep trade flowing, both to ensure the
supply of agricultural exports and to send a signal of confidence for the global
economy. However, keeping trade flowing calls for cooperation and trust ,for instance
that the market will supply essentials agricultural exports, that countries will not
impose export restrictions, and that imports do not pose health risks ( OECD,Policy
Responses to CIVIC-19 , 2020)
The worrying effects one might obtain through delivering goods to other
countries that have COVID-19, one country did not suffer as much as our country did
due to poor strategies and late call for vaccines, we have endured far more than our
South East Asian countries.

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This paper seeks to provide an analysis on the impact of agricultural exports
due to the effect of COVID-19 pandemic and what the future would be for
agricultural exports of milkfish in the Central Luzon, Philippines.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
The study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on
Agricultural Export of Chanos chanos in Central Luzon. Specifically, this study
sought to answer the following questions:
1.2.1. What is the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on Agricultural export?
Sub Problems:
1. What is the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural export?
2. What is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural export?
3. What is the relationship of COVID-19 on agricultural export?
4. What specific recommendation to mitigate the threat of the COVID-19
pandemic on agricultural export?
1.3 Statement of the Research Objectives
The objectives of the study are the following:
1. Determine the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on agricultural exports of
Chano chanos at Central Luzon in terms of sales value and foreign order,
2. determine the preventive measures, strategies, or export behaviors in
decreasing sales value, domestic and foreign orders of milkfish at this
challenging time of pandemic;
3. formulate the intervention program to steer away from the economic recession
of agricultural exports of milkfish at this point of the COVID-19 pandemic.

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1.4 Significance of the Study
It is worthy to note that the findings of this research were essential to all
academe, agricultural exporters, government, local fishermen, local manufacturers of
bangus and future researchers as far as the quality, sales value, domestic and foreign
orders is concerned. Specifically, the results of this study were beneficial to the
following:
1.4.1 Academe. The results of this study may serve as an avenue to colleges and
universities to provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural exporting
businesses. It may encourage them to use the agricultural strategic marketing
approach towards the threat of COVID 19 pandemic on agricultural exports. It also
helps to formulate and enhance an alternative intervention program in improving
learning competencies to be transferred to the college learners who were taking
agricultural exporting courses. Furthermore, this academic environment may also
inspire to serve as an essential driver to hone the ability and skill of future exporters
in managing and organizing agricultural exporting business successfully despite the
threat of pandemic.
1.4.2. Agricultural Exporters. The findings of the study may provide better insights
to the agricultural exporters in milkfish. This is necessary in order for them to be
encouraged to use agricultural marketing strategies in increasing demands and sales in
this challenging time. In addition, it will also help them to mitigate the negative
effects of the pandemic on fish production, market access, and employment.
1.4.3. Government. The findings of this study may show the resilience from this
COVID-19 crisis, the government must encourage and inspire the development of an
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agriculture-driven economy.To help roll out immediate interventions for fish
production and availability, fish accessibility and affordability, and fish price
stabilization in agricultural export. Moreover, threat of COVID 19 support measures
should simplified the design to target particular problem faces in agricultural export
industry.Furthermore, encourage them to develop policy responses for both short and
long term in managing the consequences of the shock to the economy, and ensuring
the smooth functioning of the agricultural supply chain in the exports of milkfish in
the Philippines.
1.4.4. Local Fishermen. The results of this study may serve as a point of reference to
ensure effective strategies in empowering local fishermen in increasing their income
in selling milkfish at this point of the COVID-19 pandemic. This may also help them
grow, by attracting more investments and resources in partnering in both private and
local government units. With this, they can also integrate this strategy in their
livelihood seminars and programs for sustainable long term fishing at reasonable
prices despite the risks brought by COVID-19 pandemic in agricultural exports.
1.4.5. Local Manufacturers of Bangus (e.g. canned fish, sun-dried fish, etc.) - The
findings of this study may enable local manufacturers to plan, design and improve
their strategic approach in increasing sales volume for both domestic and foreign
orders of milkfish. This may also help in improving productivity and quality of
milkfish for agricultural export. In addition, export promotion activities from local
manufacturers will strengthen and amplify local and foreign consumers.
1.4.6. Future Researchers.This study may inspire and encourage other researchers to
develop research endeavors in response to the dramatic changes and risk of COVID-
5
19 in demands on agricultural export of milkfish in the Philippines. This also helps in
extending studies of the effects, scratch and threat in the midst of COVID-19
pandemic in marketing agricultural export.
1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study determined the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on the
exporting business of Chanos chanos locally known as bangus in the Central Luzon
area. The independent variable is COVID-19 pandemic and the dependent variable is
agricultural export in this study. The participants of the study are limited to the local
exporters in Central Luzon that are able to answer the structured online survey or
interview via zoom or google meet due to COVID-19 restrictions. Simple random
sampling to be employed for the selection of the participants.
The instruments utilized to gather the data are the researchers-made structured
questionnaires. The data was collected and useful in understanding the ground level
situation of agricultural exports of milkfish in the Central Luzon area to devise policy
responses and strategies against economic recession and threat brought by COVID-19
pandemic. This study employed a Descriptive Survey Method. A descriptive study in
which the information was collected without changing the
environment.(i.e nothing is manipulated).The instruments were validated, tested and
item analyzed before the onset of online survey to the participants. The data gathering
was done for two (2) weeks from November 15-30, 2021.
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CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents literature and studies that have relevance to the present
investigation.
COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic is the finest global humanitarian challenge faced by
the community worldwide. “Particularly, in the fishing sector, several policies
have been forced to be implemented to deal with health and environmental effects and
socioeconomic implications that have been triggered” (Salmon, et.al, 2021). These
issues are the threats of COVID-19 that have caused the reduced demand of the
agricultural exporting businesses. Tight restrictions on international trade have
caused the fishing sector to suffer many disruptions including lower catches, imports,
and exports of fresh seafood and increased delivery and collection services for this
product. Therefore, it is necessary to focus support on the sectors most affected,such
as industries dependent on fisheries and aquaculture.
The government's move hastily, enforcing a proactive, nationwide, 21-day
lockdown, with the aim of knocking down the curve and using the time to plot and
use resource responses appropriately nearby Local Government Units (LGU) effort to
combat the COVID-19 virus has been praised over the globe. However, the lockdown
and border restrictions came with a monetary price and cascading pandemic financial
shock around the globe. Based on the results of the study of Salmon et.al., (2021)
China during the post-lockdown periods (10th and 11th February 2020) and (19th and
20th April 2020) seafoods and fishes drastically decreased the food consumption of
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people by 17%, 22%, and 33% respectively. In addition, the mobility of fishing
vessels was limited because they were among the first identified sources of
transmission.
Furthermore, the survey conducted in Bangladesh in April, 47% of
respondents in urban slum areas and 32% in rural areas reported reducing their food
consumption (Hossain et al., 2020) during the pandemic. Specifically, the most
significant decreases in consumption occurred in more nutritious foods such as dairy
products, meat, fish, eggs, fruits, and vegetables (UNICEF, 2020). Border restrictions
aggravated the movement of goods and trades ( Rasul et al., 2021).
In Afghanistan, for example, wheat and cooking oil prices increased by nearly
15 and 9%, respectively, while wheat flour prices increased by nearly 13% in March
2020 in Pakistan (World Bank, 2020). Food prices also rose in Bangladesh in the days
following the announcement of the lockdown measures, while in Bhutan the price of
meat, fruits, and vegetables increased due to the restriction of cross-border movement
of goods (World Bank, 2020). Therefore, the government of Somaliland is currently
unable to access international bond markets and so is currently unable to utilize its
strong fiscal position to attract finance to invest in development due to livestock ban
and the impact of COVID-19 pandemic (MoNPD, 2017). Whereas, the study
investigated by Manlosa.et.al, (2021) has noted that the impacts of a lockdown
associated with the pandemic in the province of Bulacan, in the region of Central
Luzon, Philippines, where aquaculture and capture fisheries are important and
interconnected sectors massively affected the livelihood of the community. With this,
the study also identified a variety of coping strategies, as well as the importance of
social support in the form of food aid, financial assistance, and institutional livelihood
8
assistance for social ecological resilience in short term response and long term
recovery of the community.
Agricultural Exports
Increase in Sales
Even though COVID-19 does no longer infect aquatic species (Bondad-
Reantaso et al., 2020), it has affected the fisheries and aquaculture food structures.
The safety measures taken by governments to incorporate the unfolding of the
sickness, whilst essential, have impacted every step of the seafood supply chain, from
fishing and aquaculture manufacturing, to processing, transport, and wholesale and
retail advertising and marketing. An increase in sale or demand towards home-grown
cultivation and in aquaculture this is mainly tilapia farming for small-scale backyard
farming with tilapia being distinguished as an immediate response plan in some
countries. However, based on the results from the Fisheries Situation Report ( April to
June 2021) “the volume of fisheries production during the second quarter of 2021
reached 1,149.35 thousand metric tons. It went down by -2.4 percent compared with
its 1,177.21 thousand metric tons output during the same quarter in 2020”. Among the
subsectors, commercial and marine municipal fisheries displayed reductions in
production while inland and aquaculture reported increments. “On the contrary,
double-digit improvements were observed in blue crab (alimasag) with 24.2 percent,
tilapia with 14.3 percent, mudcrab (alimango) with 13.4%, and milkfish (bangus) with
12.6 increase” (Philippine Statistics Authority, 2021). This means that during the
pandemic the production of milkfish in the Philippines is not affected despite
restrictions implemented by the government. In addition, using thermal manipulation

9
in the research centre’s demonstration facility, SEAFDEC/AQD will help to address
the perennial shortage of milkfish fry available to fish farmers in the Philippines. This
technology collected about 2.9 million good eggs, from which almost 1.7 million
normal larvae were hatched in a time that is normally considered off-season by
milkfish hatcheries (The Fish Site, 2021)
Increase in Demand
Fisheries value chains are encountering greater demand from consumers
coupled with a declining trend in the sustainability of fish stocks. Main activities in a
fisheries or aquaculture supply chain are fishing, aquaculture production, processing,
transport of inputs, distribution, wholesale and retail marketing. Each of these
activities are of equal importance to the success of the supply chain.” Each stage of
the chain is susceptible to being disrupted or stopped by impacts arising from
COVID-19 and related measures” (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations Rome, 2021) . If one of these buyers–sellers are contaminated by the disease
the results will be a cascading chain of disruptions that will directly affect livelihoods
and low income. IMF (2020) as cited by Mohamed (2021) confirmed that the results
of pandemic livestock and its byproducts are expected to decline significantly due to
disruptions of world supply chains and quarantine measures spread across the
globe.This outbreak also forced many businesses and stores to close, leading to an
unpresented disruption of commerce in most industry sectors. “Retailers and brands
face many short-term challenges, such as those related to health and safety, the supply
chain, the workforce, cash flow, consumer demand, sales and marketing” (Donthu &
Gustafsson, 2020). Mohamed (2021) recommended that for the recovery of the
economy, there must be certain mitigation measures and policy interventions to be

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administered, which includes health and social protection, fiscal policy and financial,
industrial and trade policies. Therefore, the expected outcomes from administration of
the policy instruments would be reduction in human suffering and increasing the
demands of supply for both domestic and foreign orders.
Threat of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat on agricultural exports causing delays
and disruptions to supply chains, transports and logistics services” (OECD Policy and
Responses to CoronaVirus, 2020).For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic may create
uncertainty for the global food market, which may lead to fluctuations in food supply
and price” (Zhi-xiong et al., 2020). In addition, market demand is currently the main
concern for most aquaculture operators worldwide. The farmers supplying the live
fish markets are currently struggling with growing live fish stocks that cannot be sold
but still must be fed for an undetermined period (Foodand Agriculture Organization of
United Nations, 2020). Moreover, the agricultural export supply chain began to
experience various short-term problems. Many firms producing export commodities
remained shut down as employees could not return to work; some export companies
reported a loss to more than 30% due to a lack of employees showing up to work (The
21st Century Business Herald, 2020). These disruptions have had an impact on
agricultural activities and supply chains, including the marketing, transport,
distribution, and consumption of agricultural goods and agricultural inputs in South
Asia. This has huge economic implications. For instance, the potential economic loss
of India’s wheat and rice-growing states of Punjab and Haryana in 2020 could be
around US$ 1.5 billion due to delayed planting because of shortages of labor
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(Balwinder-Singh et al., 2020). Even where farmers have been able to hire agriculture
workers, physical distancing measures have slowed operations and disrupted planting
and sowing in many countries in South Asia (Babu et al., 2020; Balwinder-Singh et
al., 2020).In addition to triggering short-term supply chain and logistical disruptions,
the global economic recession caused by the pandemic and the resulting decline in
demand for agricultural imports could affect China’s agricultural exports over a
longer period of time (Zhang et al., 2020; Barichello, 2020). Furthermore, the supply
disruption, some countries have used the pandemic as an excuse to take measures
which restrict the import of China’s agricultural products, resulting in trade barriers to
Chinese exports (Agricultural Trade Promotion Center, 2020b).The impact of
lockdown imposed in the entire country owing to COVID-19 on the overall
production levels in the agricultural and allied sector has been significant with overall
production levels in the agriculture and allied sector declining in 47%.
All the sub sectors have shown a decline in the magnitude of production with
poultry showing the highest decline of 19.6% followed by fisheries with a decline in
production by 13.6%. Crop production has been least impacted with a decline of
2.7%. However, the crisis has triggered unprecedented responses by governments
across the world. Policies and actions taken include measures to protect public health,
to safeguard fishers’ and fishworkers’ safety, and to strengthen social protection to
support the most vulnerable and avoid a socio-economic crisis. The increasing spread
of the COVID-19 across countries has prompted many governments including
Somaliland to introduce unpresented measures to contain the pandemic. These
measures have led to many businesses being shut down temporarily, widespread
restrictions on travel and mobility, financial market turmoil such as disruption of

12
remittance channels (Bank of Somaliland, 2020). Due to this, has caused bankruptcy
for many well-known brands in many industries as consumers stay at home and
economies and shut down (McKee & Tucker, 2020). This is not only having
consequences for the economy; all of society is affected, which has led to dramatic
changes in how businesses act and consumers behave (Donthu & Gustafsson, 2020).
In Pakistan, agricultural products and agricultural inputs were stopped at different
locations for a month or more due to transport restrictions, resulting in the price hike
of different food items (van Bodegom and Koopmanschap, 2020). The lockdown also
affected other occupations in rural areas. Particularly, migrant farm workers have
faced extreme difficulties during the COVID19 lockdown in different countries in
South Asia (ICIMOD, 2020).
Research Gaps
The year 2020 was very difficult for the fish sector. The outbreak of the
COVID-19 pandemic has had a serious global impact . The volume of global
merchandise trade dropped by 5.3% (Zhang et.al., 2021). In line with this, both supply
and demand were under pressure, and trade costs have sharply increased .For the fish
market, some initial assessments have revealed short-to-medium term problems,
including delayed production, import restriction and tightened inspection, paralyzed
transportation, dropped price and slashed consumption. If the intervention program
will be implemented at this point of pandemic in the future applications the domestic
and foreign orders will not be affected drastically. The limited transfer of goods will
be lessen due to border restrictions. To meet these challenges, such as fishing,
transport, naval maintenance, loss of markets (domestic and international), shortages

13
of raw materials in fish processing, and closure of distribution companies certain
coping measures are adopted to offset the negative effects of pandemic in the short
term and long term consequences of the economic recessions.
Mohapatra et al. (2020) have suggested that reallocation of funding by the
government to research and associated training and workshops to focus on immediate
issues and humanitarian response could be an option to mitigate risk or aggravate the
situation at this point of pandemic. To address vital research gaps afflicting the
milkfish industry, research must be correspondingly intensified yearly particularly in
the Philippines.
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CHAPTER 3
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
3.1 Theoretical Framework
Strategic Trade Policy was utilized in this study because it is in the design of
the highly relevant impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export. This strategic trade
theory purposely studies the nature of the risk of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural
export which can affect exporters, sales, demands and competitions as a basis for
possible future policy application towards the threat of COVID-19 pandemic on
agricultural export. In applying this theory some cautions were made to lessen the
negative effect of pandemic on agricultural export.
Figure 3.1 Diagram of the Theoretical Framework of Strategic Trade Policy

15
3.2 Conceptual Framework
This conceptual framework explains how COVID-19 affects the agricultural
export of milkfish in the Philippines. Specifically focus on the impact of the threat of
COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export which can affect exporters, sales,
demands and competitions as a basis for possible future policy application towards the
threat of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export.
Figure 3.2 Shows the Conceptual Framework of the independent and dependent
variables of the study
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3.3 Operational Framework
This simply shows the operational framework of the study. The
researchers identified the agricultural exporters that have been greatly affected by the
threat of COVID-19 on agricultural exports. To determine the impact of pandemic on
agricultural exports the identified exporters were asked questions via online using
questionnaires. The responses were analyzed and the results determined the
appropriate intervention program to steer away from the economic recession caused
by COVID-19 pandemic.
Figure 3.3 Operational Framework for the Impact of COVID-19

Pandemic on Agricultural Export
3.4 Hypothesis/Propositions of the Study

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COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat on agricultural export that leads to
financial distress to the agricultural exporters and disruptions of supply chains.
Moreover, this impact of the threat of pandemic also affects the sales and demands of
agricultural exports of both domestic and foreign agricultural exporters.
1. There is no difference between the extent and impact of COVID-19 pandemic
on agricultural exports.
2. There is no significant relationship between the extent and impact of COVID-
19 pandemic on agricultural exports.
3.5 Assumptions of the Study
In conducting this study the assumptions were made. It was assumed that:
1. The instruments to be used will elicit reliable responses from the participants
of this study.
2. The participants will fully apprehend the questions they will be asked.
3. The participants will provide genuine expressions of their experiences and
observations in the midst of the threat of COVID-19 in agricultural export.
4. The researchers will design and formulate an intervention program or strategic
agricultural marketing approach based on the responses of participants of this
study.
5. The participants in the study freely provided the researchers’ information with
respect to the extent of COVID-19 on agricultural export.
6. The researchers will formulate a solution based on the collected data and
information from the participants of this study.

18
7. The researchers will encourage the participants to use the intervention
program of the study to help them cope with the crisis.
3.6 Operational Definition of Terms
For the purposes of clarity and precision, the following terms are given their
conceptual and operational definitions:
Agricultural Export- refers to the sector which focuses on the export of crops,
livestocks, fishes and place etc. (David, 2021).
In this study “Agricultural Export”refers to the sectors and participants who
are exporting milfish of both domestic and foreign countries which are affected by
the risk of COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19- refers to human CoVs each of which causes respiratory diseases together
account for about one third of common colds.This Coronaviruses (CoV) are RNA
viruses that cause endemic infections in various species of mammals and avian birds
(Menigcali & Limodio, 2020)
In this study “COVID-19” refers to the transmission of disease to people that
serves as a threat on agricultural export which can cause disruptions and uncertainties
of the agricultural business operations. It may also be caused by the decline in the
export of some agricultural products.
Exporter- refers to the a wholesaler who sells to merchants or industrial consumers in
foreign countries ( Webster, 2021)
In this study “ exporter” refers to the participants who are exporting
agricultural products amidst the risk of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export.
Intervention Program- refers to the public or private organization, which may be
part of a professional association or organized as professional service corporation,

19
which contracts with a board to provide certain services, including the identification
of impairments, interventions, referrals to treatment providers, monitoring, reporting
and case management of those in rehabilitation, as well as assisting with recovery
documentation, education, support and advocacy, to be performed in accordance with
standards (Law Insider, 2020)
In this study “intervention program” refers to a solution in mitigating the
threat of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export which is based on the collected
data and responses of the participants of this study.
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
20
4.1 Research Design
This study employed a Descriptive Survey Method. A descriptive study in
which the information is collected without changing the environment.(i.e nothing is
manipulated). It was utilized to obtain information concerning the current status of the
phenomenon to describe “what exists” with respect to variables or conditions in a
situation. The methods involved range from the survey which describes the status quo,
the correlation study which investigates the relationship between variables, to
developmental studies which seek to determine changes over time.
In survey research methodology, answers are seek to questions administer
through interviews or questionnaires. After participants answer the questions, the
researchers describe the responses given. In order for the survey to be both reliable
and valid, it is important that the questions are constructed properly. Questions should
be so written that they are clear and easy to comprehend.
Researchers-made Survey Form was utilized as the main instrument of the
study. The questionnaire was intended only for the agricultural exporters of milkfish
in this crisis.
For the interpretation of computed mean, the following obituary points were
based on the Likert Scale
Scale for Interpreting the Data of the Extent of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
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Extent of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
Scale Range Interpretation Description
4 3.25-4.0 Very Large At least 90% of

Extent my agricultural
export is covered
by the risk
COVID-19
pandemic
3 2.50-3.24 Large Extent At least 60% of

my agricultural
export is covered
by the risk of
COVID-19
pandemic
2 1.75-2.49 Moderate Extent At least 30% of

my agricultural
export is covered
by COVID-19
pandemic
1 1.0-1.74 Small Extent At least 10% of

my agricultural
export is covered
by the risk of
COVID-19
pandemic
22
Scale for Interpreting the Data of the Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
Scale Range Interpretation Description
4 3.25-4.0 Severe At least 90% of

my agricultural
export is
intensively
affected by the
threat of
COVID-19
pandemic
3 2.50-3.24 Major At least 60% of

my agricultural
export is
seriously affected
by the threat
COVID-19
pandemic
2 1.75-2.49 Moderate At least 30% of

my agricultural
export is
intensely affected
by the threat
COVID-19
pandemic
1 1.0-1.74 Minor At least 10% of

my agricultural
export is
insignificantly
affected by the
threat COVID-19
pandemic
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4.2 Research Locale
The participants of this study are located in the area of Central Luzon
otherwise known as Region III. This region comprised seven (7) provinces namely;
Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Zambales. Central
Luzon is among the most important regions for aquaculture production in the country
and known for the exporting of fishes that usually live in brackishwater fish ponds
like milkfish and tilapia. Moreover, this region has among the highest production of
aquaculture.
4.3 Profile of Respondents
The agricultural exporters in the following companies were taken as
primary participants of this study.
● Anjo Farms Inc. - They deal with processed seafood products, like Shrimp
Paste Production, and Milkfish Processing. They are exporting in foreign
markets such as Europe, Asia & Middle East. They have 5 male and 5 female
representatives.
● 3H Enterprises Ltd., Incorporated - Established in 1994. They produce
aqua feeds for fish and shrimp. In 2000, they started to grow milkfish in the
sea and grow first class milkfish sold in the local market. They have 5 males
and 5 females that will participate in the study.
● Sea-ex - gives the network data pretty much a wide range of fish, business
angling, fish, recreational calculating, handling, sailing and that’s just the
24
beginning. Recorded in index design by item or nation. 5 males and 5 females
will represent and participate in the study.
● Fishta Seafood - a supplier of high quality, no antibiotic, healthy seafood
farmed by our company and our select partners. Their farms are operated
under sustainable aquaculture standards in clean unpolluted environments. 5
males and 5 females will represent and participate in the study.
4.4 Sampling Design
The participants of this study were purposively selected agricultural exporters
from the area of Central Luzon. The purpose of this study was determined the impact
of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export. The purposive sampling technique
was utilized in this study because only ten (10) agricultural exporters of milkfish are
identified and located in the area of Central Luzon. However, due to the pandemic
health safety protocols were implemented properly for both participants and
researchers in this study.
4.5 Method/s of Data Collection
In survey research methodology, answers that sought to questions were
administered through online interviews or questionnaires. After the participants’
answer the questions, the researchers describe the responses given in order for the
survey to be both reliable and valid. It is important that the questions are constructed
properly. Questions were written clearly and easy to comprehend. The extent of the
COVID-19 pandemic, agricultural export and preventive measures, strategies, or
export behaviors in decreasing sales value, domestic and foreign orders of milkfish in
this challenging time was analysed using the results of the survey form. This study
25
utilized quantitative data from agricultural exporters of milk fish in Central Luzon.
The quantitative survey questionnaires for the participants are the main instrument in
this study. After the survey, the responses were analysed and the result will serve as
the basis for agricultural export intervention in this COVID-19 pandemic.
4.6 Method/s of Data Analysis
The data gathered from the study will be subjected to statistical treatment and
processed through the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software.
Several statistical tools were utilized to analyze the gathered data in order to answer
descriptive problems.
The research problems 1 to 3 are descriptive in nature and the data will be
employed using mean and standard deviation.
Mean was utilized to statistically treat the obtained scores for problem
statements 1 to 3 which the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on agricultural export..
Standard deviation will be utilized to determine the homogeneity or heterogeneity of
the participants in terms of impact and extent of COVID- 19 pandemic on agricultural
export in this crisis.
Spearman rho of Correlation was employed to measure the strength and
direction and significance of the relationship between two variables measured on at
least an interval scale. In this case, the relationship was determined to exist between
COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural export.

26
CHAPTER 5
PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Table 1 presents the extent of COVID-19 on agricultural exports. Results
revealed that the extent of COVID-19 were exhibited the behaviour “moderate
extent”. This implies that at least 90% of agricultural exports decreased in sales and
demands in milkfish (M= 2.90, SD= 0.87). However, there were exporters who
observed that the collapse of consumption of sales and demands was due to
restrictions (M=2.3, SD= 0.67). Meanwhile, disruption of supplies was described as
“Large Extent” which can lead to the 100% reduction of agricultural export of
milkfish (M=3.1, SD= 0.73). This result indicates that the small or big companies
were greatly affected if the supply chains were disrupted due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Furthermore, 60% of the sales and demands of milkfish was affected due to lockdown
and restrictions taken by the LGU (M=3.4, SD= 0.69).This result means that 60 % of
agricultural exports covered the risk of COVID-19 pandemic. Whereas, the delayed
production, import restriction and tightened inspection, paralyzed transportation,
dropped price and slashed consumption in agricultural export in milkfish caused the
60% covered the threat of pandemic which was described as “ Large Extent” (M=3.0,
SD= 0.66). Moreover, there was an instance that the sharp spikes in the prices of
milkfish exhibited a “moderate extent” ; it means that all the exporters businessmen
are not directly affected by the sudden shift of prices. However, the restrictions of
passability greatly affect the accessibility of demands and sales of milkfish in local
27
and foreign countries which was described as “large extent” (M=3.1, SD= 0.87) and
the onset of lockdowns and restrictions resulting in the sudden drop of 60% of
agricultural exports in milkfish respectively. Furthermore, restrictions of border
crossing caused a 30 % decrease in demand for milkfish.
Table 1
Mean Results of Extent of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
Indicators N M SD Description
Almost 90% of my agricultural export 10 2.9 0.87 Moderate Extent
in milkfish has decreased in sales and
demands due to COVID-19 pandemic.
The collapse in consumption away 10 2.3 0.67 Moderate Extent

from home will have a particularly
large effect on my sales and demands
in milkfish.
Disrupting supply has in turn led to the 10 3.1 0.73 Large Extent
100 % reductions of demand and sale
on my agricultural export in milkfish.
Lockdowns and restrictions affect the 10 3.4 0.69 Large Extent

production, demand and sale on my
agricultural export in milkfish.
Delayed production, import restriction 10 3.0 0.66 Large Extent

and tightened inspection, paralyzed
transportation, dropped price and
slashed consumption in agricultural
export of milkfish.
Interruptions to fish transfers are 10 2.5 0.97 Moderate Extent

minimal.
Sharp spikes in the prices of milkfish 10 2.8 0.78 Moderate Extent

are expected to increase due to
COVID-19 pandemic.
Greater effect on demand of milkfish 10 3.1 0.87 Large Extent

due to the passability restrictions that
28
affect accessibility.
The onset of lockdowns and 10 3.1 0.73 Large Extent

restrictions resulting in the sudden
drop of agricultural exports of
milkfish.
Restrictions on border crossing caused 10 2.5 0.84 Moderate Extent

the decrease of demand in milkfish.
Note: 3.25- 4.0-Very Large Extent; 2.50-3.24- Large Extent; 1.75-2.49-Moderate
Extent; 1:00-1.74- Small Extent
Table 2 shows the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural exports. Results
revealed that the total sales revenue of milkfish during of COVID-19 described as
“Major” (M=2.8, SD= 0.78). This simply shows that at least 60% of agricultural
exports are seriously affected by the threat COVID-19 pandemic. However, the
sudden lockdown of the markets resulted in a 50% decrease in the demand for
milkfish in local and foreign countries which is described as “Severe” (M=3.5, SD=
0.70). Furthermore, preventive measures and restrictions by LGU and privates sectors
devastated seriously by 60% of the total sales and demands of milkfish which
described as “Major” (M=2.8, SD= 0.63) and “severely” affected by 90% of total
income of milkfish due to the price fall and supply chain disruptions. Whereas, 60%
of the total losses in sales and demands of milkfish are in the midst of a pandemic
which is described as “Major” (M=3.2, SD= 0.78). Limits on the flow of milkfish in
foreign countries resulting in the 60% closure of the business which was described as
“Major” (M=3.0, SD= 0.66) means that the limited flow of milkfish in the foreign
countries was seriously affected during the pandemic. Furthermore, travel restrictions
enforced by the lockdown, the supply chain is greatly impacted for almost 60% in
sales which described as “Major” (M=3.0, SD= 0.47) delayed delivery, export
29
restrictions and export controls caused the major impact in sales and demands of
milkfish respectively.
Table 2
Impact of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
Indicators N M SD Description
The total sales revenue of milkfish in 10 2.8 0.78 Major
exporting de creased by 60%.
The sudden lockdowns and market 10 3.5 0.70 Severe

shutdowns implemented by the
government affects the 50% of the
local and foreign demands for milkfish.
Preventive measures and restrictions 10 2.8 0.63 Major

against COVID-19 have greatly
devastated the total sales and demands
of milkfish.
The income reduced due to price fall 10 3.4 0.51 Severe

and supply chain disruptions during
pandemic have escalated the milkfish
shortages in local and foreign
countries.
The pandemic caused the sudden loss 10 3.2 0.78 Major

of sales and demands for about 60%.
Limits on the flow of exporting of 10 3.0 0.66 Major

milkfish in foreign countries resulting
in the closure of the business.
Travel restriction enforced by the 10 3.0 0.47 Major

lockdown, the supply chain is greatly
impacted.
Delayed delivery of milkfish produced 10 3.0 0.47 Major

difficulties with the continued supply
of milkfish to local and foreign
markets.
Exports restrictions caused the sudden 10 3.0 0.51 Major

drop of 90% total sales revenue.
30
Export controls lead to a reduction in 10 3.0 0.48 Major

domestic markets, triggering a
financial downturn to producers and
reducing business incentives.
Note: 3.25- 4.0-Severe; 2.50-3.24- Major; 1.75-2.49-Moderate; 1:00-1.74- Minor
The Table 3 presents the Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient was utilized to
assess the relationships between extent and impact of COVID-19 on agricultural
export in the midst of pandemic. There was a strong positive significant correlation
between the two, r(10)= 0.38,p= 0.038. This implies that the COVID-19 pandemic
poses a threat on agricultural exports causing delays and disruptions to supply chains,
transports and logistics services” (OECD Policy and Responses to Coronavirus,
2020).For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic may create uncertainty for the global
food market, which may lead to fluctuations in food supply and price” (Zhi-xiong et
al., 2020). The same results in the study of Erhie,et al.,2020, p.2 that the outbreak of
COVID-19 pandemic the production halted, the movement of restrictions on people
and goods, the closure of their border, the logistical constraints, and as well as the
slowdown of trade and business which are the activities of fall-outs of the COVID-19
lockdown measures.
Table 3
Relationships between the Impact and Extent of COVID-19 on Agricultural Export
N rs p-value Description
30 0.38 0.038 Strongly positive
correlation
Note: p< 0.001
31
Intervention program should be included in the economic recession of agricultural

exports in the midst of a pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat on agricultural exports causing delays
and disruptions to supply chains, transports and logistics services (OECD Policy and
Responses to CoronaVirus, 2020). With this, many supplies are running short in
agricultural exports. To respond to the challenges, the intervention program is needed
to alleviate the decline of sales and demands of milkfish in local and foreign
countries.
Based on the results of the study, agricultural exporters and LGU will conduct
an intervention program to help struggling exporters to get back on track at this point
of pandemic.
These are the following interventions to be applied in this challenging time:
a. Provide clear and transparent communication at the domestic level.
b. Avoid trade restrictions.
c. Keep domestic, regional and international markets open.
The results of this study presented to the company owners and the pool of
agricultural exporters for further evaluation and possible adaption of the intervention
program to improve the participation of agricultural exporters in the response of
COVID-19 pandemic. It will be presented to the LGU and private sectors for possible
adoption of intervention programs to other agricultural sectors.

32
Dissemination and Advocacy Plan
Activity Objective Time Frame Resources Needed Success

Indicator
Human Material
Resource Resource
Presentation of To inform the 1 day Research Laptop, Awareness of
the result of the agricultural proponent projector the agricultural
study in exporters, exporters,
seminars or CEOs, Copy of the CEOs,
conference for Managers and result of the Managers and
agricultural Company study Company
exporter Owners of the owners on the
company on program
the results of intervention to
the study be implemented
during
pandemic in
mitigating the
economic
recession.
Presentation of To introduce to 1 day Research Laptop, Crafting of
intervention the exporters, proponents projector suggested
program in CEOs, activities to be
conference Managers and Copy of the included in
to be Company result of the Flexible Supply
implemented Owners the study Chains and
based on the Strong and orientation for
results of the Flexible supply Agricultural
study. chains that can exporters in
respond to new normal set-
shifts in up.
consumer
demand of
milkfish and
adjust in
response to
supply
constraints
arising from
measures
implemented in
response to
COVID-19 as
agricultural
intervention
program.
Orientation with To orient 1 day Research Laptop, cell Awareness

the agricultural agricultural proponent phone and about the
exporters, exporters, strong internet conduct of
CEOs, CEOs, connectivity intervention
Managers and Managers and program.
Company Company
Owners in Owners
intervention via online.
program.
Implementation To educate the 2 days Research Laptop, cell Exporters,

of intervention exporters, proponent phone and CEOs,
program on CEOs, strong internet Managers and
Flexible Supply Managers and connectivity Company
33
Chains to Company Owners are

response in Owners well-equipped
consumer intervention on the
demand. program. intervention
program which
can respond on
COVID-19.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results of the study, the following findings were presented:
1. The COVID-19 pandemic devastated the economy for about 60% which is mostly
described as “Large Extent”. Thus, agricultural exporters experienced the decreased
of sales and demands of milkfish due to pandemic, disruption of supply chain, sudden
lockdowns of markets and restrictions, delayed production of import and exports,
spikes of prices reduced the sales of milkfish and restrictions of borders crossing
resulted the closure of agricultural business and decline of sales and demands of
agricultural exports..
2. The impact of COVID-19 on agricultural exports which is described as “major to
severe” means that the sales and demands of milkfish were seriously and intensively
affected during the pandemic.
3. The extent and impact of COVID-19 on agricultural export in the midst of
pandemic. There was a strong positive significant correlation between the two, r(10)=
0.38,p= 0.038. This implies that the COVID-19 pandemic poses a threat on
agricultural exports causing delays and disruptions to supply chains, transports and
logistics services and decline of sales and demands of milkfish locally and
internationally.
34
4. Intervention program is needed to address the concerns and issues of agricultural
exporters of milkfish at this point of pandemic.
RECOMMENDATION
The following are the recommendations derived from the findings and conclusions of
the study:
1. To mitigate the economic recession and significant reduction of income due to
pandemic and other factors the government’s immediate countermeasures indicate the
more tailored policies to be implemented to mitigate the strikes of COVID-19 on
agricultural exports of milkfish in the future.
2. Promote and encourage both private and public sectors in stabilizing agricultural
production and products supply, providing subsidies to small agricultural businesses
to reduce poverty in small businesses in the midst of pandemic.
3. Strengthen the emergency policies to ease the impact and extent aspects of COVID-
19 on agricultural export of milkfish. Furthermore, more policies could be targeted in
improving the efficiency of the agricultural supply chain system.
4. Establish an emergency agricultural stock mechanism as part of the intervention
program in Flexible Supply Chain to strengthen the smooth supply of agricultural
exports of milkfish.
35
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38
APPENDICES
39
A. Letter s /Request to Conduct Study
November 25, 2021
The Management
Madam/Sir:
We are currently conducting our descriptive research entitled, “Impact of COVID-19

Pandemic on Agricultural Export of Milkfish”. This study is a prerequisite before
our graduation.
In this regard, We would like to ask permission from your good office to allow us to
conduct this study to the selected exporters in your company via online. The period
covered of our study is two weeks started November 15-25, 2021
We are looking forward to your favorable action on this request.
Thank you very much.
Very truly yours,
SGD. CONDE, STEVEN
CORPUZ, JOHNREL
LIN, DAWANG

Researchers
40
B. Letter s /Request to Analyze the Results of the Study
November 30,, 2021
Sir,
Greetings!
The undersigned are the students who are taking the Export Research (EXPORES)
at De La Salle- College of Saint Benilde who are presently conducting a study on
“Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Agricultural Export of Milkfish ''.
In this connection, We would like to request for your expertise and wholehearted
assistance in analysing the collected data from the participants. Your expertise would
be of great help for the completion of the aforementioned study.
We are hoping for your positive response to this request. Thank you very much and
may God bless you!
Respectfully yours,
SGD. CONDE, STEVEN
CORPUZ, JOHNREL
LIN, DAWANG

Researchers
41
Research Questionnaires
to the Participants
The questionnaire contains two parts. Part I is the participants information
sheet and Part II is the questions on the extent and impact of COVID-19 on
agricultural exports. This questionnaire seeks to obtain information that will be helped
to find the intervention program towards economic recession brought by COVID-19
pandemic. Part II. Extent of COVID-19 Towards Agricultural Exports
Direction: This is a questionnaire designed to gather data on the risk/threat of

COVID-19 pandemic to your agricultural exports of milkfish.. After reading each
item, please indicate the degree to which you feel that statement is true for you. There
are no right or wrong answers. Please read each choice carefully and choose the
response which best expresses your feeling. Check the box that corresponds to your
answer.There is no time limit for the questionnaire. Try not to spend too much time
on any one item; however, your first reaction to the question will usually be the most
accurate.
Numerical Descriptive Qualitative Description

Rating Rating
4 Very Large At least 90% of my agricultural export is

Extent covered by the risk COVID-19 pandemic
3 Large Extent
At least 60% of my agricultural export is
covered by the risk of COVID-19 pandemic
2 Moderate At least 30% of my agricultural export is

Extent covered by COVID-19 pandemic
1 Small Extent At least 10% of my agricultural export is

covered by the risk of COVID-19 pandemic
42
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. Almost 90% of my agricultural export in

milkfish has decreased in sales and demands
due to COVID-19 pandemic.
2. The collapse in consumption away from

home will have a particularly large effect on
my sales and demands in milkfish.
3. Disrupting supply has in turn led to the

100 % reductions of demand and sale on my
4. Lockdowns and restrictions affect the

production, demand and sale on my
5. Delayed production, import restriction and

tightened inspection, paralyzed
transportation, dropped price and slashed
consumption in agricultural export of
milkfish.
6. Interruptions to fish transfers are minimal.
7. Sharp spikes in the prices of milkfish are

expected to increase due to COVID-19
pandemic.
43
8. Greater effect on demand of milkfish due

to the passability restrictions that affect
accessibility.
9. The onset of lockdowns and restrictions

resulting in the sudden drop of agricultural
exports of milkfish.
10. Restrictions on border crossing caused

the decrease of demand in milkfish.
Part II. Impact of COVID-19 Towards Agricultural Exports
Numerical Descriptive Qualitative Description

Rating Rating
4 Severe At least 90% of my agricultural export is

intensively affected by the threat of
COVID-19 pandemic
3 Major
At least 60% of my agricultural export is
COVID-19 pandemic
2 Moderate At least 30% of my agricultural export is

COVID-19 pandemic
1 Minor At least 10% of my agricultural export is

COVID-19 pandemic
44
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. The total sales revenue of milkfish in

exporting increased by 50%.
2. The sudden lockdowns and market

shutdowns implemented by the government
affects the 50% of the local and foreign
demands for milkfish.
3. Preventive measures and restrictions

against COVID-19 have greatly devastated
the total sales and demands of milkfish.
4. The income decline due to price fall and

supply chain disruptions due to pandemic
have escalated the milkfish shortages in local
and foreign countries.
5. The pandemic caused the sudden loss of

sales and demands for about 60%.
6. Limits on the flow of exporting of

milkfish in foreign countries resulting in the
closure of the business.
7. Travel restrictions enforced by the

lockdown, the supply chain is greatly
impacted.
8. Delayed delivery of milkfish produced

difficulties with the continued supply of
45
milkfish to local and foreign markets.
9. Exports restrictions caused the sudden

drop of 90% total sales revenue.
10. Export controls lead to a reduction in

domestic markets, triggering a financial
downturn to producers and reducing
business incentives.
Statistical Computations
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Mean Deviation
VAR00001 10 2.9000 .87560
VAR00002 10 2.3000 .67495
VAR00003 10 3.1000 .73786
46
VAR00004 10 3.4000 .69921

VAR00005 10 3.0000 .66667
VAR00006 10 2.5000 .97183
VAR00007 10 2.8000 .78881
VAR00008 10 3.1000 .87560
VAR00009 10 3.1000 .73786
VAR00010 10 2.5000 .84984
Valid N
10
(listwise)
Descriptive Statistics
Std.
N Mean Deviation
VAR00001 10 2.8000 .78881
VAR00002 10 3.5000 .70711
VAR00003 10 2.8000 .63246
VAR00004 10 3.4000 .51640
VAR00005 10 3.2000 .78881
VAR00006 10 3.0000 .66667
VAR00007 10 3.0000 .47140
VAR00008 10 3.0000 .47140
VAR00010 10 3.4000 .51640
VAR00009 10 3.3000 .48305
Valid N (listwise) 10
Correlation
Impact of Extent of
COVID-19 COVID-19 on
on agricultural
agricultural Export
Export
Spearman’s rhr Correlation Coefficient 1000 0.38*
Sy.(2-tailed) 000
N 229
229
Correlation Coefficient 0.38* 1000
47
Sy.(2-tailed) 000
N 229
229

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Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Exports of Milkfish

A Concept Paper and Review of Related Literature Matrix Presented To

In partial Fulfillment of the Course Requirements in

This Export Research (EXPORES) would not be possible without the

support, encouragement, help, comments, suggestions, knowledge and inspiration of

financial support to the researchers;

To Mr. Junnell E. Guia of the Master’s in International Business School of

imparted on the researchers, selfless support, unending motivation and suggestions

thanks to all of you.

Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Agriculture Exports of Milkfish

This export research aimed to determine the extent of COVID-19 on agricultural

A. Scale for Interpreting the Data of the

B. Scale for Interpreting the Data of the

C. Mean Results of Extent of COVID-19

D. Mean Results of Impact of COVID-19

E. Relationships between the Impact and

F. Dissemination and Advocacy Plan

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 34

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

as a health strategy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on the human population.

activities of fall-outs of the COVID-19 lockdown measures (Erhie,et al.,2020, p.2).

Responses to CIVIC-19 , 2020)

South East Asian countries.

This paper seeks to provide an analysis on the impact of agricultural exports

agricultural exports of milkfish in the Central Luzon, Philippines.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on

Agricultural Export of Chanos chanos in Central Luzon. Specifically, this study

sought to answer the following questions:

1.2.1. What is the impact of the COVID- 19 pandemic on Agricultural export?

1. What is the extent of the COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural export?

2. What is the impact of COVID-19 pandemic and agricultural export?

3. What is the relationship of COVID-19 on agricultural export?

4. What specific recommendation to mitigate the threat of the COVID-19

pandemic on agricultural export?

1.3 Statement of the Research Objectives

The objectives of the study are the following:

1. Determine the impact of Covid 19 pandemic on agricultural exports of

2. determine the preventive measures, strategies, or export behaviors in

decreasing sales value, domestic and foreign orders of milkfish at this

challenging time of pandemic;

of agricultural exports of milkfish at this point of the COVID-19 pandemic.

1.4 Significance of the Study

academe, agricultural exporters, government, local fishermen, local manufacturers of

universities to provide useful guidance and implications for agricultural exporting

businesses. It may encourage them to use the agricultural strategic marketing

approach towards the threat of COVID 19 pandemic on agricultural exports. It also

helps to formulate and enhance an alternative intervention program in improving

learning competencies to be transferred to the college learners who were taking

agricultural exporting courses. Furthermore, this academic environment may also

in managing and organizing agricultural exporting business successfully despite the

to the agricultural exporters in milkfish. This is necessary in order for them to be

encouraged to use agricultural marketing strategies in increasing demands and sales in

effects of the pandemic on fish production, market access, and employment.

agriculture-driven economy.To help roll out immediate interventions for fish

stabilization in agricultural export. Moreover, threat of COVID 19 support measures

ensure effective strategies in empowering local fishermen in increasing their income

prices despite the risks brought by COVID-19 pandemic in agricultural exports.

manufacturers will strengthen and amplify local and foreign consumers.

19 in demands on agricultural export of milkfish in the Philippines. This also helps in

pandemic in marketing agricultural export.

1.5 Scope and Limitations of the Study