INDUCTOR:

• When there is current through an inductor, an electromagnetic field is established.

• When the current changes, the electromagnetic field also changes.
• In turn, the changing electromagnetic field causes an induced voltage across the coil in a
direction to oppose the change in current.

Inductance is a measure of a coil’s ability to establish an induced voltage as a result of a change in its
current, and that induced voltage is in a direction to oppose that change in current.
𝑑𝑖
VL= L𝑑𝑡

• The Unit of Inductance is henry (H).

Energy stored:
 • The material around which the coil is formed is called the core, which can be nonmagnetic or
magnetic materials.

• The permeabilities of non magnetic materials materials are the same as for a Vacuum, whereas,
permeabilities that are hundreds or thousands of times greater than that of a vacuum and are
classified as ferromagnetic.

• A ferromagnetic core enhance the inductance of an inductor.

Winding Resistance:
When many turns of wire are used to construct a coil, the total
resistance may be significant. This inherent resistance is called
the winding resistance (RW).
Winding Capacitance:
Thus, when many turns of wire are placed close together in a coil, a certain amount of stray
capacitance, called winding capacitance is a natural side effect.
Inductors in series:

Inductors in parallel:
The RL Time Constant

• Because the inductor’s basic action is to develop a voltage that opposes a change in its current, it
follows that current cannot change instantaneously in an inductor.

• A certain time is required for the current to make a change from one value to another. The rate at
which the current changes is determined by the RL time constant.

Current in an Inductor:

• In a series RL circuit, the current will increase to approximately 63% of its full value in one time-
constant interval after voltage is applied and follows an exponential curve like RC circuit.
Current and voltage Formulas:

For increasing current Ii=0, so

For decreasing current IF=0, so

INDUCTORS IN AC CIRCUITS

Inductive Reactance, XL:

• When the frequency of the source voltage increases, its rate of change also increases, and thus the
frequency of the current also increases.
• According to Faraday’s and Lenz’s laws, this increase in frequency induces more voltage across the
inductor in a direction to oppose the current and causes it to decrease in amplitude.

• A decrease in the amount of current with an increase in frequency for a fixed amount of voltage
indicates that opposition to the current has increased.

• Thus, the inductor offers opposition to current, and that opposition varies directly with frequency.

 Inductive reactance is the opposition to sinusoidal current in an inductor.

Reactance for Series Inductors

Reactance for Parallel Inductors

 Find out the total inductive reactance.

Once you find total reactance, the current in the circuit can be obtained as,
Current Lags Inductor Voltage by 90°
• A sinusoidal voltage has a maximum rate of change at its zero crossings and a zero rate of change
at the peaks.
• From Faraday’s law you know that the amount of voltage induced across a coil is directly
proportional to the rate at which the current is changing.
• The coil voltage is maximum at the zero crossings of the current where the rate of change of the
current is the greatest. Also, the amount of voltage is zero at the peaks of the current where the
rate of change is zero.
Power in an Inductor

• An ideal inductor (assuming no winding resistance) does not dissipate energy; it only stores it.

• When an ac voltage is applied to an inductor, energy is stored by the inductor during a portion of
the cycle; then the stored energy is returned to the source during another portion of the cycle.

• No net energy is lost in an ideal inductor due to conversion to heat.

Instantaneous Power (p)

• The product of instantaneous voltage, v, and instantaneous current, i, gives instantaneous power, p.

True Power (Ptrue)

• Because of winding resistance in a practical inductor, some power is always dissipated, and there is
a very small amount of true power, which can normally be neglected.

Reactive Power (Pr )

• The rate at which an inductor stores or returns energy is called its reactive power, with a unit of
VAR. The reactive power is a nonzero quantity because at any instant in time the inductor is actually
taking energy from the source or returning energy to it.

The Quality Factor (Q)

SINUSOIDAL RESPONSE OF RL CIRCUITS

• In an RL circuit, the resistor voltage and the current lag the source voltage. The inductor
voltage leads the source voltage. Ideally, the phase angle between the current and the
inductor voltage is always 90°.
IMPEDANCE AND PHASE ANGLE OF SERIES RL CIRCUITS
Determine source voltage?
RL Lag Circuit
RL Lead Circuit
IMPEDANCE AND PHASE ANGLE OF PARALLEL RL CIRCUITS
Phase Relationships of the Currents and Voltages
POWER IN RL CIRCUITS