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ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUS AREAS IN TERMS OF

THE URBAN EQUIPMENTS – CASE STUDY OF DUZCE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

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 Oxidation Communications 39, No 1-II, 673–684 (2016)

Educational problems of environmental protection

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

AREAS IN TERMS OF THE URBAN EQUIPMENTS – CASE
STUDY OF DUZCE UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

Z. DEMIRa*, A. T. KAYAb
a
Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Forestry, Duzce University,
Duzce, Turkey
E-mail: zekidemir@duzce.edu.tr; zekidemir2081@gmail.com
b
Acting Head of Construction and Technical Affairs, Duzce University,
81 620 Duzce Turkey

ABSTRACT
Urban equipments have very important role in supporting different social and cultural
activities and the improvement of urban lifestyle. The main aims of universities are
supporting students to gain occupational skills by education and practice, produc-
ing information by conducting social and economic based researches and practices,
preparing students to community life by giving them duties and responsibilities and
contributing to the education, awareness and cultural level of the society. In this man-
ner, physical planning of university campuses, as a small model of a city, must be
evaluated according to city planning criteria. In this study we aimed to evaluate Duzce
University campus planning according to city planning criteria and urban equipments.
In this study, literature data and studies of survey and analysis of the campus have
been evaluated. The analysis of the data indicated that equipment areas on the campus
are one of the important places in which ecological relationship between natural and
artificial elements in terms of landscape architecture. In the light of these evaluations,
solutions and suggestions have been developed.
Keywords: urban planning, campus planning, equipments, Duzce.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND

Duzce University Campus Master Plan was completed in 1996 in an effort to create
a dynamic plan to accommodate the physical growth and development of the campus
through the next 20 years by Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University and Ministry of
Forestry. At the beginning of 2013, the plan turned out to be insufficient and demand

*
For correspondence.

673
of a new development plan became a current issue. In 2013, the master plan was
updated and has been completed in an effort to address specific needs of the campus.
In this study, whether Campus Master Plan is sufficient to meet the evolving needs
of the university and compliance with design principles in order to guide the plan-
ning decisions of urban equipment were investigated. Campus Master Plan provides
a general overview for future development of the campus, and identifies a series of
design principles intended to guide planning decisions in a manner which adjusts to
the evolving needs of the university.
University campuses are the areas that have urban features because of the
functional intensity. They have basic city functions like study, sheltering, recreation
and transportation1. The functions that are involved in the university campus can be
gathered in 7 sections: (a) education and training (lecture halls, classrooms, etc.);
(b) study (laboratory, library); (c) administration (administrative unit); (d) shelter
(student dormitory, houses of staff, guest houses); (e) sport and recreation (open and
close areas); (f) social activities (convention centre, dining hall, rest areas), and (g)
auxiliary activities (services).
According to Tureyen, the word ‘campus’, which was predicted to be used first
for Princeton University in America in the second half of 18th century, is defined
as an academic village whose main aim is providing education, training, research,
practice and some necessary living conditions like shelter, entertainment, shopping,
sporting and health2. The main aims of universities are supporting students to gain
occupational skills by education and practice, producing information by conducting
social and economic based researches and practices, preparing students to commu-
nity life by giving them duties and responsibilities and contributing to the education,
awareness and cultural level of the society3. Social and cultural activity areas in the
universities have a great importance in social interactions. The students from different
culture, ethnicity and social structures spend most of their extracurricular times in
these areas. Cooper-Marcus and Francis state that the usage and popularity of a public
outdoor mostly depends on the location, accessibility and design details in its design
of the place by emphasising on the fact that the success of an outdoor is the same as
the usage of the place4. They also put emphasis on the importance of the relationship
between the usage and the location. Individual and social improvement of the students
is directly related to the social and cultural activities and their usage5–7. That is why,
planning of the campus should be done according to city planning criteria and also
the criteria of area design in which transportation arteries, gathering, square, games,
sport and recreation activities are performed and citizens gather should be taken into
consideration in terms of the urban reinforcement areas while planning campus. When
planned not only for the region that they locate in but also for all citizens, urban re-
inforcement areas enable social cohesion, cooperation, rising the social quality and
equality. The place of the urban reinforcement in planning studies is identity in the
city, usage of authentic design items in place arrangements, compatibility with the
structural environment, permanent elements that add beauty, respect and elegancy to

674
the city with their architecture or monumental features. Urban reinforcement elements
will increase the quality of life and city comfort and form city identity by making
people life easier, highlighting functionality and esthetic feature of it8–10.
Technical equipments are the ones for which the most research studies have been
done and have an exact definition among the equipment types. In the other article of
the Regulations in Construction Law No 3194 which is about the development plan
and its alterations, technical equipment is defined as a general name for the usage of
open and close car park and the supply of the services like purification, communica-
tion, transportation, sewerage system, hot air and drinking and utility water. Social
infrastructure definition in the Construction Law, is a general name for the green areas
like children playgrounds and the structures of education, health, religion, culture and
administration which are required to be built in order to create a healthy environment.
Active green areas are the fields which are reserved for children playgrounds and game
fields. Equipments are defined in a hierarchical structure according to their features.
Equipments which enable plans to be systematic provide a basis for balance growth
of each sector and zoning study. Easy and cheap accessibility of the facility services
and supplying a good quality, cheap and effective service for the users are necessary
conditions in choosing a place for the equipments. It is possible to summarise these
conditions standards in 2 main groups. First one is the microplace selection stand-
ards and they are about the area that the equipment will take place. Second one is
macroplace selection standards which are about the planning zone and they can be
examined in 6 single headlines, as follows:
– suggesting an equipment facility according to needs of the zone;
– determining business capacity and influence area for each equipment;
– planning the equipment according to principles of accessibility and applicability;
– finding a place according to the users who will get benefit from the service;
– finding a place according to labour potential of the equipments and determin-
ing their location;
– determining the location according to other supplementary equipments2,8,10,11.
Social and cultural activity halls are the outdoors and indoors in which students,
instructors, servants and officers can meet their daily needs like shopping, nutrition,
etc. In these halls there are also meetings like conferences and conventions. Indoor and
outdoor sport facilities that allow different sport branches involve game, entertainment
and resting halls and hobby studios which enable university students to discover their
talents in different areas. It is not-contestable that these activity and sport facilities
have an important place in the campus. They have an important role in maintaining
the interdisciplinary relationships.
Relationship between students and instructors improves socially and cultur-
ally besides educationally. Social and cultural activity halls establish an intellectual
and social environment among the individuals. These activity halls also stand out
for enabling to commune with the city and its citizens7,12,13. They make universal
education possible and also improve the cooperation between citizens and students.

675
Citizens can use libraries, theatre and concert halls, seminar halls and shopping malls
which will be located in the campus3,14,15. It is preferable that places that are used on
the purpose of meeting basic, educational and administrative needs; rectorate build-
ing, administrative unit buildings, library and cafeteria are located in the centre of
the campus. These buildings are the common places that enable to create a social
relationship among students, academic staff and administrative staff. That is why,
it is important to design inner place of them as well as their location in the campus.
Position and accessibility of the common places in the campus are the most important
criteria in planning phase. These places should be in the main transportation line and
in the centre of the campus which makes access of them much easier. Planning these
places in the education zone, paying attention to locating them away from the traffic
areas but close to dormitories and guest houses are points to be taken into considera-
tion. Meeting, concert and exhibition halls, cinema and theater are the equipments in
which people have fun and get rest. Criteria to be considered while planning design
of these places are:
● determining cost of the buildings;
● locating them away from the traffic areas and solving the circulation and car
park problem;
● determining the number of the people that attend to these places under ideal
conditions and the capacity of places;
● enabling easy access to these places;
● locating them in assembly areas, squares and pedestrian areas16.
One of the concepts to examine under the head of campus circulation is pedestrian
circulation. One has more intense relationship with his environment as a pedestrian.
Better communication with other people and objects in the environment is possible
as a pedestrian. Ozdes states these findings about walking; the time for maximum
effective walking is 30 min when walking speed is 5 km/h for workers; 4 km/h for
adults and 2.5 km/h for mothers and children10–17.
In the light of these findings, a user finds the opportunity to benefit from city
services in maximum level within 15-min walking distance to city. As a result, we can
say that students can go from one point of the campus to the other in 15 min which
is equal to approximately 1000–1200 m.
One of the most important criteria that affect the location of the campus is
determining the general character of the university. That is why, it is essential to
specify the purposes of the training and study and state the type and capacity of the
university. Natural features, geographical position (size and form), relation with the
environment, topography, geological, soil and hydrologic structure, climate, vegeta-
tion, accessibility, technical infrastructure, development opportunities (reserve areas),
physical condition of the environment (noise), odour, smoke, view, etc.) are important
criteria in choosing the place. It is necessary to decide if the place is suitable for a
university, to search for the land price and to make a cost account. University should
have a flexible nature in parallel with dynamic society that is changing and improving

676
day by day. It is also important to reserve additional areas for various planning that
might happen in the future.
– It is essential to identify which activities take place in the university and deter-
mine the needs of the place for them;
– Population in the future should be stated by determining the population of the
campus;
– Land usage density should be specified for various areas of the campus;
– In the light of these criteria, cost and characteristics of the land should be taken
into consideration while making the site selection14–18.
State Planning Organisation in Turkey suggests that 14 000 is the ideal number
for the universities populations. The number of the population in universities varies
from 5000 to 230 000 in the world. Therefore, it is accepted that minimum 5000,
maximum 15 000 are the ideal numbers for universities populations for the sake of
economy, efficiency of administration and quality of education. When the number of
the population is below this limit, quality of education and efficiency of administration
increase but the cost increases, too. However, the numbers that have been stated can
vary according to system of education, purposes of education and necessary equip-
ments (classrooms, tools of education, etc.).

EXPERIMENTAL
The campus of Duzce University is the main object of the study. In addition to this,
standards that have been set, study that has been done for the area, development plan
and its report, literature data, map, plan and visual material related to the area, zoning
legislation and other definitions were evaluated as materials. The method that was
used for the study was applied in three steps. In this study, literature data and studies
of etude-analysis were evaluated. Data of the study field were also evaluated both in
itself and with other studies that have been published. In the light of these evaluations,
solutions and suggestions have been developed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The parcels in the campus area which they are 11, 1138, 1139, 1141, 1143 and 1145
were acquired through expropriation and 1 258 790 m² land was allocated from the
Ministry of Forestry as well. The buildings which are Faculty of Forestry, Faculty of
Technical Training, Morphology Building, Faculty of Engineering A-B blocks, cen-
tral classrooms, Conference Hall, Rectorate Building, Administrative Unit Building,
Central Research Laboratory, Research and Application Hospital, Social Facilities
and Heat Power Station are located on the allocated land. There are also 122 000 m²
parcel No 565 that consists of 3 lodging buildings, 94 810 m² parcels No 564, 566
and 568 that consist of a gymnasium, a swimming pool, a cinder path with 6 lanes,
a football pitch for 2000 people and an outdoor playfield and finally parcel No 147

677
acquired through expropriation that consists of 3950 m² purification facility. Total
planning area is 1 668 000 m2 (Ref. 19).
A development plan was made on the land in 1996 that was assigned for a campus
by the Ministry of Forestry and Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University in 1995. This
plan was approved by the Ministry of Public Works and Settlement of Bolu. In the
development plan dated 1996, education area is 49.9%, green areas are 14% and roads
are 25.4% of the whole area. Even though the area of the university is 40.5 ha in 1996
Master Development Plan, it is 96 ha in the outline plan of Duzce and its immediate
environment landscaping whose scale is 1/25 000. However, the new campus area is
1643 acres along with the assigned lands20,21.
Firstly, the current development plan has been examined and then revision of the
plan that is not suitable for a campus is approved. Master development plan that has
been revised is prepared according to landscaping plans of Duzce, requests from the
administration of the university and other needs. 1/5000 scale plan has been prepared
in order to show the way of using the parcels, main types of the areas, building density
of these areas, intercommunication systems, development of various building areas and
also this development size and direction. Besides that, an implementary development
plan and a location plan have been prepared in accordance with master construction
plan. Roads that are available, current buildings, infrastructures have been stated and
regions with high slope and woodlands have been determined. The development plan
has been prepared by giving priority to decreasing the cost of infrastructural and con-
struction investments in areas that are suitable for habitation. These areas have also
low slope and they take up 260 000 m² space (%15 of the planning area).

Table 1. Slope condition of Duzce University campus19

Slope (%) Area (m2 ) Area (%)
 0–7 260 000 15.35
  7–14 750 000 45.25
14 + 633 000 37.40
Total 1 643 000 100.00

As is seen from Table 1, 15% of topography is slopped at the rate of 0–7% in the
campus area and it is suitable for habitation in terms of economy of transportation-
construction. 37% of the land have a slope that is more than 14% and it is not economic
in terms of construction costs. The environment of the river bed is covered with stunted
trees and shrubs. However, in the northern part of the area, approximately 350 000 m²
area is densely covered with trees. Within the scope of the plan, building approach
distance is 80–200 m wide for the protection of this area22.
In the current situation, network transportation is provided with the road that has
been opened according to development plan of Konuralp Municipality. Undivided
roads are 1800 m and divided roads are 300 m. There are not any sewer system and
water supply networks. Supply of water is provided from 2 drinking and irrigation

678
wells which have license from State Hydraulic Works. Drinking water, rain water,
sewer system, electricity, natural gas and telecom services are available in the current
university campus. Natural gas system has passed northeast-southwest direction from
the planning area in which there is also 1200 m Gallery System in 2007.
Location plan in Fig. 1 has been prepared in these areas that are suitable for
habitation. These areas are the most used areas in Open Space Plan of the campus.
Partly maquis scrubland which is in the northern part of the campus, Botany Park,
lecture hall, festival area, ceremony area and parks are 58% of the whole campus.

Fig. 1. Location plan of the Duzce University campus

Plantation area (densely wooded area) which determines the eastern and northern
borders of the campus has the greatest portion of this rate and it is 83% of the whole
open areas.
Educational facilities have the second greatest portion of the rate and they are
18.53% of the campus as is seen in Table 2. Faculty buildings, central classroom,
lecture hall building and morphology building are in this area.
Ceremony area that has been built between 2 valleys is also suitable for formal
ceremonies, some activities like festival, concert and meeting, daily needs like food
and beverage or recreation. The rate of sociocultural facilities in the planning is 4.43%.
Sport areas are 4.5% of the total area of the campus. Planned facilities are mostly
completed and football pitch, semi-olympic swimming pool, indoor sports hall, outdoor
tennis courts and beach volleyball courts are in this area. There are 2 river beds, these
divide the campus into 3 parts. These 2 valleys are planned as Botany Park and open
air theatre. They are also social equipment areas. Besides that, it is used for concert
area in spring festivals with its 2000 m2 area that is used in formal ceremonies. It is

679
a very important social equipment area with conference hall for 500 people, lecture
halls for 1600 students, Medical Faculty and Faculty of Forestry that surround it. The
area that has been designed as ceremony area is regarded as a square and a meeting
area in the campus. The square has a strong connection with conference hall for 500
people, social facilities building and educational buildings. This area is going to be
a green artery when construction of the botany park that is in the northern part of the
plan has been completed. It also connects health units to educational buildings in the
area extending to hospital and medical faculty.

Table 2. Land usages of Duzce University campus on the development plan 2007
Usage of spaces Area (m²) Rate (%)
Educational field, faculty buildings 304445 18.53
Rectorate building and administrative units building 56000 3.40
Social-cultural facilities (recreational facility, central cafeteria, log 72850 4.43
cabin, shopping centre, banks and congress centre)
Green areas (botany park, festival and ceremony area) 963175 58.00
Playfields (gymnasium, swimming pool, stadium) 75000 4.50
Technical Infrastructure (wastewater treatment, installation galler- 24000 1.46
ies and heat power station)
Roads (roads, car parks and roads under construction) 159125 9.68
Campus area 1643000 100.00

The second valley is in the eastern side of the campus and it has an amphitheatre
for 1200 people on it. This amphitheatre which was built into the natural slope of
the land is also a meeting area for social and cultural activities. The construction of
the open air theatre and its car parks are almost completed. The arc-shaped campus
that faces the direction of southern side has a view in the direction of Duzce plain.
Buildings and open spaces are mostly directed to see the view. High hills descend
from north slopes to the southern direction. The lowest land reaches to levels and
sport areas. The most suitable areas in terms of the slope of the land are the sport
facilities. With its semi-olympic swimming pool, gymnasium, 18 acres football pitch
for 2000 people that has b-league standards and tartan track, sport facilities have a
great area for athletic sports. Sport fields are not only important sport areas but also
social areas of the campus. As is seen in Table 2, roads in the campus, car parks and
roads under construction take approximately 159 acres space. 9.68% of the campus
are reserved for roads and car parks. Car parks and 64% of the roads are inside the
campus and there are 2, 3 acres roads under construction outside the campus13,20,21.
Sewage treatment plant that is one of the urban infrastructure elements is in the centre
of the campus and it is in the wrong place both aesthetically and technically. As it is
not in the low elevation, supply stations are required for the sewage discharge of sport
facilities, lodging buildings, new educational fields and school of physical education
that are on the southern side.

680
Fig. 2. Walking distances 250–500 and 750 m

Transportation network on the campus is processed conventionally. Motor vehicles

and pedestrians move in parallel with one another. The avenue that is placed on the
west-east line of the campus is like a backbone for the campus and there are minor
transportation roads that are connected to this avenue. University of Duzce consists
of academical units that are surrounded by common areas located on 2 valleys. Ad-
ministrative unit which is on the north end and away from the centre is on the most
dominant point of the campus. One can reach to dining hall and social facilities that
are used by academicals and administrative units by walking. The walking distance
between faculties and library used by staff and students is 15 min. As is seen in Fig. 2,
there are classrooms and central laboratory in a 500 m circle which is the northern
end of the central common classrooms.
Equipment areas planned in the campus are evaluated according to Development
Plan Building given in Table 3. When the ideal number for population is accepted
as 15 000, 150 000 m2 green areas for each student, 75 000 m2 cultural activity area,
75.000 m social activity area, 15 000 m2 infrastructure area and 45 000 m2 area for
administrative units are required. When the usage of areas in Table 2 is analysed, it
is seen that required space for green areas are provided. However, the space that has
been provided for cultural and social activity areas is inadequate. 72 850 m2 space
has been reserved in the plan but this number should be increased with new sug-
gested areas. Structuring areas are few because of the topography of the campus and
it increases the percentage of green areas in the location plan. The rates in Table 3
confirm this condition.

681
Table 3. Urban, social and technical infrastructure17–21
Type of equipment Population
0–15 000   15 000–   45 000– 100 000– +
45 000 100 000
Active green area (m2 /person) 10 10 10 10
Health facility areas (m2 /person)  2  2  3  4
Cultural activity areas (m2 /person)  0.5  1  2  2.5
Social activity areas (m2 /person)  0.5  0.5  1  1.5
Administrative facility areas (m2 /person)  3  3.5  4  5
Technical infrastructure  1  2  3  4
as road and car park (m2 /person)

Construction rate is a suitable amount according to Table 4. It allows low den-

sity campus planning. It increases the rate of green and open areas in the plan. This
advantage should be used for planning the recreation areas.

Table 4. Comparative statement of the areas that are assigned for higher education institutions23
England North Europe Turkey Duzce*
America
Campus area for each student (m2) 256 4196 80 112
Green area for each student (m2)  25.40   19.80  3.30  64.6
Indoor area for each student (m2)  42.90   20.60 17.10 8.80  32.86
Indoor areas in the campus (%)  49   39 67 –  30
Recreation areas (%)  44   32 18 –  58
*Specified number for 15 000 students.

CONCLUSIONS
The universities in Turkey tend to have much more green areas than the city they
locate in regardless of the size of the city. They also contribute to the development
of the city. Designs of campus which inspire citizens are planned in conformity with
the criteria in terms of discipline of urban and regional planning and legislation
provisions. Well-planned campuses that present quality places affect individual and
social development of the students24–26. Moreover, an effective transportation net-
work provides social integration between students and citizens. One of the biggest
disadvantages of Duzce University is the poor connection with the centre. Seeing that
universities have much more green areas than the city they locate in which affects
people positively, Duzce University should have more green areas than the city as
well. These areas also should have the quality which affects the development of the
students positively. Equipment areas provide rich physical, environmental qualities
as they have outside areas with different scales where urban landscape matches up
with natural landscape27,28. Equipment areas in university of Duzce are one of the

682
important places in which ecological relationship is established between natural and
artificial elements in terms of landscape architecture. They also contribute to creating
a distinctive identity and a nice image for the campus.

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