1.

black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation,
regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A white body is one with a "rough surface [that]
reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions.

An approximate realization of a black surface is a hole in the wall of a large enclosure. Any light
entering the hole is reflected indefinitely or absorbed inside and is unlikely to re-emerge, making the
hole a nearly perfect absorber. The radiation confined in such an enclosure may or may not be in
thermal equilibrium, depending upon the nature of the walls and the other contents of the
enclosure.

It can also be realised through.

a) Cavity with hole.

b) Near-black materials.

c) Stars and Planets.

d) Black Holes.

e) Cosmic microwave background radiation.

Intensity is measured in terms of Energy of photons. So using the standard equation: 
E = hf, we can find the relationship between light intensity and wavelength as follows: 
c = lambda x f 
Therefore, f = c/ λ 
substitute this in the standard equation to get: 
E = (h c)/λ
Where h = planks constant, and c = speed of light

Wien's displacement law states that the black body radiation curve for different temperatures peaks
at a wavelength inversely proportional to the temperature. The shift of that peak is a direct
consequence of the Planck radiation law which describes the spectral brightness of black body
radiation as a function of wavelength at any given temperature.

Formally, Wien's displacement law states that the spectral radiance of black body radiation per unit
wavelength, peaks at the wavelength λmax given by:
Formally, Wien's displacement law states that the spectral radiance of black body radiation per
unit wavelength, peaks at the wavelength λmax given by:
λmax = b / T
https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/deriving-wiens-law-from-plancks-
formula.116544/

2)

The experimental setup shows the photoelectric effect. It consists of evacuated

glass tube (discharge tube) . It consists two electrodes; andoe and cathode as
shown in fig. ‘mA’ is mili ammeter to measure current. V is voltmeter to measure
potential difference between two electrodes. The cathode C is coated with alkali
metal. When light of suitable frequency incident on the photo metal (alkali metal),
electrons are emitted from its surface. The emitted electrons are accelerated
toward the anode. As a result mA measures current. This current is known as
photocurrent/ photoelectric current and the phenomenon of emission of electron
from the photo metal is known as photoelectric effect.

Characteristics of photoelectric effect:

Photocurrent with exposures time of light:

Photoelectric current increases with the exposure time of photometal upto 10-8
sec.
Afterwards, photocurrent remains stationary and attains a constant value as
shown in fig. Photocurrent maintains a constant value even for the low (10-18)
intensity of light after the exposure time (10-8 sec).

Photocurrent with intensity of light:

Photocurrent increases with the increase in intensity of light it is because when

the intensity of light is increased no. of photoelectrons emitted can be increased.

Photocurrent with anode potential:

As the anode potential increases, photo current increases for various intensities
of light keeping their frequency constant as shown in fig. If the anode potential is
increased in negative current, the value of photocurrent decreases and at a
particular potential, photocurrent becomes zero. That particular point is known as
stopping potential. Hence stopping potential is the negative potential which stops
the emitted electron from the photo-metal. Although the intensity of light is
different stopping potential for a particular medium remains same.
Photocurrent with frequency of light:

If the anode potential is varied for fixed intensity of light but of different frequency
the plot obtained is as shown in fig. It indicates That the value of photocurrent
corresponding to anode potential increases as the anode potential increases in
positive value. Finally, value of photo current remains stable for all frequencies of
light as in point 0. IN case magnitude of anode potential is increased in negative
order, photo-current decreases. But, stopping potential for different frequency of
light becomes different . IN fig, v01, v02 and v03 be the stopping potential for the
frequency of light v1, v2 and v3 respectively, where v3>v2>v1. This information
shows the relation between anode potential with stopping potential which can be
expressed as:

The stopping potential is defined as the potential necessary to stop any electron
(or, in other words, to stop even the electron with the most kinetic energy) from
'reaching the other side'.

3)
Arthur H. Compton observed the scattering of x-raysfrom electrons in a carbon target and
found scattered x-rays with a longer wavelength than those incident upon the target. The shift
of the wavelength increased with scattering angle according to the Compton formula:

Compton explained and modeled the data by assuming a particle (photon) nature for light
and applying conservation of energy and conservation of momentum to the collision between
the photon and the electron. The scattered photon has lower energy and therefore a longer
wavelength according to the Planck relationship.

At a time (early 1920's) when the particle (photon) nature of light suggested by
the photoelectric effect was still being debated, the Compton experiment gave clear
and independent evidence of particle-like behavior. Compton was awarded the
Nobel Prize in 1927 for the "discovery of the effect named after him".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering - Derivation_of_the_scattering_formula

Compton found that some X-rays experienced no wavelength shift despite being
scattered through large angles; in each of these cases the photon failed to eject
an electron. Thus the magnitude of the shift is related not to the Compton
wavelength of the electron, but to the Compton wavelength of the entire atom,
which can be upwards of 10 000 times smaller.
4)

5)

If we add together two sine waves with frequencies close together, we get beats. This
pattern can be viewed as a string of wavepackets, and is useful for gaining an
understanding of why the electron speed calculated from λf=c′λf=c′ above is apparently
half what it should be.

We use the trigonometric addition formula:

sin((k−Δk)x−(ω−Δω)t)+sin((k+Δk)x−(ω+Δω)t)=2sin(kx−ωt)cos((Δk)x−
(Δω)t)sin⁡((k−Δk)x−(ω−Δω)t)+sin⁡((k+Δk)x−(ω+Δω)t)=2sin⁡(kx−ωt)cos⁡((Δk)x−(Δω)t)

This formula represents the phenomenon of beats between waves close in frequency. The
first term, sin(kx−ωt)sin⁡(kx−ωt), oscillates at the average of the two frequencies. It is
modulated by the slowly varying second term, often called the “envelope function”, which
oscillates once over a spatial extent of order πΔkπΔk.  This is the distance over which waves
initially in phase at the origin become completely out of phase. Of course, going a further
distance of order πΔkπΔk,  the waves will become synchronized again.
 

That is, beating two close frequencies together breaks up the continuous wave into a series
of packets, the beats. To describe a single electron moving through space, we need a single
packet. This can be achieved by superposing waves having a continuous distribution of
wavelengths, or wave numbers within of order ΔkΔk, say, of k.  In this case, the waves will
be out of phase after a distance of order πΔkπΔk,  but since they have many different
wavelengths, they will never get back in phase again.
6)
De Broglie, in his 1924 PhD thesis, proposed that just as light has both wave-like and particle-like
properties, electrons also have wave-like properties. By rearranging the momentum equation
stated in the above section, we find a relationship between the wavelength, λ associated with an
electron and its momentum, p, through the Planck constant, h:[4]
 λ =h/p
The relationship is now known to hold for all types of matter: all matter exhibits properties of
both particles and waves.
When I conceived the first basic ideas of wave mechanics in 1923–24, I was guided by the
aim to perform a real physical synthesis, valid for all particles, of the coexistence of the wave
and of the corpuscular aspects that Einstein had introduced for photons in his theory of light
quanta in 1905.

— De Broglie[5]
In 1926, Erwin Schrödinger published an equation describing how a matter wave should
evolve—the matter wave analogue of Maxwell’s equations—and used it to derive the energy
spectrum of hydrogen.