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Content-Based Image Retrieval

Technical Report · October 2017

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 Content-Based Image Retrieval
Masooma Zahra
Email: shinezahra@gmail.com
Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad.
Abstract— In the digital image processing research areas the
content-based image retrieval (CBIR) becomes the most signifi-
cant research field as this is the latest and the fastest method for
retrieving the information. The content-based image retrieval
is a new method that extracts images based on the features
extracted automatically including the texture, color, and the
shape of the image. It addresses image retrieval implementing
multidimensional indexing, visual feature retrieval, and also
the retrieval system design. In the past several years, there are
various techniques produced for content-based image retrieval.
The objective of this paper is to classify the content-based
image retrieval applications and techniques and an upgraded
introduction to several content-based image retrieval systems
is presented. Because the quantity of literature provided in the
area is extensive, primarily some of the works are listed.
I. INTRODUCTION
In present times, the quick advancement of the private
networks, the Internet as well as the expansion of multimedia
technologies, numerous digital images are posted day-after-
day. The massive amount of images has presented growing
concerns regarding computer systems in order to handle and
save data efciently as well as prociently. The implementation
of biggest image databases with regard to great diversity
of applications has at present grown to be doable. Even
the databases of medical imagery as well as satellite have
now been encouraging an increasing number of consumers
in a variety of professional areas (Lee et al., 1998). Bingo,
Google, and Yahoo are the old and well-recognized searching
techniques and these techniques depend on the textual anno-
tation of graphics in which images are annotated manually
with keywords and after that extracted making use of text-
based search tactics that makes the systems performance
less satisfactory. Therefore, we require newer methods. It is
now becoming a necessity to effectively access the required
images from within a varied and huge image databases.
Quite consumers arent content with the standard text-based
retrieval techniques. Content-Based Image Retrieval is a
method which assists to get at and organize the digital images
within the large assortment of databases by utilizing the
features of the images. The purpose of content-based Image
retrieval is to overlook the utilization of textual information.
CBIR is unquestionably an approach designed to alleviate the
data management plus the user has the ability to access the
data easily. Subsequently in content-based image retrieval,
the extraction of an image in accordance with similarities
in their features such as colors, textures, shapes and such
like. These features are lower-level contents of an image. By
term Content-based signifies that the search will determine
the specific features of the image as opposed to the metadata
like for example the keywords, tags or perhaps descriptions
related to the image. Given here the term content makes
reference to the information of textures and colors which can
be obtained from the image alone. The CBIR has become
necessary as the majority of web-based image search engines
depend entirely on metadata so this generates lots of false
detection in the outcomes (Veltkamp et al., 2002) (Kekre et
al., 2010) (Banuchitra et al., 2016)
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
This literature review evaluates numerous research papers
that depict the modern developments of Content-Based Im-
age Retrieval techniques (Banuchitra et al., 2016) as well
as its applications (Chouhan et al., 2016) in different areas
of computer vision.
Hole, Ramteke, (2015) focused on the image mining
techniques that are recently evolved. The primary purpose of
image mining techniques is explained which is to uncover
the substantial correlations additionally formulations through
formerly accumulated image data. A number of different
application domains work with image mining as an approach
to attain efficient use of semantic information regarding
images. In both the public and the private sectors, Image
mining is gradually getting more prevalent. Fields including
medicine, space research association, publishing, biomedical,
architecture, fashion, remote sensing and crime prevention
constantly make use of image mining to scale down costs,
improve research, and maximize sales. Given that image
mining is yet not completely targeted, there’s a massive scale
for its advancement. Forthcoming research ought to focus on
the formation of a compelling query language, develop auto-
mated image mining techniques centered on image retrieval
techniques that in line with its content. Hwung Su et al.,
(2011) employed an NPRF technique (Navigation-Pattern-
based Relevance Feedback). The approach used brings use-
fulness and maximum efficiency of CBIR in dealing with
the extensive image data. When it comes to productivity, the
feedback iterations are minimized considerably by utilizing
the navigation models determined from the query record
of the user. It can work with an extensive collection of
downloaded images. This paper is unable to deal with 3
problems:- to start with, in case of highly massive datasets,
it is compelled to scale the projected method by employing
the techniques of parallel as well as distributed computing.
The second thing, in order to assimilate the profile of the
user into NPRF to additionally enhance the quality of the
retrieval. Third, to employ the NPRF method to greater
sorts of applications on multi-media retrieval. It props up a
smallest range of logs, along with most related seeds. Sidhu,
Saxena, (2015) paid a focus towards the advancement of
CBIR system. Content-based image retrieval system would
probably retrieve images based on visual information of the
image such as texture, color, shape and so, instead of textual
annotation. The desired features of content-based image
retrieval system come with lowering the retrieval duration
as well as improving the effectiveness of the system. This
means that a system requires being designed which is able
to automatically retrieve pertinent objects out of a massive
dataset. (Li et al., 2011) introduced a technique. For Image
Retrieval, studying to incorporate ad- hoc Ranking Functions
is discussed, and for this purpose, the technique made use of
is ad-hoc Ranking Functions using the SVM (Support vector
machines). The method which is proposed adds minimal
computational concern to the system plus the performance
evaluation demonstrates its scalability. This approach is
unable to build the ranking specifications by exploring the
different features of image visual. The method provides an
efficiency of 95.6 percent. The foreseeable improvement
is that by taking into consideration the features of image
visual, ranking features can be developed. (Posharkar et
al., 2015) proposed a system which is competent to support
a hybrid technique to put together both the CBIR as well as e-
commerce website in order to retrieval premium products for
the consumer depending on internal. The system proposed
additionally permitted the user to write down his or her views
considering that the system makes it possible for the user to
draw the design of the required product. So that, the outcome
of the search brought back will likely be of excellent quality
required by the user. For each search, appropriate outcomes
are going to be sent back to the user. The feedback of the
user will be evaluated to make certain that better pertinent
search can be made available. Consequently the planned
system offered shopping in a considerably fun-loving way
and simultaneously will be far better to the user. Kherfi et
al., (2003) presented a technique for incorporating negative
and positive examples in relevance feedback pertaining to
content-based image retrieval reduce the intra distribution
amongst positive examples. At this point the partial details
requirements of the user are completely declined. This
approach is executed within a collection of downloaded
natural images. Here for similarity measure the Euclidean
distance is made use of. It provides an improved precision
in comparison with present techniques. Gandhavni et al.,
(2015) presented a comparison of distinctive techniques of
feature retrieval based on color, shape and texture which
are most widely utilized in studies of image learning. The
comparison provided demonstrates that there’s substantial
efficiency variability amongst the assorted feature retrieval
approaches. Among the many features of this learning is
the usage of a publicly offered benchmark that advance
researches can implement. lian sung et al., (1998) proposed
an approach in which for the implementation purpose the
Radial basis functions are made use of. NFC (Neuro-Fuzzy
control) demonstrates improved robustness along with great
modifications in plant dynamic. In addition to that zero
tuning is required. By making use of Tuning Parameters,
effective classification reliability can be utilized.
III. A N OVERVIEW OF CBIR M ODELS
There are lots of efforts meant to carry out content-
based image retrieval on effective grounds dependent on the
feature, color, texture as well as spatial relations. Several
models are built which deal with the dilemma of image
retrieval through numerous perspectives. A number of the
models are QBIC (Query by Image Content), VisualSEEK,
Pichunter, Chabot, Virage, Photobook, Jacob, Excalibur, Dig-
ital Library Project. (Seaborn, M.A., 1997). QBIC among the
most renowned software packages which were produced by
the IBM. It makes use of texture, color, example images,
shape and sketches in order to retrieve images plus this
package is employed in video and larger image databases.
Virage was formulated while using alike particular technique
equally QBIC that used composition (color layout), structure
(object boundary information) color, texture and is being
used in face recognition as well as in ophthalmologic images
retrieval. Pichunter was produced by NEC Research Institute
that makes use of the properties of the image such as the
image dimensions ratio, the percentages of the color as well
as the properties of frequency and global statistical. It is
considerably suitable for the database retrieval as opposed to
feature recognition and as well be practiced in the relevance
feedback applying the probability theory of Bayesian. Vi-
sualSEEK was developed for Telecommunication Research
at the Columbia University Center, it uses the technique
of color percentage in content-based retrieval. The image
is segmented by working with regional colors along with
their comparative locations; moreover, this is considerably
much like the approach we take to recognize a graphic.
Chabot generally works by using texts for retrieving images.
It makes use of to some degree color percentages to be
able to automatically retrieve images else nearly all features
are formed input manually. Excalibur is just like the Virage
and QBIC and applies color, standard metrics, texture, and
shape and it as well utilizes image ratio just like Pichunter.
Furthermore, it retrieves features like the format of color
and brightness. It provides choice to the consumers to point
out what types of features are prevalent. Photobook was
developed by Modeling Group and MITs Vision that works
with textures, statistical analysis as well as color percentages.
It first segmented the images, after that by using prede-
termined templates and methods, texts are produced from
those segmentations. The images are extracted according
to these texts. Jacob was developed for video databases
and it retrieves video clips by using features such as the
combination of color, motion, and texture. The Berkeley
University’s Digital Library Project uses color percentage
technique and characteristic of dots. The user is able to
specify the measures of different colors contained in the
 image and even is able to specify colors as well as sizes
of dots being present in the image. These models have
introduced this field of content-based image retrieval from its
initial phase towards a developed phase. They examine the
different attributes of the images, render statistical analysis
of color dispersion plus texture and shape plus extract images
through the elements of the image. (Deb, Zhang, 2004)
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper some related work regarding the technologies
and applications of content-based image retrieval is pre-
sented. Further review of several upgraded CBIR systems is
given. Numerous researches have been accomplished in the
CBIR field. The studies in this area made a great progress
during the past several years, however, it has further to go to
supply the users with resources to extract images out of the
image or multimedia databases in a really effective method
giving input by means of image, text or drawing.
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