‫ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻋﺪ‪‬ﺓ ﺃﳘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻠ ‪‬ﻮﺙ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻪ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺤ‪‬ﺮ ﻭﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻮ‪‬ﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺪﻫﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴ‪‬ﺮ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺧﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺎﱐ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ‪‬ﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻏﲑ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﺪ‪‬ﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺤﻢ( ﻭﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻷﺭﺍﺿـﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺭﺍﻋﻴ‪‬ـﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻮﻁ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﺗﺪﻫ ‪‬ﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﻮﺍﺟﻬﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ ﺃ ﹼﻥ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍ‪‬ﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻤﺜﹼﻞ ﰲ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺟﻴ‪‬ﺪﺓ ﻭﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬
‫ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻛ ﹼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﹼﺮﻫﺎ ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺇ ﹼﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﻌﺪ‪‬ﻻﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻌ ‪‬ﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻫﻢ‪ ‬ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺗﺪﻫﻮ‪‬ﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺩ‪‬ﻳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﻇﹼﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﹼﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌ‪‬ﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﺼﺮﻧﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻟﺴ ‪‬ﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﺔ ﻭﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟـﻪ ﺃﺣـﺪ ﺃﻫـ ‪‬ﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻔﻖ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻃﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﻓﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻭﺻﻐﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺴﻦ – ﺍﻟﱵ ﲤﻀﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺷﺎﺷﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎﺯ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﳑ‪‬ﺎ ﲤﻀﻴﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺌﺔ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﺪﺍﻓﺎﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺔ ﻭﻣﺆﺳ‪‬ﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎ‪‬ﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺆﺛﹼﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ؟‬

‫ﳌﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﺮ‪‬ﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝ ‪‬ﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴ‪‬ـﺔ‬
‫ﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ )ﺃﻭ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗـﺪﻭﻳﺮﻫﺎ(‪ .‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﺍ ﲟﻌﺎﳉﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﲣﺰﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺨﻠ ‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻫﺬﻩ ﻣ‪‬ﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋ‪‬ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﻢ‪ ‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻄﺮﺡ ﳐﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﹼﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌـﺔ ﰲ ﻛـ ﹼﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺑﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﻮﻗﹼﻒ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﻠﹼﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻛ ‪‬ﻤﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺜـﻞ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟ‪‬ﻴﺔ )ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ( ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤـﻖ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳉﻐﺮﺍﰲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻷﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻠﺤﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﺎﺩ‪‬ﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻌﻨﻮ‪‬ﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺮﺍﺀ ﺗﻨﻈﻴـﻒ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻈﺮﻧﺎ ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﺴﻨﺮﻯ ﻣﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻭﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻮﻕ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﰲ ﺗـﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‪ ‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴ‪‬ﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺸﲑ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥﹼ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪ %20‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻏﻠﺒﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣـﻦ ‪ %80‬ﻣـﻦ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﺘﺴﺒ‪‬ﺒﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻠ ‪‬ﻮﺙ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﱰﺍﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺘﺄﺛﹼﺮ ‪‬ﺎ ﺳ ﹼﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﺑـﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛـﱪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥﹼ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻎ ﻣﺎﻟﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﳏﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻮ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺳ ﹼﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺈﻥﹼ ﻣﻌ ‪‬ﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻮ‪‬ﺙ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﺘﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻋﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺮ‪‬ﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﳑ‪‬ﺎ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﺃﺛﺮ ﻣﺪ ‪‬ﻣﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞﹼ ﺍﻷﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻓﺈ ﹼﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻷﻧ‪‬ﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﳔﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﺒﻠﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺇﳘﺎﻟﻪ ﻟﻮﺿﻌﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻊ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﱵ ﲣﺴﺮ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺎﺡ ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻄ ‪‬ﻮﺭ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪ‪‬ﻡ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻻ ﺑﺪ‪ ‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺬﻝ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺒﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺮﺷﻴﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﻭﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌ‪‬ﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﲢﺴﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﲑﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻧﺸﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

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