fsevdo _ longinosi

(III s.)

traqtati `amaRlebulisaTvis~ berZnuli literaturaTmcodneobiTi azris Se-

devrad unda Seiracxos. samwuxarod, JamTa siavem traqtati ufro daindo, vidre
misi avtori: qmnilebam, marTalia, arasruli saxiT, magram mainc moaRwia Cvenamde,
maSin rodesac Semoqmedis saxeli sabolood dakargulad unda CaiTvalos.
magram Tu Semoqmedis saxeli ucnobia, samagierod, qmnilebis mixedviT,
garkveuli warmodgena mainc gvaqvs masze, rogorc mweralsa da moazrovneze,
misi interesebis sferosa da msoflmxedvelobriv samyaroze. esaa Tavisi drois
erT-erTi uganaTlebulesi kaci, WeSmariti eruditi, nayofieri mwerali.
sakmarisia iTqvas, rom mis TxzulebaSi citirebulia 60-ze meti berZeni avtori.
is kargad icnobs romaul mwerlobas da, rogorc Cans, bibliasac (ix. T. IX).
poetebi da mwerlebi, filosofosebi da istorikosebi, sofistebi da ritorebi,
es rTuli da qaoturad Wreli samyaro misi stiqiaa; aq is yvelas icnobs _
didian-patarianad, gigantebidan gnomebamde; yvelasTvis poulobs saWiro sity-
vas, yvelas Tavis kuTvnils miagebs _ adidebs, amcirebs, aRmerTebs, abiabruebs;
magram yovelTvis inarCunebs taqts, guliTad tons, keTilmosurneobas. Cven
vxedavT avtoris natif gemovnebas, mis Tamamsa da yovelgvari sqolastikuri
pedantizmisagan Tavisufal azrs, vgrZnobT mis msubuq iumors, vismenT mis
laRsa da gadamdeb sicils, romelic arasodes gadadis sarkastul qirqilSi.
yvela pasaJSi gamosWvivis avtoris didsulovneba da keTilSobileba, misi si-
wrfele da zneobrivi siwminde, artistizmi da zomierebis kurTxeuli grZnoba.

I
roca me da Sen, Cemo Zvirfaso postumius terentiane,1 erTad vecnobodiT
ceciliusis2 Txzulebas amaRlebulis Sesaxeb, TvalnaTliv davrwmundiT, rom is

1
postumius terentiane _ ucnobi didgvarovani romaeli; SesaZloa, fsevdo-longines
mowafe an mimdevari.
2 ceciliusi (I s. Zv.w.a.) _ romaeli ritori, dionise halikarnaselis megobari da Tanamoazre (ix.
dionises `werili pompeusisadmi~, T. III), warmomavlobiT _ kalakteli (`kale akte~ _ siciliis
qalaqia; ix. svida; Sdr. aTenaiosi, VI, 272f; XI, 466a). misi mravalricxovani Txzulebebidan mxo-
lod umniSvnelo fragmentebma moaRwia Cvenamde. SemogvrCa ceciliusis 13 Txzulebis saTauri:
`ritorika~, `figurebisaTvis~, `amaRlebulisaTvis~, `frigielTa winaaRmdeg~, `riTi gansxvavdeba
aticisturi mWevrmetyveleba azianurisagan~, `aTi ritoris daxasiaTebisaTvis~, `demosTenesa da
ciceronis Sedareba~ (ganqiqebuli plutarqes mier, _ ix. misi `demosTene~, T. III), `demosTenesa da
esqines Sedareba~ da sxv. rogorc am saTaurebidan Cans, ceciliusis TxzulebaTa umravlesoba
ritorikuli da literaturul-esTetikuri problemebisadmi yofila miZRvnili. varaudoben,
rom mas garkveuli wvlili unda Seetana mxatvruli stilis Seswavlis, agreTve gamosaxvis saSu-
alebaTa _ stilistikuri figurebisa Tu tropebis kvlevisa da klasifikaciis saqmeSi. ceciliusi
iyo fanatikosi aticisti. qeds ixrida lisias winaSe da mas platonze gacilebiT maRla ayenebda,
rac, TavisTavad, kritikuli alRos siClunges da esTetikuri gemovnebis sakmaod dabal dones
mowmobs. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom amgvari tendencia niSneuli iyo TiTqmis yvela maSindeli
ritorisaTvis, romlebic platonSi TavianT mters da metoqes xedavdnen (Sdr. dionise halikar-
naselis `werili pompeusisadmi~). Tavis traqtatSi `amaRlebulisaTvis~ ceciliusi ikvlevda
amaRlebulis xelovnur wyaroebs _ sityvaTa SerCevis wesebs, ritorikul figurebs (metadre _

378
mTlianad rodi moicavs Temas da Zalian zereled mimoixilavs araerT arsebiT
sakiTxs; ase rom mkiTxveli ver iRebs misgan im sargeblobas, romelsac,
upirveles yovlisa, unda mieltvodes avtori. yoveli mecnieruli gamokvleva or
pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: jer erTi, mkafiod unda gansazRvravdes kvlevis
sagans da, meorec, unda gviCvenebdes, rogor an ra gziT SegviZlia zedmiwevniT
daveufloT am sagans. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom es meore piroba mxolod rigis
mixedviTaa meore, Tavisi arsebiT ki is pirvelze gacilebiT ufro
mniSvnelovania. xolo ceciliusi cdilobs uricxvi magaliTebis moxmobiT
gviCvenos amaRlebulis buneba, TiTqos umecarT mimarTavdes da maTTvis werdes.
magram rogor unda ganvaviTaroT Cveni bunebrivi SesaZleblobani, raTa
SeZlebisdagvarad miveaxloT am simaRles da sidiades? _ is arafers gveubneba
amis Sesaxeb, TiTqos saqme exebodes fuWsa da umniSvnelo sakiTxs.
Tumca, SesaZloa, ceciliuss ki ar unda vgmobdeT am naklis gamo, aramed,
piriqiT, unda vaqebdeT misi mcdelobisa da gulmodginebisaTvis. magram rakiRa
daJinebiT moiTxov, rom me piradad Seni gulisTvis xeli mivyo amaRlebulis
kvlevas, amitom, SeZlebisamebr, vecdebi mcireodeni samsaxuri mainc gagiwioT
rogorc Sen, ise im ganaTlebul kacTac, romelnic sazogadoebrivi moR-
vaweobisaTvis emzadebian, radgan, WeSmaritad, marTali iyo is, vinc kiTxvaze _
riTi vgavarTo Cven, kacni, RmerTebs, _ upasuxa: keTili saqmiT da simarT-
liTo.3
vinaidan me Sen mogmarTav, Cemo Zvirfaso megobaro, rogorc ganswavlulsa
da ganaTlebul kacs, amitom zedmetad mimaCnia imis mtkiceba, rom amaRlebuli
sityvieri Semoqmedebis mwvervalia, da rom didma poetebma Tu mwerlebma
swored misi wyalobiT moixveWes pirveloba da didebis SaravandediT Semoses
TavianTi saxeli.
amaRlebuli ki ar arwmunebs msmenels, aramed aRelvebs da aRafrTovanebs
mas, vinaidan gansacvifrebeli yovelTvis ufro mZafr zemoqmedebas axdens,
vidre sarwmuno an sasiamovno. marTlac, sarwmunos dajereba an ardajereba _
Cveni nebaa, xolo gansacvifrebeli imdenad Zlieria da winaaRudgomeli, rom
misi zemoqmedeba savsebiT damoukidebelia Cveni neba-survilisagan. masalis
ostaturad mikvlevisa da misi mwyobri TanmimdevrobiT gadmocemis xelovneba
erTi da ori adgilis ki ara, mxolod mTeli Txzulebis gamowvlilviT
ganxilvisas cnaurdeba da isic didi gaWirvebiT cnaurdeba CvenTvis, maSin
rodesac amaRlebuli, Tuki mas droulad da marTebulad iyenebs avtori, mexis
dacemasaviT erTbaSad hmusravs yvela sxva sabuTs da meyvseulad gvimJRavnebs
ritoris4 mTel Zalmosilebas.

metaforebs), frazaTa konstruqciebs; samagierod, TiTqmis mTlianad ugulvebelyofda

bunebriv wyaroebs, kerZod, subieqtur faqtors, anu Semoqmedis sulier simaRles da siwmindes,
mis gansacvifrebel grZnobelobas da spiritualur gznebas. ceciliuss surda daemtkicebina
TanamedroveTaTvis, rom WeSmariti sidiade stilis sferoSi sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara racion-
aluri sisadave da ubraloeba, romelic gamoricxavs yovelive gazviadebuls, uCveulos da
paradoqsuls. mokled, es iyo pedanturi gulmodginebiT gaangariSebuli da zustad awon-
dawonili, magram, amasTan, civi da usulgulo koncefcia. fsevdo-longines Txzulebis Sinagani
paTosi, uSualod Tu arauSualod, swored am koncefciis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.
3
citata demosTenes sityvidan `timokrates winaaRmdeg~, XIII; Sdr. eliane, Varia historia, XII,
59: `piTagora ambobda, rom adamianebs RmerTebisgan eboZaT ori umSvenieresi ZRveni:
simarTlis Tqmisa da sikeTis qmnis niWi. erTica da meorec, misi azriT, ukvdavTa bunebas
enaTesaveba~.
4
terminebs `ritori~ (`oratori~), `ritorika~ da maTgan warmoebul yvela sxva sityvas
fsevdo-longine, n. a. Cistiakovas marTebuli SeniSvniT, mxatvrul SemoqmedebasTan, uwina-
res yovlisa, ki prozasTan misadagebiT xmarobs.

379
 Tumca me mwams, Cemo Zvirfaso terentiane, rom Sen piradi cdiTac SegeZlo
misuliyavi msgavs daskvnamde.

II
uwinares yovlisa, unda vikiTxoT: SeiZleba Tu ara xelovnebaSi gawafvis
gziT veziaroT amaRlebuls? zogierTis azriT, mcdaria yvela xelovnebiseuli
wesi Tu norma, ase rom amaRlebuli ganswavliT ki ar miiwvdomeba, aramed
bunebiT Tan dagvyveba Cven. isini aRiareben mxolod bunebiT Tandayolil
niWierebas da imasac ki amtkiceben, rom Cveni SesaZleblobani Clungdebian da
TavianT cxovelmyofelobas kargaven bunebis gamomfitveli wesebisa da
normebis artaxebSi.5
amgvari mosazrebis sapirispirod, me vamtkiceb, rom yvela es msjeloba
calmxrivi da usafuZvlo mogveCveneba, Tu guldasmiT ganvixilavT imas, rom
buneba _ TviTmyofi da TviTmpyrobeli sityvierebis, rogorc amaRlebul, ise
paTetikur JanrSi, arasodes uaryofs wesrigs da Tanmimdevrulobas. yvela-
fers buneba udevs safuZvlad, rogorc pirveladi da dasabamieri sawyisi,
magram mxolod garkveul meTods SeuZlia gvaswavlos yvela calkeul SemTxve-
vaSi amaRlebulis Tavis drosa da Tavis adgilas xmareba da, amrigad,
SemoqmedebiTs procesSi Tavidan agvacdeninos Secdomebi. amaRlebuli, rome-
lic martooden sakuTar swrafvasaa mindobili da Slegur SemarTebas minebe-
buli, iseve arasandoa da arasaimedo, rogorc mezRvaurebisgan mitovebuli,
Tavis nebaze miSvebuli da talRebis saTamaSod qceuli xomaldi. radgan
amaRlebuli yovelTvis Tanabrad saWiroebs ara marto dezebs, aramed
sadavesac.6
demosTenem marTebulad SeniSna erTgan, rom kacTaTvis yvelaze udidesi da
upirvelesi sikeTe bednierebaa, xolo meore, magram pirvelze ara nakleb
mniSvnelovani _ keTilgoniereba, uromlisodac, saerTod, warmoudgenelia

5
avtori cdilobs erTmaneTs SeuTanxmos Zveli berZnuli esTetikuri azris ori ur-
TierTgamomricxveli tendencia: `xelovnebis~ _ profesiuli ostatobis, gawafulobis (te-
qne) platonuri gageba da igive `xelovnebis~ sofistebiseuli koncefcia. Tu paltoni mxo-
lod `RvTaebriv siSmages~, `muzebismier zeSTagonebas~ miiCnevs poeturi Semoqmedebis
pirvelsawyisad (`ioni~, 533d-535a; `sokrates apologia~, 22 a-c; `fedrosi~, 245a; `kanonebi~,
IV, 719c) da sruliad uaryofs xelovnebis rols (`ioni~, 534c; `fedrosi~, 245a), samagierod
xelovnebis sofisturi _ pirwmindad teqnikuri da vulgarul-meqanisturi koncefcia xe-
lovnebis erTgvar aboslutizacias axdens: sofistebis mtkicebiT, yvelas SeuZlia gaxdes
Semoqmedi, yvelas SeuZlia daeuflos poetur profesias: saWiroa mxolod Seicno,
gaicxado da SemoqmedebiTs praqtikaSi gaiTvaliswino misi moTxovnebi da am moTxovnebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi Tu xelovnuri wesebi. yovelive es, sofisturi
moZRvrebis mixedviT, savsebiT sakmarisia xelovnebis nawarmoebis Sesaqmnelad (Sdr.
`fedrosi~ 268c-269a; Sdr. М. Вундт, Греческое мировозрение, П., II, 1916, gv. 129-130). rogorc
Cans, es ori urTierTgamomricxveli koncefcia, ramdenadme modificirebuli redaqciebiT,
fsevdo-longines drosac upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs, ramac Tavisi asaxva hpova
traqtatSi `amaRlebulisaTvis~. misi anonimi avtori ar iziarebs arcerT am ukiduresobas
da xelovnebas mxatvruli Semoqmedebis iseTsave aucilebel pirobad miiCnevs, rogorc
bunebiT Tandayolil niWierebas. Sdr. rusTaveli: `aw ena minda gamoTqmad, guli da x e -
l o v a n e b a ~ (xazi Cemia, _ b. b.).
6
es gamoTqma sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba berZen avtorTa TxzulebebSi. ase magaliTad, cno-
bilia, rom aristotele Tavis usayvarles mowafeebze _ Teofrastesa da kalisTeneze am-
bobda xolme: `erT maTgans sadave sWirdeba, xolo meores _ dezebio~ (Diog. Laert., V, 39).
svidas mowmobiT, isokrates uTqvams: `Teopompes sadave sWirdeba, xolo efoross _ deze-
bi~ (Suidas, Ephoros).

380
bedniereba.7 igive iTqmis sityvieri Semoqmedebis mimarT: aq bednierebas
bunebrivi niWiereba cvlis, xolo keTilgonierebas _ xelovneba. yvelaze
arsebiTi is gaxlavs, rom bunebrivi niWierebis gamovlena da gamomJRavneba
mxolod xelovnebis wyalobiTaa SesaZlebeli. amitom, dae, yuradRebiT
daukvirdes Cems sityvebs is, vinc xelaRebiT uaryofs xelovnebis dauflebis
saWiroebas, da maSin, albaT, veRar gabedavs fuWi da unayofo uwodos Cems
msjelobas amaRlebulis Sesaxeb.

III
...ukve laplapebs keraze ali.
ah, netav, erTi Tvali movkra am wyeul saxl-kars,
myisve movaqcev mas mZvinvare qarebis wnulSi,
davwvav, davbugav da ferfls qarebs gavatan misas;
magram jer kidev ver vimRere me Zlevis himni...8

tragikuli ki ara, paratragikuli aRmoCnda aq yvela es wnuli, cis mimarT

wyromis aRmonTxeva, boreasis fleitistad qceva da sxva misTanani. uCveulo
stilma ariv-daria da aamRvria yvelaferi, xolo warmosaxvis TamaSma
mkiTxvelis SeZvrisa da SeZrwunebis nacvlad mxolod misi gaogneba gamoiwvia.
marTlac, Tu yuradRebiT davukvirdebiT TviTeul am saxes, gulisSemZvrelad
ki ara, gulamazrzenad mogveCveneba igi. tragedia xom Tavisi bunebiT, cota ar
iyos, maRalfardovania, magram TviT tragikossac ki ar mieteveba saTqmelis
zomaze metad gaberva da, amrigad, WeSmaritebisa da zomierebis ugulvebelyofa.
am mxriv, marTlac sasaciloa gorgia leontinelis9 gamoTqma: `qserqse
sparselTa zevsia~, an kidev: `Zerebi cocxali saflavebi arian~. amaRlebuli ki
ara, maRalfardovania kalisTenesa da, gansakuTrebiT, klitarqes10 zogierTi
fraza. am ukanasknelis Txzulebani gaberil buStebsa hgvanan, xolo maTi
avtori, sofokles sityvebiT rom vTqvaT:

saberveliviT qSens mxolod imitom,

7
demosTene, Contra Aristocr., 113..

xelnawers aklia ori ferceli, e.i. as striqonze meti.
8
citata esqiles dakarguli tragediidan `oriTia~. miTi, romelic safuZvlad edo am tra-
gedias, aseTia: aTenis legendaruli mefis erexTevsis asuli oriTia Seuyvarda Crdiloe-
Tis qaris RmerTs boreass. mefem daiwuna sasiZo da ganrisxebuli RmerTi daemuqra mas,
saxl-kars dagiqcevo. bolos, boreasma mdinare ilisis piras mdebare borcvidan gaitaca
oriTia da colad SeirTo... citata moyvanilia, rogorc maRalfardovani, `paratragiku-
li~ stilis nimuSi.
9
gorgia leontineli (daaxl. 485 _ 380 w. Zv.w.a.) _ saxelganTqmuli berZeni ritori, antiku-
ri sofistikisa da mWevrmetyvelebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. gorgias sityvebi gamoirCeod-
nen maRalfardovanebiT, manerulobiTa da mravalricxovani ritorikuli samkaulebiT.
10
kalisTene (daaxl. 360 _ 327 w. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni istorikosi, aristoteles mowafe da naTe-
savi, aleqsandre makedonelis megobari da TanamebrZoli. misi mkacri siqvelis, pir-
dapirobisa da pirSi mTqmelobisTvis aleqsandrem TandaTan SeiZula, bolos ki sulac
CamoiSora igi (sxva versiiT, sikvdiliT dasaja Tu cixeSi amoxada suli; ix. plutarqe,
`aleqsandre~, 52-56). kalisTenes Txzulebebidan (`helenika~, `makedonika~, `Trakika~, `per-
sika~ da sxv.). SemogvrCa mxolod fragmentebi. klitarqe (IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ bereni istorikosi,
Tan axlda aleqsandre makedonels sparseTis omSi. misi Txzuleba `aleqsandres istoria~,
romlisganac fragmentebiRaa SemorCenili, gamoirCeoda pretenciozuli maRalfar-
dovnebiT; Tumca mas ufro arsebiTi naklic hqonda: realur faqtebs xSirad Crdilavda
gamonagoni, araki. kalisTenesa da klitarqes sxarti da maxvilgonivruli daxasiaTeba ix.
wignSi _ В. Тарн, Эллинистическая цивилизация, М., 1949, gv. 254.

381
 rom aamReros patara stviri.11

igive iTqmis amfikrates, hegesiasa da matrides12 Txzulebebze. am mwerlebs

rom hkiTxo, maT mxolod RvTiuri zeSTagoneba aRanTebs da aRafrTovanebs,
TumcaRa Zalian xSirad isini bakquri eqstaziT SepyrobilebiviT ki ar
Smagoben, aramed, patara bavSvebis msgavsad, Tavs iqceven da TamaSoben.
marTlac, swored maRalfardovanebaa is nakli, romlis Tavidan acilebac
yvelaze metad uWirs xolme mwerals. vinaidan amaRlebulis trfialni,
romelnic yvelaze metad ufrTxian enis uRimRamobas da usicocxlobas, ar vici
ratom, magram swored maRalfardovnebis moCvenebiTs simaRles mieltvian
upiratesad. amasTan, maT gulwrfelad swamT, rom:

sasaxeloa waforxilebac,
Tuki mieltvi Sen amaRlebuls.13

zedmeti wona ara marto Cvens sxeuls amZimebs, aramed sityvasac, romelic
amis gamo fuye, futuro da arawrfeli xdeba da xSirad sruliad sapirispiro
zemoqmedebas axdens msmenelze. tyuilad rodi amboben, rom `araferia ufro
CamWknari da Camomxmari, vidre wyalmankiT sneuli~.14 Tumca isic unda iTqvas,
rom maRalfardovaneba amaRlebulis miwevnas da miwvdomas cdilobs.
diadsa da amaRlebuls mkveTrad upirispirdeba balRuri undiloba.15
radgan araferia ufro dabali, ugemovno da uamuri. magram ra aris mainc es
balRuri undiloba? _ umweoba da umwifroba azrovnebisa, romlis fuWi
wriali gulisgamyinavi siciviTa da ugrZnoblobiT gvirgvindeba. es nakli
niSneulia im mwerlebisTvis, romlebic mTelis arsebiT mieltvian raRac
uCveulosa da gansakuTrebuls, daxvewilobas da brwyinvalebas, magram
xelmocarulni ugemovno da pedanturi mibaZviT aboloveben TavianT Ziebebs.
aqve unda movixsenioT paTetikuri stilis mesame naklic, romelsac
Teodore16 `parenTirss~17 uwodebs. es ukanaskneli sxva ara aris Tu, Tu ara

11
citata sofokles Cvenamde armoRweuli tragediidan, romlis siuJetur qargadac, rogorc
komentatorni aRniSnaven, poets unda gamoeyenebina miTi boreasisa da oriTias siyvaru-
lis Sesaxeb (ix. aqve, Sen. III, 1). me cotaTi Sevcvale citatis azri, raTa mkiTxvelisaTvis
uSeniSvnodac gasagebi gamexada igi.
12
amfikrate (IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ aTeneli ritori. hegesia (III s. Zv.w.a.) _ magnesieli ritori (magne-
sia _ lidiis qalaqia), azianuri stilis erT-erTi mamamTavari, fsevdo-longinemde sauku-
niT adre mkacrad dagmobili da ganqiqebuli ciceronis mier (De orat., 69, 226). matride (II s.
Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni ritori, hegesias mimdevari.
13
ucnobi avtoris citata.
14
berZnuli andaza.
15
`balRuri undiloba _ am sityvebiT gadmoscems mTargmneli berZnul termins `meiraki-
odes~. `stilis am naklze, romelic esoden niSneulia aticistebisaTvis, araerTgzis lapa-
rakoben berZeni da romaeli avtorebi _ dionise halikarnaseli, ciceroni, plutarqe~ (n.
a. Cistiakovas SeniSvna).
16
igulisxmeba Teodore gadareli (I s. ax.w.a.) _ cnobili berZeni ritori, imperator tibe-
riusis (14 _ 37w.) maswavlebeli (svetoniusi, `tiberiusi~, 57); moRvaweobda romSi, sadac
daaarsa e.w. `TeodorelTa~ ritorikuli skola, romelic warmatebiT etoqeboda cecili-
usis maswavleblis apolodores skolas da mis mimdevrebs, e.w. `apolodorelebs~ (kvin-
tiliane, III, 1, 19). apolodorelebi aSkara konservatorebi iyvnen da ritorikas miiC-
nevdnen ucvlel, erTxel da samudamod Camoyalibebul xelovnebad, romlis dogmaturi
wesebidan Tu kanonikuri normebidan umniSvnelo gadaxvevasac ki miutevebel Secodebad
Tvlidnen; maSin rodesac, Teodorelebi, romlebisTvisac ucxo iyo yovelgvari dogmatiz-
mi, ritorikas uyurebdnen rogorc ufro moqnilsa da drois moTxovnebisa Tu konkretul

382
uadgilo paTosi an wregadasauli eqstaziT Troba. da marTlac, bevri avtori
ise Jinianad mieltvis vnebaTa siuxves, rogorc memTvrale _ Rvinos, TumcaRa
es vnebianoba sruliadac ar Sehferis sakuTriv maTi sityvis Sinaarss. amis
mizezi maTs midrekilebebsa da saskolo wesebisadmi maTs brma ndobaSi unda
veZioT. isini ise mZvinvareben sruliad gulgril msmenelTa winaSe, rogorc
siSmagiT cnobamixdilni _ cnobawynarTa wreSi. magram, modi, jerjerobiT
moveSvaT paToss. qvemoT Cven kvlav mivubrundebiT mas.

IV
amaRlebuli stilis meore nakli, ese igi, sityvis xelovnuri sicive yvelaze
metad timeoss18 axasiaTebs, TumcaRa, sxva mxriv, is sakmaod niWier, zogjer
maRali sityvis utyuari grZnobiT dajildoebul, didad ganswavlul da
gonebamaxvil mwerlad gvevlineba. magram, amasTan, mas uyvars sxvisi naklis
gamoCxreka da ganqiqeba, maSin rodesac TiTqmis ver grZnobs da ver amCnevs
sakuTar nakls. egec ar iyos, vnebianad rom mieltvis yovelive uCveulos da
moulodnels, timeosi xSirad infantilurobaSi vardeba.
movitan mxolod oriode nimuSs timeosis nawerebidan, radgan ceciliusis
Txzuleba savsea misi citatebiT. xotbas rom asxams aleqsandre dids, timeosi
wers: `aleqsandrem ufro male daimorCila mTeli azia, vidre isokrate19
SeTxzavda Tavis `panegiriks~, romliTac is sparselebis winaaRmdeg
salaSqrod aqezebdao berZnebs~.
WeSmaritad gansacvifrebelia aleqsandre makedonelis Sedareba sofistTan!
Tuki Sens sityvebs verwmunebiT, Cemo timeos, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom
isokrates TviT lakedemonelebic ver Seedrebodnen simamaciT: marTlac, maT

viTarebaTa mixedviT cvlad xelovnebas... ceciliuss rom epaeqreba, fsevdo-longine,

imavdroulad, apolodoresa da mTel mis skolasac upirispirdeba. am mxriv, is WeSmariti
`Teodorelia~. apolodoresa da Teodores Sesaxeb ix. a. kruaze, m. kruaze, dasax. naSr. gv.
313-314; 355-356.
17
Teodore aSkarad amasxrebda yalbi fsevdo-paTetikuri stilis mimdevrebs, stilisa, rom-
lis maRalfardovaneba konteqstis SinaarsiTa da Temis intimuri bunebiT ki ar aris
ganpirobebuli, aramed TviTmiznuria da, amdenad, arabunebrivi, uadgilo da gau-
marTlebeli. swored amnairi stilis aRsaniSnavad iyenebda igi termins `parenTirsi~, ro-
melic dionises (bakqis) orgiastuli sazeimo procesiisa da bakqantebis eqstaturi siSmagis
reminiscencias iwvevs: `parenTirsi~ warmosdgeba sityvidan `Tirsi~ (`Tirsos~): ase iwode-
boda dionisesa da misi mxleblebis (bakqantebis) specifikuri atributi _ surosa da vazis
foTlebiT garSemownuli da naZvis girCiT dagvirgvinebuli kverTxi.
18
timeosi (daaxl. 352 _ 256 w. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni istorikosi. misi mTavari Txzulebidan, ro-
melic siciliisa da italiis istorias exeboda da 68 wigns iTvlida, fragmentebiRaa
SemorCenili. timeoss sastikad hgmobda polibiosi misi mankieri stilisa da antiistori-
uli tendenciis gamo (XII, 3-15, 23-28; Sdr. plutarqe, `nikia~, 1), Tumca ciceroni ar iziarebs
am azrs (`orat.~, II, 14, 58), timeosis Sesaxeb ix. v. tarni dasax. naSr. gv. 254-255.
19
isokrate (436 _ 328 w. Zv.w.a.) _ saxelganTqmuli berZeni ritori, sofist gorgias mowafe,
normatuli mxatvruli prozis erT-erTi kanonmdebeli; gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevda eqspresiul Zalmosilebas, emociur siwrfeles da maRali stilis teqnikur
srulyofilebas. misi fraza daxvewilia, mravalferovani da keTilxmieri, periodi _ gul-
modgined damuSavebuli da dasrulebuli (ciceronis mowmobiT, man pirvelad danerga e.w.
`perioduli damrgvaleba~ _ `kiklos~). isokrates dauweria 60 sityva (SemogvrCa mxolod
21), metwilad politikuri xasiaTisa. maT Soris Tavis gamomsaxvelobiTi brwyinvalebiT,
amaRlebuli paTetikiTa da patriotuli suliskveTebiT uTuod yvelaze Zlieria `panegi-
riki~ (`sityva panelinur yrilobaze~), romelSiac avtori dawvrilebiT CamoTvlis aTenis
damsaxurebas eladis winaSe, raTa daamtkicos, rom swored aTens ekuTvnis hegemonoba da,
imavdroulad, mouwodebs yvela berZnul poliss, yvela berZens, erToblivad dalaSqron
sparseTi.

383
xom ocdaaTi weli moandomes meseniis dapyrobas,20 xolo isokratem aT
weliwadSi SeTxza Tavisi `panegiriki~.
ai, ras ambobs igive timeosi sicilielebis mier datyvevebuli aTenelebis
Sesaxeb: `maT Semusres hermesis qandakebani da, amrigad, hgmes da Seagines
RmerTi. amitomac miegoT sanacvlo swored im kacis xeliT, visi sagvareuloc
ukeTurTa mier Seginebuli RmerTisagan iRebs dasabams, kerZod, hermokrates,
hermonis Zis xeliT~.21 me mikvirs, Cemo sayvarelo terentiane, ratom ar
mouvida azrad timeoss tiran dionisioszedac daewera ase: `dionisiosma hgmo
zevsi da herakle: amitom dionma da heraklidebma daamxeso igi~.22
Tumca timeosze ra gveTqmis, roca TviT sokrates mier gamowvrTnili da
gamobrZmedili iseTi didi mwerlebic ki, rogoric arian qsenofonte da
platoni, zogjer aSkarad scodaven am mxriv da verc amCneven TavianT
Secdomebs. ai, ras wers, magaliTad, qsenofonte Tavis `lakedemonur
politeaSi~:23 `lakedemonelebi ufro iSviaTad laparakoben, vidre marmari-
los qandakebani, da maT mzerasac ufro Znelad daiWers kaci, vidre brinjaos
Zeglebis mzeras. isini ufro morcxvni da kdemamosilni arian, vidre Cveni

20
VIII _ VII s. (Zv.w.a.) lakedemoni (sparta) gaafTrebiT eomeboda Tavis mezobel mesenias. ori
xangrZlivi da sisxlismRvreli omi, romlebic `mesenuri omebis~ saxeliTaa cnobili,
meseniis damarcxebiT damTavrda (pavsania, `eladis aRweriloba~, IV).
21
igulisxmeba peloponesis omisdroindeli erTi dramatuli epizodi: 415 wlis (Zv.w.a.)
damdegs aTenelebma, alkibiades waqezebiT, daiwyes samzadisi peloponesis mokavSiris, si-
ciliis msxvili savaWro centris _ qalaq sirakuzisa da mTeli siciliis dasalaSqrad. am
mizniT, imave wlis gazafxulze gaamzades floti, romelic 200 trierisa da satransporto
xomaldisgan Sedgeboda, xolo ekipaJi 38000 meomarsa da meniCbes iTvlida (mogvianebiT
maT SeuerTda kidev 75 trieri 5000 meomriTurT). zRvaSi gasvlamde ramdenime dRiT adre
ucnobma pirebma gadaayiraves da daamsxvries hermebi (`hermai~) _ aTenis quCebSi mdgari
svetebi hermesis gamosaxulebiTurT. da raki hermesi, vaWrobisa da mogzaurobis RmerTi,
siciliis mfarvelad iTvleboda, amitom es RvTismgmobeluri aqti aTenSi ara marto gau-
gonar mkrexelobad, aramed avismomaswavebel niSnadac iqna miCneuli. da marTlac, sicil-
iuri eqspedicia, cudi organizaciis, susti strategiisa da diplomatiuri sibecis gamo,
aTenelTa sruli kraxiT damTavrda: 413 w. Zv.w.a. sicilielebma hermokrates meTaurobiT
mTlianad gaanadgures aTenelTa floti. aseTive bedi ewia aTenis saxmeleTo jarsac. vinc
sikvdils gadurCa, tyved waasxes da sirakuzis qvis samtvrevebSi samuSaod gagzavnes.
TiTqmis yvelas katorRaSi amoxda suli. am dramatuli epizodis Sesaxeb mogviTxroben
Tukidide da plutarqe.
22
fsevdo-longine gulisxmobs sirakuzis tirans dionisios umcross (tiranobis wlebi 367 _
357; 346 _ 343 w. Zv.w.a.) dionisiosis TviTnebobiT, sisastikiTa da gaxrwnilebiT aRSfoTe-
buli sirakuzelebi orjer aujanydnen mas: pirvelad _ sirakuzeli didebulis, platonis
mowafis da mimdevris dionis (daaxl. 410 _ 354 w. Zv.w.a.) meTaurobiT da kidec daamxes igi
357 w. magram 354 w. dioni moRalaturad mokla mosyidulma mkvlelma da gaWianurebuli
samoqalaqo omis Semdeg dionisiosma kvlav daibruna tiranoba. maSin sirakuzelebma dax-
marebisaTvis mimarTes korinTos, romelmac ajanyebulTa misaSveleblad gagzavna patara
razmi timoleonis meTaurobiT. 343 w. mokavSireebma xelaxla daamxes dionisiosi da si-
rakuzidan gaaZeves igi... fsevdo-longines ironia analogiis principzea dafuZnebuli: dio-
nisiosma Tavisi usamarTlobiT Seuracxyo samarTlianobis mfarveli RvTaebani _ zevsi da
herakle, amitomac, SeeZlo eTqva timeoss, dionma da heraklidebma daamxeso igi: saqme isaa,
rom, jer erTi, `zevsi~ (berZn. `Zeus~) irib brunvebSi (naTesaobiTSi, micemiTSi, braldeb-
iTSi) iZleva formebs _ `dios~, `dii~, `dia~ (dedanSi swored es ukanasknelia naxmari), _
Sdr. `dioni~; da, meorec, korinToelebi, romelTa SewevniTac sirakuzelebma xelmeored
daamxes dionisiosi, herakles TavianT winaprad Tvlidnen, amitomac timeoss SeeZlo `her-
aklidebi~ ewodebina maTTvis.
23
ix. qsenofonte, `lakedemonuri politea~, III, 5.

384
Tvalebis gogonebi _ Cveni gugebi~.24 qsenofontes ki ara, amfikrates ufro
SeSvenoda Tvalebis kdemamosili gogonebi ewodebina gugebisaTvis. RmerTo
Cemo! vis mouva TavSi azrad, ukdemamosilesi uwodos gugebs, maSin rodesac
yvelas mSvenivrad moexseneba, rom kacis urcxvoba, upirveles yovlisa, missav
TvalebSi vlindeba. da marTlac: xom ambobs homerosi:
ehei, RviniT galeSilo, qofakisTvalav!25
timeosma es civi da usicocxlo gamoTqma mopara qsenofontes da miiTvisa is,
rogorc fasdaudebeli nadavli. agaTokles26 Zalmomreobis aRwerisas timeosi
gadmogvcems, rom man, Tavdapirvelad, Tanxmoba ganacxada gaeTxovebina Tavisi
Zmiswuli, magram Semdeg, qorwilis dros, TviTonve moitaca igi, da dasZens:
`gana SeiZleba amnairi danaSauli Caedina kacs, visi Tvalebidana imzirebian
umanko qalwulni da ara meZavni?~
dabolos, yvela sxva mxriv WeSmaritad uzado da RvTaebrivi platoni
warwerebiT aWrelebul xis firfitebze ambobs: `taZrebSi hpoveben samudamo
savanes es kiparisis Zeglebi~;27 xolo meoregan is gveubneba kedlebisaTvis: `me
viziareb spartelTa azrs, Cemo megile, umjobesia kedlebi mSvidad Tvlemdnen
miwaSi; amitom, dae, nuRaravin aRadgens maT~.28
arc herodote iqceva ukeT, roca `Tvalebis satanjvels~ uwodebs lamaz
qalebs.29 Tumca amgvari gamoTqma, ase Tu ise, mainc misatevebelia, vinaidan am
sityvebs barbarosebi da, Tanac, mTvrali barbarosebi warmoTqvamen. magram
TviT esec ki ar amarTlebs mwerals, romelsac SeeZlo dumiliT aevlo gverdi
am uamuri gamoTqmisaTvis da, amrigad, Tavidan aecilebina piruTvneli
STamomavlobis msjavri.

V
yvela es ugemovno gamoTqma erTi da igive wyarosgan iRebs dasabams: es
gaxlavs siaxlis wyurvili, romelic pirdapir aSmagebs Tanamedrove mwerlebs.
stilis yvela Rirsebasa Tu nakls CvenSi xSirad erTi da igive mizezi
ganapirobebs; ase rom, is, rac xels uwyobs nawarmoebis mxatvrul srulyofi-
lebas, saxeldobr, enis sinatife, maRali azri da Txrobis sasiamovno stili,
zogjer sruliad sapirispiro Sedegs iZleva. igive SeiZleba iTqvas
metabolebis,30 parabolebisa Tu mravlobiTobisTvisac. qvemoT Cven vnaxavT,
raoden saxifaToa maTi xmareba. axla ki CamovTvli da ganvixilav yvela im
xerxs, romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba davZlioT an sulac Tavidan aviciloT
amaRlebuli stilis naklovanebani.

VI

24
dedanSi sityvaTa TamaSia, romlis gadmocemac Targmans ar ZaluZs, vinaidan berZnulad
`gogo~ da `guga~ omonimebia (`parTenos~)... analogiur gamoTqmas vxvdebiT romaeli eqimis
areteosis (II s. ax.w.a.) TxzulebaSi `sneulebaTa mizezebisTvis~, 1, 7.
25
`iliada~, I, 225. am sityvebiT aqilevis mimarTavs agamemnons.
26
agaTokle (361 _ 289 w. Zv.w.a.) _ sirakuzeli tirani, avanturisti da uzurpatori, mis Sesaxeb
mogviTxroben istorikosebi _ iustine da diodore sicilieli.
27
platoni, `kanonebi~, V, 741c.
28
platoni, `kanonebi~, VI, 778d.
29
herodote, V, 18. Sdr. plutarqe, `aleqsandre~, 21.
30
metabola _ ritorikuli figura; ase iwodeboda nebismieri gadaxveva ama Tu im sityvis an
nawarmoebis ZiriTadi stilisturi xazisgan.

385
 uwinares yovlisa, Cemo megobaro, Cven gvamrTebs zedmiwevniT zustad
davadginoT, ras ewodeba WeSmaritad amaRlebuli, anda rogor ganisazRvreba
igi. amocana metad rTulia, radgan amnair gansazRvrebas mxolod xangrZlivi
da gulmodgine Seswavlis Semdeg Tu CamovayalibebT Tavisi saboloo saxiT.
magram rakiRa gvaiZuleben, vcadoT, iqneb SeZlebisdagvarad mainc vupasuxoT
am kiTxvebs.

VII
unda vicodeT, Cemo Zvirfaso, rom TviT Cvens yoveldRiur yofacxovrebaSic
ki ar SeiZleba didad vTvlideT imas, ris mimarT zizRic ganadidebs adamians.
raki simdidre, saxeli, pativi, erTpirovnuli Zalaufleba da sxva misTanani
mxolod TavianTi yalbi brwyinvalebiT xiblaven brbos, amitom SeuZlebelia
gonier kacs sikeTed esaxebodes is, ris mimarT zizRic dasabams aZlevs
WeSmarit sikeTes. gancvifrebas da aRtacebas iwvevs ara moCvenebiT sikeTeTa
mflobeli, aramed is, visac SeuZlia flobdes yvela am fuW sikeTes, magram,
Tavisi Sinagani keTilSobilebisa da didsulovnebis wyalobiT, qedmaRluri
zizRiT uaryofs maT.
zustad aseve, rodesac vikvlevT amaRlebuls prozasa31 Tu poeziaSi,
Tavdapirvelad unda CavwvdeT mis WeSmarit arss: vnaxoT, iqneb is mxolod
zogadad, mxolod mTlianobaSi Cans WeSmaritad amaRlebuli, gamowvlilviT
ganxilva ki aaSkaravebs mis uazro maRalfardovanebas, rac ufro zizRis
Rirsia, vidre gancvifrebis.
Cveni suli, Tavisi bunebiT, eqosaviT exmianeba WeSmaritad amaRlebuls,
romelic iseTi sixaruliTa da zviadi TviTrwmeniT aRavsebs mas, TiTqos TviT
iyos misive aRmvsebis Semoqmedi da Semqmneli.
Tu nawarmoebi, romelsac Wkviani da ganaTlebuli kaci kiTxulobs, ar
amaRlebs mis suls, ar aRZravs masSi maRal azrebs da arafers utovebs sulier
sazrdod, garda zerele da zedapiruli STabeWdilebisa, maSin is, guldasmiT
ganxilvisas, TandaTanobiT knindeba da ubadruki xdeba mis TvalSi. aseT
nawarmoebSi ara aris ra amaRlebuli; is Cvenze moqmedebs mxolod manam, sanam
vkiTxulobT. WeSmaritad amaRlebuli ki gvaiZulebs guldasmiT vikiTxoT da
vikvlioT igi. ara marto Znelia, aramed, saerTod, SeuZlebelic winaaRudge
mis zemoqmedebas, ise Rrmad da waruSlelad aRibeWdeba is Cvens xsovnaSi.
maS, dae, SenTvis mSvenieri da WeSmaritad amaRlebuli iyos mxolod is, rac
yvelasaTvis da yovelTvis mSvenieria da amaRlebuli. rodesac TavianTi
saqmianobiT, cxovrebis wesiT, zne-CveulebebiT, midrekilebebiT, xnovanebiTa
da ganaTlebiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kacni erTimeores eTanxmebian
amaRlebulis SefasebaSi, swored es Tanxmoba iqneba SenTvis uryevi da utyuari
sabuTi imisa, rom WeSmaritad amaRlebuls exeba saqme.

VIII
rogorc viciT, amaRlebuls xuTi arsebiTi niSani axasiaTebs. xuTive niSani erT
saerTo safuZvels emyareba. kerZod, sityvis didostaturi xelovnebiT flobs
unars, uromlisodac fuWia yovelive sxva danarCeni. amaTgan upirvelesia sulis
simaRle da siTamame. es me erTxel ukve aRvniSne Cems TxzulebaSi qsenofontes
Sesaxeb. meore niSania mZafri da zeaRmtaci vneba, magram Tu pirveli ori niSani

31
berZnul enaSi ar arsebobda laTinuri `prozis~ Sesatyvisi termini. prozauli nawarmoe-
bis aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen uaRresad mravalmniSvnelovansa da tevad sityvas `logoss~,
an mis mravlobiT formas _ `logoi~.

386
TviTmbadia, ese igi, Tu orives kacis bunebrivi Tvisebebi gansazRvravs da
ganapirobebs, samagierod danarCeni sami umeteswilad ganswavliTa da xelovnebaSi
gawafviT SeiZineba. amaRlebulis mesame niSania azrobrivi da sityvieri figuris
mwyobri erToblioba, meoTxe ki _ sityvakazmuloba, romelic, Tavis mxriv, ori
nawilisagan Sedgeba: sityvebis mkacri SerCevisa da tropebiTa Tu xatovani
gamoTqmebiT mdidari metyvelebisagan. dabolos, mexuTe niSani, romelic oTxsave
wina niSans moicavs da aerTianebs, sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara yoveli maTganis
organuli mTlianoba da amaRlebulis xarisxSi ayvanili erTianoba.
axla ki ganvixiloT TviTeuli niSani cal-calke. magram winaswar unda
SevniSnoT, rom ceciliusi mTlianad ugulvebelyofs zogierT niSans, rogorc
magaliTad, paToss _ vnebas.
Tu is mxolod imitom iqceva ase, rom erTmaneTisagan ar asxvavebs amaRlebuls
da paTetikurs, rasakvirvelia, cdeba, vinaidan paTetikuri zogjer araTu ar
emTxveva amaRlebuls, aramed, rogorc bevri mdabali vnebis, magaliTad, drtvinvis,
wuxilis Tu Zrwolis momcveli, kidevac upirispirdeba mas. da piruku,
amaRlebulisaTvis zogjer sruliad ucxoa yovelive paTetikuri, ris nimuSadac
miriadi magaliTidan movitan mxolod homerosis sityvebs aloadebis32 Sesaxeb:

maT ganizraxes olimpoze daemxoT osa,

xolo osaze _ pelioni kalTebtyiani,
raTa ficxeli ieriSiT aeRoT zeca.33

amas mosdevs kidev ufro Zlieri da xmieri leqsi:

saqmed aqcevdnen mzvaobarni Tavxedur zraxvas...

saxotbo, sazeimo Tu sadResaswaulo sityvebi, Cveulebriv, TavianTi aweuli
toniTa da amaRlebuli ganwyobilebiT gamoirCevian, magram maTTvis xSirad
ucxoa vnebianoba. amitomaa, rom vnebiT STagonebuli oratorebi
xelmocarulni rCebian xolme saxotbo sityvebis Txzvisas, xolo mexotbeni,
Tavis mxriv, cudad floben paTetikur stils.
xolo Tu ceciliuss hgonia, rom amaRlebuli saerTod ar moicavs
paTetikurs, da amitomac ar axsenebs am ukanasknels, es kidev ufro miutevebels
xdis mis Secdomas.
me ki, Cemi mxriv, Tavs nebas vaZlev vamtkico, rom araferia ufro metad
amaRlebuli, vidre drouli da keTilSobiluri vneba,34 romelSiac cnaurdeba
WeSmariti zeSTagoneba, RvTiuri siSmagiT rom aRavsebs poetis sityvebs.

IX
TumcaRa amaRlebulis upirvelesi da umTavresi niSani SeZenili ki ara,
bunebiT Tandayolili Tviseba gaxlavT,35 miuxedavad amisa, Cveni sulebi

32
aloadebi _ poseidonis Zis aloevsis vaJebi _ efialte da otosi; miTiuri goliaTebi, rom-
lebmac ganizraxes erTmaneTze SeedgaT mTebi, raTa zecisTvis mieRwiaT da Tavs dasxmodnen
ekvdav RmerTebs. am Tavxeduri zraxviT ganrisxebulma apolonma isriT gangmira isini.
33
`odisea~, XI, 315-317.
34
fsevdo-longine amaRlebulis erT-erT umTavres ingredientad gvisaxavs `droulsa da
keTilSobilur vnebas~ (paToss), maSin rodesac maRali stilis arsebiT naklad Tvlis
`uadgilo paTossa Tu wregadasuli eqstaziT Trobas~, anu e.w. `parenTirss~ (ix. Sen. III, 10).
35
Sdr. VIII Tavis dasawyisi.

387
xarbad unda ewafebodnen amaRlebuls da, amrigad, gamudmebiT nayofierde-
bodnen sxvisi Tandayolili STagonebiT.
ki magram, rogor? ikiTxav Sen. erT Cems TxzulebaSi me vwer: `amaRlebuli _
sulieri simaRlis gamoZaxilia~. gana swored amitom ar gvacvifrebs
yovelgvar sityvier garss moklebuli, SiSveli da Seumosavi azri? ase
magaliTad, homerosis `odiseaSi~, kerZod, `suleTSi~ aiantis pirquSi dumili
yovelgvar mWevrmetyvelebaze ufro gulisSemZvrelia da STambeWdavi.36
upirveles yovlisa, Cven gvmarTebs gavarkvioT, ratom ar aRiZvris
WeSmariti Semoqmedis sulSi ukeTuri da uRirsi azri, an ratom ver Seqmnis
raime diads da maradiuls is, vinc mTeli sicocxlis manZilze mdabali azrebiT
sulmdgmulobs, bilw survilebs da uRirs zraxvebs damonebuli?37 imitom rom
amaRlebuli _ maRali azris nayofia, xolo misi Semoqmedi Tavadac maRalia da
maRlad mxedi.
erTxel, parmenionis sityvebis pasuxad, aleqsandre didma Tqva: `mec
miviRebdi~...38
...homerosi ase gvixatavs eridas:39
cas swvdeba TxemiT, xolo fexiT eyrdnoba miwas.40
rogor gansxvavdeba am suraTisgan wyvdiadis hesiodeseuli aRwera, Tuki
`fari~ marTlac hesiodes ekuTvnis:
nestoebidan sdioda wvintli...41
wyvdiadis es xateba Zrwolas ki ara, zizRs iwvevs CvenSi.
da, piriqiT, ai, rogor gvixatavs homerosi RmerTebis sidiades:

usazRvro sivrces, romelsac maxvili mzeriT moicavs kaci, mTis mwverva-

lidan rom gahyurebs Rvinisfer zRvas, erTi naxtomiT faraven RmerTebis
Tavneba da ficxi cxenebi.42

36
`suleTi~ (berZn. `nekuia~) _ ase ewodeba `odiseas~ XI simReras, romelSiac aRwerilia odisevsis
Casvla hadesSi, sadac mravaltanjuli gmiri xvdeba yofil TanamebrZolTa landebs, maT Soris, ai-
antis aCrdilsac. rogorc Cans, aiants sikvdilmac ver gauqarva sicocxleSi daTmenili wyena: roca
aqilevsis sikvdilis Semdeg berZenTa Soris atyda dava, vis unda rgeboda sworupovari gmiris
saWurveli, arCevani odisevssa da aiantze SeCerda; ori Rirseuli pretendentidan berZnebma
odisevss mianiWes upiratesoba da saWurvelic masve argunes. aiantma ver aitana Seuracxyofa da Ta-
vi moikla... odisevsi gamoelaparakeba yofil metoqes, magram aianti pirquSi dumiliT Seaqcevs
zurgs da fexakrefiT SeuerTdeba hadesis mwuxare aCrdilT. Sdr. `odisea~, XI, 563-564.
37
es Tema mkafiod ikveTeba traqtatis ukanasknel, XLIV TavSi.

xelnawers aklia ori ferceli.
38
parmenioni (IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ makedoneli mxedarTmTavari, aleqsandre didis TanamebrZoli.
fsevdo-longine gulisxmobs berZen-sparselTa omis erT epizods, romelsac ase gadmog-
vcems plutarqe (`aleqsandre~, 29): damarcxebulma `dariosma aleqsandres elCebi gam-
ougzavna da Tan werilic gamoayola. dariosi aleqsandres Tavazobda tyveebis gamo-
sasyidad aTi aTas talants, uTmobda mTel samflobelos, raic evfratis dasavleTiT
mdebareobda, hpirdeboda erT-erTi qaliSvilis miTxovebas da sTxovda megobrobasa da
mokavSireobas. mTavarsardalma dariosis winadadebani megobrebs amcno. `me rom
aleqsandre viyo, _ Tqva parmenionma, _ miviRebdi am pirobebso~. `mec miviRebdi, vficav
zevss, _ upasuxa aleqsandrem, _ parmenioni rom viyoo~ (Targmani ak. uruSaZisa). I Sdr. ar-
iane, `anabasisi~, II, 25, 2.
39
erida _ ganTxeTqilebis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi, omianobis RmerTis aresis da,
broZlis velze misi mudmivi Tanmxlebi.
40
`iliada~, IV, 442.
41
garda saqveynod cnobili poemebisa _ `samuSaoni da dReni~ da `Teogonia~, hesiodes miew-
ereba agreTve patara poema `herakles fari~, saidanac fsevdo-longines mier citirebuli
267-e striqoni `axliss~ _ wyvdiadis personificirebul RvTaebas exeba.
42
`iliada~, V, 770-772.

388
 poeti kosmiuri masStabiT zomavs cxenebis naxtoms. ganzomilebis amgvari
grandiozuloba gancvifrebiT wamogvaZaxebinebs: erTi naxtomic da maTTvis,
albaT, adgilic aRar darCeba am samyaroSi!
an raoden STambeWdavia da didebuli RmerTebis brZolis fantastiuri
suraTi:

naRaris xmam SesZra olimpo da Searyia zecis Tavani...43 SekrTa miwis qveS
TviTon hadesic, qvesknelis meufe: SeZrwunebuli wamoiWra taxtidan da xafi
xmiT SehbRavla zecas: xom ar gaapo dedamiwa poseidonma, miwismryevelma
RmerTma? xom ar ganuxvna ukvdavT da mokvdavT misi pirquSi sabrZaneblis
bWeni, sabrZaneblisa, romelic Tavzarsa scems TviT netar RmerTebs?!44

nuTu TvalnaTliv ver xedav aq, Cemo megobaro, mkerdgapobil miwas,

piraSkmul hadess, SiSiT da ZrwoliT mocul samyaros? nuTu ver xedav
samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolaSi Cabmul zesknels da qvesknels, erTmaneTSi
alufxul ukvdavT da mokvdavT?
marTalia, amgvari aRwera raRac zeadamianurisa da zebunebrivis
warmodgenas iwvevs, magram Tu mas ar aRviqvamT rogorc erTgvar alegorias,
maSin is yovlad uxamsad da mkrexelurad mogveCveneba Cven.45 RmerTebis
Wrilobebs Tu urTierTbrZolebs, maT kirTebas Tu SurisZiebas, maT cremlebs
Tu vnebebs rom umReris, homerosi, Cemi azriT, cdilobs SeZlebisdagvarad
gaaRmerTos ilionis gmirebi, xolo RmerTebi, piriqiT gaaadamianuros. magram
Cven, bedkrul adamianebs, nugeSad da sasoebad gvivis sikvdili, Cveni msxneli
da saboloo navTsayudeli. homerosma ki ukvdavhyo ara imdenad RmerTebis
buneba, ramdenadac maTi salmobani, maTi vnebebi.
ramdenad umjobesia RmerTebis brZolis amsaxvel am suraTze homerosis is
striqonebi, romlebSiac RmerTi mTeli Tavisi sidiadiTa da ZalmosilebiT,
Tavisi WeSmariti bunebiT aris warmodgenili. nimuSad movitan Cemamde
araerTi avtoris mier mravalgzis ganxilul da citirebul striqonebs,
romlebic ase gvixataven poseidons:

Seirya mTa da Seirxa tye, Setortmanda mkvidrad naSeni troa, napirs

miaskdnen aqavelTa xomaldebi, poseidonis wminda terfiT gadaTqerilni:
mfrTovan talRebs etliT gadauqrola mrisxane RmerTma; iZra wylis siRrme,
ufskrulidan amocurda veSapTa gundi da gars Semoertya patrons; Sua gaipo
sixaruliT SeZruli zRva da grigaliviT gafrinda etli.46

zustad aseve, iudevelTa sjulmdebelma zeSTagonebulma da RmerTis

sidiadiT gulSeZrulma kacma,47 am sityvebiT gvamcno arsTa gamrigis
ZalmorWmuleba Tavisi kanonTa wignis dasawyisSi: `da sTqva RmerTma~. _

43
`iliada~, XXI, 388.
44
`iliada~, XX, 61-65.
45
fsevdo-longine, platonis kvaldakval, ilaSqrebs RmerTebis anTropomorfizaciis
winaaRmdeg (Sdr. `saxelmwifos~ III da X wigni).
46
`iliada~, XIII, 18-19; 27-30.
47
igulisxmeba mose.

389
magram ra sTqva man? _ `iyavn naTeli!~ da iqmna naTeli. _ `iyavn miwa!~ da iqmna
miwa.48
imedi maqvs, Tavs ar Segawyen, Cemo Zvirfaso megobaro, Tu davimowmeb kidev
erT adgils homerosis poemidan, sadac poeti Tavis gmirebs gvixasiaTebs. me
msurs giCveno, rogor gadadis homerosi missave mier warmosaxul diadsa da
amaRlebul heroikaSi, rogor erwymis da esisxlxorceba mas. moulodnelad
Camowolilma Rrubelma da Ramis wyvdiadma Sewyvites brZola, da ai, swored
aq gaismis aiantis sasowarkveTili yvirili:

mamao Cveno, maRalo zevs, ixsen aqavelni am ukunisgan, gafante bneli!

daubrune dRes misi sinaTle, xolo Cvens Tvalebs _ niWi xedvisa, da dagvRupe
dRisiT da mzisiT!..49

es yvirili gvimJRavnebs aiantis WeSmarit paToss. gmiri sicocxles rodi

sTxovs RmerTs _ aseTi Txovna uTuod SebRalavda mis Rirsebas; ara, rakiRa
Camowolil wyvdiadSi Tavisi keTilSobiluri simamacis gamovlena ar
SeuZlia, brZolis moulodneli SewyvetiT ganrisxebuli aianti natrobs, rac
SeiZleba male ganqardes bneli, raTa dRisiT, mzis sinaTleze, Rirseulad
Seegebos sikvdils da zurgi ar uCvenos mters, Tundac TviT zevsTan mouxdes
Sebma.
aq homerosi zurgqars emsgavseba da sagmiro saqmeTaTvis rom aqezebs Tavis
gaSmagebul gmirebs, TviTonac maTTan erTad

mZvinvarebs, rogorc SubSemarTuli aresi brZolis velze, an rogorc

yovlismmusvreli xanZari usier tevrSi.50

xolo `odiseaSi~, romelsac mizezisa gamo sxvisa da sxvisa, dumiliT ver

avuvliT gverds, aSkarad Cans, rom sibereSi, Tavisi diadi poeturi geniis
mimwuxrze, homerosi Txrobis gzas irCevs. da marTlac, `odisea~ `iliadaze~
umrwemesia,51 rac, bevri sxva sabuTis garda, imiTac dasturdeba, rom ilionis
misadgomebTan daTmenil tanjva-vaebaTa mogoneba `odiseaSi~ Cven gvesmis,
rogorc troas omis epizodTa Soreuli gamoZaxili. `odiseas~ gmirebi
dastirian TavianT ubedurebas, magram ara rogorc amJamad Tavs datexils,
aramed rogorc didi xnis winaT daTmenils da gadatanils. ase rom, `odisea~
sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara `iliadas~ epilogi.

iq wevs lomguli aianti, iq wevs aqilevsi, iq sZinavs sibrZniT RmrTisswor

patrokles, iq ganisvenebs Cemi Zvirfasi vaJic...52

48
arazusti citata `Sesaqmidan~, I, 3. am uaRresad saintereso pasaJTan dakavSirebiT ix. n. a.
Cistiakovas vrceli da saqmiani SeniSvna wignSi: О возвышенном, перевод, статьи и примечания
Н. А. Чистяковой, М.-Л., 1966, gv. 127-128.
49
`iliada~, XVII, 645-647.
50
`iliada~, XV, 605-607.
51
mTeli pasaJi, romelic uSualod mosdevs am sityvebs, erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio da naTeli
furcelia homerosis kritikis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi. rac Seexeba sakuTriv aq das-
mul problemas, berZnebi yovelTvis cxovel interess iCendnen mis mimarT. seneka msubuqi
iumoriT wers (De brev. vit., 13): `berZnebs pirdapir avadmyofobad hqondaT qceuli eZiaT,
ramdeni meniCbe hyavda odisevss, `iliada~ ufro adre daiwera Tu `odisea~ da, garda
amisa, erTsa da imave avtors ekuTvnodnen Tu ara isini~.
52
nestoris sityvebia; ix. `odisea~, III, 109-111.

390
 me mgonia, amave mizezis gamo, `iliada~, romelic poetis mowifulobis asakSia
Seqmnili, roca misi SemoqmedebiTi Zalmosileba Tavis apogeas aRwevs, _ mxolod
moqmedebaa da brZola, maSin rodesac `odisea~ sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara gabmuli
Txroba, rac aserigad niSneulia siberisaTvis. `odiseaSi~ homerosi SeiZleba
SevadaroT Camaval mzes, romelic, marTalia, Zveleburad veRar acxunebs, magram
jer kidev ar daukargavs sikaSkaSe da cxovelmyofeloba. aq Cven ukve veRara
vgrZnobT im uCveulo Zalmosilebas, rac egzom gvacvifrebs `iliadaSi~, verc
amaRlebulis im Tanabarzomier ritms, romlisTvisac ucxoa yovelgvari
daRmavloba, verc urTierTmonacvle vnebaTa Smag nakads, verc ganwyobilebaTa
swraf cvlasa Tu sazogadoebriv JReradobas, dabolos, verc sinamdvilisagan
nasesxeb saxeTa Tu xasiaTTa usasrulo mravalferovnebas. iseve rogorc okeanis
moqcevas miqceva mosdevs, xolo miqcevas _ talRis damcroba da boboqari Zalis
dacxroma, ise aqac, `odiseas~ zRaprulsa da miTiur wiaRsvlebSi Cven vxedavT
amaRlebulis gamudmebul ukumiqcevas.
Tumca, amas rom vambob, me ar damviwynia arc grigalTa mZvinvareba
`odiseaSi~, arc sisxliani drama kiklopis mRvimeSi53 da sxva misTanani. magram
me vlaparakob sibereze, xolo sibere _ siberea, TviT homerosis siberec ki. da
marTlac, TiTqmis mTels `odiseaSi~ Txroba da miTi aSkarad Crdilavs
moqmedebas da sinamdviles.
es gadaxveva imisTvis damWirda, raTa meCvenebina, rom TviT yvelaze didi
poetic ki Tavisi sicocxlis mimwuxrze arcTu iSviaTad uxdis xarks fuW
laybobas da sityvamravlobas. gavixsenoT Tundac is adgilebi, sadac homerosi
laparakobs rumbebze, kirkes mier Rorebad qceul gmirebze,54 romlebsac
zoili55 mWyvirala goWebs uwodebs, zevsze, romelsac umweo xundiviT kvebaven
mtredebi,56 odisevsze, romelic mTeli aTi dRe SimSilobs xomaldis daRupvis
Semdeg,57 da bolos, imaze, Tu rogor gaJlita odisevsma sasiZoebi.58 ras
SeiZleba SevadaroT yovelive es, Tu ara zevsis zmanebebs?
da kidev erTi mizezi, ramac aseTi gadaxveva gamoiwvia: me mindoda damemtkicebina
SenTvis, rom didi mwerlebisa Tu poetebis siberisdroindel qmnilebebSi
paTetikas TandaTanobiT zne-Cveulebebisa da yofa-cxovrebis aRwera cvlis. da
marTlac, odisevsis saxlSi yoveldRiuri sayofacxovrebo wvrilmanebis aRweriT
`odisea~ erTgvari yofiTi xasiaTis komedias mogvagonebs.

X
axla vnaxoT, ra gziT SeiZleba simaRle da sidiade mivaniWoT sityvas.
rogorc viciT, yvela sagani, Tavisi bunebiT, garkveuli nawilebisagan
Sedgeba, romelTaganac iTxzvis TviTeuli maTganis mTlianoba. amitom
amaRlebulis saZieblad aucilebelia mTeli sityvisagan zogierTi arsebiTi
nawilis gamoyofa, xolo Semdeg, am nawilTa bunebrivi urTierTkavSiris gamo,
maTi xelaxla SeerTeba da, amrigad, kvlav erT arsad, erT organul mTelad

53
`odisea~, IX, 181 da Smd.
54
`odisea~, X, 1 da Smd., 210 da Smd.
55
zoili (IV _ III s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni ritori da gramatikosi, romelsac upirvelesi berZeni
poetis winaaRmdeg Tavxeduri da cilismwamebluri gamoxdomebis gamo `homerosis maT-
raxi~ (`homeromastiqs~) Seerqva metsaxelad, xolo misi enageslianoba da sarkastuli
bilwsityvaobis gamo _ `ritorikosi ZaRli~ (`kion retorikos~).
56
`odisea~, XII, 62 da Smd.
57
`odisea~, XII, 447.
58
`odisea~, XXII, 79 da Smd.

391
qceva. msmenels Tavdapirvelad ganacvifrebs calkeul nawilTa momxibvle-
loba, xolo Semdeg _ mTelis simdidre da mravalferovneba.
zustad ase iqceva safo: erotiul vnebaTa siSmages rom gvixatavs, is am
vnebaTa Tanamdevi sulieri gancdebisa da sinamdvilisagan sesxulobs maT.
magram mainc ra gvimJRavnebs mis talants da niWierebas? is gansacvifrebeli
Zalmosileba da utyuari alRo, romliTac poeti qali arCevs da gamohyofs
yvelaze Rrmas da yvelaze maRals, raTa Semdeg erTi mTliani saxe, erTi
mTliani xateba Seqmnas maTgan:

me RvTisswori mgonia igi, vinc gverdiT gizis, SefrfeniT gimzers da

netarebiT aRvsili ismens Sens sayvarel titins.
me ki, Tvals mogkrav Tu ara, gulSemkrTals da SeZrwunebuls, Tavbru
mesxmis da meyvseulad munjdeba ena.
uCveulo saxmilis ali edeba sxeuls; veRaras vxedav, verc ras vismen
smenadaxSuli. cxroianiviT vcaxcaxeb, vZrwi da civ ofls masxams; fermixdils
da gulgayinuls, albaT, male mimirqmevs sikvdili.59

xedav, ra gasaocari da gulSiCamwvdomi sityviT mimarTavs poeti qali Tavis

sulsa Tu sxeuls, smenas Tu enas, Tvalsa Tu kans, mokled, yvelafers, ramac
TiTqos ukve daagdo, ukve dauteva igi. da mere, urTierTsapirispiro
grZnobebs rom aerTebs, is, erTdroulad, an iwvis da iyineba, an gons kargavs
da cnobas egeba, an sikvdilis SiSiT Zrwis da Tan sikvdils natrobs, raTa
gviCvenos, rom erTi romelime ki ara, miriadi grZnoba axelebs mas. da
marTlac, gana sinamdvileSi amasve ar ganicdis mijnuris suli? am leqsis
uCveulo Zalmosileba, rogorc aRvniSne, mniSvnelovanwilad ganpirobebulia
ukiduresobaTa SerCeviT da Semdeg maTi Serwyma-SeerTebiT. Cemi azriT, aseve
iqceva eladis udidesi poeti: grigalis aRwerisas is gamohyofs yovelive
saSinels da Tavzardamcems, rac ki Tan axlavs am striqonis mZvinvarebas.
`arimaspeas~ avtori60 ki, piriqiT, Tvlis, rom amnairi leqsiT SeZlebs
msmenelis SeZvras da SeZrwunebas:

arnaxuli saswauli aZrwunebs Cvens suls: kacT daugdiaT xmeleTi da zRvis

talRebze dasaxlebulan. ubedurni! dRemudam ofls Rvrian, mZime SromiT
qancganwyvetilni. varskvlavTa mimarT aRupyriaT Tvalni, xolo suliT zRvaSi
daTnqmulan. Svelas SesTxoven RmerTebs, sasoebiT xelapryobilni, magram
amaoa Txovna: RmerTebma risxviT ibrunes maTgan piri.

albaT, yvela SeniSnavs, rom aq feradovneba aSkarad Crdilavs saSinelebas.

axla vnaxoT, rogor iqceva homerosi; movitan mxolod erT magaliTs:

59
safo, fragm. 2. am leqsis Tavisufali laTinuri Targmani ekuTvnis Zveli romis erT-erT
uTvalsaCinoes poets katuluss.
60
igulisxmeba berZeni poeti aristeas prokoneseli (VI s. Zv.w.a.), herodotes mowmobiT (IV,
13-16), Cvenamde armoRweuli epiuri poemis `arimaspeas~ avtori. arimaspebi ewodeboda
legendarul calTvala xalxs (`skviTurad `arima~ erTs niSnavs, xolo `spu~ _ Tvals~, _
herodote, IV, 27), romelic ukidures CrdiloeTSi saxlobda da oqros gulisTvis
gamudmebiT eomeboda skviTebs.

392
 mrisxaned daeca, rogorc ecema xomalds grigaliT amTagorebuli talRa;
qafiT ifareba xomaldi, qariSxlis mZvinvareba akvnesebs anZebs da SiSiT
Zrwian mexomaldeni, sikvdilis klanWebidan saswauliT TavdaRweulni.61

aseTive gansacdelis gadmocemas cdilobs aratosic:

Txeli ficariRa aSorebT sikvdils...62

magram aq yvelaferi ufro dawvrilmanebulia da daxvewili, vidre _

saSineli. egec ar iyos, sityvebiT _ `ficari... aSorebT sikvdils~, _ poetma
Searbila safrTxe da gvagrZnobina, rom mis gmirebs raRac mainc aSorebs
sikvdils. homerosi ki, aboboqrebul zRvaSi yovel wams dasaRupad ganwirul
zRvaosnebs rom gvixatavs, odnavac ar arbilebs safrTxes. gamoTqmaSi _
`sikvdilis klanWebidan~ _ is Tamami analogiiT aigivebs erTmaneTTan
mtacebels da sikvdils,63 xolo leqsis bunebriv ritms rom arRvevs, TiTqos
Tavsdamtydari talRiT amsxvrevso mas, poeti pirdapir Cven Tvalwin Zerwavs,
Cven Tvalwin asagnebs gansacdelis xatebas da, amrigad, gulisSemZvreli da
STambeWdavi sityviT gadmogvcems mis Tavzardamcem Zalmosilebas: `sikvdilis
klanWebidan saswauliT TavdaRweulni~.
aseve iqceva arqiloqec xomaldis daRupvis aRwerisas64 da demosTenec,
rodesac wers: `mosaRamovda~...65 orive arCevs mxolod mTavars, mxolod
arsebiTs da Tavs aridebs yovelive gacveTils, mwignobruls da zedapiruls,
romlebic ise amaxinjeben mTel qmnilebas, rogorc is viwro bzarebi Tu
WuWrutanebi, moulodnelad rom Cndebian didostaturi xelovnebiT mkvidrad
nagebi Senobebis kedlebze.

XI
amaRlebulis zemoaRniSnul Taviseburebebs miekuTvneba egreT wodebuli
matebac, romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara faqtebisa da movlenebis
gadmocemisas axali danarTebiTa Tu CanarTebiT maTi Sevseba da urTierTmo-
nacvle periodebis ganmeorebisa da TandaTanobiT gradaciis gziT amaRlebu-
lis WeSmarit arsTan Tanaziareba.66

61
`iliada~, XV, 624-628.
62
citirebulia 299-e striqoni berZeni poetis aratosis (III s. Zv.w.a.) didaqtikuri poemidan
`fainomena~ (`ciuri movlenebi~).
63
rakiRa berZnuli windebulis `hiper~ adekvaturi gadmoReba qarTulad yovlad SeuZle-
belia, amitom me iZulebuli viyavi ramdenadme Semecvala homerosis striqonis azri da,
imavdroulad, misi fsevdo-longineseuli komentaric, magram, amasTan, Sevecade ar
damerRvia originalis Sinagani azrobrivi struqtura da rac SeiZleba naklebad davSore-
bodi mas.
64
didi berZeni poetis arqiloqes (680 _ 640 w. Zv.w.a.) SemoqmedebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs sazRvao katastrofebis Temas (fragm. 7, 14, 50, 52 da sxv. _ ix. v. v. veresaevis Targ-
mani wignSi _ Эллинские поэты, М. 1963, gv. 206, 207, 215, 216...). arcaa gasakviri: rogorc
daqiravebuli jariskaci, arqiloqe TiTqmis mTeli sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi ibrZoda xme-
leTsa Tu zRvaze.
65
demosTene, `gvirgvinisaTvis~, 169.
66
`mateba~ (auqsesis) fsevdo-longines esmis rogorc azris da sityvis Tanmimdevruli am-
plifikacia da aRmavali gradacia, rac sulier siRrmeTa Tu simaRleTa wvdomas isaxavs
miznad. ai, rogor gadmogvcems, magaliTad, Sveicarieli elinisti andre bonari platonis
samwerlo xelovnebisaTvis niSandobliv `matebas~, anu mis ltolvas kerZodan zogadisken,
grZnobadidan zegrZnobadisken, uSualo sicxadidan da sisadavidan transcendenturi
simaRlisa da sidiadisken: `...yvelaferi es jer kidev platonis ubraloebaa... magram, ai,

393
 aqve SeiZleba SemovitanoT saerTo ritorikuli adgilebis ganmeoreba,
zogierTi calkeuli faqtisa Tu argumentis xazgasmiT gamoyofa, vnebaTa Tu
qmedebaTa monacvleoba da a.S. erTi sityviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom matebas
aTasi sxvadasxva saxe aqvs. magram ritors unda axsovdes, rom amaRlebulis
gareSe arc erTi am saxeTagani ar SeiZleba miCneul iqnes srulyofilad da
faseulad, zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, roca saWiro xdeba
sibralulis gamowveva, an mowinaaRmdegis damcireba. matebis xmareba yvela
sxva SemTxvevaSi sxeulidan sulis ZaliT amorTmevas hgavs. mateba uazroa da
ufasuri, Tuki amaRlebuls ar emyareba.
yvelaferi, rac axla vTqvi, ramdenadme gansxvavdeba zemoTqmulisagan, sadac
aRwerili iyo amaRlebulis arsebiTi niSnebi, agreTve maTi mTlianoba da
erToblioba. rasakvirvelia, amaRlebuli ar emTxveva matebas da arsebiTad
gansxvavdeba misgan, magram sicxadis gulisTvis Sevecdebi mokled mainc
ganvmarto, ra aris mateba.

XII
xelovnebismcodneTa67 ganmarteba me ar makmayofilebs. maTi azriT, mateba
ewodeba iseT figuras, romelic sidiades aniWebs Sinaarss.68 magram es
ganmarteba Tanabrad SegviZlia mivusadagoT amaRlebulsac, paTetikursac da
nebismier xatovan gamoTqmasac: samive sidiades aniWebs sityvas. Cemi azriT,
maTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani isaa, rom amaRlebuli simaRles emyareba, xolo
mateba _ simravles, amitom pirvelis gamosavlenad zogjer sakmarisia erTad-
erTi azric, maSin rodesac meore aucileblad moiTxovs azrTa simravles da
siuxves.
amrigad, zogadi ganmartebiT, mateba aris Semadgeneli nawilebisa da
calkeuli adgilebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic amZafrebs gamoyofil argu-
mentTa zemoqmedebas. mateba imiT gansxvavdeba mtkicebisagan, rom es uka-
naskneli mxolod saqmis arss gvixsnis...
...zRvis siuxviT iRvreba da, TandaTan mzardi sidiadiT, zRvasaviT vrclad
ganifineba platonis sityva. es imitom, rom demosTene ufro paTetikuria, ufro
mgznebare da cecxlovani. platoni ki, Tavisi mSvidi sidiadiT da zviadi
sidarbaisliT, marTalia, civi ar aris, magram arc demosTenesaviT egzneba
xolme.

fraza TandaTanobiT grZeldeba, moZraobas iwyebs. qarma aSala sityvebis buqi. sityvebi
brunaven da cisaken miiswrafian sul ufro da ufro mzardi siswrafiT. frazis orbita
farTovdeba. saiT mivyavarT jadoqar avtors? ar viciT... Cven vuaxlovdebiT ciur mnaT-
obs, mzes. uecrad vgrZnobT, rom goneba da siyvaruli gvixutebs gulSi. am Smagi aRtkinebis
mdgomareobaSi Cveni aRqma Cvensave mier warmoTqmuli sityvebis azrisgan sulac ar aris
damokidebuli. is xorcieldeba momnusxveli enis silaburi JReris meSveobiT, enisa, ro-
melsac platoni virtuozulad flobs, romliTac is Jongliorobs... Cven monusxulebi
varT. platonma Cven mogvajadova~ (Греческая цивилизация, т. III, 1962, gv. 155).
67
berZn. `teqnografoi~; ritorikuli xelovnebis Teoretikosebi igulisxmebian.
68
analogiur definicias vxvdebiT erT anonimur traqtatSi, e.w. Anonymus Sequerianus-Si; ix.
Rhetores Graeci, ed. Spengel – Hammer, I, 457: `mateba ewodeba figuras, romelic ufro diadad
warmogviCens Sinaarss~. rogorc n. a. Cistiakova SeniSnavs, germaneli mecnieris muCmanis
azriT, es definicia SeiZleba ceciliusisgan mimdinareobdes.

xelnawers aklia ori furceli.

394
 Cemi azriT, Cemo Zvirfaso terentiane, swored es ganasxvavebs demosTenes
Tqveni ciceronisagan,69 Tuki Cven, berZnebs, SegviZlia Cveni azri viqonioT am
sakiTxze. demosTene mkacri simaRlea da sidiade, ciceroni _ farTod
ganfenili Smagi nakadi.
Cveni oratori, romelsac xelewifeba Tavisi simZafriT, siswrafiT da
ZalmosilebiT erTbaSad gadahbugos, anda Semusros yvelaferi, SeiZleba
grigals SevadaroT an kidev elvas. ciceroni ki Tvaluwvden sivrceze
moboboqre xanZars gvagonebs, romelic Tavisi uSreti aliT gareegzneba
yvelafers da TandaTanobiT vrceldeba irgvliv, TandaTanobiT izrdeba da
Zlierdeba.
TumcaRa Tqven, romaelebs, Cemze ukeT mogexsenebaT yovelive es. demosTenes
maRali da daZabuli stili yvelaze ukeT exameba, yvelaze ukeT esadageba
STambeWdavsa da mZafri paTetikiT aRsavse sityvas, romelic miznad isaxavs
sulis siRrmemde SeZras msmeneli. da piriqiT, ciceroniseuli Smagi nakadi
TiTqos yvelafris wasalekad aris gamiznuli. radgan is yvelaze ukeT udgeba
saerTo adgilebs, metwilad _ daskvnebs, arapirdapir mtkicebebs,
gansazRvrebebs, istoriul wiaRsvlebs, bunebis aRwerebs da sxva misTanaT.

XIII
axla ki kvlav zemoTqmuls mivubrundeT. platonis sityva rom zRvasaviT
vrclad ganifineba, magram, amasTan, arasodes ar kargavs simaRles da sidiades,
es, albaT, Tavadac mogexseneba; sakmarisia daukvirde `saxelmwifos~ erT
adgils: `sibrZnesa da siqvelesTan wiluyrelni, _ ambobs is, _ romelnic
drostarebasa da gancxromaSi atareben TavianT sicocxles, brmad
moarulebiviT daexetebian amqveynad, qvedadrekilni da qvena grZnobebs
damonebulni. maT arasodes aRupyriaT Tvalni WeSmaritebis mimarT, arasodes
amaRlebulan mis Semecnebamde, arasodes damtkbaran wminda da SeumRvreveli
sixaruliT. pirutyvebiviT Tavdaxrilni da miwyiv miwis mimarT mziralni,
isini xarbad ewafebian xorciel vnebebs, Zoven, ZRebian da Tanayofis sibilwiT
tkbebian. gaumaZRrobiT aRZrulni tlinkebs ayrian, rkinis rqebiT rqenen da
floqvebiT Tqeren erTimeores~.70
Tu zereled ar ganvsjiT am sityvebs, Cven vnaxavT, rom platoni,
zemoaRniSnulis garda, amaRlebulTan Tanaziarebis kidev erT gzas gvTavazobs.
mainc ra gzaa es? warsulis didi mwerlebisa Tu poetebis mibaZva da maT
kvaldakval svla. nu daviviwyebT amas, Cemo Zvirfaso terentiane.
bevri mwerali, piTias msgavsad, sxvisi zeSTagonebiT sazrdoobs. napralis
Tavze dadgmul samfexs rom uaxlovdeba, piTia, rogorc amboben, xarbad
iynosavs RvTaebriv oxSivars da RvTiuri ZalmosilebiT aRvsili meyvseulad
iwyebs Tavis zeTSagonebul winaswarmetyvelebas.71 Zveli mwerlebis diad

69
plutarqes (`demosTene~, 3) da svidas (sudas~ leqsikonis mowmobiT, ceciliuss dauweria
specialuri Txzuleba, romelSiac erTmaneTs adarebda demosTenes da cicerons; amasTan,
demosTenes `mZlavr~ (`deinos~) stils ciceronis `saamo~ (`hedus~) stils upirispirebda.
70
platoni, `saxelmwifo~, IX, 585a.
71
fsevdo-longine gulisxmobs saidumlo misnobis aqts, romelsac asrulebda piTia _ del-
fos samisnos qalwuli qurumi. piTia iyo mediumi, romelic RmerTis (apolonis) nebas
ucxadebda samisnoSi samkiTxaod mosul morwmuneT. samisno adgili (manteion) war-
moadgenda viwro naprals, saidanac Semzaravi SiSiniT amodioda cxeli orTqli. napralis
Tavze idga oqros samfexi (tripodi) zed Sedgmuli wminda feSxumiT (holmos), romelzedac
adioda winaswar ganbanili da mxurvale locviT ganwmendili piTia Tavisi oqros dia-
demiTa da grZeli mosasxamiT. cota xnis Semdeg, cxeli orTqliT cnobamixdili da ucnauri

395
qmnilebaTa suli iseTive cxovelmyofeli ZaliT avsebs maT mimbaZvelebs,
rogorc delfosis wminda napralebidan amonadeni oxSivari _ grZneul piTias.
am RvTaebrivi Zalis wyalobiT TviT saSualo niWis mweralic ki eziareba
xolme amaRlebuls.
da gana marto herodote hbaZavs homeross? masze adre homerossve
hbaZavdnen stesiqore da arqiloqe, magram yvelaze didi mimbaZveli mainc
platonia, romelic uklebliv ierTebs homerosis cxovelmyofeli wyarodan
momdinare uricxv nakaduls. SeiZleboda mravalricxovani magaliTebis moxmo-
biT cxadgveyo es, magram amoniosis72 mimdevrebma Cemze adre amomwuravi pasuxi
gasces am sakiTxs.
mibaZva parva ar aris. is SeiZleba SevadaroT kacis xeliTa Tu gonebiT
Seqmnil mSvenier qmnilebaTagan aRebul niRabs. Cemi azriT, platoni ar
Caaqsovda Tavis filosofiur naazrevSi amden poetur gznebas da, vficav zevss,
wamdauwum ar gadaiWreboda poeziis samyaroSi, pirvelobas rom ar eci-
lebodes homeross, rogorc axalbeda _ ukve saxelmoxveWil ostats. SesaZloa,
platoni metismet sificxes iCens am SejibrSi, TiTqos saqme exebodes mxolod
SubebiT asparezobas. magram ver vityviT, rom homerosTan qiSpoba usargeblo
iyos misTvis. da marTlac, hesiodes Tqmisa ar iyos, `erida sasargebloa
mokvdavTaTvis~.73 WeSmaritad mSvenieria da didebis Rirsi amnairi asparezobac
da is gvirgvinic, romelic elis gamarjvebuls, xolo damarcxeba sulac ar
aris samarcxvino ufro Zliersa da gamocdil metoqesTan WidilSi.

XIV
ra kargi iqneboda CvenTvis, maRali stilisa da maRali azrebis
mkvlevarTaTvis, warmogvedgina, ras ityodnen Cvens adgilas homerosi, plato-
ni, demosTene, an istorikosi Tukidide. Tuki isini, Cveni mcdelobis Sesaba-
misad, saTanado gavlenas moaxdenen Cvenze, maSin es aRamaRlebs Cvens suls
maTi uebro qmnilebebis wvdomamde. magram kidev ufro ukeTesi iqneba, Tu
warmovidgenT homeross an demosTenes Cveni msmenelebis rolSi da SevecdebiT
gamovicnoT, rogor Seafaseben isini Cvens sityvebs. WeSmaritad didia misi
pasuxismgebloba, vinc Tavis qmnilebebiT warsdgeba am bumberazTa msjavris
winaSe, raTa angariSi Caabaros msmenelebs, romlebic erTdroulad gamodian
msajulTa da mowmeTa rolSi.
Tumca yvelaze didi stimuli CvenTvis unda iyos mainc is, Tu ras ityvis
Cvenze STamomavloba. magram Tu vinme axlave SiSobs, vaiTu Cemma qmnilebebma
ver gauZlon drois gamocdas da moZvelebulni aRmoCndneno momavali

eqstaziT Sepyrobili misani transSi Cavardnili qadagiviT iwyebda bodvas, gulSemzaravi

kiviliT isroda bundovan sityvebsa (feme) Tu enigmuri frazebis nawyvetebs (manteuma),
romlebsac iqve mdgari interpretatorebi (profetebi) hkrebdnen, alagebdnen, leqsis
formas (xresmodia) aZlevdnen da RvTaebisaTvis micemul kiTxvas usadagebdnen simboluri
pasuxis saxiT. delfos orakuli daaxl. 390 w. gaauqma bizantiis imperatorma Teodosi I-ma
(379 _ 395 w.). fsevdo-longine, platonis kvaldakval, Semoqmedis inspiracias
(zeSTagonebas) mediumis transs adarebs (Sdr. `ioni~, 533d – 535a; `fedrosi~ 245a; `kano-
nebi~, IV, 719c da sxv.).
72
im mecnierTa azriT, romlebic Cveni traqtatis avtorad kasius longines (daaxl. 220 _ 273
w.) miiCnevdnen, es unda yofiliyo amonios sakkasi (daaxl. 175 _ 242 w.) _ platonis, ori-
genesa da TviT kasius longines maswavlebeli. magram reperma (Roeper) jer kidev 1846
wels daamtkica, rom aq igulisxmeba amonios aleqsandrieli, II s. (Zv.w.a.) gramatikosi, ro-
melsac `iliadas~ sqoliastis cnobiT, dauweria Sroma platonze homerosis gavlenis
Sesaxeb. amave amonioss ixseniebs svidas leqsikonic.
73
hesiode, `samuSaoni da dReni~, 24. eridas Sesaxeb ix. Sen. IX, 5.

396
TaobebisTvis, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi sulieri qmediTobis nayofi
umwifari da udReuri iqneba da, maSasadame, ufasuric _ STamomavlobisaTvis.

XV
sityvis simaRles, sidiades da Zalmosilebas mniSvnelovanwilad
ganapirobeben, Cemo Zvirfaso terentiane, is warmodgenebi, romlebsac zogi
grZnobad xatebs74 uwodebs. saerTod, warmodgenebs uwodeben yovelgvar azrs,
romelic miwyiv Tan axlavs sityvas. magram am termins Cven viyenebT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca zeSTagoneba da paTosi gansakuTrebul TvalsaCinoebas
aniWeben sityvis Sinaarss. Cven TiTqos TvalnaTliv vuCvenebT msmenels, rasac
movuTxrobT.
Sen, ra Tqma unda, kargad mogexseneba, rom warmodgenis mizani sxvaa
prozaSi da sxvaa poeziaSi: poeziam sulis siRrmemde unda SesZras msmeneli,
xolo prozam Tavisi sicxadiT unda daarwmunos igi. magram maT saerTo niSanic
axasiaTebT: orive cdilobs daeuflos msmenelis suls da mZafri zemoqmedeba
moaxdinos masze.

gevedrebi, dedao, nu momisev Tvalsisxlian da gvelisTmebian qalwulT; aha,

mohqrian, mofrinaven, garemertymian.75

an kidev:

uTuod momklavs; sad gaviqce, sad gadvixvewo?76

poetma aq TiTqos sakuTari TvaliT ixila eriniebi da, amasTan, TiTqmis

ZaliT aiZula Tavisi msmenelni TvalnaTliv exilaT is, rac mxolod
warmodgenaSi esaxeboda mas, rogorc xilva, rogorc zmaneba.
evripides dramebis Tema upiratesad ori vnebaa: siSmage da siyvaruli,
romelTa warmosaxvaSic is, Cemi azriT, WeSmaritad ubadloa, Tumca misTvis
arc sxva adamianuri vnebebia ucxo.
evripides ar axasiaTebs didebuleba da grandiozuloba, magram is xSirad
aiZulebs Tavis Tavs amaRldes tragikuli xelovnebisa da srulyofilebis
mwvervalamde, gansakuTrebiT, sidiadis warmosaxvisas. homerosis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, is emsgavseba loms, romelic

mrisxaned itlaSunebs kuds ferdebsa da TeZoebze, da, amrigad, TiTqos

sabrZolvelad aqezebs Tavis Tavs.77

heliosi, sadaves rom gadascems faetons, ase mimarTavs mas:

74
dedanSi _ `fantasiai~ (mx. ricxvi _ `fantasia~). ganmartebisaTvis mivmarToT kvintilianes
(VI, 2, 29): `imas, rasac berZnebi `fantasias~ uwodeben, Cven, savsebiT marTebulad, xilvebs
(visiones) veZaxiT, romelTa meSveobiTac Cvengan droiTa Tu sivrciT daSorebuli sagnebi
imnairad warmouCndebian suls, TiTqos maT TvaliT varCevdeT da pirispir vWvretdeT,
rogorc Cvens gverdiT myofT~.
75
evripide, `oreste~, 241 _ 243... dedis mokvlis Semdeg orestes eCveneba, TiTqos mas esevian
eriniebi, Surisgebis mrisxane qalRmerTebi, da daRupviT emuqrebian.
76
evripide, `ifigenia tavr~. 291.
77
homerosi, `iliada~, XX, 170-171.

397
 gaswi, gafrindi, magram eride libiis mcxunvare cas, radgan ucvaro Tavqve
daaqanebs etls, dagvcems, dagamxobs.

da mere ganagrZobs:

`Svidi mTiebisken aiRe gezi!~ faetonma ismina mamis rCeva, akrifa sadave,
Solti gadauWira frTosan raSebs da cis xveul gzebs da xeobebs isariviT
gadauqrola etlma. mama samaraqafo cxenze amxedrda, ukan mohyveba Zes da ase
arigebs mas: `marjvniv miuSvi, axla marcxniv, da isev marjvniv...78

kacma SeiZleba ifiqros, rom poeti aq TiTqos faetonTan erTad adis etlze
da, iziarebs ra sinZeles gzisas, masTan erTad miagelvebs frTosan raSebs. da
marTlac is verasodes ver SeZlebda daexata yovelive es, warmosaxviT rom ar
misdevdes am ciur arsTa srbolas. aseve xatovani warmodgenaa mocemuli
kasandras sityvebSi:

magram Tqven, cxenTmoyvare troelebo...79

kidev ufro Tamamad gvicxadebs esqiles fantazia heroikul xilvebs. ase

magaliTad, mis tragediaSi _ `Svidni Tebes galavanTan~ _ vkiTxulobT:

Svidma mZvinvare loxagetma dakla kurati; sisxliT aavses Savi fari, TiTebi
Caawes Sig da erTxmad Sehfices aress, eniosa da sisxlismoyvare foboss: an
miwasTan gavasworebT kadmoselT qalaqs, an Cveni sisxliT movrwyavTo
brZolis vels.80

yvela isini usinanulod ificebian, rom Tavs dasdeben brZolis velze...

Tumca esqile zogjer daumuSavebeli saxiT gvTavazobs Tavis azrebs, Tumca misi
sityva zogjer mqisea da xorkliani, magram evripide, rogorc yvela
pativmoyvare, mainc bedavs kvaldakval mihyves mas.
ase magaliTad, esqiles tragediaSi dionises gamocxadeba TiTqos RvTaebis
suliT avsebs likurges sasaxles:

Smagobs sasaxle, mZvinvarebs Weri.81

78
citatebi evripides dakarguli dramidan `faetoni~, romelsac safuZvlad edo miTi fae-
tonis Sesaxeb. erTxel faetonma sTxova mamas _ mzis RmerTs helioss, misTvis miendo mzi-
uri etlis marTva. ficiT Sekruli heliosi iZulebuli iyo daTanxmeboda Svilis Txovnas;
magram Wabukma Tavi ver dauWira heliosis gaficxebul cxenebs, romlebmac miwisken gaa-
qanes etli. autaneli sicxe aSrobda mdinareebs, wvavda tyeebs, udabnod aqcevda vel-
mindvrebs. dedamiwa rom gadaerCina, zevsma elviT gangmira faetoni.
79
citata evripides dakarguli tragediidan `aleqsandre~. kasandra _ troas mefis priamosis
asuli. kasandra Seuyvarda apolons da winaswarmetyvelebis niWi uboZa mas, magram qalma
uaryo RmerTis siyvaruli da sastikad daisaja: kvlavindeburad SerCa winas-
warmetyvelebis niWi, magram misi winaswarmetyveleba aravis swamda.
80
esqile, `Svidni Tebes galavanTan~, 42-46. loxageti _ `loxosis~ (razmis) meTauri. enio _
omianobis qalRmerTi, aresis Tanmxlebi. fobosi (berZn. SiSi) _ aresisa da afrodites Ze,
SiSisa da saSinelebis RvTaeba.
81
citata esqiles dakarguli dramidan `likurgea~, romlis Tema miaxloebiT emTxveoda
evripides dramis `bakqeli qalebis~ Temas: Trakiis mefe likurge ar aRiarebs dionises da
Tavisi qveynidan gandevnis, risTvisac RmerTi sastikad dasjis mas.

398
 xolo evripide odnav Serbilebuli saxiT gadmogvcems amave azrs:

da maTTan erTad Smagobs mTeli mTa.82

aseTsave simaRles aRwevs sofoklec, roca gvixatavs oidiposis aRsasrulisa

da, RmerTebis nebisamebr, misi TviTdamarxvis scenas.83 anda gavixsenoT, rogor
evlineba ilionidan xomaldebiT Sinmimaval berZnebs aqilevsis mkvdreTiT
aRmdgari landi. me ar vici, vin SeZlebda simonideze ufro cxadad, ufro
TvalnaTliv warmoedgina CvenTvis es gulisSemZvreli scena.84 magram yvela
magaliTis CamoTvla SeuZlebelia.
Tumca poetur xilvebSi, rogorc aRvniSne, miTiuri gazviadeba aSkarad
Crdilavs yovelive namdvils da, miT umetes, yovelive sarwmunos. rac Seexeba
prozaul nawarmoebebs, maTSi yvelaze mSvenieria asaxvis qmediToba da
simarTle. saSineli da arabunebrivia is wiaRsvlebi, romlebSiac prozis ena
poetur formas iRebs da TandaTanobiT Sordeba sinamdviles, xolo zogjer
mTlianadac ki inTqmeba SeuZlebelSi. aq ukve, vficav zevss, Cveni vai-ritorebi
tragikosebiviT TvalnaTliv Wvreten TviT eriniebs. magram am Wkuis kolofebs
ver SeugniaT, rom rodesac oreste ambobs:

ganved Cemgan, erinia, Surismgebelo sulo! Sen mexvevi, raTa tartarosSi

gadamiZaxo.85

is ukve SeSlilia da bodavs imas, rasac Tavisi dabinduli gonebiT xedavs.

magram mainc ra rols asrulebs ritorikuli sityvis grZnobadi xatebi Tu
saxeebi? maT darwmunebis mravalgvari da mravalricxovani xerxebiT unda
gaamdidron sityva da SeZlon saTanado gancdebis gamowveva, radgan
formalur mtkicebasTan SeerTebuli saxe Tu xati ara marto arwmunebs
msmenels, aramed kidevac ipyrobs da imorCilebs mas. `erT kacs rom anazdad
Semosmoda yvirili samsjavros win, _ ambobs demosTene, _ xolo meores
ecnobebina SekrebilTaTvis _ sapatimro gatexes da patimrebi garbiano, albaT,
aravin, arc moxuci da arc axalgazrda, ar gamoiCenda iseT sulmdablobas,
rom, SeZlebisdagvarad ar daxmareboda kanonis mcvelT. xolo vinme rom
Semosuliyo da eTqva: ai, am kacma gaaqciao isini, damnaSaves, yovelgvari
gamoZiebis gareSe, iqve Cahqolavda xalxi~.86
vficav zevss, aseve moiqca hiperidec, romelsac bralad dasdes is, rom,
qeroneasTan damarcxebis Semdeg,87 winadadeba Seitana monebis ganTavisuflebis
Sesaxeb. `es winadadeba, _ Tqva man, _ oratorma ki ar Semoitana, aramed TviT

82
evripide, `bakqeli qalebi~, 726.
83
ix. sofokle, `oidiposi kolonosSi~, 1586 da Smd.
84
igulisxmeba simonides romeliRac CvenTvis ucnobi leqsi. magram romeli simonidesi?
simonide keoselis Tu simonide amorgoselisa? CvenTvis ese ucnobia (marTalia, dRes
ufro marTebulad miiCneven weron semonide amorgoseli, magram tradicia ar asxvavebs am
ori poetis saxels).
85
evripide, `oreste~, 264-265.
86
demosTene, `timokrates winaaRmdeg~, 208.
87
hiperide (daaxl. 395 _ 322 w. Zv.w.a.) _ saxelganTqmuli berZeni ritori, demosTenes
Tanamedrove da TanamebrZoli. qvemoT (T. XXXIV) fsevdo-longine dawvrilebiT
aanalizebs hiperides stilis zogierT specifikur aspeqts.

399
qeroneis brZolam~.88 roca oratori faqtebis gadmocemisas mxatvrul saxeebsac
iSveliebs, amiT is ara marto arwmunebs msmenelT, aramed kidec aRelvebs
maT.89
am dros Cven, msmenelebi, rogorc Cans, Cvenda uneburad, mxolod yvelaze
mniSvnelovans aRviqvamT xolme. Cveni yuradReba mtkicebidan meyvseulad
miiqceva Cveni gulisSemZvreli saxisa Tu xatis mimarT, romelic Tavis
brwyinvalebiT aSkarad Crdilavs yovelgvar sabuTs. da es savsebiT
bunebrivia, vinaidan ori fenomenis anazdeuli Serwyma-SeerTebisas susti
yovelTvis STainTqmeba Zlieris mier.
amrigad, me ukve sakmarisad vilaparake azrovnebiseul simaRleze, amaRlebu-
lisadmi mibaZvasa da grZnobad xatebsa Tu warmodgenebze.

XVI
axla ki droa gadavideT ritorikul figurebzedac,90 romlebic
amaRlebulis friad mniSvnelovan nawilebad gvevlinebian, Tuki, rogorc ukve
aRvniSne, marTebulad arian naxmarni. magram aq ara marto Znelia, aramed
TiTqmis SeuZlebelic, gamowvlilviT ganvixiloT TviTeuli maTgani. amitom,
Cemi mosazrebis naTelsayofad, SevCerdebi mxolod zogierT im figuraze,
romelic mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebs sityvis amaRlebul stils.
daviwyoT demosTeneTi. oratorma unda daicvas da gaamarTlos Tavisi
moRvaweoba saxelmwifos meTauris postze.91 rogori unda iyos misi sityva?
`Tqven ar SemcdarxarT, aTenelno, roca eladis TavisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi

88
338 w. Zv.w.a. beotiis patara qalaq qeroneasTan gamarTul brZolaSi filipe makedonelma
daamarcxa aTenelTa armia da eladaSi makedoniis hegemonia daamkvidra.
89
hiperides sityvas, saidanac fsevdo-longines moaqvs es citata, Cvenamde ar mouRwevia.
90
termini `figura~ (berZn. `sqema~) pirvelad istorikosma da ritorma anaqsimene lampsa-
kelma (IV s. Zv.w.a.) ixmara. sityvier figurebs specialurad arCevda aristotele, xolo
misma berZenma da romaelma memkvidreebma erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves sityvieri da azro-
brivi figurebi (figurae verborum et sententiarum). im ritorTagan, romlebmac sagangebo
gamokvlevebi miuZRvnes ritorikuli figurebis Teoriul safuZvlebs (...proprie libros huic
operi dedicavérunt), kvintiliane asaxelebs ceciliuss (ix. Sen. 1, 2), dionise halikarnasels,
rutilius lupuss (I s. Zv.w.a.), romelsac ekuTvnis 2 wignisagan Semdgari Txzuleba `Schemata
lexeos~, kvintus kornificiuss (gard. 43 w. Zv.w.a.), ciceronis megobars, romelsac kvintilia-
ne miawers dRes anonimurad miCneul Txzulebas _ `Rhetorica ad Herennium~ vizeliuss da sxv.
da sxv. (kvint. IX, 3, 89).
91
did berZen orators da saxelmwifo moRvawes demosTenes (384 _ 322 w. Zv.w.a.) uaRresad
rTul politikur viTarebaSi mouxda samoRvaweo asparezze gamosvla. makedoniis aRzeve-
ba, misi brZola hegemoniisaTvis, filipe makedonelis (359 _ 336 w. Zv.w.a.) eqspansia Tavis
momxreebs poulobs TviT Sinagani winaaRmdegobebiT gaTiSulsa da dasustebul aTenSi,
sadac promakedonuli politikis momxreni aarseben makedonur partias, romlis saTaveSi
dganan oratorebi _ esqine (daaxl. 389 _ 314 w. Zv.w.a.), isokrate (ix. Sen. IV, 2) da gavleni-
ani finansisti evbule (gard. 330 w. Zv.w.a.). maT aqtiurad upirispirdebian antimakedonuri
moZraobis liderebi _ demosTene, hiperide (ix. Sen. XV, 14), likurge (daaxl. 396 _ 325 w.
Zv.w.a.). demosTenes iniciativiT, eladis Tavisuflebis dasacavad Seiqmna Sua saberZneTis
polisTa koalicia aTenisa da Tebes hegemonobiT, magram qeronies brZolis wagebis
Semdeg (ix. Sen. XV, 15) es koalicia daiSala. aqedan moyolebuli, demosTenes mTeli
cxovreba esaa, erTi mxriv, dausrulebeli tanjva-vaeba, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavganwiruli,
magram amao brZola aTenis damoukideblobis gadasarCenad (dawvrilebiT ix. plutarqe,
`demosTene~, 20 da Smd.). 322 w. 12 oqtombers demosTenem TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula
sicocxle.

400
CaebiT; Tqveni samSoblos istoria xom savsea amgvari brZolis magaliTebiT.
aseve ar Semcdaran maraTonTan, salaminsa Tu plateasTan mebrZolni~.92
magram aq oratori, TiTqos anazdad aRivsoo zeSTagonebis RvTiuri
madliT, TviTon apolons emsgavseba93 da gulmxurvaled ificavs eladis
Rirseul SvilTa xsovnas: `ara, ar SemcdarxarT Tqven, vficav maraTonis velze
dacemulT!~94
oratori aq iyenebs ficisTvis egzom niSneul figuras, romelsac me apost-
rofs95 vuwodeb da, misi SemweobiT, RmerTebad saxavs Cvens did winaprebs. amiT
is Seagonebs yvelas, rom brZolis velze dacemul gmirebs iseve unda ificavdes
xalxi, rogorc netar RmerTebs, xolo msajulebs samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul
gmirTa azrebs axvevs Tavs da, amrigad, dasabuTebis Cveulebriv wess zeaweuli
ganwyobilebiT, paTosiTa da ficis axali, uCveulo da WeSmaritad gulisSemZv-
reli formuliT rom cvlis, TiTqos saswaulTmoqmed balzamsa scxebs msme-
nelis suls. Tavisi xotbiT man gaamxneva da daarwmuna yvela, rom filipesTan
brZolis wageba96 aranakleb sasaxeloa, vidre maraTonsa da salaminTan
mopovebuli gamarjvebebi. erT figuraSi rom SeaerTa darwmunebisa da
Segonebis amdeni xerxi, man SeZlo Tavis mxareze gadaebirebina yvela msmeneli.
zogi amtkicebs, amnairi fici pirvelad evpolidem gamoiyenao:

vficav Cems maraTons, vficav iq gadaxdil brZolas, maTgan arc erTi agre
vaglaxad ar mowylavs Cems guls.97

magram saqme isaa, rom STambeWdavia ara yovelgvari fici; unda vicodeT,
sad, rogor, ra viTarebaSi an risTvis vficulobT. evpolides martivi fici
mimarTulia svebednieri aTenelebisadmi, romlebsac arc gamxneveba sWirdebaT
da arc nugeSi. amasTan, poeti ukvdav gmirebs rodi ificavs, raTa maTma xsenebam
sagmiro saqmeTaTvis aRagznos msmenelni; ara, brZolaSi dacemulTa nacvlad is
ificavs usulo cnebas _ brZolas. demosTenes fici ki uSualod damarcxebuli
Tanamoqalaqeebisadmia mimarTuli, raTa aTenelebma sasowarmkveT ubedurebad
ar miiCnion qeroneis brZolis wageba. egec ar iyos, misi fici, rogorc

92
demosTene, `gvirgvinisaTvis~, 208. oratori CamoTvlis berZenTa mier mopovebul brwyin-
vale gamarjvebebs berZen-sparselTa omSi: maraTonis velze 490 w. Zv.w.a. aTenelTa armiam,
miltiades mTavarsardlobiT, sastikad daamarcxa sparseTis uzarmazari armia da damone-
bisagan ixsna elada. salaminis sruteSi 480 w. (Zv.w.a.) 20 seqtembers berZnebis patara
flotma gaanadgura sparselTa uZlieresi floti. plateasTan 479 w. (Zv.w.a.) seqtembris
damlevs elinuri polisebis gaerTianebulma armiam musri gaavlo sparselTa laSqars
mardoniosis meTaurobiT. TviT mardoniosi brZolis velze daeca.
93
Sdr. plutarqe, `demosTene~, 9: `eratosTene amtkicebs, rom sityvis warmoTqmisas demosTe-
nes xSirad TiTqos bakquri eqstazi eufleboda, xolo demetriosi ambobs, rom erTxel,
TiTqos zegardmo STagonebiT SeZrulma, man xalxis winaSe leqsad warmoTqvao fici: `vfi-
cav miwas, wyaros, CanCqers, nakaduls vficav!~
94
herodotes cnobiT, `maraTonis brZolaSi barbarosTagan 6400 kaci daeca, xolo elinTa-
gan _ 192~ (VI, 117).
95
apostrofi _ ritorikuli figura, romliTac oratori uSualod da moulodnelad
mimarTavs damswreT Tu aradamswreT, mowinaaRmdegeT Tu mokavSireT, sulier Tu usulo
arsT da a.S. kvintilianes mtkicebiT (IX, 2, 38). apostrofi `gansacvifrebel zemoqmedebas
axdens~ (mire movet), roca Tavs vesxmiT mopirdapires, roca TxovniT an mowodebiT
mivmarTavT visme.
96
igulisxmeba damarcxeba qeroneasTan (ix. Sen. XV, 15).
97
citata komediograf evpolides (V s. Zv.w.a.) komediidan `demebi~ (`demoi~), romelmac frag-
mentebis saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde.

401
aRvniSne, xazgasmiT amtkicebs aTenelTa saqmis simarTles; is maTTvis,
erTdroulad, magaliTicaa, mrwamsic, qebac da, bolos, mowodebac.
magram amnair orators SeiZleba ase Sesityvebodnen: `ras ambob, kaco? Sen,
saxelmwifos meTaurma, damarcxebamde miiyvane Seni xalxi da axla ga-
marjvebebs ificav?!~ amitomaa, rom demosTene Semdeg ukve zedmiwevniT zustad
icavs zomierebas, didi sifrTxiliT arCevs sityvebs da amiT TiTqos Seagonebs
yvelas, rom TviT bakquri eqstaziT Trobis drosac ki saWiroa SevinarCunoT
gonebis sifxizle. is laparakobs meomrebze, romlebic ibrZodnen maraTonTan,
zRvaze erkinebodnen mters salaminsa Tu artemisionTan98 da risxvad atyde-
bodnen momxdurs plateasTan, magram arsad ar uwodebs maT `gamarjvebulT~.
metic, is saerTod ar axsenebs brZolis Sedegs, vinaidan yvela es brZola
berZnebis gamarjvebiT damTavrda, qeroneis brZola ki _ maTi damarcxebiT.
amitom, TiTqos surs msmenelTa mxriv SesaZlo Sesityveba winaswarve
aiciloso Tavidan, demosTene sruliad moulodnelad, aseT frazas rTavs
Tavis sityvaSi: `yvela isini mSobliurma qalaqma miabara, esqine,99 miwas,
yvelas Tanabari pativi miago, da ara mxolod imaT, visac bedma gauRima da
gamarjvebuli dabrunda Sin~.

XVII
me umarTebulod moviqceodi, Cemo Zvirfaso, Tu dumiliT avuvlidi gverds
erT Cems debulebas, romlis arsi SeiZleba oriode sityviT gadmovceT:
ritorikuli figurebi, TavianTi bunebiT, sagrZnoblad uwyoben xels msmenelis
sulze amaRlebulis zemoqmedebas da, piruku, amaRlebuli, Tavis mxriv, bevr
rameSi Seeweva maT. magram sad an rogor xdeba es? axlave mogaxseneb.
ritorikuli figurebi, rogorc viciT, yovelTvis imarxaven ama Tu im
farul azrs, amitom maTi xmareba aTasgvari eWvisa Tu undoblobis wyarod
iqceva xolme; eWvoben, xom ar imaleba maT miRma sicrue, zizRi, boroti zraxva
an cbiereba. yovelive es metismetad saSiSia maSin, roca orators uzenaesi
msajulis, gansakuTrebiT ki, TviTmpyrobelis, mefisa Tu mxedarTmTavris
winaSe uwevs sityvis warmoTqma. isini meyvseulad enTebian risxviT, radgan
Tvlian, rom gaqnili ritori, patara balRebis msgavsad, abruebs da abiaburebs
maT. zogi mainc sul mTlad mxecdeba da cofs anTxevs xolme, vinaidan Tavis
mcdar daskvnas mis mimarT gamovlenili zizRis gamoxatulebad Tvlis. zogi ki
Tumca iokebs risxvas, magram ukve araviTar sarwmuno sabuTs aRar endoba.
amitomac yvelaze ukeTesia is figura, romelic yvelaze ukeT malavs Tavis
figurul azrs.
da ai, swored aq gvevlinebian mwed da meoxad amaRlebuli da paTetikuri,
romlebic myisve aqarwyleben yovelgvar eWvs, rasac ritorikuli figurebis
xmareba iwvevs. nebismieri manqaneba Tu maxe SeiZleba SeumCneveli gaxado, Tuki
ritorikuli figura uSualod erwymis mSveniersa da amaRlebuls. zemoT
motanili fraza _ `vficav maraTonis velze dacemulT~, _ sakmaod
damajereblad gvimowmebs amas. magram mainc riTi axerxebs aq oratori Tavisi
ritorikuli figuris SeniRbvas? cxadia, misive sakuTari brwyinvalebiT.
msgavsad imisa, rogorc mzis amosvla afermkrTalebs da auCinarebs sxva ciur

98
artemisionis koncxTan gaimarTa pirveli sazRvao brZola elinTa da sparselTa flotebs
Soris (480 w. Zv.w.a.).
99
esqine (daaxl. 389 _ 314 w. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni oratori, makedonuri partiis lideri, de-
mosTenes mowinaaRmdege (ix. Sen. XVI, 2).

402
mnaTobebs, ise yovelgvar ritorikul manqanebasac Crdilavs da uCinars xdis
yovelmxriv mozRvavebuli brwyinvaleba sidiadisa.
daaxloebiT aseTive movlena SeimCneva ferweraSic. miuxedavad imisa, rom aq
Suqi da Crdili ferebiT arian aRbeWdilni erTsa da imave zedapirze, Suqi
mainc pirvelad aRiqmeba Cven mier da, amasTan, aRiqmeba ara marto rogorc
ufro naTeli, aramed rogorc CvenTvis ufro axlobelic. zustad aseve,
paTetikuri da amaRlebuli mwerlobaSi, ar vici, imitom, rom TavianTi bunebiT
gvenaTesavebian Cven Tu imitom, rom TvalismomWreli brwyinvaleba axlavT,
ufro Rrmad iWrebian sulSi da Cvenc ufro umal aRviqvamT orsave maTgans,
vidre SevniSnavdeT im ritorikul figurebs, romlebsac isini ise Crdilaven,
TiTqos erTgvari ridiT hburaveno maT.

XVIII
ra SeiZleba iTqvas iseTi ritorikuli figurebis mimarT, rogoricaa
kiTxva-pasuxi? gana saTqmels swored misi wyalobiT ar eniWeba ufro meti
simsubuqe da simZafre? `an, iqneb, gnebavT, miTxraT geTayva, _ ambobs
demosTene,100 _ aqeT-iqiT awydebodeT da erTmaneTs ekiTxebodeT: ra ismis
axalio, magram ra SeiZleba iyos imaze ufro axali, rom makedoneli amarcxebs
berZnebs da TviTon ganagebs maT saqmeebs?
_ filipe xom ar momkvdara, Tu ici?
_ ara, avadaa.
ki magram, gana TqvenTvis sul erTi ar aris? man rom, vTqvaT da, marTlac
gaWimos fexi, Tqven axal filipes daisvamT Tavze~.
sxvagan is ambobs:101
`xom ar gavcuroT xomaldebiT makedoniisaken?
_ ki magram, romel napirs mivadgebiT? _ ikiTxavs vinme.
_ TviT omi gviCvenebs, aTenelno, sust adgils filipes samflobeloSi~.
es fraza rom ubralod yofiliyo naTqvami, maSin is veraviTar
STabeWdilebas ver moaxdenda. magram aq oratoris gznebam, kiTxva-pasuxis
swrafma monacvleobam da Tavisi Tavisadmi, rogorc Tanamosaubrisadmi
mimarTvam, zemoaRniSnuli ritorikuli figurebis wyalobiT, ara marto ufro
meti simaRle mianiWa sityvas, aramed ufro damarwmunebelic gaxada igi.
paTetikuri kidev ufro mZafr zemoqmedebas axdens maSin, roca ggonia,
TiTqos is oratoris sulidan ki ar iRebs dasabams, aramed TviT
garemoebaTagan, da roca avtoris kiTxvebi Tavisive Tavisadmi da pasuxebi
maTze vnebiani sityviT gvicxadeben saqmis WeSmarit arss. cnobilia, rom kacni
yvelaze swrafad da pirdapir pasuxoben xolme im kiTxvebs, romlebic pasuxis
mofiqrebis saSualebas ar iZlevian; amitom oratori, romelic Tavis sityvas
swrafad monacvle kiTxvebiTa da pasuxebiT Txzavs, iseT STabeWdilebas axdens
msmenelze, TiTqos yovelive es saxeldaxelod _ moufiqreblad da
moumzadeblad hqondes SeTxzuli, riTac kidev ufro metad zrdis Tavisi
sityvis zemoqmedebis Zalas. da Tu Cven vaRiarebT herodotes sityvebis
uCveulo simaRles...

XIX

100
demosTene, `filipikebi~, I, 10.
101
demosTene, `filipikebi~, I, 44.

xelnawers aklia ori ferceli.

403
 ...ise mohquxs da moRelavs sityva, gegoneba win uswrebso TviTon orators.
`farebiT ejaxebodnen da daundoblad hgmerdnen erTmaneTs, _ ambobs
qsenofonte, _ hklavdnen, kvdebodnen~.102
axla evriloqes sityvebs aRar ikiTxav:

Seni brZanebiT ganvvleT muxnari, brZeno odisevs, vixileT velze turfad

naSeni sra-sasaxleni.103

es sityvebi, erTmaneTs mowyvetilni, magram, amasTan, Tanabari, swrafi

ritmiT Sekrulni, TiTqos erTmaneTs erkinebian, akaveben da, imavdroulad,
kidevac aqezeben erTimeores, xolo yovelive amas sityvaTa ukavSiro
SeerTebiT aRwevs poeti.

XX
yvelaze Zlier STabeWdilebas axdens ritorikuli figurebis iseTi Serwyma,
roca erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli ori Tu sami figura TiTqos
erTmaneTs ejibreba, vnaxoT, romeli Cvengani ufro met Zalmosilebas,
damajereblobas da mSvenierebas mianiWebso sityvas. nimuSad gamodgeba erTi
nawyveti midias winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sityvidan, sadac ganmeorebani da
aRwerilobani uSualod erwymian ukavSiro sityvaTnaerTebs: `bevr rames,
rasac Seuracxyofili verc ki gaumJRavnebs visme, Seuracxmyofeli erT wamSi
daaTmeninebs mas Tavisi qceviT, mzeriT, yviriliT~.104
Semdeg ki, TiTqos SiSobs, vaiTu zemoaRniSnulma figurebma SeaCerono
sityvis boboqari dineba (vinaidan SeCereba yovelTvis gulisxmobs simSvides
da aumRvrevlobas, xolo mRelvareba niSneulia vnebisaTvis, romelic sxva ara
aris ra, Tu ara sulis maradiuli moZraoba da survieli ltolva) _
demosTene moulodnelad gadadis xelaxal ganmeorebebsa Tu ukavSiro
sityvaTnaerTebze: `yviriliT, mzeriT, qceviT; xan rogorc moZalade, xan
rogorc mZvinvare mteri, silas ulawunebs saxeSi, an, rogorc monas, muStiT
uxeTqavs yvrimals~.
amiT oratori TviTonve emsgavseba mas, visac moZalades uwodebs da
daundobeli dartymebiT hmusravs msajulTa yvela sabuTs.
da kvlav grigaliseburi Seteva: `ai, ra amwarebs, ai, ra akargvinebs wonas-
worobas amaysa da Seuracxyofas SeuCvevel kacs. vis ZaluZs sityviT gvagrZ-
nobinos am Tavxedobis mTeli sibilwe?~
ostaturi gadasvlebiT demosTenem SeZlo ucvlelad SeenarCunebina ganmeo-
rebebisa da ukavSiro sityvaTnaerTebis WeSmariti arsi, wesrigi mis sityvaSi
erTgvari uwesrigobis saxes iRebs, xolo uwesrigoba, Tavis mxriv, Sinagan
mowesrigebuli fenomenis saxiT gvevlineba.

XXI
magram, aba, scade da, isokrates mimdevrebis mibaZviT, kavSirebi CarTe am
sityvaSi: `arc is unda dagvaviwydes, ramden borotebas sCadis moZalade, jer
erTi, Tavisi qceviT, Semdeg mzeriT da, bolos, yviriliT~. xelad igrZnob,

102
qsenofonte, `helenika~ (Historia Graeca), IV, 3, 19.
103
homerosi `odisea~, X, 251.
104
demosTene, `midias winaaRmdeg~, 72.

404
rogor agluveben es CanarTebi sityvis mTel xorklianobas Tu simqises,
rogor arbileben mis simZafres da aqroben mis elvarebas.
warmoidgineT, rogor barbacebs morbenali, romelic daiWires, Sekres,
SekoWes da moZraobis unari waarTves. aseve borZikobs kavSirebiTa Tu sxva
sityvieri artaxebiT SeboWili paTetikuri sityva. morbenalisa ar iyos, aRarc
mas Seswevs win swrafvisa Tu mSvildiT natyorcni isariviT frenis unari.

XXII
ritorikuli figurebis amave rigs miekuTvneba, egreT wodebuli, gadasmac,
romelic sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara sityvaTa da azrTa Cveulebrivi wyobis
darRveva da romelic meamboxuri paTosis utyuar niSnad gvevlineba
yovelTvis, roca kacni marTla mrisxaneben, SiSoben, drtvinven an kidev eWvsa
Tu romelsame sxva vnebas hmoneben (radgan vnebas imdeni sxvadasxva saxe aqvs,
rom aravis ZaluZs maTi CamoTvla), xSirad, erT romelime saganze saubrisas,
Tavisda uneburad, xtebian xolme meoreze, sruliad uazro da uSinaarso
sityvas rTaven SuaSi, dabolos, kvlav angariSmiucemlad ubrundebian
dasawyiss. sulieri mRelvarebis Jams isini ise wrialeben, aqeT-iqiT awydebian
da iryevian, rogorc wamiTiwamad cvalebadi qariT rxeulni, da Tan
gamudmebiT cvlian gamoTqmebs, iseve rogorc azrebisa Tu sityvebis bunebriv
wyobas. sulieri mRelvarebis swored am bunebriv mdgomareobas baZaZen xolme
sityvis didostatni gadasmebis saSualebiT.
xelovneba mxolod maSinaa srulyofili, roca is TviT bunebas hgavs,
bunebas gvagonebs, xolo buneba unakloa maSin, roca faruli saxiT imarxavs
xelovnebas.
herodotes TxzulebaSi dionisios fokeeli ambobs: `bewvze hkidia Cveni
bedi, ionielno! orSi erTi unda virCioT: Tavisufleba anda monoba,
samarcxvino da saZraxi monoba. da Tu gsurT Tavi daaRwioT am sircxvils,
droa axlave aRsdgeT saomrad, droa axlave CaebaT samkvdro-sasicocxlo
brZolaSi, da Tqven sZlevT mters!~105
sityvebis bunebrivi wyoba aseTi unda yofiliyo: `ionielno! axla ki droa
aRsdgeT saomrad. bewvze hkidia Cveni bedi~.oratorma ki gadasva, pirveli
frazis bolos gadaitana mimarTva `ionielno~, da pirdapir Tavsdatexili
gansacdlis xsenebiT daiwyo Tavisi sityva, TiTqos SiSma SeuSalao xeli
uSualod miemarTa msmenelebisTvis. Semdeg man Secvala azrTa bunebrivi
wyobac: nacvlad imisa, rom brZolisaken mouwodos Tavis msmenelebs (xolo
esaa misi sityvis erTaderTi mizani), oratori Tavdapirvelad miuTiTebs maT,
Tu ratom marTebT brZola _ `bewvze hkidia Cveni bedi~, _ riTac iseT
STabeWdilebas axdens msmenelze, TiTqos sityva winaswar ki ar hqondes
momzadebuli, aramed _ saxeldaxelod, TviT garemoebaTa karnaxiT SeTxzuli.
am mxriv, kidev ufro met siTamames iCens Tukidide, romelic gadasmebis
saSualebiT TviT imasac ki arRvevs da anawevrebs, rac Tavisi bunebiT
daurRveveli Cans da ganuyofeli. demosTene siTamamiT ver Seedreba
Tukidides, magram gadasmebis ostaturi gamoyenebiT aSkarad Crdilavs yvelas.
paeqrobis misi WeSmaritad ubadlo unari, vficav zevss, upirvelesad gadasmebis
maxvilgonivrul xmarebasa da improvizaciis uzado xelovnebaSi vlindeba.
mxolod mas ZaluZs gadasmebis dausrulebel labirinTSi Seityuos msmeneli.

105
herodote, VI, 11.

405
 demosTene xSirad Sua gzaze atovebs dawyebul azrs, romelic amis gamo
TiTqos haerSi gamokidebuli rCeba, Semdeg ki sadRac garedan aRebuli da
sruliad uCveulo wyobis mqone azrebiT avsebs Tavis sityvas, riTac
gamudmebiT aRelvebs da daZabul mdgomareobaSi amyofebs msmenels, romelsac
hgonia, rom sityva sadacaa gawydeba, nawilebad ganwvaldeba da ganqardeba; is
Zrwis oratoris magivrad da masTan erTad ganicdis am uCveulo Zalisxmevis
simZafres, sanam, bolos da bolos, ar moismens didi xnis nanatr daskvnas. am
Tamami da, imavdroulad, saxifaTo gadasmebiT demosTene sulis siRrmemde
aRelvebs msmenels. magram msgavsi magaliTebi imdenia, rom maTi saTiTaod
CamoTvliT mxolod Tavs mogawyen da mogabezreb.

XXIII
rogorc mogexseneba, brunvamravloba, Tavmoyra, monacvleoba da mateba
uxvad amkoben sityvas da mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobeben amaRlebulsa da
paTetikur stils. magram rogor? saqme isaa, rom brunvaTa, droTa, pirTa,
ricxvTa da, bolos, sqesTa monacvleoba didad amravalferovnebs da
cxovelmyofelobas aniWebs sityvas.
daviwyoT im SemTxveviT, roca mxolobiT ricxvs mravlobiTi enacvleba.
Cemi azriT, amnairi Senacvlebis mizani marto im gamoTqmis gaZliereba ki ar
aris, romelSiac mTavari sityva, arsebiTad, mravlobiTia, miuxedavad imisa,
rom, formalurad, mxolobiTadaa warmodgenili:

mimoifanta uricxvi brbo zvirTmolivlive zRvis napiras da gafantulni

ayvirdnen uceb.106

gacilebiT ufro mniSvnelovania is, rom amnairi Senacvleba xels uwyobs

sityvis sidiades da amZafrebs mis eqspresiul Zalmosilebas.
amasve mowmobs oidiposis sityvebi sofokles tragediaSi:

vaglax, wyeuli qorwilni da qorwinebani, romelTac gvSobes, da ra

gvSobes, ukudasTxies mSoblisa da Sobilis Tesli. am TesliT iSvnen codvis
Svilni _ Zeni da Zmebi, deda-mamani, qalni da rZalni; meti sibilwe ar uxilavs
jer kacTa modgmas.107

Tumca, sinamdvileSi, aq mxolod erTi saxeli igulisxmeba: kacisa _

oidiposi, qalisa _ iokaste. magram mravlobiTma ricxvma pirdapir waleka
mxolobiTi, gaamravla codva da gaaRrmava ubedurebis mrume morevi.
aseTive pleonazmia gamoyenebuli Semdeg leqsSic:
sadRa arian dRes heqtorni an sarpedonni.108
igive iTqmis platonis Cem mier sxvagan ukve moyvanili citatisTvisac,
romelSiac filosofosi aTenelebze laparakobs: `radgan arc pelopsebi, arc
kadmosebi, arc egviptelni, arc danaelni Tu sxva barbarosni ar cxovroben
Cven Soris; Cven, berZnebi, ar vereviT barbarosebs~109 da a.S.
cxadia, saxelebis aseTi Tavmoyra gansakuTrebiT Zlier STabeWdilebas
axdens msmenelze. magram am xerxs unda mivmarToT mxolod maSin, roca sagani

106
citatis wyaro ucnobia.
107
sofokle, `oidipos mefe~, 1403 da Smd.
108
ucnobi avtoris citata.
109
platoni, `meneqsene~, 245d.

406
TviTon moiTxovs gandidebas, gamravlebas, gazviadebas da a.S. _ an mxolod
erTs, an yvelas erTad. radgan yalbi samkaulebiT sityvis Semkoba mxolod
sofistebs sCveviaT, Cemo Zvirfaso.

XXIV
da piriqiT, sityvas aranakleb simaRles da sidiades aniWebs xolme
mravlobiTi ricxvis mxolobiTiT Secvla. `mTeli peloponesi mRelvarebam
moicva~, _ ambobs erTi avtori,110 xolo meoresTan vkiTxulobT: `rodesac
friniqem Tavisi drama _ `miletis aReba~ dadga, Teatri cremlebad
daiRvara~.111 gaTiSuli simravlis erT krebiT saxelSi SeerTeba grZnobad-
konkretuli, sxeulebrivi mTlianobis STabeWdilebas axdens.
Cemi azriT, orive es xerxi erTi da igive mizniT gamoiyeneba: radgan iq,
sadac saxeli mxolobiT ricxvSi unda iyos warmodgenili, mravlobiTiT misi
Secvla, sruliad moulodnel efeqts axdens, xolo mravlobiTi ricxvis
mxolobiTiT Secvla erTgvari keTilxmieri mTlianobis wyarod iqceva da
Tavisi moulodneli saxecvlilebiT atyvevebs msmenels.

XXV
roca warsuli drois ambavs amnairad gadmogvcems mTxrobeli, TiTqos es
warsulSi ki ara, axla xdebodes, maSin Txrobas moqmedebis uSualo asaxva
cvlis. `erTi meomari, _ gadmogvcems qsenofonte, _ fexqveS Cauvarda kirosis
cxens da, damfrTxali cxovelis floqvebiT gadaTqrili, xanjliT ufatravs mas
mucels. cxeni yalyze dgeba, kirosi Tavs veRar imagrebs da miwaze ecema~.112
Txrobis es saxe upiratesad niSneulia TukididesTvis.

XXVI
aseTsave zemoqmedebas axdens msmenelze gramatikuli piris Secvla, rac mas
aRwerili ambisa Tu moqmedebis TviTmxilvelad an Tanamonawiled
warmoadgeninebs Tavs:

Sen ityodi, dasvenebuli maSveli razmi Caebao brZolaSi, ise ficxlad

utevdnen mebrZolni erTurTs.113

xolo aratosi wers:

am Tves mainc nu gaxval zRvaSi.114

aqve SeiZleba movitanoT herodotes sityvebic: `qalaq elefantinidan aRma

ahyvebi dinebas da miadgebi vrcelsa da dacemul vels. mas rom gascdebi, sxva

110
demosTene, `gvirgvinisaTvis~, 18.
111
herodote, VI, 21. friniqe (VI _ V s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni dramaturgi, esqiles ufrosi Tanamed-
rove. mis qmnilebebs Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. friniqes drama `miletis aReba~, romelsac
miTi ki ara, istoriuli faqti edo safuZvlad (iseve rogorc esqiles `sparselebs~) dari-
osis mier qalaq miletis aRebas exeboda.
112
qsenofonte, `kirosis aRzrda~, VII, 1, 37. moqmedebis gasacxoveleblad da TvalsaCinoebis
efeqtis misaRwevad namyo srulisa (perfectum) an namyo usrulis (imperfectum) nacvlad zmnis
awmyo drois (praesens) formiT xmareba berZnulsa Tu laTinur gramatikaSi cnobilia
rogorc e.w. `istoriuli awmyo~ (praesens historicum).
113
homerosi, `iliada~, XV, 697-698.
114
aratosi, `ciuri movlenebi~ (`fainomena~), 287.

407
xomaldze axval da ori dRis curvis Semdeg miaRwev did qalaqs, meroed
saxeldebuls~.115 xom xedav, Cemo megobaro, rogor eufleba mwerali Sens suls
da, mzerad rom aqcevs Sens smenas, rogor migiZRvis win missave mier aRweril
gzaze? aseTi pirdapiri mimarTvebi moqmedebis uSualo monawiled aqceven
msmenels, maSinac ki, roca yvelas ki ar mimarTav, aramed mxolod erTs:

ver Seatyobdi, romel razmSi trialebda tidevsis Ze.116

am gziT Sen ufro mZafr zemoqmedebas axden msmenelze, mTlianad euflebi mis
yuradRebas da aiZuleb Seunelebeli interesiT gisminos da mogsdios Sen.

XXVII
isec xdeba, rom mwerali, ama Tu im pirze saubrisas, mis adgilas Tavis Tavs
ayenebs xolme. am ritorikul figuras paTetikuri stilis gasaZliereblad
iyeneben:

heqtori mquxare xmiT mouwodebda troelebs ieriSi mietanaT xomaldebze

da xeli ar exloT sisxliani nadavlisaTvis:
xolo Tu SevniSne, rom vinme Sordeba xomaldTa rigs, wamsve movuswrafeb
sicocxles.117

homerosi jer, Cveulebisamebr, Tavisi piriT gviyveba ambavs, magram am

mrisxane muqaras, yvelasaTvis moulodnelad, ganrisxebuli beladis piriT
gadmogvcems.
sakmarisi iyo poets daematebina: heqtori amas da amas ambobso, rom mTeli
suraTi meyvseulad gaqvavdeboda da usicocxlo gaxdeboda. magram aq erTi
pirieli formis meoreTi Secvla ufro umal moxda, vidre mTxrobeli am
cvlilebis axsnas moaswrebda.
rasakvirvelia, es xerxi mxolod maSin unda iqnes gamoyenebuli, roca
momentis simZafre mwerlisagan pirieli formebis dauyovnebliv Secvlas
moiTxovs. swored ase iqceva hekateosi: `SeSinebulma keiqsma ubrZana
heraklidebs saswrafod daetovebinaT misi samefo: `radgan me ar SemiZlia
dagexmaroT. nurc Tavs daiRupavT da nurc me wamaxdenT, wadiT da sxvagan
eZieT TavSesafari~.118
aristogitonis winaaRmdeg mimarTul sityvaSi demosTenemac gamoiyena
pirTa Senacvleba, magram misi manera sul sxvagvaria _ vnebiani, mZafri,
mRelvari: `nuTu arcerT Tqvengans ar aRaSfoTebs da ganarisxebs is sibilwe,
rasac es urcxvi da utifari sCadis? is... o, Sen, yvela sibilwiT Sesvrilo
sulo, rodis dagexSoba sityvis Tavisufleba, magram ara kretsabmeliT an

115
herodote, II, 29. elefantini _ egviptis qalaqi, md. nilosis pirvel WoromTan. meroe _
eTiopiis dedaqalaqi.
116
homerosi, `iliada~, V, 85.
117
homerosi, `iliada~, XV, 346-349.
118
hekateosi (VI _ V s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni logografosi. misma Txzulebebma _ `dedamiwis aRwe-
riloba~ da `genealogiebi~, saidanac aRebulia aq motanili citata, fragmentebis saxiT
moaRwia Cvenamde. keiqsi _ Tesaliis qalaq traqinis miTiuri mefe, herakles naTesavi da
megobari. herakles sikvdilis Semdeg misma dauZinebelma mterma evrisTevsma devna dauwyo
herakles Svilebs (heraklidebs), romlebsac keiqsma misca TavSesafari. magram roca
evrisTevsma alya Semoartya traqins, SeSinebulma keiqsma ubrZana heraklidebs saswrafod
daetovebinaT qalaqi.

408
cxraklituliT, romelic SeiZleba mainc gaaRo...~119 azris daumTavreblad,
oratorma swrafad Secvala is da risxviT acaxcaxebulma or sxvadasxva pirs
Soris gaanawila Tavisi sityva _ `is~ da `Sen~, yvela sibilwiT Sesvrilo
sulo~. marTalia, aristogitonisadmi mimarTviT demosTenem TiTqos Tavisda
uneburad dakarga sityvis arsi, magram Semdeg, Tavisi boboqari paTosis
wyalobiT, kvlav miakvlia mas da kidev ufro srulad gagvixsna igi.
aseve laparakobs homerosis penelopec:

macnev, risTvis gamoggzavnes keTilSobilma sasiZoebma? xom ar surT,

RvTaebrivi odisevsis mxevlebma saqmes Tavi anebon da sufra gauwyon maT?
rodis damexsnebian Tavgasulni, rodis moeReba bolo maT Rreobas Cvens
saxlSi? ratom miRupavT ojaxs, ratom aniavebT guluSiSi telemaqes saunjes?
an, iqneb, bavSvobaSi ar gsmeniaT mamebisagan, rogori iyo odisevsi?!120

XXVIII
me mgonia, veravin ver Semedaveba, Tu vityvi, rom amaRlebuli stilis
aranakleb mniSvnelovani komponentia perifraza.121 msgavsad imisa, rogorc
musikaSi ZiriTad tons ufro sasiamovnos da srulyofils xdis damatebiTi
tonebis Tanxleba, ise aqac ZiriTad frazas harmoniulad exmianeba perifraza
da Tavisi TanaxmierebiT xels uwyobs sityvis sinatifes da daxvewilobas.
magram amisaTvis saWiroa, rom perifrazaSi ara iyos ra maRalfardovani da
aramusikuri.
perifrazis didebuli nimuSi mogvca platonma Tavisi erT-erTi dialogis
dasawyisSi: `Cven saqmiT mivageT TviTeul maTgans saTanado pativi. axla isini
ukve daadgnen bedisweris mier winaswar dasazRvrul gzas, romelzedac maT,
yvelas erTad, miacilebs mTeli qalaqi, xolo TviTeuls cal-calke _ maTi
moyvasni~.122 platonma bedisweris mier winaswar dasazRvruli gza uwoda
sikvdils, xolo micvalebulis winaSe ukanaskneli valis moxda madlieri
samSoblos sazeimo-samgloviaro msvlelobad warmogvidgina.
gana ar aRamaRla man Tavisi azri am perifraziT? da gana uwmindes poeziad
ar aJRerda yoveldRuri sityva, TiTqos perifraziseuli harmoniis
macocxlebeli cvari apkureso mas?
xolo qsenofonte ambobs: `Rvawls Tqven miiCnevT erTgul megzurad,
romelic bednieri cxovrebisken migiZRviT. meomarTaTvis yvelaze ukeTesi da
uZvirfasesi nadavli Tqvensave sulSia. radgan yvelaze ufro metad Tqven
gxiblavT dideba~.123 nacvlad imisa, rom eTqva _ Tqven gsurT iRwvodeTo,
mwerali ambobs: `Rvawls Tqven miiCnevT erTgul megzurad, romelic bednieri
cxovrebisken migiZRviT~. amrigad, Cveulebisamebr rom ganavrcobs sxva
danarCensac, qsenofonte Tavisi xotbiT avarayebs am maRal azrs.
igive iTqmis herodotes uebro gamoTqmisTvisac: `skviTebs, romlebmac
Sebilwes wminda bomoni, qalRmerTma qaluri sneuleba mouvlina sasjelad~.124

119
demosTene, `aristogitonis winaaRmdeg~, I, 27.
120
homerosi, `odisea~, IV, 681-689.
121
perifraza _ mxatvruli tropi, romelic sagnis, arsis Tu movlenis saxels maTi arsebiTi,
ganmsazRvreli an niSandoblivi atributebiT cvlis da, amrigad, ufro naTlad da xa-
tovnad warmogvidgens maT.
122
platoni, `meneqsene~, 236d.
123
qsenofonte, `kirosis aRzrda~, 1, 5, 12.
124
herodote, I, 105.

409
 XXIX
magram perifrazis uadgilod an arazomierad xmareba sakmaod saxifaToa. am
SemTxvevaSi is metismetad umweo, fuye da arafrismTqmeli xdeba. TviTon
platonic ki, ritorikuli figurebis es WeSmariti didostati, zogjer
aramarTebulad iyenebs perifrazas. ase magaliTad, Tavis `kanonebSi~ is wers:
`ar unda mivceT vercxleulsa Tu oqroul simdidres qalaqSi dasaxlebis
neba~.125 amitom zogi dacinviT ambobs: platons rom es akrZalva pirutyvzedac
gaevrcelebina, maSin mas, albaT, cxvreulsa Tu Zroxeul simdidres uwodebdao.
magram, modi, vikmaroT es gaWianurebuli msjeloba ritorikuli figurebis
Sesaxeb, Cemo Zvirfaso terentiane. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TviToeuli maTgani ufro met vnebianobas da cxovelmyofelobas aniWebs
sityvas. vneba ki imdenadvea wilnayari amaRlebulTan, ramdenadac Cveva _
sasiamovnosTan.

XXX
raki azri da misi sityvieri gamoxatuleba upiratesad maTi urTierTkav-
Siris wyalobiT cnaurdeba CvenTvis, amitom, modi, zemoTqmulis gasrulebis
mizniT, ganvixiloT sityvieri gamoxatulebis sxvadasxva saxe. rasakvirvelia,
mcodne xalxs Tavi ar unda SevawyinoT im gacveTili WeSmaritebebis
gameorebiT, rom zusti da didmSvenieri sityvebis SerCeva gansacvifrebel
zemoqmedebas axdens da pirdapir ajadoebs msmenels, rom am SerCevisaTvis,
upirveles ylvlisa, zrunaven ritorebi da mwerlebi, da rom, bolos, swored
es SerCeva aniWebs sityvas mTel Tavis Zalmosilebas, mTel Tavis simaRles Tu
sidiades da, amrigad, TiTqos im RvTaebriv qandakebebs amsgavsebs mas,
romlebsac saswaulTmoqmedi ZaliT STaberes cxovelmyofeli da metyvelebis
niWiT cxebuli suli. da marTlac, mxolod mSvenier sityvebSi vlindeba Cveni
gonebisa Tu azrebis mTeli brwyinvaleba.
magram didmSvenieri sityvebis xmareba yovelTvis rodi iZleva sasurvel
Sedegs. is, vinc maRali da diadi sityviT ubadruki azris gamoTqmas cdilobs,
im kacs emgvaneba, romelic ususur balRs uzarmazar tragikul niRabs ukeTebs.
mxolod poeziaSi da...

XXXI
...ra cocxlad da STambeWdavad ambobs anakreonti:
`veRar viurveb Trakiul faSats~.126
aranaklebi qebis Rirsia Teopompes erTi citata, romelic azrisa da misi
sityvieri gamoxatulebis sruli urTierTSesatyvisobis mxriv WeSmaritad
uzado mgonia, Tumca ceciliusi, CemTvis ucnobi mizezis gamo, mkacrad
akritikebs mas: `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, _ wers Teopompe, _ filipes SeeZlo
wyenis Caylapva~.127 da marTlac, mdabiuri gamoTqma zogjer morTul-
mokazmulsa da zizil-pipilebiT Semkul sityvaze ufro metyvelia; misi
meSveobiT avtoris azri ufro cocxali da advilad aRsaqmeli xdeba, vinaidan
araferia ufro sarwmuno, vidre Cveulebrivi da yoveldRiuri. ai, aqac,

125
platoni, `kanonebi~, VII, 801 b.

xelnawers aklia ori ferceli.
126
anakreonti, fragm. 88.
127
Teopompe (IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni istorikosi, avtori aw dakarguli Txzulebebisa _
`eladis istoria~ da `filipe makedonelis istoria~.

410
gamoTqma: `saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi filipes SeeZlo wyenis Caylapva~, _
amomwuravad gvixasiaTebs kacs, romelic piradi sargeblobisa Tu gamorCenis
gulisTvis udrtvinvelad da, ase gansaje, erTgvari siamovnebiTac ki iTmenda
nebismier sircxvilsa Tu Seuracxyofas.
igive iTqmis herodotes sityvebis mimarT: `gagiJebulma kleomenem xmali
iSiSvla da gaSmagebiT dauwyo Cexa sakuTar sxeuls, vidre mTlad dakepilma
ar ganuteva suli~.128 an kidev: `piTesi manamde ibrZoda xomaldze, sanam
pirwmindad ar akuwes~.129 es sityvebi TavianTi formiT Zalze uaxlovdebian
mdabiur gamoTqmebs, magram SinaarsiT Tu mniSvnelobiT sakmaod Sors dganan
maTgan.

XXXII
metaforebis simravleze msjelobis dros, ceciliusi, Cveulebriv, iziarebs
maT azrs, vinc gviwesebs, erTi da igive sagnis aRwerisas SemovifargloT ori
an, didi-didi, sami metaforis xmarebiT. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
metaforebis xmareba gamarTlebulia mxolod iq, sadac vnebaTa Smagi nakadi
TiTqos Tavisi boboqari talRiT itacebs da Tan miaqanebs maT. pirveloba aqac
udavod demosTenes ekuTvnis.
`ukeTurni, bilwni, pirferni! _ ambobs demosTene, _ maT Semusres TavianTi
samSoblos Tavisufleba da Tavdapirvelad filipes, Semdeg ki aleqsandres
mihyides igi. TavianTi Rormuceloba da pirutyvuli vnebebi rom aqcies
keTildReobis erTaderT kriteriumad, maT daamxes da fexqveS gaTeles
Tavisufleba da damoukidebloba, rac Zvel berZnebs sikeTis erTaderT
WeSmarit sazomad miaCndaT~.130 aq oratoris risxva samSoblos moRalateTa da
gamyidvelTa mimarT aSkarad Crdilavs mxatvrul tropTa simravles da maT
eqspresiul Zalmosilebas.
aristotelesa da Teofrastes sityviT, yvela metismetad Tamam metaforas
SeiZleba moeZebnos erTgvarad Semarbilebeli saSualeba. maT ricxvs ekuTvnis
iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa: `TiTqos~, `ase vTqvaT~, `Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas~, `Tu TavxedobaSi ar CamomarTmevT amis mtkicebas~ da a.S. rogorc
amboben, amnairi TavismarTleba sagrZnoblad arbilebs metaforebis
siTamames.131
me, ra Tqma unda, viziareb am azrs, magram, rogorc ukve mogaxsene
ritorikuli figurebis Sesaxeb, arc is maviwydeba, rom metaforebis simravles
da siTamames yvelaze metad arbilebs da Crdilavs sityvis Tavisdrouli
vnebianoba, iseve rogorc misi keTilSobiluri simaRle. radgan maTi boboqari
buneba iseTia, rom TavianTi Smagi swrafvisas ZaliT itaceben, iTreven da Tan
miaqaneben yovels. maTTan kavSirSi TviT yvelaze Tamami metaforebic ki
savsebiT bunebrivni da aucilebelni Canan. oratoris enTuziazms rom
gadascemen da gadasdeben msmenels, isini mTlianad ipyroben, mTlianad
euflebian mas da aRar utoveben imis dros, rom civi analizis gziT gaerkves
metaforebis mTel simravleSi.
magram rogorc saerTo adgilebSi, ise aRwerebSiac araferia ufro
STambeWdavi, vidre tropebis xSiri da Tanmimdevruli xmareba. swored maTi
wyalobiT iyo, qsenofontem ase didebulad rom aRwera kacis sxeulis

128
herodote, VI, 75.
129
herodote, VII, 181.
130
demosTene, `gvirgvinisaTvis~, 296.
131
amasve aRniSnaven ciceroni (`De oratore, III, 41, 165) da kvintiliane (VIII, 3, 37).

411
aRnagoba, xolo platonma _ pirdapir RvTaebrivad: Tavs is uwodebs
akropoliss da ambobs, rom mas sxeulisagan erTgvari isTmosiviT aSorebs
yeli, xolo malebs karis anjamebs adarebs, romlebsac Tavisi simZimiT
eyrdnoba da emyareba Tavi. gancxroma, platonis azriT, sxva ara aris ra, Tu
ara adamianur ubedurebaTa satyuari, xolo ena gemos msajulad gvevlineba.
guli _ ZarRvebis gorgali da sxeulSi swrafad mimoqcevadi CuxCuxa sisxlis
wyaro _ mkerdSi isea mimaluli, rogorc sxeulis mcveli _ Tavis idumal
senakSi. forebis nasvretebs is uwodebs viwro bilikebs da gveubneba, rom
safrTxis molodiniT aTrTolebuli Tu mrisxanebiT SeZruli gulis dasacavad
RmerTebma aseTi meqanizmi Seqmnes: irgvliv Semoufines mas nazi, usisxlo,
mTlad dasvretili da RrubeliviT lbili filtvebi, raTa mrisxanebiT
mborgav guls uvneblad ganegrZo Zgera am nazi saburvelis qveS. survilTa
Sesakrebeli, misi azriT, TiTqos saqaleboa, xolo risxvis savane _ sakacebo.
elenTa Signeulobis samzareuloa, vinaidan uwminduri narCenebiT avsebisas
metismetad sivdeba da ibereba. `yovelive amas, _ ganagrZobs platoni, _
RmerTebma gadaakres xorcis garsi, romelic nabadiviT gadaafares Signeuls,
raTa garemos mavne gavlenisagan daecvaT igi~. sisxls is uwodebs sxeulis
sazrdos, xolo am sazrdos misawodeblado, _ ganagrZobs Semdeg, _ RmerTebma
mTel sxeulSi, rogorc bostanSi Tu baRSi, gaiyvanes mravalricxovani
Tmissisxo arxi, raTa gulidan daZrulma masazrdoebelma siTxem ZarRvebis
gavliT gza gaikvlios sxeulis am viwro xeobebSi. aRsasrulis Jams sulis
Semkvreli kvanZebi xomaldis sabmeli bagirebiviT ixsnebian da Cveni arsebis
ukeTesi da ukvdavi nawili Tavs aRwevs sxeulis dilegs~.132
amnairi magaliTebi platonis TxzulebebSi WeSmaritad auracxelia, magram
yvelas CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda. savsebiT sakmarisia erTi maTganis
gamoweliliviT ganxilvac, raTa TvalnaTliv davrwmundeT, raoden didebulni
arian es tropebi TavianTi bunebiT, rogor uwyoben xels metaforebi
amaRlebuli stilis srulyofilebas, dabolos, rogor aZliereben isini
paTetikursa Tu aRwerilobiTs adgilebs.
magram, meores mxriv, isic aSkaraa (Tundac me sagangebod ar Sevexo am
sakiTxs), rom tropebisa Tu sxva sityvieri samkaulebis gamudmebuli xmareba
xSirad acdunebs da zomierebis grZnobas akargvinebs mwerals. TviT platonsac
ki xSirad hyvedrian am naklis gamo. da marTlac, sityvis mimarT
Tavdaviwyebulsa da egzaltirebul siyvaruls is xSirad mihyavs arazomieri,
tlanqi metaforebisa Tu maRalfardovani narTauli gamoTqmebis xmarebamde.
ase magaliTad, erTgan is ambobs: `advili rodia imis moazreba, rom
saxelmwifo kraters unda hgavdes, romelSiac duRs da gadmoduRs axlad
Casxmuli SuSxuna Rvino da TandaTanobiT adgils uTmobs TiTqos mis
dasasjelad movlenil meore RvTaebas _ sifxizlis RmerTs, raTa masTan
keTilzomierad Sezavebuli RvTaebriv da saamo sasmelad iqces~.133 magram imis
Tqma, rom wyali sifxizlis RmerTia, xolo Rvinis wyliT gazaveba _ Rvinis
dasja, kritikosebis azriT, mxolod romelsame mdare meleqses SeeZlo gaebeda
da isic arafxizel mdgomareobaSi.
kritikosebis kvaldakval platons ceciliusic daesxa Tavs. lisiasadmi
miZRvnil TxzulebaSi man gabeda platonze maRlac ki daeyenebina lisia, rac,
aSkarad, misi damabrmavebeli ori qaoturi vnebis zemoqmedebas unda mieweros:

132
ix. platoni, `timeosi~, 65c – 85c.
133
platoni, `kanonebi~, VI, 773c. krateri _ saRvine WurWeli, romelSiac Rvinos wyliT
azavebdnen.

412
erTi mxriv, mas Tavis Tavs urCevnia lisia, xolo meore mxriv, platonisadmi
usazRvro siZulvili kidev ufro Zlieria, vidre misi siyvaruli lisias
mimarT. egec ar iyos, paeqrobis dauokebeli Jini ceciliusis daskvnebs arc ise
udavos xdis, rogorc TviTon mas miaCnia. ase magaliTad, platons, romelic,
misi azriT, xSirad uSvebs uxeS Secdomebs, ceciliusi upirispirebs... lisias,
rogorc WeSmaritad srulyofil da uzado mwerals. es ki aSkarad gonebrivi
sibrmavis niSania.

XXXIII
magram, modi, mainc vcadoT imis garkveva, arsebobs Tu ara, saerTod,
unaklo da uzado mwerali. amisaTvis, uwinares yovlisa, unda gairkves, ra
ukeTesia prozasa Tu poeziaSi: amaRlebuli, romelsac Tan axlavs calkeuli
Secdomebi Tu Tanabarzomieri, Tavis TavSi dasrulebuli da yovelgvari
Secdomebisagan Tavisufali saSualo niWiereba? igive kiTxva, vficav zevss, Sei-
Zleba sxvagvaradac daisvas: ra ufro arsebiTia mxatvruli nawarmoebisaTvis _
RirsebaTa simravle Tu maTi simaRle? pasuxi uSualod ukavSirdeba
amaRlebuls. amitom Cvenc swored amis ganxilviT daviwyoT.
me vici, rom yvelaze nakleb uzadoni uzarmazari qmnilebani arian, radgan
mkacri sizuste yovel wams SeiZleba ubadruk wvrilmanobaSi gadaizardos.
diad qmnilebebSi, iseve rogorc didZali lariT savse salaroSi, yovelTvis
erTgvari daudevroba sufevs. SeiZleba ubadruki da mdare nawarmoebebi,
romlebisTvisac sruliad ucxoa Tamami mizandasaxuloba da sulier simaRleTa
wvdomis wyurvili, saerTod warmoudgenelni arian civ angariSze dafuZnebuli
zusti gaTvlis, umcdarobisa da sifrTxilis gareSe, maSin rodesac
amaRlebulTan wilnayari diadi qmnileba mudam meryeobs da wonasworobas
kargavs swored misive sakuTari simaRlis da sidiadis gamo.
magram CemTvis arc isaa dafaruli, rom kacTa qmnilebani, upirveles
yovlisa, TavianTi naklovanebebiT ipyroben xolme Cvens yuradRebas;
mexsierebaSi waruSlelad aRibeWdebian mxolod Secdomebi, maSin rodesac
Rirsebani swrafad eZlevian daviwyebas.
me TviTon movitane homerosisa Tu sxva did mweralTa calkeuli
Secdomebis ara erTi da ori nimuSi. rasakvirvelia, maT ar SeeZloT Cemi
aRtaceba gamoewviaT, magram isini umal genialuri avtorebis daudevrobiTa
Tu wamieri uyuradRebobiT gamowveul uneblie lafsusebad unda migvaCndes,
vidre Segnebul Secdomebad da Secodebebad. amitom, Cemi azriT, am avtorebs,
calkeuli SemTxveviTi Secdomebis miuxedavad, yovelTvis unda vaniWebdeT
pirvelobas, Tundac maTi sulieri simaRlis gamo. Tumca apoloniosi134 Tavis
`argonavtikaSi~ WeSmaritad uzado poetad mogvevlina, xolo Teokrites135
bukolikebi, zogierTi iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, berZnuli poeziis
Sedevrebad cnes, magram nuTu Sen marTla amjobinebdi apoloniosi yofiliyav
da ara homerosi?
an, iqneb, ggonia, rom eratosTene136 Tavisi patara, TiTqmis sruliad unaklo
poemiT _ `erigone~ _ ufro maRla dgas, vidre arqiloqe, romelic RvTiuri

134
igulisxmeba apolonios rodoseli (III s. Zv.w.a.), berZeni poeti, saxelganTqmuli epiuri
poemis `argonavtikis~ avtori. qarTulad Targmnilia ak. uruSaZis mier.
135
Teokrite (III s. Zv.w.a.) _ bukolikuri poeziis mamamTavari, mwyemsebis idiliuri yofis
momRerali.
136
eratosTene (275 _ 194 w. Zv.w.a.) _ saxelganTqmuli berZeni geografi, astronomi, ma-
Tematikosi, istorikosi, filologi, poeti. mis patara elegiur poemas `erigona~, romlis

413
zeSTagonebiT aRtkinebis Jams metnaklebad scodavs xolme da ara scnobs
araviTar winaswar dadgenil normas Tu wess? an kidev, nuTu lirikul
poeziaSi Sen arCev iyo bakqilide137 da ara pindare.138 xolo tragediaSi
amjobineb ion qioseli139 gerqvas da ara sofokle? rasakvirvelia, bakqilide
da ioni arasodes ar arRveven poeturi xelovnebis dadgenil wesebs, yovel-
Tvis didi sifrTxiliT da pedanturi sizustiT weren, maSin rodesac pindarem
da sofoklem, TavianTi boboqari vnebebiTa da Sleguri gznebiT, SeiZleba
erTbaSad gadaswvan, erTbaSad gadahbugon yvelaferi, Tumca aseve SeiZleba
moulodnelad Caqren da Caiferflon. magram nuTu amqveynad moiZebneba
Tundac erTi saRad moazrovne kaci, romelic ionis mTel Semoqmedebas arCevda
sofokles mxolod erT `oidiposs~?

XXXIV
xolo Tu mwerlis mniSvnelobas misi Txzulebebis RirsebiT ki ara, raode-
nobiT SevafasebT, maSin iZulebulni gavxdebiT hiperide demosTeneze gacile-
biT maRla davayenoT. hiperides sityva ufro polifoniuria, mravalwax-
nagovani da mniSvnelobiT ufro mdidari, magram, amasTan, mas yovelTvis raRac
aklia, raRac ar hyofnis imisaTvis, rom miswvdes da eziaros WeSmarit
simaRles da sidiades. am mxriv, hiperide im aTlets mogvagonebs, romelic
xuTWidis qulaTa saerTo jamiT yovelTvis sxvas uTmobs pirvelobas, Tumca
ucvlelad imarjvebs xolme zogierT calkeul saxeobaSi.
es Cveni hiperide, sityvaTa wyobis gamoklebiT, yvelaferSi demosTenes
hbaZavs. egec ar iyos, man SeiTvisa da Seisisxlxorca lisias140 stilis mTeli
sinatife da momxibvleloba. amitom iq, sadac saWiroa, misi sityva gulis-
SemZvreli uSualobiT moedineba, riTac is Tavs aRwevs demosTeneseul mkacr
Tanmimdevrulobas da monotonurobas. Tavis zneobriv Segonebebs keTilzo-
mierad azavebs igi smenisTvis sasiamovno sitkboebiT. misi maxvilgoniereba
WeSmaritad ubadloa, politikuri alRo _ gansacvifrebeli. man yovelTvis
winaswar icis, sad CaurTos maxvili sityva, romelic mudam Tavisdroulia da
arafriT ar mogvagonebs atikeli qilikebis uwmawursa da uxams oxunjobebs.
mas SeuZlia umtkivneulod dascinos kacs, yvelgan gamoCxrikos sasacilo,
yvelas gamouZebnos susti adgili da mwared moswylas Tavisi basri nestriT,
xolo yovelive amas Tan axlavs uebro sikiskase, brwyinvaleba da
momxibvleloba. mas sxvaze ukeT exerxeba sibraluli aRuZras msmenels.
amasTan, moqnils da enamoqarguls, arasodes ar eleva saTqmeli da msubuqad

siuJeti eladaSi dionises kultis danergvis miTiur fonze iyo gaSlili, Cvenamde ar
mouRwevia.
137
bakqilide (V s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni lirikosi, esqiles biZa. pindares metoqe.
138
pindare (521 _ 441 w. Zv.w.a.) _ udidesi berZeni lirikosi. Cvenamde moaRwia misi odebis
oTxma wignma `epinikiebma~. azrebis simaRle da metaforebis siTamame, stilis daxvewiloba
da brwyinvaleba, harmoniis uCveulo grZnoba, eqspresiuli Zalmosileba, Sinagani gzneba,
religiuri gancdis siwminde da siwrfele, saxeebis siuxve da mravalferovneba. aseTia,
Zalze zogadad, pindares poeturi xmis ganmsazRvrel niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba.
139
ion qioseli (gard. 422 w. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni poeti; werda elegiebs, diTirambebs da trage-
diebs, romlebic, maincdamainc, didi orginalobiT ar gamoirCeodnen. maTgan mxolod
mcirericxovani fragmentebiRaa SemorCenili.
140
lisia (daaxl. 459 _ 380 w. Zv.w.a.) _ saxelganTqmuli berZeni ritori. ufro gvian (II _ I s.
Zv.w.a.) aleqsandrielma swavlulebma, cxra sxva ritorTan erTad, atikuri oratoruli
xelovnebis klasikosad Seracxes igi. SemogvrCa misi 34 sityva (425-dan). lisias biografi
dionise halikarnaseli sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZlevs misi sityvebis sisadaves, naTelsa
da daxvewil stils.

414
daqris, msubuqad dafarfatebs erTi Temidan meoreze, TiTqos niavis nazi
frTebiT atacebuli. me ara meguleba ra ufro poeturi, vidre misi Txzuleba
letos141 Sesaxeb, xolo misi `epitafiosi~142 WeSmaritad Seudarebelia.
da piriqiT, demosTene arc xasiaTebis mxatvaria, arc sityvauxvi, arc
moqnili da maRalfardovani. xSirad mas TiTqmis ar gaaCnia arc erTi zemoT
CamoTvlili Rirseba. iq, sadac demosTene daxvewilobisa da maxvilgoniv-
rulobis gamoCenas cdilobs, sxvas ki ar acinebs, aramed TviTon xdeba sxvisi
dasacini, xolo rac ufro mets zrunavs imisTvis, rom sasiamovnod mogvaCvenos
Tavi, miT ufro uamuri gveCveneba igi. mas rom moesurvebina brtyel-brtyeli
sityvebis SeTxzva frinesa Tu aTenogenes143 Sesaxeb, hiperides mTeli
upiratesoba WeSmaritad udavo Seiqneboda.
magram hiperides stilis yvela momxiblavi Rirseba, mTeli maTi mraval-
ferovnebis miuxedavad, me mesaxeba rogorc civi da vnebaTagan SeuZvreli
gulis undili nayofi. misi sityva ar aRelvebs da aRafrTovanebs msmenels;
aravis ganucdia sulieri mRelvareba Tu Tavzardamcemi SiSi misi kiTxvisas. da
piriqiT, demosTenes gansacvifrebel niWierebas, upirveles yovlisa,
gvimJRavnebs is, rac TiTqmis sruliad ar gaaCnia hiperides. esaa misi gaqaneba
da siqvelismieri srulyofileba, tonalobis simaRle da sulieri vnebianoba,
gonebis yovlismZle gamWriaxoba da yovlismomcveli siRrme, WeSmariti
sidiade da mxolod misTvis niSneuli Zliereba da Zalmosileba. mxolod
demosTenes suli itevs RmerTebis mier uSurvelad momadlebuli yvela am
niWis usasrulo mravalferovnebas. xolo `RmerTebis mier momadlebulio~
imitom vambob, rom SeuZlebelia kacTagan boZebuli vuwodoT maT. swored amis
wyalobiT amarcxebs igi yvela metoqes, risTvisac ostaturad iyenebs ara
marto yvela Tavis Rirsebas, aramed yvela miseul naklsac. TiTqos mexad da
Weqa-quxilad atydeba demosTene Tavs yvela drois cnobil oratorT da
erTobliv hmusravs maT. ufro advilia Tvali gausworo elvas, vidre
winaaRudge misi vnebiani da gulSiCamwvdomi sityvis gamaognebel Zalmosi-
lebas.

XXXV
xolo platons lisiasagan, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, bevri sxva ramec
ganasxvavebs. is Seudareblad ufro maRla dgas lisiaze ara marto sakuTar

141
qalRmerTi letos _ apolonisa da artemides dedisadmi miZRvnili am Txzulebis Sesaxeb
ix. Maximus Planudes, V, 481; Anonym; Rhet., I, 439.
142
igulisxmeba hepirides sityva, warmoTqmuli lamiis omSi daRupulTa pativsacemad. lamiis
omSi (322 w. Zv.w.a.) aleqsandre makedonelis sikvdiliT imedmocemulma eladam scada Tavi
daeRwia makedoniis batonobis uRlisagan, magram amaod: makedonelebma antipatresa da
krateres winamZRolobiT SeZles gadamwyveti gamarjvebis mopoveba. imave wels hiperide,
antimakedonuri partiis erT-erTi lideri (ix. Sen. XVI, 2), antipatres brZanebiT, sik-
vdiliT dasajes.
143
frine (IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni hetera, cnobili Tavisi gansacvifrebeli silamaziT, wina-
aRudgomeli qaluri xibliTa da Tavis saxelovan TanamedroveebTan intimuri ur-
TierTobiT. frine iyo praqsiteles modeli, roca is Tavis saxelganTqmul `afrodite
knidosels~ aqandakebda. frine iyo apelesis modelic `anadiomeneze~ muSaobis dros. roca
frines RvTismgmobloba daswames da samarTalSi misces, hiperidem ikisra misi dacva, ma-
gram raki Tavisi enamWevrobiT verafers gaxda, ukanaskneli `argumenti~ moiSvelia: sa-
mosi Camoaxia qals da misi mSvenebiT gaognebulma msajulebma erTxmad gaamarTles igi
(pavsania, I, 20, 1; aTenaiosi, XIII, 590)... rac Seexeba hiperides sityvas aTenogenes Sesaxeb, is
erT umniSvnelo procesze da aseve umniSvnelo saqmis gamo iqna warmoTqmuli.

415
siqveleTa sidiadiT, aramed maTi simravliTac. lisia ki ufro Tavisi
mankierebiT aRemateba, vidre zogierTi RirsebiT dauvardeba platons.
sainteresoa, raze fiqrobdnen es RvTisswori mwerlebi, roca cdilobdnen
sidiade mieniWebinaT mxolod mTeli qmnilebebisaTvis da xSirad iviwyebdnen
calkeul nawilTa gulmodgined daxvewas da damuSavebas? mraval sxva mizezTa
Soris yvelaze mTavari da arsebiTia erTi: saqme isaa, rom dedabuneba ubadruk
da ukeTur arsebebad rodi gvqmnis Cven. ara, is gvSobs, sicocxles gvaniWebs da
siyvaruliT SemovyavarT am usasrulo da uTvalavi feriT mocul samyaroSi;
is gviwvevs am grandiozul dResaswaulze, raTa Cven _ kacni, xarbad vWvretdeT
mTel mis savsebas da Tayvans vcemdeT mis sidiades; swored am mizniT,
dabadebisTanave gvinergavs igi sulSi uZlevelsa da Seumusvrel siyvaruls
yovelive diadis mimarT, vinaidan misi buneba aTaswil ufro RvTaebrivia,
vidre Cveni.144
amitom kacs sulieri Wvretisa da azrovnebis asparezad arc ki hyofnis
mTeli samyaro. Cveni azrebi viwrod grZnoben Tavs mis artaxebSi. da Tu vinme
guldasmiT daukvirdeba kacTa cxovrebis mdinarebas da Seicnobs, ramdenad
sWarbobs masSi yvelafers mSveniereba da sidiade, is male mTlianad
gaicxadebs Cveni amqveyniuri arsebobis mizans.
vficav zevss, swored usazRvroebis es bunebrivi wyurvilia imis mizezi, rom
Cven patara nakadulebi ki ar gvxiblaven, mTeli maTi siankarisa da
margeblobis miuxedavad, aramed _ nilosi, istrosi, renosi da, rasakvirvelia,
yvelaze metad _ TviT diadi okeanosi.145 zustad aseve, aq, miwaze, Cveni xeliT
dagznebuli cecxlis ali _ es wmidaTawmida ali ki ar iwvevs Cvens aRtacebas,
aramed ciur mnaTobTa marad uqrobi Suqi, marad uqrobi sxivciskrovneba,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mas xSirad gviburavs bneli. an ra SeiZleba iyos ufro
gansacvifrebeli, vidre etnis krateri, saidanac TviTon qveskneli afrqvevs
xolme gavarvarebul lodebs da lavas, romelic cecxlis mdinareebad
moigragneba mTis kalTebze.
Tumca es azri SeiZleba oriode sityviTac iTqvas: rac ufro met
gulgrilobas iCenen kacni yovelive Cveulebrivis, yoveldRiurisa da, ase
gasinje, TviT maTTvis aucilebelis mimarT, miT ufro metad acvifrebs maTi
yovelive uCveulo da moulodneli.

144
am brwyinvale pasaJSi gamoTqmuli azri, romlis mixedviTac samyaros sisavsiTa da sidi-
adiT gulSeZruli kaci aseTive savse da maRali xmiT harmoniulad esityveba, harmoni-
ulad exmianeba yovlismpyrobeli bunebis usasrulo Zalmosilebas, xSirad meordeba ara
erTi da ori berZeni Tu romaeli filosofosis naazrevSi: Sdr. iambliqosi, De vita Pyth.,
58; heraklide pontoeli ix. ciceroni, Tusc., V, 3, 8 da Smd. Sdr. markus avreliusi
`fiqrebi~, IV, 23. igive azriT, igive naTeli da amaRlebuli ganwyobilebiTaa STagonebuli
rabindranat Tagoris erTi patara liriuli Sedevri:
me momiwvies am sawuTros diad zeimze
da amgvarad sicocxle Cemi dailoca:
TvalTa CemTa ixiles da yurTa CemTa ismines.
me am nadimze Cemi qnari unda damekra
da yvelaferi, rac Zalmedva, me gavakeTe.
axla vkiTxulob:
dadga Tu ara saboloo Jami Senken Semoviqce,
gixilo da giZRvna Cemi uxmo salami?
(Targmani T. Cxenkelisa).
145
istrosi _ md. dunais Zveli saxelwodeba; renosi _ md. raini; okeanosi _ Zveli berZnebis
kosmologiuri warmodgeniT, uzarmazari mdinare, romelic gars uvlis mTel dedamiwas;
misgan iRebs dasabams yvela zRviuri dineba, yvela mdinare Tu nakaduli; misgan amodis da
masSive Cadis yvela ciuri mnaTobi.

416
 XXXVI
zemoT Cven ukve vilaparakeT didi mwerlebis im qmnilebebze, romlebSiac
sasargeblo da aucilebeli uSualod erwymis, uSualod ukavSirdeba
amaRlebuls; axla ki isic unda davsZinoT, rom es Semoqmedni, mTeli TavianTi
Secdomebis miuxedavad, yvela mokvdavze maRla dganan, da rom maT verasodes
Seexeba daviwyebis msaxvrali xeli. mxolod amaRlebuli amaRlebs Cvens suls
da RvTaebrivi gonebis Wvretad miaqcevs mas, yovelive danarCeni ki kacTa
saarsebo moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas emsaxureba. rasakvirvelia, arc
sityvis umcdaroba da laRi dinebaa yvedrebis Rirsi, magram mxolod
amaRlebuli iwvevs Cvens aRtacebas.
aqve unda aRvniSnoT isic, rom didi Semoqmedi sityvis mxolod erTi
amaRlebuli moqceviT gvaviwyebs xolme yvela miseul Secdomas Tu
xelismocarvas, da rom homerosis, demosTenes, platonisa Tu sxva didi
mwerlebis yvela Secdoma, erTad aRebuli, sruliad umniSvnelo gveCveneba, an,
ufro zustad, ara marto umniSvnelo, aramed saerTod SeumCnevelic sityvis am
WeSmarit didostatTa brwyinvale miRwevebisa da Tavbrudamxvevi warmatebebis
gverdiT. amitom yvela Taoba da yvela saukune, Tuki maT ar abrmavebs Suri,
Tayvans scems da samaradiso didebiT mosavs maT ukvdav saxels, didebiT,
romelic ganuyrelia maTgan da ganuyreli iqneba manam,

sanam rbis wyali da garSemo saamurad bibinebs mdelo.146

SesaZloa miTxran, rom kolosi147 mTeli Tavisi naklovanebebiTurT sulac

ara dgas polikletes `doriforosze~ ufro maRla. pasuxad, sxvaTa Soris,
SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom xelovnebis Zeglebi TavianTi sizustiTa da
sinatifiT unda iwvevdnen Cvens gancvifrebas, bunebis qmnilebani ki _ TavianTi
sididiT; xolo kacs bunebam miuboZa sityvis RvTiuri niWi. amitomaa, rom
qandakebebSi eZeben mxolod kacTan msgavsebas, xolo sityvebSi, rogorc ukve
mogaxsene, martooden imas, rac maT Cvens kacur bunebaze amaRlebs.

146
erTi striqoni Zvel saberZneTSi sakmaod popularuli epigramidan (epitafiidan), rome-
lic, gadmocemiT, frigiis legendaruli mefis midasis saflavze iyo amokveTili. mis
avtorad Tvlidnen homerossa Tu qalaq lindosis tirans kleobules (VII-VI s. Zv.w.a.). am
epigramas icnobs poeti simonide (frag. 48 D.); is citirebulia platonis mier (`fedrosi~,
264d) da Sesulia `palatinis anTologiaSi~ (VII, 153). platonis mowmobiT, epigrama isea
Sedgenili, rom sul erTia, romel striqons wavikiTxavT pirvelad da romels _ bolos.
ai, misi qarTuli Targmani:
brinjaos qalwuls aw midasis samareze damxobils mxedavT,
sanam rbis wyali da garSemo Tvalwarmtacad bibinebs mdelo,
ar movcildebi am obol da mware cremliT daltobil saflavs,
raTa vauwyo gamvlelT, rom aq ganisvenebs midasis neSti.
147
`gaurkvevelia, romel koloss gulisxmobs avtori. zogis azriT, kolosi aq ewodeba fidi-
asis mier oqrosa da spilos Zvlisgan Seqmnil zevs olimpielis qandakebas; meoreni
Tvlian, rom aq igulisxmeba heliosis qandakeba _ rodosis kolosi, udiadesi antikur
qandakebaTa Soris, romelic III s. (Zv.w.a.) damlevs daangria miwisZvram (voltersi);
mesameni miuTiTeben 64 w. (ax.w.a.) agebul imperator neronis qandakebaze, romlis Sesaxebac
mogviTxrobs pliniusi (buxenau, f. marqsi); dabolos, meoTxeni varaudoben, rom aq
igulisxmeba ara romelime konkretuli qandakeba, aramed, saerTod, monumenturi skulptu-
ra, e.i. is kolosaluri qandakebani, romelic esoden uxvad amkobdnen imperatorTa roms
(kaibeli). ukanaskneli mosazreba sarwmuno Cans, vinaidan avtori aq erTmaneTs sailustra-
ciod zogad magaliTs iSveliebs: polikletes mxatvruli kanoni (`doriforosi~) da axali
pompezuri monumenturi stili~ (n. a. Cistiakovas SeniSvna).

417
 aqedan gamomdinare daskvna kvlav ubrundeba Cveni Txzulebis dasawyiss:
radgan umcdarobas mxolod da mxolod xelovnebis dauflebiT aRwevs kaci.
xolo amaRlebuli, Tundac araTanabrad ganawilebuli, bunebriv niWad
gvevlineba, amitom bunebas mwed da meoxad yovelTvis xelovneba unda edgas
mxarSi, vinaidan WeSmaritad srulyofil nawarmoebs mxolod maTi
urTierTkavSiri da Tanamdgomoba aZlevs dasabams.
mxolod ase unda vupasuxoT mocemul kiTxvas. Tumca Cvens azrs aravis ar
vaxvevT Tavze.

XXXVII
magram kvlav mivubrundeT metaforebs, romelTa uaxloes mezoblebad
Sedarebani da gaigivebani gvevlinebian. es ukanasknelni metaforebisgan
mxolod imiT gansxvavdebia, rom...

XXXVIII
...igive iTqmis amgvari gamoTqmebis mimarT: `ukeTu Wkua TavSi gaqvT da ara
fexebSi, da Tqven TviTon ar qelavT mas~.148
amitom aucileblad unda vicodeT is zRvari, sanamdisac SeiZleba
ganvaviTaroT hiperbola;149 vinaidan, sakmarisia odnav mainc gadavcdeT am
zRvars, rom hiperbola ukvalod qreba, daZabuloba sustdeba da avtoris
mizani miuRweveli rCeba.
ase magaliTad, isokrate, hiperbolebis gamudmebuli xmarebis gamo, erTgvar
infantilurobaSic ki vardeba: rogorc viciT, misi `panegiriki~ miznad isaxavs
daamtkicos, rom aTens ufro didi damsaxureba miuZRvis eladis winaSe, vidre
lakedemons. magram Tavis saxotbo sityvas is amgvari SesavliT iwyebs: `sityvis
buneba iseTia, rom SegiZlia sxvadasxvagvarad ganmarto erTi da igive ram,
didi patarad aqcio da, piriqiT, sidide mianiWo pataras, Zvelze axleburad
ilaparako, xolo axali Zveleburad gamoTqva~.150 Zalauneburad gebadeba
aseTi kiTxva avtoris mimarT: ki magram, Cemo isokrate, nuTu Sen apireb
kvlavac ase ilaparako lakedemonelebisa da aTenelebis Sesaxeb? radgan
amnairi saxotbo sityviT Sen TviTonve Seagoneb msmenelebs, rom ar endon da
erwmunon mas.
amrigad, figurebisa ar iyos, yvelaze ukeTes hiperbolad me mimaCnia iseTi
hiperbola, romelsac verc ki Seatyob, rom is hiperbolaa, es ki mxolod maSin
xdeba, roca Zlieri vnebiT gulSeZruli mwerali hiperbolebs mimarTavs da
isini harmoniulad erwymian, harmoniulad eTanxmebian aRwerili ambis
sidiades. ase agviwers, magaliTad, Tukidide aTenelebis damarcxebas
siciliaSi: `sirakuzelebi dabla eSvebodnen da musrs avlebdnen, upirveles
yovlisa, mdinaris piras mdgarT, ris gamoc wyali erTbaSad iwamleboda da
sasmelad uvargisi xdeboda. magram mas mainc xarbad svamdnen, svamdnen
sisxlnarev SlamTan erTad da, ase gansajeT, bevri xmaldaxmal ibrZoda kidec
misi gulisTvis~.151 mdgomareobis tragizmi aSkara da sarwmuno gaxda am


xelnawers aklia ori ferceli.
148
demosTene, `halonesosisaTvis~, 45.
149
hiperbola _ ritorikuli figura, romelic aZlierebs sagnisa Tu movlenis Zalas, zomas,
mniSvnelobas da a.S. msmenelze an mkiTxvelze ufro mZafri zemoqmedebis moxdenis mizniT.
150
isokrate, `panegiriki~, 8.
151
Tukidide, VII, 84.

418
ayrolebuli, sisxlsa da SlamSi areuli wylis aRweriT, romlis TiToeuli
wveTis dasaufleblad xmaldaxmal brZola iyo saWiro.
aseve agviwers herodote TermopilesTan152 dacemul gmirebs `yvela, vinc
gaafTrebiT icavda Tavs da xmliT, Tuki is vinmesRa SerCenoda, an kidev
SiSveli xelebiTa Tu kbilebiT ebrZoda mters, barbarosebma pirdapir
isrebiT Caqoles~.153 _ ki magram, _ wamoiZaxebs gancvifrebuli mkiTxveli, _
gana SeiZleba kbilebiT ebrZolo TaviT fexebamde SeiaraRebul mters? an sad
gagonila xalxis isrebiT Caqolva? _ diaxac SeiZleba, _ mivugebT Cven, _
vinaidan aRwerili ambavi ki ar aris mogonili hiperbolisTvis, piriqiT,
TviTon hiperbola iRebs dasabams misgan.
me vambobdi da kvlavac vimeoreb, rom sityvis metismet siTamames yovelTvis
arbilebs da asatans xdis rogorc moqmedebis uCveulo simZafre, ise boboqari
da egzaltirebuli vneba. ai, ratomaa, rom TviT komikur gamoTqmasac ki,
romelic xSirad arasarwmuno Cans, mis mier gamowveuli mxiaruli sicilis
wyalobiT Cven aRviqvamT rogorc savsebiT sarwmunos da damajerebels:

misi miwa ufro pataraa, vidre spartelis werili.154

da marTlac, sicils xom siamovneba iwvevs kacSi.

hiperbolebiT Tanabrad SeiZleba rogorc risame gandideba, ise dakninebac
misi. orsave SemTxvevaSi maTi arebiTi niSania metismetoba. ase rom, aq sicils
iwvevs ubadrukobis gazviadeba.

XXXIX
amaRlebulis im xuTi arsebiTi niSnidan, romelic Cemi Txzulebis
dasawyisSi movixsenie, gansaxilveli dagvrCa, Cemo Zvirfaso, mexuTe niSani,
saxeldobr, sityvebisa da winadadebebis TanakavSiri, maTi harmoniuli
mTlianoba da erTianoba. magram raki Cems or sxva TxzulebaSi dawvrilebiT
Sevexe am sakiTxs, amitom aq imasRa davsZen, rom sityvieri harmonia, Tavisi
bunebiT, ara marto arwmunebs da siamovnebas aniWebs msmenels, aramed
amaRlebulisa da WeSmarit vnebaTa gamovlenis gansacvifrebel saSualebadac
gvevlineba.
rogorc mogexseneba, marto fleitas rodi ZaluZs iseTi gancdebi aRuZras
msmenels, romelTac xelewifebaT cnoba mihxadon sulis siRrmemde SeZruls da
bakquri eqstaziT aRavson igi; marto mas rodi SeuZlia sakuTar ritms
daumorCilos TviT sruliad aramusikaluri msmenelic da, amrigad, aiZulos
igi sulisa da sxeulis ritmuli moZraobiT ahyves misi momxiblavi melodiis
taqts. ara, TviT kiTaris sruliad uSinaarso bgerebic ki, calkeul xmaTa

152
Termopile (`Termopilai~) _ viwro yeli mTagrexil oites kldovan kalTeba da maliako-
sis srutis Waobad qceul sanapiro xazs Soris. es iyo erTaderTi gza, romelic Tesalias
lokridTan akavSirebda. aq 480 w. (Zv.w.a.) spartelTa mcirericxovani razmi Tavisi mamaci
mefis leonides meTaurobiT sami dRis ganmavlobaSi gmirulad umklavdeboda sparsel
dampyrobTa uzarmazar armias, romelsac TviT qserqse sardlobda. magram bolos erTma
Tesalielma gamcemma sacalfexo bilikiT waiyvana sparselebi da zurgidan daasxa Tavs
gamagrebul spartelebs. uTanasworo SerkinebaSi yvela sparteli gmirulad daeca
brZolis velze.
153
herodote, VII, 225.
154
ucnobi avtoris citata. spartelebi, anu lakonelebi (lakedemonelebi) cnobilni iyvnen
TavianTi sityvaZunwobiT. maTive saxelisgan warmosdgeba sityvebi `lakonizmi~, `lako-
niuri~.

419
monacvleobis, tonebis Tanafardobisa da harmoniuli Tanaxmierebis wyalo-
biT, vficav zevss, WeSmaritad gamaognebelsa da momajadoebel zemoqmedebas
axdenen Cvenze.
magram musika, Cvens sulebze mTeli Tavisi zemoqmedebis miuxedavad, mxolod
yalbi da xelovnuri mibaZvaa im dajerebis Tu darwmunebisa, romlisTvisac
aucilebelia kacuri bunebis Segnebuli da gacnobierebuli qmediToba, rac
araerTgzis aRminiSnavs Cems TxzulebebSi. nuTu amis Semdeg SeiZleba eWvi
Segveparos imaSi, rom sityvebisa Tu winadadebebis TanakavSiric harmoniaa,
magram ara bgerebis, aramed sityvebis, ese igi, im RvTiuri niWis harmonia,
romelic niSneulia mxolod kacisTvis. es sityvieri harmonia Cvens sulSi
iwvevs usasrulod mravalferovan warmodgenebs saxelTa, sazrisTa Tu saganTa
Sesaxeb. masSivea Cadebuli ukvdavi dvrita yovelive mSvenierisa da
keTilxmierisa, rac dabadebiTve Tan dagvyva Cven da rac samaradisod
SevisisxlxorceT. Tavisi Tanaxmieri bgerebis erTianobis da, imavdroulad,
mravalferovnebis wyalobiT, es harmonia oratoris boboqar vnebas gadascems
msmenels da, amrigad, harmoniis WeSmarit sidiades aziarebs mas. gana azrebisa
da sityvebis urTierTSerwymiT es sityvieri simfonia harmoniulad ar
exmianeba amaRlebuls? gana is meyvseulad ar eufleba Cvens nebas da
yovelwamierad ar migvaqcevs sidiadis, siwmindis Tu simaRlis, mokled,
yovelive imis mimarT, rac esoden niSneulia TviTon misi bunebisaTvis?
siSlege iqneboda am udavo da eWvmiutaneli WeSmaritebis uaryofa, romlis
siswore dadasturebulia mTeli Cveni mravalsaukunovani gamocdilebiT.
rarig maRali da WeSmaritad gansacvifrebeli gveCveneba, magaliTad, is
azri, romelic demosTenem gamoTqva saxalxo saTaTbiros mier gamotanili
erTi dadgenilebis Sesaxeb: `am dadgenilebam mTebs iqiT gadareka Cveni
qalaqis Tavze Camowolili safrTxe, rogorc qarma _ saavdro Rrubeli~.155
sityvieri harmonia aq, WeSmaritad azrobrivi simaRlis Tanafardia da
tolfasi. mTeli fraza daqtiluri ritmiT, am ukeTilSobilesi da udidebulesi
ritmiTaa gamarTuli, vinaidan is ara marto heroikuli, aramed umSvenieresi
sazomicaa CvenTvis cnobil yvela sxva sazomTa Soris. axla vcadoT, sxva
adgilas gadavsvaT sityvebi: `rogorc qarma _ saavdro Rrubeli~ da, amrigad,
vTqvaT: `am dadgenilebam, rogorc qarma _ saavdro Rrubeli, mTebs iqiT
gadareka Cveni qalaqis Tavze Camowolili safrTxe~; an kidev, erTi marcvliT
SevamciroT sityva `rogorc~ da nacvlad sintagmisa _ `rogorc qarma~ _
vTqvaT: `viT qarma~. vficav zevss, CvenTvis myisve cxadi gaxdeba, rom
amaRlebuli mTlianad damokidebulia sityvieri harmoniisagan. pirvel
sintagmaSi _ `rogorc qarma~ _ pirveli sityva ormarcvlian terfs qmnis,
xolo meoreSi erTi marcvlis dakargvasTan erTad daikarga mTeli sintagmis
eqspresiuli Zalmosilebac. analogiur Sedegs miviRebT, Tu pirvel
ormarcvlian terfs erT marcvals davumatebT da vityviT: `viTarca qarma~.
Sinaarsi ucvleli darCeba, magram dairRveva frazis ritmuli mTlianoba da,
masTan erTad, amaRlebulis monoliTuri sidiadec.156

155
demosTene, `gvirgvinisaTvis~, 188.
156
sityvis esoden utyuari grZnoba, frazis ritmuli bunebis arsSi esoden Seumcdari wvdoma
bevr Tanamedrove filologsa da literators SeSurdeboda. ai, rogor arCevs, magali-
Tad, winamdebare pasaJs iseTi kompetenturi naSromi, rogoricaa «История греческой литера-
туры», т. III, М. 1960, стр. 169: «Однако справедливо заметил Гиббон, что понимать это сочинение,
вследствие обилия фигур и метафор, крайне трудно. Нам, например, невозможно понять, почему в

420
 XL
sityva, romelic simaRlesa da sidiadesTan Tanaziarebas isaxavs miznad,
upirveles yovlisa, cocxal sxeuls unda hgavdes nawilebis organuli
TanakavSiriT da harmoniuli urTierTSerwymiT. da marTlac, sxeulis asoebs
cal-calke araviTari mniSvneloba ar gaaCniaT da mxolod urTierTkavSiriT
qmnian organulsa da srulyofil mTels. zustad aseve, sakmarisia Semadgenel
nawilebad davSaloT amaRlebuli, rom mTeli misi sidiadec ganqardeba da
nawilTa Soris ganwvaldeba, maSin rodesac igive nawilebi, erTmaneTTan
SeerTebulni da saerTo harmoniiT mWidrod Sekrulni, dauyovnebliv iZenen
amaRlebulisaTvis niSneul mTlianobas da harmoniul erTianobas. amrigad,
nawilTa organuli erTobliobiT ganpirobebuli sityvis saerTo simaRle da
sidiade SeiZleba amfsonTa nadims SevadaroT, romelsac fsoniT marTaven
isini.
Cven viciT, rom bevri poeti Tu prozaikosi, romlebsac bunebam ar miuboZa
simaRlisa da sidiadis uSualod wvdomis niWi, upiratesad sul ubralo,
yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi xmarebul sityvebsa Tu gamoTqmebs iyenebs, magram,
amisda miuxedavad, maTi qmnilebebi mdabalni da mdabiurni ki ara Canan Cvens
TvalSi, aramed _ diadni da amaRlebulni, rac, upirveles yovlisa, sityvebis
ostaturi SerwymiTa da harmoniuli wyobiTaa ganpirobebuli. am mweralTa
Soris davasaxelebT filistes,157 nawilobriv _ aristofanes da, rasakvirve-
lia, evripides.
ase magaliTad, evripides tragediaSi herakle, Svilebis mkvlelobis Semdeg
ambobs:

me imdeni Sxami masves, rom mets veRarc Sevsvam.158

es savsebiT Cveulebrivi gamoTqma aq amaRlebuli gaxda sityvebis ostaturi

wyobis wyalobiT. sakmarisia sxvagvarad davalagoT isini da Cven vnaxavT, rom
evripides Zalmosileba ufro frazis daxvewili xelovnebiT agebaSi vlindeba,
vidre mis SinaarsSi.
sxvagan, xaris rqebze mikruli dirkes wamebas rom agviwers, poeti ambobs:

brdRvinavda xari, gaSmagebuli exeTqeboda Robe-yores da, qalTan erTad,

Tan miaTrevda muxis xeebs da veeba qvebs.159

цитированном Псевдо-Лонгином месте речи Демосфена «О венке» (гл. 39), если одно слово переста-
вить с своего места на другое или один слог отсечь или прибавить, то исчезнет возвышенность.»
arsebobs musikaluri smena; arsebobs literaturuli smenac. fsevdo-longines hqonda es
smena, rasac, samwuxarod, ver vityviT mis zogierT Tanamedrove interpretatorzedac.
157
filiste (V _ IV s. Zv.w.a.) _ berZeni istorikosi, aw dakarguli Txzulebis `siciliis isto-
riis~ (`sikelika~), avtori.
158
evripide, `SeSlili herakle~, 1245. herakles moZule qalRmerT heras mier Wkuidan
SeSlili gmiri sakuTari xeliT xocavs sayvarel col-Svils, xolo gons mosvlis Semdeg
saSineli danaSauliT SeZrwunebuli Tavis mokvlas apirebs.
159
citata evripides dakarguli dramidan `antiope~. miTi, romelic safuZvlad edo am dramas,
Semdegs gvauwyebs: Tebes mefis asuls antiopes zevsisagan SeeZina tyupi vaJi _ amfioni da
ZeTosi. SeSinebuli qali gaeqca mamis risxvas da sikions Seafara Tavi, magram biZam li-
kosma Seipyro is da Tavis meuRles dirkes mihgvara mxevlad. gulqva dirke sastikad
awamebda antiopes. roca amfioni da ZeTosi wamoizardnen, samagiero miuzRes dirkes:
gavelurebul xars rqebze miakres da daafleTines.

421
 aq azri TavisTavadac diadia da amaRlebuli, magram is kidev ufro
STambeWdavi xdeba imis gamo, rom sityvieri harmonia erTbaSad ki ar vlindeba
da viTardeba, aramed nel-nela, TandaTanobiT. yoveli winamdebare sityva
TiTqos misi momdevno sityvis erTgvar sayrdenad iqceva, rac mtkiced Sekruli
mTlianobisa da grZnobad-konkretuli sidiadis STabeWdilebas qmnis.

XLI
meore mxriv, araferi iserigad ar amdablebs amaRlebul stils, rogorc
wyvetili da swrafi metri, vTqvaT, piriqi, troqe an diqore,160 rac mxolod
sacekvao simRerebisTvisaa gamosadegi. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom gabmuli
ritmiT gamarTuli nebismieri sityva nawvalebi, naZaladevi, arasasiamovno da
vnebisgan daclili Cans misi gulisgamawvrilebeli erTferovnebis gamo.
magram yvelaze uaresi mainc isaa, rom amnairi gabmuli ritmiT gamarTuli
sityvebi TavianTi Sinagani paTosiT rodi aRelveben msmenels; ara, im msubuqi
da uSinaarso simRerebisa ar iyos, romlebic mxolod da mxolod msmenelis
garTobas isaxaven miznad, isini martooden TavianTi ritmulobiT ipyroben
xolme Cvens yuradRebas. amitom zogjer, ritmis mixedviT rom grZnobs sityvis
moaxloebul dasasruls, msmeneli TiTqos mTlianad ugulvebelyofs azrobriv
mxares da, zustad ise, rogorc cekvis dros, cdilobs fexebis braguniT ahyves
sityvis Tanabar taqts, TiTqos surs orators daaswros da masze adre
daasruloso igi.
amaRlebulTan aseve wiluyrelia ganzrax daRvlarWnili, metismetad mokle
sintagmebad danawevrebuli da im adgilebSi, sadac Tavs iCens erTgvari
gaugebroba Tu gaurkvevloba, TiTqos lursmnebiT Sekruli da uxeirod
Sekowiwebuli yoveli sityva.

XLII
aseve amcrobs da akninebs amaRlebuls frazis metismeti mokveTiloba da
simokle. radgan yovelive diadi SeiZleba daamaxinjo da daasaxiCro metismeti
SekumSulobiT. saqme exeba ara keTilgonivrulsa da aucilebel simokles,
aramed frazis metismet daqucmacebas da danawevrebas. Tu mokveTiloba
abnelebs da abundovanebs azrs, keTilgonivruli simokle, piriqiT, xels
uwyobs mis sicxades da uswrafes aRqmas. meore mxriv, isic aSkaraa, rom
usaSvelod gagrZelebuli da gaWianurebuli sityvac dunea, usicocxlo da
moSvebuli.

XLIII
aranakleb bRalaven amaRlebuls mdabali sityvebi da gamoTqmebi. ase
magaliTad, qariSxlis WeSmaritad RvTaebriv aRweraSi herodote rTavs raRac
iseTs, rac, vficav zevss, sruliad ar Sehferis sakuTriv misi sityvis
Sinaarss.161 erTgan is ambobs: `zRva abuybuyda~. arakeTilxmieri sityva
`buybuyi~ am adgilas aSkarad amaxinjebs amaRlebuls. sxvagan is wers: `qari
daiRala~,162 xolo CaZiruli xomaldis mezRvaurebs, Turme nu ityviT,

160
piriqi _ ori mokle marcvlisagan Semdgari terfi (44). troqe, anu qore _ grZeli da
mokle marcvlisagan Semdgari terfi (– 4). diqore _ terfi, romelsac ori troqes erTo-
blioba qmnis (– 4 – 4).
161
herodote, VII, 188.
162
herodote, VII, 191.

422
`usiamovno aRsasruli~ elodaT.163 `daiRala~ aq uadgiloa da gaumarTlebeli,
xolo `usiamovno~ aSkarad ar Seesabameba momentis tragizms~.
zustad aseve, Teopompem sul ramdenime sityviT gaafuWa is didebuli
adgili, romelic gadmogvcems sparselTa mefis samzadiss egviptis winaaRmdeg
gasalaSqreblad: `aziis romelma qalaqma an romelma xalxma aRar aaxla
elCebi mefes? bunebis ra fasdaudebeli saboZvari Tu xelovnebis ra
urCeulesi qmnilebani ar uZRvnes mas? ramdeni fasdaudebeli xaliCa Tu
mdidruli qlamida _ Zowisferi, Wreli, TovliviT TeTri; oqromkediT
naqargi da Zvirfasi ZRveniT pirTamde savse ramdenime karavi; uricxvi stavris
fardagni da ulbilesi sareclebi; vercxlisa da oqros WurWeli _ Zvirfasi
TvlebiT mooWvili da gansacvifrebeli xelovnebiT uxvad Semkuli Tasebi,
fialebi, azarfeSebi; berZeni Tu barbarosi ostatebis nawrTobi xmlebi. kacs
acvifrebda sasapalne Tu samsxverple saqonlis Tvaluwvdeni jogebi; vin
dasTvlida sanelebliT savse kalaTebs, tomrebs, fuTebs, papirusis gragnilebs
Tu sxva saWiro saganTa uricxv simravles. axla xorcis marags aRar ikiTxavT?
erTad daxvavebuli SaSxisa Tu apoxtis veeba grovebi Soridan mTagrexils
moagonebda kacs~.164
rogorc vxedavT, Teopompe, Tavisda uneburad, sul ufro da ufro dabla
eSveba, nacvlad imisa, rom TandaTanobiTi gradaciis gziT miaRwios axal
simaRles da sidiades. am grandiozuli samzadisis didebul aRweraSi man
moulodnelad Semoitana tomrebi, fuTebi, sanelebliT savse kalaTebi da,
amrigad, pirdapir samzareuloSi amogvayofina Tavi. warmovidginoT, rom
mTeli am brwyinvalebis _ oqro-vercxlisgan Camosxmuli da Zvirfasi TvlebiT
mooWvili Tasebis, fialebis, azarfeSebisa Tu oqromkerdiT naqargi karvebis
gverdiT viRacam marTla dayara tomrebi, fuTebi da kalaTebi. ra uamuri
sanaxaoba gadaiSleboda Cven Tvalwin! merwmune, analogiur STabeWdilebas
axdenen aRwerilobaSi es sityvebic, romlebic iseTsave uamur kontrasts
qmnian, rogorc yviTeli laqebi _ TeTr mosasxamze.
Tumca avtors diaxac SeeZlo Tavi daeRwia am naklisaTvis. ase magaliTad,
iq, sadac igi laparakobs mTagrexilebze, SaSxisa Tu apoxtis grovebis nacvlad,
mefeTa sufris sakadri xoragiTa da sursaT-sanovagiT datvirTuli aqlemebis
qaravani exsenebina, an, ubralod, xorblis veeba xvavebi daexata CvenTvis da
oriode sityviT aRewera yovelive is, rac komfortisa da fufunebis sagnad
iTvleba, Tuki maincdamainc aucileblad Tvlida TiToeuli wvrilmanis
gamowvlilviT ganxilvas, aRnusxvas da dasaxelebas.
amaRlebuli stili ver iguebs mdabiur sityvebsa da uwmawur gamoTqmebs,
Tuki, ra Tqma unda, aucilebloba ar moiTxovs amas. sityvis xmiereba
yovelTvis unda exmianebodes mis Sinaarss, vinaidan mxolod am gziT SegviZlia
vbaZavdeT bunebas, romelmac, kaci rom Seqmna, gamosaCen adgilas ki ar gamoaba
is asoebi, romelTa xsenebac, Cveulebriv, sircxvilad iTvleba, aramed
saguldagulod damala isini da, amrigad, qsenofontes sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,165
mzerisagan ganarida yvela es arxi, raTa arafriT SeebRala Tavisi qmnilebis
mSveniereba.

163
herodote, VIII, 13.
164
istorikos Teopompes (IV s. Zv.w.a.) Txzulebebidan SemorCenilia mxolod fragmentebi.
fsevdo-longines traqtatSi motanil fragments ixseniebs aTenaiosic Tavis `sofistTa
nadimSi~, II, 67f.
165
qsenofonte, `mogonebebi sokrateze~, I, 4, 6-7.

423
 magram ra saWiroa yovelive imis dawvrilebiT CamoTvla, rac amdablebs
amaRlebul stils? me ukve gamowvlilviT ganvixile yvela is xerxi, romelic
xels uwyobs sityvis simaRles da sidiades. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia
yovelgvari mtkicebis gareSe davaskvnaT, rom is, rac Tavisi arsiT
upirispirdeba yvela am xerxs Tu saSualebas, dasabams aZlevs mdabal, ugvansa
da ukeTur sityvas.

XLIV
axla ki, Cemo sayvarelo terentiane, isRa damrCenia, rom Seni dauokebeli
cnobiswadilis dasakmayofileblad, guldasmiT ganvixilo kidev erTi friad
mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, romelic amaswinaT gadasawyvetad SemomTavaza erTma
cnobilma filosofosma;166 is ambobs:
`me, iseve rogorc bevr Cvengans, didad makvirvebs is ambavi, rom Cvens
droSi SeiZleba Sexvde ara erT maRalniWier da mravalmxriv ganswavlul
kacs, romelTac TavianTi mWevrmetyvelebiT xelewifebaT WeSmariti siamovneba
mogvaniWon. magram maT Soris, ramdenime iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, Znelad
Tu hpoveb WeSmaritad didbunebovansa da sulier siRrmeTa Tu simaRleTa
wvdomis niWiT cxebul naturebs. xolo maRlad mxedTa da, maTTan erTad,
amaRlebulis TiTqmis ukvalod gaqroba Cveni berwi epoqis wyevlad da
sayovelTao ubedurebac iqca.
ra vqnaT, xom ar vaRiaroT im moaruli azris siswore, romlis mixedviTac
mxolod demokratia Sobda diad SemoqmedT, romelnic misi wyalobiT
aRwevdnen TavianTi SemoqmedebiTi Zalebis srul gafurCqvnas da romelnic
Semdeg mis kvaldakval Cavidnen saflavSi, mis damxobasTan erTad miebarnen
miwas. imasac amboben, rom mxolod Tavisufleba zrdis, amaRlebs da sidiades
aniWebs kacTa sulebs, mxolod Tavisufleba unergavs maT SemoqmedebiTi
urTierTSejibris, SemoqmedebiTi qiSpobisa da metoqeobis bunebriv grZnobas,
raTa pirvelobis moxveWisaTvis sabrZolvelad aRZras isini.
maRali jildo, romelsac demokratia aniWebs Tavis did oratorT, axali
simaRleebis wvdomad aqezebs, yovelgvari mwikvlisgan wmends da arnaxuli
ZaliT abrwyinebs maT naTel sulebs. Cven ki _ bedkrulni da svedavsilni _
siyrmiTganve SegvaCvies monobis uRels. Cven TiTqos dedis rZesTan erTad
SeviwoveT da SevisisxlxorceT monuri Cvevebi da adaT-wesebi. xolo is, visac
erTxelac ar ugemnia Tavisufleba, vinc erTxelac ar daswafebia sulieri
simaRlisa da sidiadis am uwmindessa da ucxovelesmyofeles wyaros, Cemi Rrma
rwmeniT, SeiZleba iyos ara didi Semoqmedi, didi mwerali, aramed mxolod
didi qvemeTrevi, didi pirmoTne.
Cven viciT, rom monadSobilic kacia; mas Tavisi interesebi, Tavisi
miswrafebebi aqvs da zogierTi am miswrafebis xorcSesxmisaTvis saWiro Zalic
Seswevs. magram mona verasodes ver gaxdeba oratori anda mwerali.
Tavisufali sityvis SiSi, rogorc dilegis marad fxizeli mcveli _ Tavis
umweo tyves, xelad Seipyrobs, xel-fexs Seukravs da frTebs SeaWris mas,
monobis mZime kirTebis qveS gamudmebul gvemasa da godebas naCvevs. homerosis
Tqmisa ar iyos,

166
germaneli mecnieris e. nordenis azriT, aq SeiZleba igulisxmebodes filon aleqsand-
rieli, romelic 39 w. (ax.w.a.), oTx aleqsandriel ebraelTan erTad, elCad wavida roms,
raTa imperator kaligulasaTvis Tavis Seviwroebul TvistomTa saCivari mierTmia...
sayuradRebo azria, magram mainc saTuo da hipoTeturi.

424
 usixarulo monobis mZime tvirTs rom argunebs wilad, zevsi misi Rirsebebis
ukeTes nawils spobs kacSi.167

Tuki marTals gveubnebian im jujebisTvis, romlebsac, Cveulebriv, pigmeebs

uwodeben,168 maSin TviT yvelaze msubuqi monobac ki SeiZleba SevadaroT
mxolod im kubosaviT viwro kidobnebs, romlebSiac sirymiTganve wvanan isini,
raTa metad aRar izardon. mxuTavi artaxebi boWaven da Wyleten am jujebis
sxeuls, amaxinjeben da asaxiCreben maT. zustad aseve, nebismieri monobac
kacisTvis is kidobania, romelSiac, rogorc dilegSi, gamomwyvdeulia misi
suli, xolo dilegSi yofna amaxinjebs, amdablebs da asapyrebs suls~.
magram aq me sityva gavawyvetine filosofoss da, Cemi mxriv, ase mivuge mas:
Cemo Zvirfaso megobaro, kacTaTvis ukve Cvevad iqca TavianTi
Tanamedroveebisa da Tanamedroveobis ganusjelad gmoba. magram dafiqrdi:
mSvidobis dRevandeli sayovelTao sufeva xom ar aris maRlad mxedTa aSkara
ukmarobis mizezi, an, ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, mSvidobis sufeva ki ara, im
maradiuli omis grigali, romelic mosvenebas ar aZlevs, gamudmebiT amRvrevs
da aborgebs Cvens survilebs Tu qvena grZnobebs? an, iqneb, amis mizezi, vficav
zevss, Cveni mdabali vnebebia, romlebic yoveli fexis nabijze
gviTvalTvaleben, maxes gvigeben, gvatyveveben da gvimoneben. vercxlis
moyvareobam da gancxromisaken dauokebelma ltolvam Seryvnes, Sebilwes
Cveni siwminde da biwierebis ufskrulSi gadaisroles igi. radgan ar arsebobs
ufro bilwi vneba, vidre angareba da ufro samarcxvino, vidre gancxromis
Smagi wyurvili.
me ver warmomidgenia, rogor SeZlebs is, vinc qeds ixris simdidris winaSe,
an, ufro sworad, Tavis kerpad saxavs, aRmerTebs da Tayvans scems mas, Tavi
moizRudos morWmulebis Tanmxleb bilw vnebaTagan. vinaidan uzomo da ulev
simdidres yovelTvis Tan sdevs misi aseve uzomo xarjva, mflangveloba da
xelgaSliloba. rogorc ki simdidre qalaqis bWesa Tu saxlis kars SeaRebs,
masTan erTad xelgaSlilobac Seipareba Sig da samudamod iq dasaxldeba. cota
xnis Semdeg es Rirseuli wyvili, brZenkacTa sityviT rom vTqvaT, budes
ikeTebs da sul male bartyebsac Ceks; da, aha, ubadruk nabuSrebad ki ara, maT
kanonier memkvidreebad gvevlinebian cudmedidoba, qedmaRloba da fufuneba.
vai mas, vinc Tavisuflad zrdis nebas miscems morWmulebis am uZReb Svilebs:
isini mowifulobisTanave iwyeben gamravlebas da kidev ufro xarbsa da sastik
despotebs Soben kacis sulSi _ Zalmomreobas, utifrobas, ukanonobas.
es procesi WeSmaritad garduvalia; kacni, romelTac SeizizRes siqvele,
veRarasodes daibruneben TavianT dakargul didebas da keTil saxels. maTi
sulieri sidiade TandaTanobiT knindeba, Wkneba da qreba, xolo maTi biwieri
cxovrebis wre sabolood Seikvreba sikvdilis msaxvrali xeliT. ukusaqcevi
gza sabolood moWrilia maTTvis, vinaidan isini ise Camyaydnen TavianT
sibilweSi, ise daemonen xorciel vnebebs, rom aRar ZaluZT Tavi miuZRvnan da
misdion mas, rac ukvdavebas aziarebs mokvdav bunebas.
Tundac erTxel mosyiduli da moqrTamuli msajuli verasodes veRar
SeZlebs saqmis miukerZoebel garCevas, veRar SeZlebs Tamamad da Tavisuflad

167
`odisea~, XVII, 322.
168
romael imperatorebsa da didebulebs karis sxva msaxurTa Soris hyavdaT xolme pigmee-
bic _ masxara jujebi. es qondriskacebi, tanmorCilobis garda, xSirad TavianTi fizikuri
simaxinjiTac gamoirCeodnen, xolo am simaxinjes maTi xelovnuri dasaxiCrebis gziT
aRwevdnen xolme. svetoniusis mowmobiT, es moda avgustusma danerga romSi.

425
daiWiros samarTlianobisa da patiosnebis mxare, vinaidan yoveli meqrTame
samarTlianad da patiosnad miiCnevs mxolod imas, visganac raime sargebels
gamoelis. am Cvens dawyevlil droSi yvelas qrTamze uWiravs Tvali, yvela
mzakvrobisa da cbierebis qsels xlarTavs, yvela mxolod imaze fiqrobs,
rogor umuxTlos missave moyvass, anda rogor daeuflos sxvis anderZs Tu
avla-didebas. Cven yvelani erTguli monebiviT vemsaxurebiT Cvens angarebas
da mzad varT misi gulisTvis davagiraoT da ara marto davagiraoT, gavyidoT
kidec Cveni sulebi. vin daijerebs, rom sibilwisa da sisastikis am Tavawyvetil
TareSSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes miukerZoebeli da samarTlianobis maRali
mrwamsiT STagonebuli msajuli, romelic SeZlebs vaJkacurad gauZlos
sacTurs, xeli ar axlos SeTavazebul qrTams da, amrigad, gamarjvebuli
gamovides sakuTar angarebasTan WidilSi.
da raki rac varT, esa varT mxolod, aTaswil gvijobs monebad davrCeT da
zurgi vaqcioT Tavisuflebas. aba, scade da Tavisufleba mianiWe Cvens mdabal
vnebebs! rkinis galiidan TavdaRweuli mxecebiviT eZgerebian isini Cvensave
moyvasT da mTeli samyaro dainTqmeba gamZvinvarebuli vnebebis alSi.
meore mxriv, isic aSkaraa, rom Cveni bunebrivi niWiereba dRes uazrod
Wkneba da xmeba im WeSmaritad sayovelTao mconarebis gamo, romelsac,
ramdenime iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, uklebliv miscemia yvela didi Tu
patara suli. da marTlac, romeli Cvengani arCevs moyvasTaTvis zrunvasa da
sazogado sikeTisTvis Tavdadebul Sromas pirad sargeblobas Tu
mswraflwarmaval siamovnebas?!
magram umjobesia moveSvaT amas da gadavideT im paTosze, romlisTvisac,
dapirebisamebr, mTeli axali Txzuleba unda mimeZRvna.
paTosis wvlili nebismier nawarmoebSi amaRlebulis wilad modis...

Targmna baCana bregvaZem

426