What is a heart attack?

A myocardial infarction (commonly called a heart attack) is an extremely dangerous condition caused by
a lack of blood flow to your heart muscle. The lack of blood flow can occur because of many different
factors but is usually related to a blockage in one or more of your heart’s arteries. Without blood flow,
the affected heart muscle will begin to die. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, a heart attack can cause
permanent heart damage and death.

A heart attack is a life-threatening emergency. If you suspect you or someone you're with is having a
heart attack, do not hesitate to call 911 (or your local emergency services phone number). Time is
critical in treating a heart attack, and a delay of even a few minutes can result in permanent heart
damage or death.

How common are heart attacks?

New heart attacks happen to about 635,000 people in the U.S. each year. About 300,000 people a year
have a second heart attack. About one in seven deaths in the U.S. is due to coronary heart disease,
which includes heart attacks.

What causes a heart attack?

The vast majority of heart attacks occur because of a blockage in one of the blood vessels that supply
your heart. This most often happens because of plaque, a sticky substance that can build up on the
insides of your arteries (similar to how pouring grease down your kitchen sink can clog your home
plumbing). That buildup is called atherosclerosis.

Sometimes, plaque deposits inside the coronary (heart) arteries can break open or rupture, and a blood
clot can get stuck where the rupture happened. If the clot blocks the artery, this can deprive the heart
muscle of blood and cause a heart attack.

Heart attacks are possible without a blockage, but this is rare and only accounts for about 5% of all heart
attacks. This kind of heart attack can occur for the following reasons:
Spasm of the artery: Your blood vessels have a muscle lining that allows them to become wider or
narrower as needed. Those muscles can sometimes twitch or spasm, cutting off blood flow to heart
muscle.

Rare medical conditions: An example of this would be any disease that causes unusual narrowing of
blood vessels.

Trauma: This includes tears or ruptures in the coronary arteries.

Obstruction that came from elsewhere in the body: A blood clot or air bubble (embolism) that gets
trapped in a coronary artery.

Electrolyte imbalances: Having too much or too little of key minerals like potassium in your blood can
cause a heart attack.

Eating disorders: Over time, an eating disorder can cause damage to your heart and ultimately result in a
heart attack.