M2 Hevaruk Exercise of: Metaxctie| Tein Selttton wee 19/7/2015 QI[Misc] (A very useful result) Prove, by mathematical induction, that terest tne eed for all positive integers n. () Fer nel, Lisl Poy “te, Assant PCE) B trae fir som porte rtayer _k ia. [ragdte the Ete) Ter we ket [424 34a-> tk * Eel e Chea) 2. PCke) ts alse tue By ale prveple of 42, Pr) 2 tr he pert the Srtager a —— QCEAMath 9211 1] Prove, by mathematical induction, that 1.2+2x5+3.8+..+nG—)=n'(a+0 for all positive integers 7, (5 marks) Let POA) be ha stictemurt Te acl, soled, Rise POUHI= 2 srys Poy tee te debt ae SH ee kG RAID 2 Cha) For ae kel led + axsae- +k Cale -1) +{k+ 1) (Bk +2) EC kai) 4 (ee) (22) = Cees) (k243k42) riot b+ b+ 2) (kei Che2) " 2. PCkn) is alse te ha pene}Q3[CE AMath 8911 2] Prove, by mathematical induction, that 1:2.3+2.34+ ... +nr+D(n+2)= eee for all positive integers n. Lit P60) be wt Stictemuart 12) 4) a Fer nel Liseivaxd 6, Reis? = 6= Las Poy tw. | Ck) Tu ean) Chan ee? be [aed t 2xB%4 tt bet) (ken) For ae ket x23 2203 x4 too t+ RCEn Cer) + ot) (et 2) kD = Re lend) een) (eed a : Gtenti? (444) de Pk) ts alse ta By aa petreple of m7, 2a) ao rhe» | QS[CE AMath 8811 5) - | Prove, by mathematical induction, that 1° +3°+..+@n-1¥ ee for all positive integers 7. (6 marks) - Let Fo) 5 L193) Pe acl ese itel Rels*# ——y = | = lus Poy “tee Assen PSK) Brat fr sont porte iteger k ig, Pa Bhaec a Cake yt = EGE ta. . = 3 For at ket 2 Pastas + Oke) 4 cake!) kak 1) Qk) bed” 3 + Gta) He [e ake) 43 se] > EL (aba +3) =e cake (2b4a) (a1) 2. PCkw) ts alse thu. By Ha preps of M2, PO) a te fr all partie yer a.Q3{CE AMath 8711 2] Prove, by mathematical induction, that 2.14 ba ba Dao” Gaod|anet) deat , 1 —~ for all positive integers n. Lit P60) be wt Stictemuart l Fer net, Lose tute . Bese Gar 7 oo Les Poy ore ck) us wey ty tee tet : a. a * Tt 3a) = Fer ae keh | i ! I rs = 1<4 ae Gb-2)BLan) Gb) (3L4 4) k I = = Bk (Ber) (3 Fa) » it fy, -1) gin | Bk | Bhes& be | Gee (324) Gbkrike) ke Gb+i)(3ke4) Bhat Pen) ts alse tr Pu) > rh»Q6[CE AMath 861 1] Let POA) be the Steteeurt Prove, by mathematical induction, that att 1 Da =~". for all positive integers ». (5 marks) nett) net tot Fe net, Lasetat a. Res* T° a = Ls PO) te. Assiuny 26K) TB trae fre snk postin Iteyer Ld 1 le (a. Te DS A ee TT Toe ne ket 1 1 te Tea 7 Tae) * God =—t | Lat Girl bes) ! poe beer) bh 2b | Geri 1 k+2) = tet fel Cee rleen) bar 2. PCkw) ts alse tau. By we preps of MI, PG) ote fe ail pete ReyerQ7[CE AMath 8511 2] Let r — for any positive integer n. as | Prove, by mathematical induction, that rz «x7, "2. for any positive integer (5 marks) a= g i he § Fer ne kel Toe Te x Te * Tee kez Chee) aUkei) Caa)* ~ Hs 2Ckae) ts Pen) is alse tau By se pamela of 2, PG) oto fe all pete tyler 4.QS8[CE AMath 9111 7] @ (b) Prove, by mathematical induction, that +1.» =Znin=D2r=1 for all positive integers, Using the formula in (a) and result of QI, find the sum 12-4253... ¢non+1 in terms of n. car | Let PO) be tha stctemuat Be net) Lise Pe]. RSs [O0G9G)= | = us Poy mtr Asene PE) BR trae fr some patie eteger & ca. [Peate 4 kh] Zo Lebar ycake) Toe ws ket Peataces bia Chey” Z kcke(aker) + Cea)? w | [ 5] = ZEN k Gk + Caen] ZU (2E + Th 46) = (e+) (b+s)(abe3) fs PCkew) ts alse tow. By ee peteep le of MT, PE) dtr fe al pete Myer 0 b [x2 t+ 2n34e-) 4 ow ae = lela) 4axtaei) aees 4 antagi) (hai) Gta) oer (tee) C Pads ant) 4 Cla etn) 2 Zale Caan) SOD “ ary (att 43) we ol alas) Gar)Q| (CE ‘AMath 9011 2] Let 7, =0' +n for any positive integer n. Prove, by mathematical induction, that r +z +..+z = jacrsneD for any positive integer n. (5 marks) Let PCA) be the Stetemut Fr nel Lose Tie ea) Rs 20 C3 I=2 = pats PO Bate Asuna 26k) tra for send parton integer & ba Te Tye Te to ce bee) Toe ae ket Tat tt Tet Tee ak ee Cte en te 3 2 FGsr[bceey aban 3] = dU) (bases) =e Chany (eae Cb) 2 Pkn) te alse tau By ee peteedle of MI, Pla) Ds toe he atl pale yer a. / QUO [AL PMath 92115] | A sequence ofinegers ) i defn by |? omai2,.” u,,=2-u, frm=12.. 1 [2x-1+(-1)) for all positive integers n.(3 marks) | Using mathematical induction, show that x, Lit PCA) be tha strtament Fer acl, Lasse uso Ris = $[a-1+culeo =Lus Poy mtr Asians PCE) 1 trae for sonn pavvive onteyer da. ups t [ak-1 eeu") Toe ne ket Mes = abe = abet [ab-v4cey*] = t[aceaka lt -cn*] = gfakers ent") = dfaten-t een] 2. PCkew) ts alse tee By ha pee M1, PhQUI [CE AMath 831 9] (a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that all positive integers n, bendable D+) (6 marks) coy | Let PC) be thy stetemuat Fer nel Lass barn RS =e) 2a = Les POY tw Assunt PCE) B trae fer sont pation Mteeer k BQ. twa tans t + beet) = —p bck Lbs?) Fer we keh leat axd tes ke +1) + Cet!) Chea) = Bech kta) + ery (ke2) FB er teen re 3) be Pk) ts alse thu By te dered leo Puyo f tf (b) On a battle field, cannon-balls are stacked as shown in Figure 2. For a Stack with 7 layers, the | balls in the bottom layer are arranged as shown in Figure 3 with 7 balls on each side. For the sec- | ond bottom layer, the arrangement is similar but each side consists of (m ~ 1) balls; for the third | bottom layer, each side has (7 — 2) balls, and so on, The top layer consists of only one ball. Ee gd look (i) Using the result of Q1, find the number of balls in the r-th layer counting from the top in terms of r. bi) Neaber of bell sty roth layer =F j4atbeer ae = TE (not dad(ii) Using the result of (a), or otherwise, find the total number of cannon-balls in a stack consist- ing of m layers in terms of n. TTta| ner 64 canam balls = leu sae.) ae > rs 2 —}— a fies note 2 Ls GrGervea] Uy cw) 2 + nt (ata) (a4) | (iii)If the time required to deliver and fire a cannon-ball taken from the r-th layer is ? minutes, find the time required to deliver and fire all the cannon-balls in the r-th layer in terms of r. Hence, find the total time needed to use up all the cannon-balls in a stack of 10 layers. (14 marks) Fok meine te ols ot all casenmbails se the m-th lager hes) = Crate 2 Petal Bt neecleel, = Cal) Cae os + Cro) CitaaZarrtio) + to jo (ies!) alo F 65aQI2 [Misc] Prove, by mathematical induction, that (~1)(»-2)(n+3)-(2n)=2'.13-s--(2»-1) for all positive integers n. Let POA) be the steteuat Fer nel, Lose i 22 RHS = 2’ 1225 Los Poy ate Asin PEK) teat fre some porte Moyer k be (ken) (hea) Ce3) = (2k) 2 2% 3-5 k=) Tor ue bet NS “st 2 neve Tirm = Leas ate] aha 1d ea 3. 5s Cab-1) GERD 2. Pee) ts alse tun By se poeple of oi, PG) 2 trae fe all patie Myer Q13 [CE AMath 8111 11] | (a) Prove, by mathematical induction, that +2 ++ = Lasnann, for all positive integers n. car) Lick 2C0) be ha shctemunt - Be acl, Lose he]. Bes* 0 0(28)= | us Poy ote Arne 2Ck) TB trae fr smd potion onteyer ia, Prats nea kh eZ bebencake Tee x kel, (re ateee + bh Chey” = gS kebo(aker) + Ceri)? : yf 9] ze pe Gl + Cee = GOK + 1k 46 =z le+!) (E+) Cokes) 2. PCkew) ts alse tau. By wa petrele of MZ, Pl) otha he all pertilg, Mager(b) Identical cubical bricks are piled up in layers to form a pyramidlike solid with a square base of side x meters as shown in Figure 2. The side of the bottom layer consists of m bricks whereas each side of the square layer immediately above has 1 ~ 1 bricks, and so on. There is only one brick in the top layer. (i) Find the volume of the r-th layer counting from the top in terms of r, x and n. Hence find the volume of the solid in terms of r, x and n. Py ays = (4) res ae | (ii) Using the result of (a) and (b)(j), show that the volume of the solid is always greater than that of a pyramid of the same height, standing on the same base. When 7 is very large, what value will the difference in volumes be elose to? (14 marks) at ats wn = 5 pan tae : . 2) = 7 C+ “] = lt alae) Qui) 9B Cat aa) - bn 2 Hd yrs 1 z8 aa “ For a tyenid fae sot ents sent bese view = FDS ge! 3 1 o vo Bedrock) og? te aay poste itagar 4QI4 [CE AMath 8411 2] (Proof of divisibility by MI, now out of syllabus.) Prove by mathematical induction that, for all positive integers 1, 4»'~n is divisible by 3. (6 marks) Cn) Fr nel 4cp- 2 3 = 3x] Poy te Assume PCE) RB trae fr gone paste Mtager k ia, Gd-k = 3Q even Mager @ Tor a2 ket Aleaa’= (eer) = 484 sak 44 -k-( \ 3 2 = 40-8 4 abbaaks3 Oates ma a = 8Q. 7 364k +441) es me ge = 2A +4 +4k+1) rr ee ee ee Ruger Pcl) ts alse —tau 2 > f 1,2?) »+ f site OtQIS [AL PMath 88 I 3(a)] Given an infinite sequence {q.} of positive integers. Two sequences (p,} and {¢,} are defined by Pads Pagel, p= apt. for nes; Jat, @=as 4, 40,, +02 for n23. Using mathematical induction, prove that »,,9, ~p4,,-(-1)" for all positive integers n. Lit PCA) be ha Stctemuat 2 PC) Mtr Bsr PCK) B trae fr sont patie integer _k ket ba. - eer Tor a2 kel = Pini Ge Pre Be = BsePrer Pe) Zee = Press (ies You * Ge) ~ Peli Pe Be =e)" = eit Je PCke) ts alse tae By 4ka pene} Pu Hel 4QU6 [Misc] (Double assumption, out of M2 syllabus.) Let 0,3 (a>) be the two roots of the equation fex-ieo. Assequence {a} is defined as fe | Prove that «, = (o'-*) forall positive integers n | [The sequence {o,} =1:12.45811... is the famous Fibonacei sequence.] \ Eh 74a) i zt Ce za, eo POD ts time ep tep \ Se ng st te be cia | ctatok spun, | ea) Fr ned late) 2a. Posy tn na. Gus elt ig) wd Gen Bg) Qn. anol Onn, For n= ken Opes = Aner t ae ater pn oe") [eatCetei) = acpen] = Ele Cat) - (3) Ctetsa® anh fel= 6 Bog et) sha oe ett nfs of 2. PCA) Gs alse thn, K'-K-|=0 ) 4 pene} 2 ot W B pate nities ve tine of ote tant of Ted al amarihy a tart tt “ an LGC](a ci) QI7 [AL PMath 86 1 9] (Double induction, out of M2 syllabus.) For any positive integers m and n, let Tia)=((-e 8") (1-2), | Dlx) =(-x)(1-2")--(1-s*). | Let P(mn) denote the statement “r(n.) is divisible by p(x).” | (a) Show that for any positive integers m and n, @_ P(mi) and P(un) are true, Gi) If P(mnt) and p(m-+1n) are true, then P(m+tn=1) is also true. (Hint: Consider r(m-+10+1)—r(mn+1).] For Plat), Tey = Crea), DO) = ee Te tee) Cit eet eT) ae Than) = Cite tee te) DO) Pmt) os true For PC nd, Tend = Cl x Ce) Dewy = een td = Cea") ze Tin) = Dea) Gud Pla) ms trae. Th Planned aah Bowtie) eet Trae ne Tem at!) = Dati Q.cx) a1 al=DW) Ax? eal For Plat, att) Consider Thee a4) = TG, eet) = ew) Cre nD ons (1) oe tea) one en) 2 en) nat dare (tae) [Cee Cae 2] = Teme a) ein a) Tenet tt = Tm net) = Tern) a= KO!) Taal, mt) = Tne + Tmt a) KU = x Dew /e, cm) 4 Qe x7] “QF Qa) KD & Pelyremiol te X Toast att PC met mel) tee,(b) For any positive integer r>2, let g(r) denote the statement “p(r—nn) is true for any n=12,..,r-1” (i) Show that o(2) is true. (ii) If o{e) is true for some r>2, show that ofe+1) isalsottue, bi) Fe Gar atl ashen. rei) Pron. a) = PCa-t,1) =PCI1) i ena) B el ke ia. PCb-1,1), Ple-2, 2), --- PCL b=) are frm By Cai) — Pmt a) neh Plea att) tephies Pbmti, ne) > PCe-t,2),PCb-2, 3) P(a,k-1) ante On sha athar hanck, PCL 1) ancl PCI k) amt true Chg €02¢12) wt POR 1D, Plba tad, PC hase, PC) ane pre Plbwt =n) at tee Sor any a8 yn, oe A Ckat) 3 ate | (c) Using (b), or otherwise, show that for any positive integers m and n, (1-»°)( by (nf }o(-x"). Qa) % tar Chey <6) 3 dae Xs they Alba) Bale tae Cy Gan) (ie) is divisible | By a pencil memati eth + all pete Pa. ’ m9 * x Q Umta) 3 tra Pe men-n, nd = Pm n) 3 “ter IER Ce ee OD os huh by (omen?) Cx") TLS a very otf pose ake the stetimsst Plein) rans ow Males , J mandin. Tn ovdip to ob matmctte(hotzpin, we nese To Meodut He Pree ilo a shoe halen ork dint Ye ole MI mM, — A in