Mixer (appliance)

A mixer, depending on t he t ype, also called a hand mixer or stand mixer, is a kit chen device
t hat uses a gear-driven mechanism t o rot at e a set of "beat ers" in a bowl cont aining t he food or
liquids t o be prepared by mixing t hem.

A hand mixer (left) and stand mixer (right) are two common mixers.

Mixers help aut omat e t he repet it ive t asks of st irring, whisking or beat ing. When t he beat ers are
replaced by a dough hook, a mixer may also be used t o knead.

Description
A mixer may be a handheld mechanism known as an eggbeat er, a handheld mot orized beat er, or a
drill mixer. St and mixers vary in size from small count er t op models for home use t o large
capacit y commercial machines. St and mixers creat e t he mixing act ion by eit her rot at ing t he
mixing device vert ically (planet ary mixers), or by rot at ing t he mixing cont ainer (spiral mixers).

History

The mixer wit h rot at ing part s was pat ent ed in 1856 by Balt imore, Maryland t inner Ralph Collier.
U.S. Pat ent 16,267 (ht t ps://pat ent s.google.com/pat ent /US16267) This was followed by E.P.
Griffit h's whisk pat ent ed in England in 1857. Anot her hand-t urned rot ary egg beat er was pat ent ed
by J.F. and E.P. Monroe in 1859 in t he US. U.S. Pat ent 23,694 (ht t ps://pat ent s.google.com/pat en
t /US23694) Their egg beat er pat ent was one of t he earliest bought up by t he Dover St amping
Company, whose Dover egg beat ers became a classic American brand.[1][2] The Monroe design
was also manufact ured in England.[2] In 1870, Turner Williams of Providence, R.I., invent ed anot her
Dover egg beat er model. U.S. Pat ent 103,811 (ht t ps://pat ent s.google.com/pat ent /US103811)
In 1894, Willis Johnson of Cincinnat i, Ohio invent ed new improvement s t o t he egg beat er.[3]

Whisking egg whites with a handheld electric mixer

The first mixer wit h elect ric mot or is t hought t o be t he one invent ed by American Rufus East man
in 1885. U.S. Pat ent 330,829 (ht t ps://pat ent s.google.com/pat ent /US330829) [4][5] The Hobart
Manufact uring Company was an early manufact urer of large commercial mixers,[6] and t hey say a
new model int roduced in 1914 played a key role in t he mixer part of t heir business.[7] The Hobart
Kit chenAid and Sunbeam Mixmast er (first produced 1910) were t wo very early US brands of
elect ric mixer.[4] Domest ic elect ric mixers were rarely used before t he 1920s, when t hey were
adopt ed more widely for home use.[8]
In 1908 Herbert Johnson, an engineer for t he Hobart Manufact uring Company, invent ed an
elect ric st anding mixer. His inspirat ion came from observing a baker mixing bread dough wit h a
met al spoon; soon he was t oying wit h a mechanical count erpart . By 1915, his 20 gallon (80 L)
mixer was st andard equipment for most large bakeries. In 1919, Hobart int roduced t he Kit chen
Aid Food Preparer (st and mixer) for t he home.[9]

Older models of mixers originally list ed each speed by name of operat ion (ex: Beat -Whip would
be high speed if it is a 3-speed mixer); t hey are now list ed by number.

Variants

Eggbeater

A vintage hand-cranked egg beater

An eggbeat er is a handheld device wit h a crank on t he side geared t o one or more beat ers. The
user grips t he handle wit h one hand and operat es t he crank wit h t he ot her, creat ing t he rot ary
act ion.

Stand mixer
A large volume stand mixer used in a commercial bakery to mix bread dough with a double sided dough hook

A stand mixer in action on a home tabletop, with a wire whisk attachment

St and mixers mount t he mot or driving t he rot ary act ion in a frame or st and which bears t he
weight of t he device. St and mixers are larger and have more powerful mot ors t han t heir hand-
held count erpart s. They generally have a special bowl t hat is locked in place while t he mixer is
operat ing. A t ypical home st and mixer will include a wire whisk for whipping creams and egg
whit es; a flat beat er for mixing bat t ers; and a dough hook for kneading.

St and mixers are generally available in eit her counter top (also called bench) or floor models.
Heavy dut y commercial models can have bowl capacit ies well in excess of 25 gallons (95 l) and
weigh t housands of pounds (kilograms) but more t ypical home and light commercial models are
equipped wit h bowls of around 1 gallon (4 L). Whet her a mixer is a count er t op or floor model
depends on it s size. Mixers t hat are 5 gallons (20 L) in size or smaller t end t o be count er t op
mixers, while larger mixers t end t o be floor models due t o t heir size and weight .[10]

Spiral mixers are specialist t ools for mixing dough. A spiral-shaped agit at or count er-rot at es
while t he powered bowl spins in t he opposit e direct ion. This met hod enables spiral mixers t o mix
t he same size dough bat ch much quicker and wit h less under-mixed dough t han a similarly
powered planet ary mixer. Spiral mixers can mix dough wit h less agit at or frict ion t han planet ary
mixers. This allows t he dough t o be mixed wit hout increasing it s t emperat ure, ensuring t he dough
can rise properly. Spiral mixers are preferred for t hicker product s, such as dough for pizza, bagels
or naan bread.[11]

Planetary mixers consist of a bowl and an agit at or. The bowl remains st at ic, whilst t he agit at or
is rapidly moved around t he bowl t o mix it s cont ent s. Wit h t he abilit y t o mix a wide variet y of
ingredient s, planet ary mixers are more versat ile t han t heir spiral count erpart s. Planet ary mixers
can be used t o whip and blend, whereas spiral mixers cannot . They are normally used in Aust ralia,
India and Europe t oo. The mixers are used all over world.

Hand mixer

A hand mixer is a hand-held mixing device. A handle is mount ed over an enclosure cont aining t he
mot or. The mot or drives t he beat ers which are immersed in t he food t o perform t he mixing
act ion. The mot or must be light weight as it is support ed by t he user during use. The user may
use any suit able kit chen cont ainer t o hold t he ingredient s while mixing.

The first handheld elect ric mixer pat ent was submit t ed by Sunbeam Corporat ion in 1953 and
grant ed in 1961.[12]

Dough mixer

A dough mixer is used for household or indust rial purposes. It is used for kneading large
quant it ies of dough. It is elect rical, having t imers and various cont rols t o suit t he user's needs.
Some feat ures of dough blenders include high speed, low speed and bowl reverse (t hese can be
combined int o a programme) and a kneading bar in t he cent re of t he bowl.

See also

Whisk, a manual kit chen ut ensil for mixing and whipping

Indust rial mixer

Blender, an elect ric appliance wit h small blades at t he bot t om of a jar

Milkshake machine, an elect ric appliance wit h a t op-mount ed agit at or

Dough scraper

Past ry blender

Kenwood Chef, a Brit ish food mixer

Elect rolux Ankarsrum Assist ent , a Swedish made mixer t hat moves t he bowl, not t he
implement s

References

1. "Feeding America - Egg Beaters" (http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/cookbooks/html/museum/object_0

29.html) . Digital.lib.msu.edu. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

2. "Early rotary egg beaters" (http://www.homethingspast.com/antique-egg-beaters/) .

Homethingspast.com. 2012-08-02. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

3. "Patent Images" (http://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?docid=00292821&SectionNum=1&IDKey=42F7687ED364

&HomeUrl=http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1%2526Sect2=HITOFF%2526d=PAL
L%2526p=1%2526u=%25252Fnetahtml%25252FPTO%25252Fsrchnum.htm%2526r=1%2526f=G%2526l
=50%2526s1=0292821.PN.%2526OS=PN/0292821%2526RS=PN/0292821) . pdfpiw.uspto.gov.
Retrieved 2018-01-23.

4. Katz, Solomon H.; Weaver, William Woys (2003). Katz and Weaver, Encyclopedia of Food and Culture:
Food production to Nuts, Scribner 2003, pages 323-333 (https://books.google.com/books?id=XykOAQA
AMAAJ) . ISBN 9780684805665. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

5. Vegetarian Times, Oct 2002, pages 69-70 (https://books.google.com/books?id=egQAAAAAMBAJ) .

October 2002. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

6. Phil Ament. "Fascinating facts about the invention of the Standing Mixer by Herbert Johnson in 1908"
(https://web.archive.org/web/20131001024423/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/mixer
s.htm) . Ideafinder.com. Archived from the original (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/mix
ers.htm) on 2013-10-01. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

7. "Hobart - Our History" (http://www.hobartcorp.com/about-us/) . Hobartcorp.com. Retrieved

2012-09-30.

8. Frederik Nebeker, Dawn of the electronic age: electrical technologies in the shaping of the modern world,
1914 to 1945 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xwmH6-q5O5AC) . Wiley. 2009. pp. 131 and 238.
ISBN 9780470409749. Retrieved 2012-09-30.

9. Phil Ament (5 May 2015). "Mixer History - Invention of the Mixer" (https://web.archive.org/web/201310
01024423/http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/mixers.htm) . ideafinder.com. Archived from
the original (http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/mixers.htm) on 1 October 2013. Retrieved
5 May 2015.
 10. "Complete Guide To Buying Mixers" (http://www.kinnek.com/how-to-buy-mixers) . Kinnek.com.
Retrieved 2012-01-06.

11. "Difference Between Spiral and Planetary Mixers" (https://www.acitydiscount.com/info/Difference-Betwe

en-Spiral-and-Planetary-Mixers.42.1.htm) . ACityDiscount.com. Retrieved 2018-12-12.

12. US patent 2987636A (https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US2987636A) ,

Ivar Jepson, "Electric mixer", issued 1961-06-06, assigned to Sunbeam Corp

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media relat ed t o Mixers.

Eggbeat er dynamics in parabolic case at Wikibooks

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